ROSA history
126413-基础英语-研究生读写译-unit_4
Unit 3 The Future of Books
Umberto Eco ,the most brilliant and influential scholar and intellectual examines the destiny of the books and libraries in the Internet era from the new perspective.
types: private library, public library, national library, congress library, mobile library Materials for writing: tortoise-shells, bamboo slips, papyruses, vellum
The man who doesn’t read good books has no advantage over the man who can’t read them. (Mark Twain)
The man reading bad books is no better than the man without the opportunity to read good books.
Sayings about books
rosa park作文
rosa park作文Rosa Parks was a courageous civil rights activist who played a significant role in the fight against racial segregation in the United States. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama in 1955 sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and became a pivotal moment in the Civil Rights Movement.英文回答，Rosa Parks' act of defiance on that fateful day was not just a simple refusal to move from her seat. It was a powerful statement against the unjust laws that enforced segregation and discrimination. By staying seated, she challenged the status quo and showed that she was not willing to accept the dehumanizing treatment that African Americans faced on a daily basis.中文回答，罗莎·帕克斯在那个命运般的日子里的反抗行为不仅仅是简单地拒绝离开座位。
这是对强制实施种族隔离和歧视的不公正法律的有力抗议。
通过坚持不动，她挑战了现状，表明她不愿接受非裔美国人每天面临的非人待遇。
著名女性成就英语作文
Rosa Parks: A Remarkable Woman
One of the most influential and iconic women in history is Rosa Parks. Her pivotal role in the civil rights movement in the United States has made her a symbol of courage, strength, and resilience. Her refusal to give up her seat to a white man on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama, in 1955, sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and ignited a new wave of activism in the fight against racial segregation. This essay will explore the life and achievements of this remarkable woman, delving into her impact on society and her lasting legacy.
Rosa Parks passed away on October 24, 2005, but her legacy lives on. Her impact on the civil rights movement and her unwavering commitment to equality have left an enduring imprint on the history of the United States and the world. Her courage in the face of adversity and her belief in the power of ordinary people to effect extraordinary change serves as a timeless reminder of the potential for individuals to make a difference in the world. As we reflect on the life of Rosa Parks, we are reminded of the power of one person to inspire meaningful, transformative, and lasting change.
Rosa Parks
69题
• How was Rosa Parks treated after her death?
• A. She was named “mother of the civil rights movement. ” • B. She was received by President Bush at the Capitol. • C. She was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom. • D. She was honored to lie in state at the Capitol.
Rosa Parks
Rosa Parks ，1913年2月4日出生在亚拉巴马州的 一个黑人家庭。1955年12月1日，她因在公共汽车上 拒绝给一位白人男子让座，拉开了美国现代民权运 动(civil rights movements)的序幕。 当时，亚拉巴 马州实行吉姆· 克劳法，这是一部对黑人进行隔离、 压制的种族歧视性法律。它规定黑人在乘公交车、 到餐厅以及其他公共设施时不能与白人坐在一起。 由于当时车上的人很多，司机要求罗莎· 帕克斯将座 位让给一位白人男子，但她拒绝了。此后，这个看 似不起眼的“叛逆行为”发展成改变美国历史进程 的民权运动。罗莎· 帕克斯自己回忆说：“那天像平 常日子一样，唯一使它变得重要的是全体黑人的团 结。”底特律市市长基尔帕特里克评价说：“她通 过坐下去而站了起来。”
70题
The black woman, however, turned the course of American history in December 1955 when he refused to give up her seat to a white man. 这个黑人妇女，在1955年拒绝给一个白人让 座，改变了美国历史的进程。
关于玫瑰的知识
关于玫瑰的知识The rose, a symbol of love and beauty, has long been a favorite flower of many. It belongs to the genus Rosa, within the family Rosaceae, and boasts a rich history and diverse varieties. The rose is not only prized for its captivating fragrance and vibrant colors, but also for its medicinal and cultural significance.玫瑰，作为爱与美的象征，长久以来深受人们的喜爱。
它属于蔷薇科蔷薇属，拥有悠久的历史和多样的品种。
玫瑰不仅因其迷人的香气和鲜艳的色彩而受到珍视，还因其药用和文化意义而备受推崇。
The rose has a complex botanical classification, with over 300 species and thousands of cultivars. Each species and cultivar offers unique characteristics, from the delicate petals to the thorny stems. The colors of roses vary widely, ranging from the classic red to the more uncommon blue and black varieties, though true blue and black roses are quite rare in nature.玫瑰在植物学上拥有复杂的分类，拥有超过300个物种和数千个品种。
英语作文写一种植物四百字
英语作文写一种植物四百字英文回答：Among the diverse flora that adorns our planet, one species that holds a profound significance in human history and culture is the humble yet versatile Rose (Rosa spp.).Roses, with their captivating beauty and enchanting fragrance, have long been prized by civilizations across the globe. They have been immortalized in art, literature, and music, serving as symbols of love, passion, and joy. Beyond their aesthetic appeal, roses possess a rich history of medicinal and culinary uses, making them a truly remarkable plant with a multifaceted character.中文回答：玫瑰。
在点缀我们星球的多种植物中，一种在人类历史和文化中具有深远意义的植物是谦虚而多才多艺的玫瑰（Rosa spp.）。
玫瑰以其迷人的美丽和醉人的香气，长期以来受到世界各地文明的珍视。
它们在艺术、文学和音乐中永垂不朽，成为爱情、激情和快乐的象征。
除了它们的审美吸引力之外，玫瑰还拥有丰富的药用和烹饪历史，使它们成为一种真正非凡的植物，具有多方面的特征。
玫瑰的起源和分布。
玫瑰起源于亚洲，分布广泛，从中国到欧洲再到北美。
它们适应性强，可以在各种气候和土壤条件下生长，从温带到亚热带。
妇产科医学英语
cloaca 泄殖腔
inheritance 遗传
chromosome 染色体
chromatin 染色质
chromatid 染色单体
autosome 常染色体
sex-chromosome 性染色体
long arm 长臂
short arm 短臂
perineum 会阴
vagina 阴道
fornix 穹窿
uterus 子宫
corpus 宫体
fundus 宫底
isthmus 峡部
cervix 宫颈
endocervial canal 宫颈管
endometrium 子 宫内膜
myometrium 子宫肌层
serosa 浆膜
Fallopian tube 输卵管
uterosacral lig. 宫骶韧带
infundibulo-pelvic lig. 漏斗骨盆韧带
inguinal lig. 腹股沟韧带
sacrospinous lig. 骶棘韧带
BLOOD VESSELS
ovarian artery 卵巢动脉
uterine a. 子宫动脉
ascending branch 升支
sympathetic n. 交感神经
parasympathetic n 副交感神经
MUSCLES
levator ani m. 提肛肌
pubococcygeous m. 耻骨尾骨肌
illiococcygeous m. 髂骨尾骨肌
sphineter ani m. 肛门括约肌
psoas major m. 腰大肌
250部世界经典电影
《世界经典电影250部－－绝对收藏珍品》(IMDBTop 250)[DBRip][DVDRip]下面的简介是我从其它网站抄来的，因为是比较早的，可能排名有点不一样，仅供参考：IMDB TOP250电影介绍1. 教父The Godfather,(1972)评分：9.0投票人数：105,042科波拉黑帮经典《教父》的首部，派拉蒙公司最成功的影片之一，坐稳IMDB头把交椅应属众望所归。
虽然评论界一致对《教父》系列的第2集推崇有佳，但大多数影迷似乎还是对《教父》情有独钟，这可能与马龙·白兰度极具个人魅力的表演有关，直到今天他那种含糊沙哑的声音与神秘莫测的表情都依然叫人着迷。
2. 魔戒3：王者归来@指环王Ⅲ：王者无敌The Lord of the Rings The Return of the King, (2003)评分：8.9投票人数：78,480魔戒圣战的最后一部。
将描述甘道夫和索伦对抗的战略，记载了光明与黑暗双方的冲突，以及黑暗时代的终结。
魔戒三部曲可说是二十世纪以来最壮丽的史诗作品，角色众多分明，情节丰富，是世界上最著名的奇幻小说。
3. 肖申克的救赎@刺激1995@月黑高飞The Shawshank Redemption, (1994)评分：8.9 投票人数：129,886影片从1946年讲起，缅因州一位银行家安迪喝得醉醺醺地上了自己的车，还把手枪里装了子弹，接着有他妻子与人私通的画面，再下来他就被判刑入狱，成了肖香克监狱的重罪犯。
在狱中，他与黑人囚犯雷德互相帮助，成为好朋友；而以博格斯为首的一群囚犯却经常袭击安迪。
后来，狱警们发现了安迪的理财能力，都来找他做投资咨询，甚至孩子升学问题也来找他请教。
监狱长让他做假帐，从中渔利。
多年过去，有一天，安迪郑重地对雷德说：如果你出狱，一定到某地一棵树下把一个盒子挖出来。
当天夜晚，安迪越狱。
雷德获释后照安迪的话做，两个朋友在墨西哥海滨重逢了。
4. 教父续集The Godfather Part II, (1974)评分：8.8投票人数：61,919《教父续集》中科里昂尼家族兴起的历史与麦克血腥的奋斗形成了完美的对仗，这种平行蒙太奇的运用深得评论界的赏识，此片的成功也巩固了艾尔·帕西诺和罗伯特·德尼罗两位意裔影帝的地位。
表达人物身份的不同方式
龙源期刊网 表达人物身份的不同方式作者：来源：《疯狂英语·读写版》2019年第05期一、使用陈述句Luke Rosa is a history teacher at Falls Church High School. 卢克·罗萨是Falls Church高中的一名历史老师。
二、使用同位語1.后置同位语Peter Noonan， an assistant superintendent of schools， says with electronic textbooks，publishers can quickly update the content with the latest information. 学校副院长彼得·努南说，有了电子教科书，出版商就可以用最新的信息快速更新内容。
2.并列的同位语Social studies teacher Michael Bambara says the e⁃book he uses in his government class is better than a printed textbook. 社会研究老师迈克尔·班巴拉说，他在政府课堂上使用的电子书比印刷教材要好。
Curriculum Director Gladys Whitehead says an e⁃book test project is being planned. 教务主任格拉迪斯·怀特黑德表示，一个电子书测试项目正在规划中。
三、使用定语从句（拓展）Peter Noonan， who is an assistant superintendent of schools， says with electronic textbooks，publishers can quickly update the content with the latest information. 学校副院长彼得·努南说，有了电子教科书，出版商就可以用最新的信息快速更新内容。
The-Pilgrim’s-Progress
Context in Christendom （基督教徒，基督教世界）
The explicit（详尽的，清楚地）
Protestant（基督教徒，新教徒） theology
（神学）of The Pilgrim‘s Progress made it
found in it a true personal experience told with strength, interest, humor----in a word, with all the qualities that such a story should possess. Young people have read it, first, for its intrinsic (本质的，内在的) worth, because the dramatic interest of the story lured them on to the end; and second, because
it was their introduction to true allegory. It was the only book having any story interest in the great majority of English and American home for a full century.
much more popular than its predecessors.
Bunyan’s gifts and plain style breathe life into the abstractions（抽象概念） of the anthropomorphized（人性化） temptations （诱惑） and abstractions that Christian encounters and with whom he converses（认 识，谈话） on his course to Heaven. Samuel
Martin Luther King, Jr., Rosa Parks, and the Montgomery Bus Boycott - Black History Month
On the morning of December 5th, not everyone, but many people of color refused to ride the bus. They walked. They rode mules. Those few people with cars acted as a shuttle service, taking others to work and wherever they needed to go.
When Martin Luther King, Jr. heard that Mrs. Parks had been arrested, he called a meeting at his church. A huge crowd gathered to hear what he had to say. People wanted things to change, but they were afraid. They did not want to be arrested or attacked. People shrugged their shoulders and said there was nothing they could do. It was just the way things were.
It took a long time for the boycott to work. It took 381 days.
Change came on November 13, 1956, when the Supreme Court ruled that Alabama's laws requiring segregation on buses - requiring persons of color to ride in the back of the bus, and to give up their seat in the colored section to a white person if the bus was crowded - were illegal.
介绍历史伟人的英语作文,六年级
介绍历史伟人的英语作文,六年级篇1亲爱的小朋友们,大家好!今天我们要写一篇关于历史伟人的英语作文。
你们知道什么是历史伟人吗?他们是一些在历史上做出了重大贡献、影响力巨大的人物。
让我们一起来认识几位伟人吧!First, let me tell you about Abraham Lincoln. He was the 16th president of the United States. During his time, there was a big war called the Civil War. The North and the South were fighting against each other. Lincoln worked very hard to end this war and free all the slaves. He believed that all people should be treated equally, no matter what color their skin was. Sadly, Lincoln was shot and killed by someone who didn't like him. But he is still remembered as one of the greatest presidents in American history.Next, I want to talk about Marie Curie. She was a scientist who lived in the late 1800s and early 1900s. Marie made many important discoveries in the field of physics and chemistry. She was the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in different fields! Can you believe that? Marie's work helped us understand radioactivity better. Her discoveries are still used today in X-raysand cancer treatments. Despite facing many challenges as a woman in science, Marie never gave up.Another amazing person is Mahatma Gandhi. He was the leader of India's independence movement against British rule. Gandhi believed in using non-violent resistance, like peaceful protests and civil disobedience, to fight for his people's freedom. He inspired millions of people with his message of peace and equality. Gandhi showed the world that you don't need weapons or violence to create change. His non-violent methods helped India gain its independence in 1947.Speaking of creating change, let me tell you about Rosa Parks. She was an African American woman who lived in the United States in the 1950s. Back then, there were unfair laws that separated white and black people. One day, Rosa refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white person, even though that was the law. Her brave act sparked a huge movement against these unfair laws. Rosa's courage inspired the Civil Rights Movement, which helped end segregation and give more rights to black Americans.Last but not least, I want to mention Nelson Mandela. He was a South African activist who fought against the racist system of apartheid. Mandela spent many years in prison for his beliefs,but he never gave up. After being released, he became the first black president of South Africa. Mandela worked hard to bring peace and equality to his country. He showed that even after facing great difficulties, it's possible to forgive and move forward.Those are just a few examples of the many amazing historical figures who have made our world a better place. They fought for freedom, equality, and justice. They made important discoveries that changed how we see and understand the world around us. These heroes remind us that one person can make a big difference if they have courage, determination, and a dream.I hope you found these stories inspiring! Remember, you don't have to be a famous leader or scientist to make a positive impact. Even small acts of kindness and standing up for what's right can create change. Who knows, maybe one day people will be learning about you in history class!篇2Title: An Amazing Person in History - Mahatma GandhiHi everyone! Today I want to tell you about a really cool person from history called Mahatma Gandhi. He was an Indian man who lived from 1869 to 1948. Even though he didn't haveany fancy titles or didn't lead an army, he changed the world in a really big way through his beliefs and actions.Mahatma Gandhi is best known for leading India to independence from British rule. Back then, India was part of the British Empire and was ruled by the British government far away in England. The Indian people weren't treated fairly and didn't have a say in their own country. Gandhi believed that India should be free and govern itself.But instead of fighting with weapons or violence, Gandhi used a really interesting method called "non-violent civil disobedience". This meant that he protested and disobeyed unfair laws, but in a peaceful way without hurting anyone. He organized huge protests, strikes, and marches where thousands of Indians would come together. They would refuse to follow British orders, but stayed completely calm and non-violent even when the British police tried to stop them.One of Gandhi's most famous protests was the Salt March in 1930. Back then, the British had a law that only they could make or sell salt, and Indians had to pay a tax on it. Gandhi thought this was really unfair, so he led thousands of Indians on a 24-day, 390 km long march to the sea to make their own salt! It was an act of peaceful protest that showed the Indian people's strength.Gandhi and his followers were often arrested and beaten by British forces for disobeying laws. But they refused to fight back with violence, which made the British look even more unfair. Gandhi was jailed many times, but he kept on protesting peacefully. His ideas of non-violence and civil disobedience inspired millions of people in India and around the world.After many years of struggle, Gandhi's movement finally succeeded in 1947 when India won its independence from Britain and could govern itself as a free country. Sadly, Gandhi was assassinated just a year later by someone who disagreed with his views. But his amazing legacy and philosophy of non-violence has had a huge impact on history and the world.There are so many cool things about Mahatma Gandhi! He proved that even one person can change the world through determination and peaceful resistance. His simple lifestyle of not owning many possessions and dressing in a basic cloth inspired others. He promoted equality between all people, no matter their religion or background. Gandhi once said, "Be the change you wish to see in the world." That's such great advice!Gandhi is admired around the globe as one of the most influential and inspiring figures in history. He showed that big changes can happen without wars or hurting others, just byhaving the courage to stand up for your beliefs in a peaceful way.I think we can all learn a lot from Mahatma Gandhi's amazing life and actions. What an exceptional human being!篇3My Biggest Hero: Nelson MandelaHave you ever felt like the world was unfair? That some people get treated badly just because of how they look or where they were born? I used to feel that way a lot. But then I learned about a man named Nelson Mandela, and he taught me that we all have the power to change the world and stand up for what's right, no matter the odds.Nelson Mandela was born in 1918 in a tiny village in South Africa. Back then, South Africa had something called "apartheid" which was a really mean system of rules that discriminated against black people. Black people weren't allowed to go to certain schools, live in certain neighborhoods, or even use the same public bathrooms and beaches as white people. It was totally unfair.Even as a young boy, Nelson knew this wasn't right. He went to school and learned that all people are created equal. He couldn't understand why his own country's government treatedfolks differently just because of their skin color. Nelson made a vow that he would fight to end apartheid and bring freedom and equality to South Africa.After university, Nelson became a revolutionaryanti-apartheid activist. He gave powerful speeches calling for racial equality and human rights for black South Africans. The government didn't like Nelson challenging their unjust rules, so they threw him in jail for 27 long years! Can you imagine spending over a quarter of a century locked up just for believing in freedom?But Nelson didn't let his spirit get broken in prison. He spent those tough decades reading, writing, and dreaming of a new South Africa where people weren't judged by skin color. Other activists around the world launched campaigns calling for Nelson's release. Finally, in 1990, the president of South Africa at the time let Nelson walk free.Only four years later, South Africa held its first democratic election where black citizens could vote. And you'll never guess who the new president was - Nelson Mandela! After all those years of struggle, he peacefully took control and ended the horrible apartheid system once and for all.As president from 1994 to 1999, Nelson worked hard to heal the deep racial divides in his country. He created new policies to better education, healthcare and opportunities for black citizens. Most importantly, he showed that it's possible to make real change happen through non-violence, forgiveness and leading by example.Nelson's courage, resilience and commitment to human rights made him one of the most beloved leaders of the 20th century. He won the Nobel Peace Prize and received hundreds of other honors from around the globe. To me though, his biggest accomplishment was teaching people that no injustice should ever be accepted - not matter how long it takes, dreams of equality are worth fighting for.I have a Nelson Mandela quote hanging above my desk to remind me every day: "It always seems impossible until it's done." Those words help me have hope that any problem can be solved as long as you stay determined and do the hard work. Nelson went from being a poor village boy, to a fearless activist, to spending decades wasting away in prison, to finally becoming the leader of his nation and changing the world. If that's not the most inspiring story ever, I don't know what is!So if you ever feel powerless in the face of bullies, bigots or unfair rules, just think of Nelson Mandela's example. One person really can conquer darkness and hatred by shining a light of justice and love. All it takes is standing firm in your beliefs and never giving up on。
玫瑰英语简介 rose
The genus Rosa is subdivided into four subgenera:•Hulthemia蔷薇属(formerly Simplicifoliae, meaning "with single leaves") containing one or two species from southwest Asia, R. persica and Rosa berberifolia which are the only roses without compound leaves or stipules.•Hesperrhodos西部玫瑰(from the Greek for "western rose") contains Rosa minutifolia and Rosa stellata, from North America.•Platyrhodon片状玫瑰(from the Greek for "flaky rose", referring to flaky bark) with one species from east Asia, Rosa roxburghii.•Rosa (the type subgenus) containing all the other roses. This subgenus is subdivided into 11 sections.▪Banksianae▪Caninae▪Carolinae▪Chinensis▪Gallicanae▪Gymnocarpae▪Laevigatae▪Pimpinellifoliae▪Rosa▪SynstylaeExterior view of rose buds Rose leafletsRose thorns Rosa canina hipsdifferernt colorsdifferent meansred热恋、深爱着你、相爱、真心实意yellowyellow失恋、褪去的爱、道歉、同性恋。
新人教版高中英语选择性必修一Unit 1 单元检测(解析版)
UNIT 1PEOPLE OF ACHIEVEMENT(时间:90分钟满分:120分)第一部分阅读(共两节,满分50分)第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
AYou probably know who Marie Curie was,but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson.Of the outstanding ladies listed below,who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?Jane Addams(1860-1935)Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.Addams helped the poor and worked for peace.She encouraged a sense of community(社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need.In 1931,Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize. Rachel Carson(1907-1964)If it weren’t for Rachel Carson,the environmental movement might not exist today.Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.Sandra Day O’Connor(1930-present)When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School,in 1952,she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman.She became an Arizona state senator(参议员) and,in 1981,the first woman to join the US Supreme Court.O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.Rosa Parks(1913-2005)On 1 December 1955,in Montgomery,Alabama,Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year,and kicked off the civil-rights movement.“The only tired I was,was tired of giving in,” said Parks.1.What is Jane Addams noted for in history?A.Her social work.B.Her teaching skills.C.Her efforts to win a prize.D.Her community background.“Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank.”可知,任何曾经得到社会工作者帮助的人都要感谢Jane Addams,由此推知,她在历史上以社会工作者而闻名。
值得学习的历史人物事件英文作文
值得学习的历史人物事件英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Inspiring Historical Figures and Events Worth Learning FromHistory is full of remarkable individuals whose actions and decisions have shaped the course of civilization. From visionary leaders to courageous revolutionaries, these figures have left a lasting legacy that continues to inspire and educate us. In this essay, we will explore some of the most influential historical figures and events that are worth studying and learning from.One of the most well-known historical figures is Mahatma Gandhi, the leader of the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule. Gandhi's philosophy of nonviolent resistance, known as satyagraha, has inspired countless movements for social justice and civil rights around the world. His commitment to peaceful protest and his unwavering principles of truth and morality serve as a powerful example of the power of nonviolence in effecting social change.Another figure worth studying is Rosa Parks, a civil rights activist who became known as the "mother of the civil rights movement" for her refusal to give up her seat on a segregated bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Parks' act of defiance sparked the Montgomery Bus Boycott and played a crucial role in the fight against racial segregation in the United States. Her courage and determination in the face of injustice remind us of the importance of standing up for our beliefs and fighting for equality and justice.In the realm of science and innovation, we have figures like Marie Curie, the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields. Curie's groundbreaking research on radioactivity paved the way for advances in the fields of physics and chemistry and transformed our understanding of the natural world. Her dedication to scientific discovery and her resilience in the face of discrimination and adversity serve as an inspiration to aspiring scientists and researchers.On a different note, the Apollo 11 moon landing in 1969 is a historic event that symbolizes human ingenuity, exploration, and the spirit of adventure. Astronauts Neil Armstrong and Buzz Aldrin's iconic first steps on the moon captured the imaginationof people around the world and demonstrated the incredible capabilities of human technology and determination. The Apollo 11 mission is a testament to what can be achieved when we set our sights on a seemingly impossible goal and work together to make it a reality.These are just a few examples of the many inspiring historical figures and events that have left a lasting impact on society and continue to be studied and celebrated for their contributions to the world. By learning from their successes and failures, we can gain valuable insights into the qualities and characteristics that make great leaders, innovators, and changemakers. As we draw inspiration from these figures, we are reminded of the power of individual action and collective effort in shaping the course of history and creating a better future for all.In conclusion, studying the lives and actions of historical figures can provide us with valuable lessons and insights that we can apply to our own lives and endeavors. By learning from the successes and failures of those who have come before us, we can gain a deeper understanding of the qualities and characteristics that lead to greatness and make a positive impact on the world. Let us continue to be inspired by the remarkable individuals andevents of history and strive to emulate their examples in our own lives.篇2Title: Inspiring Historical Figures and Events Worth Learning FromIntroductionHistory is filled with stories of remarkable individuals whose actions and achievements have changed the course of the world. Their courage, wisdom, and determination serve as timeless lessons for us to learn from. In this essay, we will explore some of the most inspiring historical figures and events that continue to shape our world today.1. Mahatma Gandhi and Nonviolent ResistanceOne of the most iconic figures in world history, Mahatma Gandhi led the Indian independence movement through nonviolent civil disobedience. His philosophy of Satyagraha, or truth-force, inspired millions to fight for justice and freedom without resorting to violence. Gandhi's commitment to peace and unity serves as a powerful example of how individuals can bring about change through peaceful means.2. Rosa Parks and the Civil Rights MovementRosa Parks was a key figure in the American civil rights movement, known for her refusal to give up her seat to a white passenger on a bus in Montgomery, Alabama. Her act of defiance sparked a wave of protests and boycotts that ultimately led to the end of segregation in the United States. Parks' bravery and determination continue to inspire people around the world to stand up against injustice and inequality.3. Nelson Mandela and ReconciliationNelson Mandela, the first black president of South Africa, is celebrated for his role in ending apartheid and promoting reconciliation in a deeply divided nation. Despite spending 27 years in prison for his anti-apartheid activities, Mandela emerged as a beacon of hope and forgiveness. His commitment to unity and justice has left a lasting impact on the world, encouraging people to work towards peace and understanding.4. Malala Yousafzai and Education AdvocacyMalala Yousafzai, a young Pakistani activist, became a global symbol of girls' education after surviving an assassination attempt by the Taliban. Her unwavering dedication to promoting education for all children, especially girls, has earned hernumerous accolades and awards, including the Nobel Peace Prize. Malala's courage and resilience inspire young people everywhere to speak out against discrimination and fight for their right to education.5. Martin Luther King Jr. and the Power of DreamMartin Luther King Jr., a prominent leader in the American civil rights movement, is remembered for his powerful speeches and advocacy for equality and justice. His famous "I Have a Dream" speech continues to resonate with people of all backgrounds, inspiring them to pursue a world free of discrimination and prejudice. King's legacy serves as a reminder that individuals have the power to bring about positive change through peaceful protest and activism.ConclusionThese historical figures and events remind us of the power of individuals to make a difference in the world. Their courage, resilience, and determination continue to inspire us to fight for justice, equality, and peace. By learning from their stories and embodying their values, we can create a better future for ourselves and generations to come. Let us be inspired by their example and strive to be agents of positive change in our own communities and beyond.篇3Title: A Historical Figure Worth Learning FromThroughout history, there have been many individuals who have left a lasting impact on the world through their actions, beliefs, and achievements. One such figure who is worth studying and learning from is Mahatma Gandhi, a leader of the Indian independence movement in British-ruled India.Born in 1869 in Porbandar, India, Gandhi dedicated his life to fighting for the rights and freedoms of the Indian people. He advocated for nonviolent resistance, civil disobedience, and peaceful protest as means to achieve social and political change. Gandhi believed in the power of love, compassion, and truth, and he used these principles to lead the Indian independence movement against British colonial rule.One of Gandhi's most famous acts of resistance was the Salt March in 1930, where he and his followers walked 240 miles to the Arabian Sea to protest the British monopoly on salt production in India. This peaceful protest garnered international attention and inspired others to join the fight for independence. Gandhi's commitment to nonviolence and his unwaveringdedication to the cause made him an inspirational figure to millions of people around the world.Gandhi's leadership and philosophy of nonviolence continue to have a profound impact on movements for social justice and equality today. His belief in the power of ordinary individuals to bring about change through peaceful means serves as a reminder that progress can be achieved without resorting to violence or aggression.In addition to his role in India's independence movement, Gandhi was also a champion of social justice, equality, and human rights. He fought against discrimination based on caste, religion, and gender, and he worked to promote harmony among people of different backgrounds and beliefs.Gandhi's commitment to living a simple and principled life also made him a role model for many. He believed inself-reliance, simplicity, and humility, and he practiced what he preached by living in poverty and wearing simple clothing.In conclusion, Mahatma Gandhi is a historical figure worth studying and learning from for his commitment to nonviolence, social justice, and human rights. His legacy serves as a reminder that individuals have the power to bring about positive change in the world through peaceful means. Gandhi's principles andideals continue to inspire people around the world to work towards a more just, peaceful, and compassionate society.。
论丽塔·达夫的美国黑人民权运动书写
论丽塔·达夫的美国黑人民权运动书写王 卓 陈寅初内容摘要：享有“历史诗人”美誉的美国黑人桂冠女诗人丽塔·达夫对美国黑人民权运动的书写聚焦于一个女人、一个时刻、一个事件。
这位女人就是被誉为美国“民权运动之母”的罗莎·帕克斯，这个时刻就是罗莎在公交车上拒绝把座位让给白人的时刻，而这个事件就是著名的蒙哥马利市公共汽车抵制运动。
达夫钻掘到这段历史的“下面”，辩证地阐释了以下三个和这场运动息息相关的问题：罗莎“累了”还是罗莎“准备好了”；罗莎是“领袖”还是“桥梁”；“罗莎”还是“罗莎们”，分别从族群身份、政治身份和女性身份等三个层面揭开了罗莎·帕克斯刻板形象生成的实质和成因，从而有效还原了那段历史的本真面貌。
关键词：丽塔·达夫；罗莎·帕克斯；黑人民权运动基金项目：本文为作者主持的国家社科基金后期资助项目“丽塔·达夫研究”（17FWW009）的阶段性研究成果；山东师范大学英美文学课程群教学团队建设立项阶段性研究成果。
作者简介：王卓，文学博士，山东师范大学外国语学院、山东师范大学外国文学与文化研究中心教授、博士生导师，主要研究领域为英语诗歌和诗学、英语国家族裔文学、英语教育研究。
陈寅初，山东师范大学外国语学院硕士研究生，主要研究方向为现当代美国文学。
Title: On Rita Dove’s Historical Writing of Civil Rights MovementAbstract: African American woman poet Laureate Rita Dove, praised as poet of history, focuses on a woman, a moment and an event in her writing of American Civil Rights Movement. The woman is Rosa Parks who is claimed as the mother of American Civil Rights Movement. The moment is that when Rosa refused to give up her seat to the white. And the event is the famous Montgomery bus boycott. Dove digs into the underneath of the history, exploring dialectically three issues closely related to this movement: 1)Rosa “tired” or Rosa “ready”; 2) Rosa a “leader” or a “bridge”; 3) One Rosa or a group of Rosa, revealing the nature and reason of the stereotype of Rosa Parks from the perspectives of ethnic identity, gender identity and political identity, and thus effectively restores the truth of history.Key words: Rita Dove; Rosa Parks; African-American Civil Rights MovementAuthors: Wang Zhuo is professor of English at Shandong Normal University and director of Research Center for Foreign Literature and Culture at Shandong Normal University (Jinan 250358, China). She is also the chief editor of Journal of Shandong Foreign Language Teaching. Her major research area is English poetry and poetics, ethnic literature of English speaking countries and English teaching research. E-mail: wangzhuo_69@. Chen Yinchu is postgraduate of Shandong Normal University (Jinan 250358, China). Her research focuses on modern and contemporary American literature. E-mail: 188********@11王 卓、陈寅初：论丽塔·达夫的美国黑人民权运动书写美国黑人桂冠女诗人丽塔·达夫（Rita Dove，1952-）享有“历史诗人”的美誉（Rampersad 54）。
冒险岛英文名字
冒险岛英文名字冒险岛英文名字300个1、Roselife（玫瑰人生）2、Solitude也在指尖徘徊3、Weeksmadman4、▲角逐pursue5、Answer﹏厮守°6、Aminor未成年7、Moonshine8、Abandon放下9、Lackoflove10、TaShìMìng11、Withered凋零12、Femalebully（女霸）13、隐忍grieved14、Badguy烂好人15、carly16、ゆThehourglass17、ExpectSamsara18、slow（慢热）19、亡人’Hasgone°20、落幕丶sunshine21、玻璃猫-charming*22、WhiteIn゜23、po24、PerFect25、゛Ｂａbyゝ摯愛你26、Monster怪兽27、tfboys我的命28、Sunny°刺眼29、释怀°Believeヾ30、release[放手]31、BonnenuIt32、karry王。
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2023个性_女生英文网名带符号
2023女生英文网名带符号2023女生英文网名带符号【热门版】1) history2) Because of3) You is my heart4) 冷心Blame。
5) sunny xi6) 空心人 - relead7) We are V.I.P8) My her i My he i9) H.Rosa丶Star10) Rememberゝ爱11) Style〃12) Lack of love13) Ran aground14) Heart plug(心塞)15) Ever丶幸福16) Hair end(发梢)17) I have no tears to cry.18) Abandon.放弃.19) Let it go随它吧20) heart-broken 心碎2023女生英文网名带符号【精选版】1) Memory ˋ淡时光2) Autism゛陌亡3) Deep love me4) Regina5) 义婚孤女 time6) Sandm 旧颜7) |▍Me-未成年8) Only one"默爱╯9) summs.薄情い10) Christmas丶幻镜11) 落幕丶sunshine12) [-disingenu]言不由衷13) Mantra.[心咒]14) 爱情Beautiful15) H.Rosa丶Star16) forever 浅笑17) realx(放松)18) 记忆Blank丶19) 戒不掉的.【gentle】20) Moonshine.2023女生英文网名带符号【经典版】1) My her i My he i2) 戒不掉的【gentle】3) Moonshine.4) history5) Because of6) You is my heart7) 冷心Blame。
8) sunny xi9) H.Rosa丶Star10) Rememberゝ爱11) Style〃12) Lack of love13) Without you14) Withered 凋零15) Remix.恍惚16) release [放手]17) WeAreOne18) 浪漫style19) 帅哥cindy。
植物花色鉴定及新方法
收稿日期:2021-01-15基金项目:杭州市农业科学研究院科技创新与示范推广基金(2019HNCT-07)作者简介:李春楠(1986 ),女,黑龙江嫩江人,农艺师,硕士,研究方向为园艺植物遗传育种,E-mail:lcn0814@㊂通信作者:傅巧娟(1971 ),女,硕士,高级农艺师,从事观赏园艺植物遗传育种研究工作,E-mail:fqjwxj@㊂文献著录格式:李春楠,傅巧娟,沈国正,等.植物花色鉴定及新方法[J].浙江农业科学,2021,62(3):558-561.DOI:10.16178/j.issn.0528-9017.20210332植物花色鉴定及新方法李春楠,傅巧娟∗,沈国正,孙瑶(杭州市农业科学研究院,浙江杭州㊀310024)㊀㊀摘㊀要:花的颜色是组成观赏植物表型性状的重要指标,为充分了解花色的鉴定研究方法,对现有检测方法进行了梳理分类,包括目视测色㊁仪器测色和化学测色,同时提出一种检测成本低㊁操作效率高㊁基于计算机图像处理的辨别花色新方法,旨在为植物花色鉴定提供一种新的思路㊂在分析各方法优缺点和适用性的基础上,对表型信息技术在花色鉴定中的应用进行了展望㊂关键词:观赏植物;花色;鉴定方法中图分类号:S68㊀㊀㊀文献标志码:B㊀㊀㊀文章编号:0528-9017(2021)03-0558-04㊀㊀花色是植物的重要观赏性状之一,花色创新历来是花卉育种的主要目标㊂在表型性状考察中,真实㊁准确地描述花色性状,对于植物分类㊁种质鉴定㊁育种后代筛选㊁分子标记开发㊁花色基因工程等研究具有重要的意义㊂评价植物花色的方法主要有目视测色㊁仪器测色和化学测色等㊂本文在介绍当前花色鉴定的一般方法及其优缺点的基础上,提出一种基于计算机图像处理的分辨花色深浅的方法[1],旨在为花色测定方法作一补充,使其描述方式更加丰富㊁准确㊁量化㊂1 花色鉴定一般方法1.1㊀目视测色目视测色通过人的肉眼观察花部色彩来辨别颜色种类和深浅程度,是最简便㊁快捷的花色鉴别方式㊂对于不同色系可直接进行分门别类,对于同色系花色可根据深浅程度划分为若干等级,再一一归属相应的色彩级别㊂目视测色简单易行,不少研究采用该方法来鉴定花色[2-8]㊂过聪等[9]通过目测现代月季(Rosa spp.)花色并分类编码来描述60个品种的花色表型;罗会英等[10]在研究30个辣木(Moranga oleifera )优良单株家系的花表型性状差异时,采用目视测色法分辨花冠颜色;李芳等[11]测定西南红山茶(Camellia pitardii )的表型性状,通过目测,用中国传统色彩表示法标注花颜色,并对所测得的花瓣颜色进行赋值[12]㊂比色卡比对法是目前应用较为普遍的目视测色方法,一般采用英国皇家园艺学会标准比色卡(royal horticultural society color chart,RHSCC)㊂观察者通过视觉将样品花色与标准色卡对比,将待测样品 对号入座 ,记录色卡上对应的色彩编码,常设计多个重复,最终选取出现频率最高的结果㊂徐怡倩等[13]在研究小苍兰(Freesia hybrida )花色苷组分时,采用RHSCC 对6个小苍兰园艺品种进行花色描述;吴际洋等[14]利用RHSCC 测定紫薇杂交后代(Lagerstroemia speciosa ˑL.indica )单色与复色花的主色㊁副色;林兰[15]在研究蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis Dtps)超群火鸟杂交后代的生物学特性时,采用RHSCC 比对子代的花瓣主色,并与父本和母本进行比较㊂目前,色卡比对法在花色表型测定中的应用较为普遍㊂1.2㊀仪器测色利用仪器采集花色信息,用色度参数对花色进行数字化描述㊂测色仪器主要有扫描仪㊁色差仪㊁便携式光谱仪等[16]㊂其中,色差仪是较为常用的测色仪器,一般采用国际照明委员会(international commission on illumination,CIE)制定的CIELAB 标准色空间,通过测量色度参数将色彩按三维数据(明度㊁饱和度和色调角)进行数字化描述㊂在CIE L∗a∗b ∗体系中,L ∗值为色彩的明度,L ∗值增大表示颜色由暗到亮;色相a∗值表示花色的红绿程度,a∗值由负到正代表绿色减弱㊁红色增强;色相b∗值表示花色的黄蓝程度,b∗值由负到正代表蓝色减弱㊁黄色增强;C∗值为色彩饱和度,计算公式为C∗=(a∗+b∗)1/2;色调角h的计算公式为h=arctan(b∗/a∗),h表示颜色在红㊁橙㊁黄㊁绿㊁青㊁蓝㊁紫中的变化程度,0ʎ附近区域为红色,朝逆时针方向90ʎ附近代表橙色,180ʎ和270ʎ附近分别为绿色和蓝色,而后又回到360ʎ(0ʎ)红色区域[17-18]㊂利用色差仪测定植物花色已在多种花卉品种中广泛应用㊂韩江南[19]采集牡丹(Paeonia suffruticosa)花朵新鲜花瓣,用色差仪按CIE表色系统测定花色,对94个中原牡丹品种开展聚类分析;Rasouli等[20]将色差仪用于4个突厥蔷薇(Rosa damascena)地方品种的花色鉴定;Guo 等[21]利用色差仪测定不同发育时期芍药(Paeonia lactiflora)花瓣的L∗㊁a∗㊁b∗㊁C∗和h 值,反映其从珊瑚色㊁粉色到淡黄色的色彩变化过程;李辛雷等[22]用分光色差仪测定山茶(Camellia japonica)新鲜花朵花色,按照CIE L∗a∗b∗表色系法,测定花色的明度L∗㊁色相a∗值㊁色相b∗值㊁彩度C∗和色调角h,研究22个山茶品种的花色分布;吴芳芳等[23]在荷花(Nelumbo SP.)盛花期采集不同品种的花瓣进行花色指标的测定,记录色度参数,对24个荷花品种花色聚类分析,明确荷花花色表型的分布特点㊂值得注意的是,由于目视测色容易受到观测者主观因素和外界光源条件的影响,为了提高花色判定的准确性和真实性,很多研究将目视与仪器测色相结合共同对花色进行量化分析㊂丁言[24]利用目视测色与色差仪精确判定红花草莓杂交后代(FragariaˑPotentilla)的花瓣颜色,将目视观察与严格的标准比色卡比对,在初步定性和分类后,再通过色差仪测量花瓣的色值参数,对其进行科学的花色量化分析;张艺祎[25]测定四川独蒜兰(Pleione limprichtii)花色,利用RHSCC比对花被片中着色最均匀部分,判断花色质量,同时使用分光色差仪测定花瓣的色值参数;刘安成等[26]取忍冬(Lonicera Linn.)不同开花阶段的新鲜花蕾或花瓣,采用RHSCC进行花色对比,并用分光色差仪测量明度L∗值㊁色相的a∗值㊁b∗值㊂目前,在目视的基础上结合测色仪器对花色进行精确的判定,在百合(Lilium hybrids)[27]㊁桂花(Osmanthus fragrans)[28]㊁菊花(Chrysanthemum morifolium)[29-30]㊁鸢尾(Iris dichotoma)[31]㊁矢车菊(Centaurea cyanus)[32]㊁风信子(Hyacinthus orientalis)[33]㊁建兰(Cymbidium ensifolium)[34]㊁金花茶组(Sect. Chrysantha Chang)[35]㊁芍药[36]㊁香雪兰(Freesia hybrida)[37]等花卉上均有所应用㊂1.3㊀化学测色花色素的存在及其变化是植物花色表现的化学机制,绝大多数植物累积特定的花色素种类,从而呈现出一定的花色表型,与花色的深浅程度密切相关[38-39]㊂化学测色即以色素含量间接反映花色深浅㊂花色苷是其中起决定作用的主要色素[40-42],可参照WEISS[43]的方法检测花瓣花色苷含量,用分光光度计分别测定色素提取液在530㊁657nm波长下的光密度值(D),通过公式计算花色苷相对含量:D校=(D530-0.25D657)/g,结果以每克鲜重的花色苷相对含量来表示㊂许传俊等[44]利用化学测色法分别测定了不同花色品种蝴蝶兰(Phalaenopsis)的花色苷含量;徐君等[45]以不同类型的14个荷花(Nelumbo nucifera)品种花瓣为材料,进行花色表型测定及花色素成分分析;智雅静等[46]检验4个杂种系共20种不同花色百合(Lilium ssp.)品种中色素种类的差异;刘林等[47]将RHSCC㊁色差仪与色素含量测定三者相结合,用于色季拉山9种报春花属(Primula)植物的花色分析,验证了花色素与花色深浅程度之间的相关性㊂2 基于计算机图像处理的分辨植物花色深浅新方法㊀㊀为了将花色深浅数字化㊁检测简便化㊁降低成本㊁易于操作,一种将植物花色深浅与计算机图文处理相结合的新方法应运而生㊂该方法无需昂贵的测色仪器㊁比色卡以及繁琐的生理指标检测步骤,只需一台办公计算机和扫描仪即可分辨植物花色深浅度,并将其数字化便于数据分析㊂具体操作步骤为:取盛开花朵的花瓣,避光㊁保湿;用扫描仪获取花瓣图像文件;用计算机图像分析软件,如Image J等,对获取的花瓣图像进行处理,获取灰度值进而将颜色深浅数字化;灰度值高的花朵颜色浅,反之颜色深,用数值大小来表示花色深浅㊂为了验证该方法的有效性,研究者分别选取花色由浅到深的孔雀草橙黄色系㊁一串红红色系和矮牵牛粉红色系材料,将本方法的测定结果与其花色苷相对含量进行相关性分析㊂显著性检验结果表明,孔雀草㊁一串红和矮牵牛的花瓣灰度值与花色苷相对含量之间均达到极显著负相关,证明本方法所测灰度值与花色深浅极显著关联,充分检验了本方法的准确性[1]㊂3 小结与展望表型观测是研究植物生物学性状和遗传多样性最基础㊁最直观的方式,可从整体上了解资源的丰富程度[7]㊂花色历来是观赏植物研究中重点考察的农艺性状,关系到花卉品质的形成和商业价值的体现,因此,如何准确地描述花色直接影响着获取表型信息的真实性,进而影响到相关研究结果的准确性㊂目视测色法简便易行,但对测定时样品所处外界环境的一致性要求较高,且易受到操作者主观因素的影响[48];仪器测色将色彩信息转换为色度参数以三维数值的形式输出,使花色描述更加量化,便于数据分析,然而,前提是具备检验精度高㊁价格昂贵的测色仪器;化学测色以花色形成的化学机制为基础,但不同色系起决定作用的花色素成分存在差异,且需经过一系列生理检测过程,相比其他方法在操作便携性上有所欠缺;基于计算机图像处理的花色测定新方法,操作简便,借助常用办公电脑和扫描仪即可完成,无需购买专用仪器或者进行繁琐的化学检测步骤,可对多个样品同时处理,检测效率更高,是对现有测色方法的一种补充㊂然而,该方法较适用于鉴别纯色花瓣的深浅度,对于带有斑点㊁条纹等组成复杂的花色分析,建议参照HSU等[49]在鉴别大岩桐花瓣颜色和斑点特征时提出的图像采集方法㊂几种常用的测色方法各具特点,相互补充,当前,为了更加准确㊁全面地体现植物花色信息,很多研究将其中两者或三者相结合来共同描述花色特征[47,50-54]㊂因此,研究者应根据实际需要和测定条件选择适宜的测色方式,以达到高效㊁准确鉴别花色表型的目标㊂随着信息技术的快速发展,利用光学成像等物理技术获取植物表型性状信息,开展表型组学研究,能够实现大样本㊁大群体的精确表型鉴定,比传统的人工测量方式更加省时㊁省工㊁省力,不受外界环境和操作者主观的影响[55]㊂在花色鉴别方面,通过将花色深浅度和色彩结构与花瓣化学成分含量高度拟合,建立物种花色信息预测模型,进而搭建表型信息数据库,可以大大提高育种选择效率,对于数字化挖掘花色及重要表型信息㊁构建核心种质资源库㊁建立表型与基因型的有效桥梁等研究具有重要的应用价值㊂参考文献:[1]㊀傅巧娟,李春楠,沈国正,等.基于计算机图像处理的分辨植物花色深浅的方法:CN105890764B[P].2016-08-24.[2]㊀关玉梅,谢云,金锡勤,等.浙江红山茶观赏性状的主成分分析[J].浙江农业学报,2013,25(2):252-258. 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FilmTec ROSA Software Version HistoryVersion 5.0 - presentROSA Version 6.1.5Release date: 12 June 2007Build date: 23 May 2007Enhancements:•The following issues have been resolved:- If a new case is added and the water information is carried over into the new case, it appears that the same water type is defined for the new case (both on the Feed tab andon the report), but the design warnings in the new case are triggered by water type “ROPermeate SDI < 1” instead of the expected water type. Therefore, the report for thenew case may not give the appropriate design warnings (unless the expected watertype is RO Permeate SDI < 1).- In the Overview report, in a 1-pass system with recirculation, the recirculation loop on the diagram shows the arrow pointing downward (away from the feed line, suggesting abypass) rather than upward (toward the feed line).- When opening a saved file that contains multiple cases, some of which include a recirculation loop, the system drawing on the System Configuration tab in the userinterface may not always draw the line representing the recirculation loop whenswitching between cases.- When quickly clicking the ROSA 6.1 shortcut icon more times than necessary to open the program, a second instance of ROSA tries to open, but invokes an error and shutsdown.- An error occurs when the 2nd pass is eliminated and subsequently restored in a case involving a 2-pass system with Pass 2 concentrate recycled to Pass 1 feed.- An errant line is drawn in the Overview Report diagram for pH adjustment in 2-pass systems.occur when using the Conversion Utility to transfer ROSA 5.4 - Errorsoccasionallyprojects to the ROSA 6.1 file format.- An error occasionally occurs when ion exchange softening is selected on the Scaling tab.ROSA Version 6.1.4Release date: 19 February 2007Build date: 16 February 2007Enhancements:•The following issues have been resolved:.rosa project file that is an e-mail attachment is double-clicked, ROSA sometimesa- Ifterminates because the folder that it tries to open the file into does not have writepermission.o Reprogrammed to gracefully handle the error and inform the user that the .rosa file must be saved somewhere outside of e-mail where write permissions exist.- Power and Specific Energy calculations in report do not reset when deleting a booster pump.- Design warnings do not always display on the reports using the Chinese interface setting.- Saving a file in the Chinese interface, then closing and re-opening the file, resets the water type to RO Permeate SDI < 1 on the Feed tab in the interface, although theintended water type still prints correctly on the reports.- Miscellaneous Chinese text labels are displayed in English.- When specifying ions in the Feed tab, switching to the Scaling tab to change S&DI value, then switching back to the Feed tab where a concentration value isentered/changed, the TDS value goes to zero.- Changing the dosing chemical type from acid to base gives an erroneous message.- The order of a few FILMTEC™ elements in the combo box on the System Configuration tab and also in the specifications table are re-ordered to the end of the list when thewater type is changed.- When a value is specified for Pass 2 feed pressure, the value will not clear after returning to "Calc" mode.- Instability is sometimes observed regarding the Overview Report diagram.- If default units are set as metric, flow units on Recirculation Loops in the System Configuration tab display as “gpm”, although the calculations and report are in thecorrect metric units.- When a new case is added and water data is requested to carry over into the new case, the water type for the new case reverts to the default RO Permeate SDI < 1.•The following program changes have been implemented:- The report window automatically expands to the full-screen mode for easier reading;the window size can still be changed, minimized, or closed as desired.•Database changes were made to improve the modeling accuracy of seven FILMTEC™ elements.ROSA Version 6.1.3Release date: 17 November 2006Build date: 10 November 2006Enhancements:•The following issues have been resolved:- Handling of several string and currency values cause an error.- Using a single quote (‘) in the project title causes an error when if the project file name contains the same illegal character.- Opening a project file in which the recirculation option had been checked, but the recirculation flow rate equals “0” causes an error.- Changing the text in “Analysis by” or “Company Name” is not reflected on the printed report until after the file has been saved.•The following program changes have been implemented:- Some system designs do not converge on a solution in 2000 iterations. In this instance, a message will now be displayed, rather than terminating the program as anerror.- When a program error occurs, the user can now optionally also add descriptive text that explains the actions taken leading up to the event. This text will be included in the logfile that can be sent to the ROSA project team for instant analysis when the userchooses to send the error report.- If the ROSA application is installed on the root directory (c:\ROSA61), when ROSA is opened, a message box will indicate that the program must instead be installed in asubfolder and ROSA will close.ROSA Version 6.1.2Release date: 7 July 2006Build date: 21 June 2006Enhancements:•The following issues have been resolved:- Obstacles to database access cause errors on some computers, including preventing ROSA 6.1 from opening in some cases.- On some systems with administrator restrictions that prevent write-access to the root directory, an error is caused trying to write three temporary files (FinalXML.xml,Rosa61CalcEngine.Log, and MyProject.xml).- Opening multiple instances of ROSA to the “Project Information” input tab causes an error.- Calculation of system recovery in a 2-pass system is not always correct.- Eliminating Pass 2 containing a recirculation loop causes an error.- A data-type conflict with date values causes a rare error.- Entering a value for blending that was too large invokes a message box that creates an error.•The following program changes have been implemented:- A warning message is issued to the user if ROSA 6.1 is installed on the root drive.- The Overview Diagram in the “Report” tab is cleared when switching to a different case.•The following FILMTEC™ elements have been designated as obsolete in ROSA: SG30-400 and SG30LE-430. These elements can still be selected to run projections, but amessage alerts the user that the element is obsolete.•The following FILMTEC™ element specifications were upgraded in line with published product improvements:Specification ROSA 6.1.2 ROSA 6.1.1 TW30-2540 Maximum Feed Pressure, psi (bar) 600 (41.4) 300 (20.7) TW30-4040 Maximum Feed Pressure, psi (bar) 600 (41.4) 300 (20.7)TW30-4040 Maximum Feed Flow, gpm (m3/h)(Not selecting Small Commercial conditions)14 (3.2) 16 (3.6)LP-2540 Permeate Flow Rate, gpd (m3/d) 1000 (3.8) 850 (3.2) LP-4040 Permeate Flow Rate, gpd (m3/d) 2900 (11.0) 2700 (10.2)SG30-400 Maximum Feed Flow, gpm (m3/h)(Water Type = RO Permeate, SDI < 1)75 (17) 72 (16)SG30-400/34i Maximum Feed Flow, gpm (m3/h)(Water Type = RO Permeate, SDI < 1)75 (17) 72 (16)New features:•New FILMTEC™ elements have been added:ROSA 6.1.2Permeate gpd (m3/d) Salt rejection%SG30LE-400 9,500(36) 99.5SG30-400/34i 10,200(38.6) 99.5SG30LE-440i 10,000(38) 99.5BW30-400/34i-FR 10,500(40) 99.5LE-4040 2,500(9.5)99.0ROSA Version 6.1.1Release date: 10 April 2006Build date: 10 April 2006Enhancements:•The following issues have been resolved:- The text for Boron concentration in the Feed input grid is “Boron (H3BO3)” when it should be “Boron (B)”.- The number of elements is not properly transferred to the EVA spreadsheet.- Changing the value in a concentrate recirculation flow sometimes causes an error.- The file path is occasionally truncated when a file is opened by double-clicking on a .rosa project icon, causing an error.- Opening ROSA with certain Regional and Language Options (including Finnish, Norwegian, and French) causes an error (Cast from string “-0.0004” to type ‘Double’’ isnot valid).- Adding/subtracting stages too quickly with the spinner control causes an error. ROSA Version 6.1.0Release date: 5 April 2006Build date: 4 April 2006New features:•The user interface is now available in two languages: English and Chinese. The user interface language can be switched with the Options menu (however, viewing the Chinese interface requires that East Asian fonts are installed).• A custom Water Library that memorizes frequently-used water analyses has been added when “Specify individual solutes” is selected in the Feed tab.• A separate window is opened to display the Detailed Report (and, optionally, the Overview Report) so the report can still be viewed while making changes to the system configuration.•If a program error occurs, the user can choose to send an error report to the ROSA project team for instant analysis.Enhancements: •The user interface has been redesigned with a fresher, cleaner appearance.•The Perform Calculation button has been replaced by a fifth tab called “Report”.•The order that silica and boron is printed in the table on the Detailed Report has beenreversed to align with the order in the solutes grid on the Feed tab.•Calculations now run faster.•The program operates in a more stable environment.•More convenient and more customizable options for file and folder management have been added. Upon installation, the default folder for new projects and HTML reports has beenset to C:\Program Files\ROSA61\MyProjects, but this can be changed in the Options menu.•New controls to switch cases have been added to the right-hand margin of the ROSAwindow. Switching cases can now be accomplished faster with fewer mouse clicks.•If pH adjustment and degasification are both selected in Pass 2, the degasification step now precedes the NaOH addition, rather than the reverse. Compared to ROSA 6.0x, theamount of NaOH required for the pH adjustment will now be less.•New information is now available by hovering the mouse over components in the System Configuration diagram.•The ROSA Project Converter utility has been added as an option in the File menu.• A bug that caused ROSA to display the same blended permeate value in the DetailedReport on subsequent calculations has been addressed. It is no longer necessary to save,re-open, and re-run the projection to reset the value.• A bug that sometimes caused a new case involving iLEC products to yield a slightlydifferent feed pressure calculation compared to the original base case has been addressed.ROSA Version 6.0.1Release date: 7 June 2005Build date: 25 May 2005Enhancement:• A patch was incorporated to address a rare issue caused by a random, unexpected change to the system registry value that was intended to recall the coordinates for displaying theROSA window on the monitor. When this occurred, it appeared that ROSA would not start,or that the program was invisible even though it was listed as an open application on theWindows® task bar, or sometimes resulted in Runtime Error 6. The patch causes theROSA window to open in the center of the monitor, ignoring the system registry value thatmay be corrupt.ROSA Version 6.0Release date: 6 September 2004New features:•System design Overview Report has been added in addition to the Detailed Report; the Overview Report contains the system summary and a flow diagram.•Two languages have been added as print options: Chinese and Spanish.•Scaling calculation has been added for the second pass. Previous ROSA versions includea scaling calculation for the first pass only.•Magnesium hydroxide has been added to the scaling calculation.•Blending option has been added. There is no need to run two separate ROSA projections in order to obtain a blending design. In addition, the permeate quality contains an extracolumn which displays the blended permeate quality.•Energy and Power consumption have been included.•EVA (Element Value Analysis) has been incorporated into ROSA. It allows the user to compare the economical advantage of a design by comparing two ROSA projections. User needs to specify which projections are needed for the comparison. The key information is automatically populated in the EVA spreadsheet. User can enter costs of elements, energy etc.•New FILMTEC™ seawater and brackish water elements have been added:ROSA 6.0Permeate gpd (m3/d) Salt rejection%BW30-400/34i 10,500(39.7) 99.5BW30-440i 11,500(43.5)99.5LE-400 11,500(43.5)99.3LE-440i 12,650(47.9)99.3SW30HR LE-400 7,500 (28.4) 99.75SW30HR LE-400i 7,500 (28.4) 99.75SW30XLE-400i 9,000(34.1) 99.7Enhancements:•New file management has been incorporated which reduces problems related with Microsoft Data Access files (such as Error 429 and Runtime Error 6).•Projections can now be saved anywhere on the computer.• Opening the xxx.rosa file will also open the ROSA program similar to opening a word document.•The Temperature Correction Factor (TCF) has been refined with improved accuracy of salt rejection and feed pressure projections.•The estimate of nitrate passage has been refined and now reflects more accurately the impact of cation mix for all brackish water elements (not NF or SW).•The new system design guidelines have been incorporated.•Individual stage composition of concentrate and permeate have been added to the Detailed Report.•Net driving pressure and osmotic pressure have been included in the Detailed Report.ROSA Version 5.4Release date: 26 September 2003New features:•SW30 HR LE-380 and SW30 HR-320 were incorporated.Enhancements:•SG 30-400, SG30-LE 430, and the SW30-4021 elements were added.•Calculation model was refined.•Seawater design guidelines were refined.ROSA Version 5.3Release date: 9 June 2003New features:•An Interactive System Diagram was incorporated in the Configuration section that allows users to navigate easily.•Permeate flux, as an alternate to permeate flow rate, can now be entered within the design Configuration section.•Second pass pH adjustment can be applied via chemical dosing or a degasifier.•Boron calculations for certain seawater and brackish water elements were incorporated.•Any database from previous ROSA versions can be easily utilized.• A comprehensive list of FILMTEC™ elements and specifications is now available in the Configuration section.•New elements LP 2540 and LP 4040 were incorporated.•Temperature changes can now also be made in the Configuration section.•More options are available to balance ions in the feed water analysis.• A link to can be accessed from the software program.• A message will automatically appear on the screen to remind users to update ROSA 5.3.Enhancements:•The calculation model for seawater and brackish water designs was refined with improved accuracy of ion rejections and projected feed pressure.•Converging problems encountered with ROSA 4.3 and ROSA 5.0x were addressed by implementing a more robust calculation engine.•ROSA 5.3 can now operate at different country settings.•The program keeps track of the order in which feed flow, permeate flow (or flux), and recovery are entered. It automatically modifies the least recently entered parameter when one of these is changed.•The following FILMTEC™ element specification were upgraded in line with published product improvements:ROSA 5.3 ROSA 5.02Permeate gpd (m3/d) Salt rejection%Permeategpd (m3/d)Salt rejection%TW30-2540 850(3.2) 99.5 750(2.8) 99.5TW30-4040 2400 (9.1) 99.5 2200 (8.3) 99.5BW30-2540 850 (3.2) 99.5 750 (2.8) 99.5BW30-4040 2400 (9.1) 99.5 2200 (8.3) 99.5BW30-LE 4040 2300 (8.7) 99.2 2200 (8.3) 99.0XLE-25401850(3.2) 99.0 770(2.9) 99.0XLE-404012600 (9.8) 99.0 2400 (9.1) 99.0SW30-2540 700(2.6) 99.4 540(2.0) 99.4SW30-4040 1950 (7.4) 99.4 1500 (5.7) 99.4BW30 LE-440 11500 (44) 99.2 11500 (44) 99.0SW30-380 9000 (34.1) 99.4 8000 (30.2) 99.31 New Test Condition: 500 ppm NaCl, 100 psi Feed Pressure, 15% Recovery. (Previously, 2000 ppm NaCl, 125 psi.) Version 5.02Release date: 23 September 2002•“Welcome” screen was modified to include options for selecting and creating ROSAdatabases.•BW30-400FR product was added and specifications for TW30HP-4641 and XLE-440 products were modified.• A check box was added for back pressure input.•The capability to specify feed pressure was added.•The program was adjusted to carry over back pressure, boost pressure, and scalingcalculations when new cases are added.• A warning was added to remind the user to save the project when closing ROSA.•The length of the project name was increased to 150 characters.•Permeate flux was adjusted for Seawater Membranes, resulting in modified feed pressures. Version 5.01Release date: 1 July 2002•Salt rejection specifications were modified for SW30HR-320 and SW30HR-380 products to99.7% from 99.6%• Other minor changes。