华中师范大学2017年考博英语题型
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题
2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题2017年全国医学博士英语统一考试试题Part I Listening Comprehension(30%)略Part II Vocabulary(10%)Section ADirections:In this section,all the sentences are incomplete.Four words or phrases marked A,B,C and D are given beneath each of them.You are to choose the word or phrase that best completes the sentence,then mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have____effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body,helping to lubricate joints and___toxinsand impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical helpto____the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally,vaccine makers_____the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly____to theincrease of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD.relevant36.Ted was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able tospeak____.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD.ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise,computers____all processes of the production andmanagement.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen____,dream activity may be provoked by externalinfluences.A.homogeneouslyB.instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD.simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond,and we respond far too quickly by giving____to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____,they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections:Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined.There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence.Choose the word or phrase which can best keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlined part.Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise,soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated,and investigations areseeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital,they tend to become overly dependent andlose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivelyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of trafficcongestion.A.AmelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD.duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to80%of domestic retail raw chicken in theUnited States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reported thatright-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes,numerous studies have shown clear differencebetween Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservations PartⅢCloze(10%)Directions:In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks.For each blank,there are four choices marked A,B,C and D on the right side.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly.The same branch of research concluded in2005that the1918flu started in birds before passing to humans.Parsing this animal-human51could provide clues to52the next potential super flu,whichalready has a name:H5N1,also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number:59%.According to the WHO,nearly three-fifths of the people who53H5NI since2003died from the virus,which was first reported54humans in Hong Kong in1997before a more serious55occurred in Southeast Asia between2003and2004.(It has since spread to Africa and Europe.)Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only56cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.57,compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the1918pandemic;it may have killed roughly50million people,but that was only10%of the number of people infected,according to a2006estimate.H5NI’s saving grace—and the only reason we’re not running around masked up in public right now—is that the strain doesn’t jump from birds to humans,or from humans to humans,easily. There have been just over600cases(and359deaths)since2003.But58its lethality,and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible,one might expect H5NI research to be exploding,with labs59the virus’s molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and60to humans,and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.51.A.rejection B.interface plement D.contamination52.A.be stopped B.stopping C.being stopped D.having stopped53.A.mutated B.effected C.infected D.contracted54.A.in B.on C.with D.from55.A.trigger unch C.outbreak D.outcome56.A.counts B.amounts to C.accounts for D.accumulates57.A.Thereafter B.Thereby C.Furthermore D.Still58.A.given B.regarding C.in spite of D.speaking of59.A.parses B.parsed C.parsing D.to parse60.A.potently B.absolutely C.potentially D.importantlyPart IV Reading Comprehension(30%)Directions:In this part,there are six passages,each of which is followed by five questions.For each question,there are four possible answers marked A,B,C,and D.Choose the best answer and mark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneIf you are reading this article,antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times.A rotten tooth,a knee operation,a brush with pneumonia;any number of minor infections that never turned nasty.You may not remember taking the pills,so unremarkable have these one-time wonder drugs become.Modern medicine relies on antibiotics—not just to cure diseases,but to augment the success of surgery,childbirth and cancer treatments.Yet now health authorities are warning,in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms,that the era of antibiotics is about to end.In some ways,bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs.But in the past we’ve always developed new ones that killed them again.Not this time.Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects.Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25,000Europeans yearly.And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic.Regular readers will know why:New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years.We have misused antibiotics appallingly,handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne,mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper.Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world—not just in medical facilities,but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica（南极洲）.How did we reach this point without viable successors to today’s increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics.Over the past20years,nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned panies must make money,and there isn’t much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly.So researchers have discovered promising candidates,but can’t reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them.This can be fixed.As we report this week,regulatory agencies,worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure.Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold(by adjusting patent rights,say,or offering prizes for innovation)has worked for other drugs,and should work for antibiotics—although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market.One day,though,these will all to resistance too.Ultimately,we need,evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection:treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease,but don’t otherwise inconvenience the little blighters.When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage,drugs will stop breeding resistance.Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment.But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches.That,too,can be fixed.We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need,the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D.If we do,one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.61.In the first paragraph,the author is tying to_____.A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics62.The warning from health authorities implies that_____.A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow63.The appalling misuse of antibiotics,according to the passage,_____.A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries64.The market failure refers to____.A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics65.During the presentation of the two solutions,the author carries a tone of_____.A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessness Passage TwoThis issue of Science contains announcements for more than100different Gorgon Research Conferences，on topics that range from atomic physics to developmental biology.The brainchild（某人的主意）of Neil Gordon of Johns Hopkins University,these week-long meetings are designed to promote intimate,informal discussions of frontier science.Often confined to fewer than125 attendees,they have traditionally been held in remote places with minimal distractions.Beginning in the early1960s,I attended the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference in rural New Hampshire，sharing austere（简朴的）dorm facilities in a private boy’s school with randomly assigned roommates.As a beginning scientist,I found the question period after each talk especially fascinating,providing valuable insights into the personalities and ways of thinking of many senior scientists whom I had not encountered previously.Back then,there were no cellphones and no internet,and all of the speakers seemed to stay for the entire week.During the long,session-free afternoons,graduate students mingled freely with professors.Many lifelong friendships were begun, and—as Gordon intended—new scientific collaborations began.Leap forward to today,and every scientist can gain immediate access to a vast store of scientific thought and to millions of other scientists via the Internet.Why,nevertheless,do in-person scientific meetings remain so valuable for a life in science?Part of the answer is that science works best when there is a deep mutual trust and understanding between the collaborators,which is hard to develop from a distance.But most important is the critical role that face-to-face scientific meetings play in stimulating a random collision of ideas and approaches.The best science occurs when someone combines the knowledge gained by other scientists in non-obvious ways to create a new understanding of how the world works.A successful scientist needs to deeply believe,whatever the problem being tackled,that there is always a better way to approach that problem than the path currently being taken.The scientist is then constantly on the alert for new paths to take in his or her work,which is essential for makingbreakthroughs.Thus,as much as possible,scientific meetings should be designed to expose the attendees to ways of thinking and techniques that are different from the ones that they already know.66.Assembled at Gordon Research Conference are those who____.A.are physicists and biologistsB.just start doing their sciencesC.stay in the forefront of scienceD.are accomplished senior scientists67.Speaking of the summer Nucleic Acids Gordon Conference,the author thinks highly of____.A.the personalities of senior scientistsB.the question period after each talkC.the austere facilities aroundD.the week-long duration68.It can be inferred from the author that the value of the in-person scientific conference_____.A.does not change with timesB.can be explored online exclusivelyC.lies in exchanging the advances in lie scienceD.is questioned in establishing a vast store of ideas69.The author believes that the face-to-face scientific conferences can help the attendeesbetter_____.A.understand what making a breakthrough means to themB.expose themselves to novel ideas and new approachesC.foster the passion for doing scienceD.tackle the same problem in science70.What would the author most probably talk about in the following paragraphs?A.How to explore scientific collaborations.B.How to make scientific breakthroughs.C.How to design scientific meetings.D.How to think like a genius.Passage ThreeBack in1896,the Swedish scientist Svante Arrhenius realized that by burning coal we were adding carbon dioxide to the air,and that this would warm the Earth.But he mentioned the issue only in passing（顺便地），for his calculations suggested it would not become a problem for thousands of years.Others thought that the oceans would soak up any extra CO2,so there was nothing much to worry about.That this latter argument has persisted to this day in some quarters highlights our species’propensity（倾向）to underestimate the scale of our impact on the planet.Even the Earth’s vast oceans cannot suck up CO2as quickly as we can produce it,and we now know the stored CO2is acidifying the oceans,a problem in itself.Now a handful of researchers are warning that energy sources we normally think of as innocuous could affect the planet’s climate too.If we start to extract immense amounts of power from the wind,for instance,it will have an impact on how warmth and water move around the planet,and thus on temperatures and rainfall.Just to be clear,no one is suggesting we should stop building wind farms on the basis of this risk.Aside from the huge uncertainties about the climatic effects of extracting power from the wind,our present and near-term usage is far too tiny to make any difference.For the moment,any negative consequences on the climate are massively outweighed by the effects of pumping out even more CO2.That poses by far the greater environmental threat;weaning ourselves off fossil fuels should remain the priority.Even so,now it is the time to start thinking about the long-term effects of the alternative energy sources we are turning to.Those who have already started to look at these issues report weary, indifferent or even hostile reactions to their work.That’s understandable,but disappointing.These effects may be inconsequential,in which case all that will have been wasted is some research time that may well yield interesting insights anyway. Or they may turn out to be sharply negative,in which case the more notice we have,the better.It would be unfortunate to put it mildly,to spend countless trillions replacing fossil-fuel energy infrastructure（基础建设）only to discover that its successor（替代物）is also more damaging than it need be.These climatic effects may even be beneficial.The first,tentative models suggest that extracting large amounts of energy from high-altitude jet streams would cool the planet, counteracting the effects of rising greenhouse gases.It might even be possible to build an energy infrastructure that gives us a degree of control over the weather:turning off wind turbines here, capturing more of the sun’s energy there.We may also need to rethink our long-term research priorities.The sun is ultimately the only source of energy that doesn’t end up altering the planet’s energy balance.So the best bet might be invest heavily in improving solar technology and energy storage—rather than in efforts to harness, say,nuclear fusion.For the moment,all of this remains supposition（推测）.But our species has a tendency to myopia.We have nothing to lose,and everything to gain by taking the long view for a change.71.In the first two paragraphs,the author is trying to draw our attention to____.A.the escalating scale of the global warmingB.the division of scientists over the issue of global warmingC.reasons for us to worry about extra CO2for the oceansD.the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.The author’s illustration of wind-power extraction reflects____.A.the priority of protecting the environmentB.the same human propensity as mentioned previouslyC.the best strategy of reducing the environmental threatD.the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.The author argues that it would be unfortunate to replace fossil fuels only to find out that____.A.the successors are also damagingB.the countless trillions spent are wastedC.the alternative energy sources don’t workD.the research invites indifferent or even hostile reactions74.According to the author,the best strategy is____.A.to counteract the effects of rising greenhouse gasesB.to develop a degree of control over the weatherC.to extract large amounts of energy from windD.to explore solar energy and its storage75.It can be concluded from the passage that we need to take the long view on____.A.human existence on the planetB.humanity’s energy suppliesC.our environmental threatsD.our tendency to myopiaPassage FourOptical illusions are like magic,thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses But there’s more to them than that,according to Dr.Beau Lotto,who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.What they reveal,he says,is that the whole world is the creation of our brain.What we see, what we hear,feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the word,but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world.It’s a best guess based on the past experience of the individual,a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains.The world is literally shaped by our pasts.Dr.Lotto,40,an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London,has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions,sculptures and installations,which have been included in art-science exhibitions.He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions,which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us.For centuries,artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background.The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.But Dr.Lotto believes it’s a learnt response;in other words,we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us.“Context is everything,because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality,”says Dr.Lotto.“What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past,but also by what the human race has experienced through its history.”This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world,conditioned over generations.For example,Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the“R”and the“L”sound.This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable.“Differentiating between them has never been useful,so the brain has never learnt to do it.It’s not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference.They literally cannot hear the difference.”Dr.Lotto’s experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science.“Yes,mywork is idea-driven,”he says.“But lots of research,such as MRI brain scanning,is technique-driven.I don’t believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory.You have to look at what it evolved to do,and look at it in relationship to its ecology.”76.What does the word“them”in the first paragraph refer to?A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.77.According to the passage,what is known about Dr.Beau Lotto?A.Though he is a neuroscientist,he has shocked the scientific world with his extensiveresearch in art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.B.Dr.Lotto is a professor at University College Landon who is specialized in a number ofdisciplines such as art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.C.Dr.Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitionsin the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr.Lotto has set out to create visual illusions,sculptures and installations which wellcombined the knowledge of art,neurology,natural history and philosophy.78.Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr.Lotto’s study?A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world,to a great measure,iscreated and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see,hear,feel,and the truth may becontrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporaryforms of the world,which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actuallycreated by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.79.According to Dr.Lotto,what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter against adark background than being against a light background?A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against alight one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves apurpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.80.Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment andthe brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study inneuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated fromhuman body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the researchis carried out in proper natural context.Passage FiveThe biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar,multi-armed robot named da Vinci,used in nearly400,000surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier.But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems,including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system.There also have been a few disturbing,freak incidents:a robotic hand that wouldn’t let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hit-ting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table.Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm?Some doctors say yes,concerned that the“wow”factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries.Many U.S.hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures,online and even on highway billboards.Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot.The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates,gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves,shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs.Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States.For surgeons,who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient,these operations can be less tiring.Plus robot hands don’t shake.Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions.But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries.Earlier this year,the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely,but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now“is the increase in number of reports received”about da Vinci.Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths.Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain.Rivers said she couldn’t quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems.Doctors aren’t required to report such things;device makers and hospitals are.Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot.But they don’t train them how to do specific procedures robotically,he said,and that it’s up to hospitals and surgeons to decide“if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases.”A2010New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least150procedures to become adept at using the robotic system.But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed.New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center.She said the surgeon’s many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor.She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button,instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.81.Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.82.According to some doctors,which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasmfor da Vinci?A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.83.What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn’t finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.84.What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training an the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to use robots.85.What is the best title for this passage?A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Passage SixIn a poor,inland,gang-infested part of Los Angeles,there is a clinic for people with type1 diabetes.As part of the country health care system,it serves persons who have fallen through all other safety-net options,the poorest of the poor.Although type2diabetes is rampant in this part of。
考博资料-华中师大教育学院
华中师范大学教育学考博信息汇总【海翔智库独家提供】2017年华中师范大学教育学院考博信息招生专业目录（19个学术+5个专业学位）备注：所有专业招收“申请—考核”制，考试科目为网上报名时所用申请——考核者需要具备以下条件1．国家承认学历的应届全日制硕士研究生（简称“应届生”，需在录取当年的9月1日前取得硕士学位），或已获得国家承认的硕士学位的往届硕士研究生（简称“往届生”）。
2．具有较强的科研能力。
需提供个人相关科学研究成果，同时提交1-2名同行专家（与所报考学科专业领域相关的教授）的亲笔推荐信。
3．具有较强的外语水平。
学术型博士申请者原则上需通过全国大学英语六级考试（425分及以上），或者参加雅思、托福、德、法、日、俄、韩语水平考试，成绩达到相应标准（雅思6.5分，托福95分；德、法语水平考试达到欧洲统一语言参考框架（CECRL）的B2级；日语水平达到二级（N2）；韩语成绩达到TOPIK4级）。
少数民族骨干计划博士和教育博士申请者可适当放宽对外语水平的要求，但必须具备一定的外语听、说、读、写能力。
4．教育博士申请者原则上为拥有硕士学位并有5年以上全职相关工作经历、具有相当成就的各级各类学校管理人员及幼儿园、中小学教师。
考生应寄送以下申请材料1．学籍证明或硕士学位证书复印件：2．本人二代身份证复印件；3．硕士生课程成绩单原件一份4．外语水平成绩证明复印件一份；5．1-2名同行一流专家的亲笔推荐信（需上网公示，请提供电子扫描版）； 6．提交代表性学术论文一篇（发表或未发表均可）；7．获奖证书或其他可以证明考生科研能力材料的复印件；8．硕士学位论文全文（应届生提交论文开题报告）。
9．博士论文研究计划书（5000字左右）注：申请者必须在综合考核面试时提供所有申请材料的原件，以便与复印件比对核查。
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湖北省考博英语-试卷3.doc
湖北省考博英语-试卷3（总分：96. 00，做题时间：90分钟）一、Reading Comprehension（总题数：5,分数：40. 00）The National Trust in Britain plays an increasingly important part in the preservation for public enjoyment of the best that is left unspoiled of the British countryside. Although the Trust has received practical and moral support from the Government, it is not a rich Government department. It is a voluntary association of people who care for the unspoiled countryside and historic buildings of Britain. It is a charity which depends for its existence on voluntary support from members of the public. Its primary duty is to protect places of great natural beauty and places of historical interest. The attention of the public was first drawn to the dangers threatening the great old houses and castles of Britain by the death of Lord Lothian, who left his great seventeenth-century house to the Trust together with the 4500-acre park and estate surrounding it. This gift attracted wide publicity and started the Trust's "Country House Scheme”. Und er this scheme, with the help of the Government and the general public, the Trust has been able to save and make accessible to the public about one hundred and fifty of these old houses. Last year about one and three quarters of a million people paid to visit these historic houses, usually at a very small charge. In addition to country houses and open spaces the Trust now owns some examples of ancient wind and water mills, nature reserves, five hundred and forty farms and nearly two thousand five hundred cottages or small village houses, as well as some complete villages. In these villages no one is allowed to build, develop or disturb the old village environment in any way and all the houses are maintained in their original sixteenth-century style. Over four hundred thousand acres of coastline, woodland, and hill country are protected by the Trust and no development or disturbances of any kind are permitted. The public has free access to these areas and is only asked to respect the peace, beauty and wildlife. So it is that over the past eighty years the Trust has become a big and important organization and an essential and respected part of national life, preserving all that is of great natural beauty and of historical significance not only for future generations of Britons but also for the millions of tourists who each year invade Britain in search of a great historic and cultural heritage.（分数：8. 00）（1）. The National Trust is dedicated to.（分数：2.00）A.preserving the best public enjoymentB.providing the public with free access to historic buildingsC.offering better services to visitors home and abroadD.protecting the unspoiled countryside and historic buildings V解析：解析：细节题。
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案
2017年武汉大学考博英语真题及答案注意：所有的答题内容必须写在答案纸上，凡写在试题或草稿纸上的一律无效。
Part I Reading Comprehension (2’×20 = 40 points)Directions: In this part of the test, there will be 5 passages for you to read. Each passage is followed by 4 questions or unfinished statements, and each question or unfinished statement is followed by four choices marked A, B, C and D. You are to decide on the best choice by blackening the corresponding letter on the ANSWER SHEET.Passage OneMr Gordon is right that the second industrial revolution involved never-to-be-repeated changes. But that does not mean that driverless cars count for nothing. Messrs Erixon and Weigel are also right to worry about the West’s dismal recent record in producing new companies. But many old firms are not run by bureaucrats and have reinvented themselves many times over: General Electric must be on at least its ninth life. And the impact of giant new firms born in the past 20 years such as Uber, Google and Facebook should not be underestimated: they have all the Schumpeterian characteristics the authors admire.On the pessimists’ side the strongest argument relies not on closely watching corporate and investor behavior but rather on macro-level statistics on productivity. The figures from recent years are truly dismal. Karim Foda, of the Brookings Institution, calculates that labor productivity in the rich world is growing at its slowest rate since 1950. Total factor productivity (which tries to measure innovation) has grown at just 0.1% in advanced economies since 2004, well below its historical average.Optimists have two retorts. The first is that there must be something wrongwith the figures. One possibility is that they fail to count the huge consumer surplus given away free of charge on the internet. But this is unconvincing. The official figures may well be understating the impact of the internet revolution, just as they downplayed the impact of electricity and cars in the past, but they are not understating it enough to explain the recent decline in productivity growth.Another, second line of argument that the productivity revolution has only just begun is more persuasive. Over the past decade many IT companies may have focused on things that were more “fun than fundamental” in Paul Krugman’s phrase. But Silicon Valley’s best companies are certainly focusing on things that change the material world.Uber and Airbnb are bringing dramatic improvements to two large industries that have been more or less stuck for decades. Morgan Stanley estimates that driverless cars could result in $507 billion a year of productivity gains in America, mainly from people being able to stare at their laptops instead of at the road.1.What has led to the pessimistic opinion concerning the world’s economy?A.It is based on macro-level statistics on productivity.B.It is based on close observation on corporate and investor behavior.C.It is due to the fact that many old firms are not run by bureaucrats.D.It is due to the fact that not enough new firms have been created.2.The first argument on the optimists’side is unconvincing because theofficial figures.A.are both wrong and unconvincingB.downplay the internet revolutionC.fail to include the consumer surplusD.can’t explain the decline in productivity growth3.What is true about the IT companies in Silicon Valley??A.They have only focused on the fun part of life.B.They have made a difference in the real world.C.They have more persuasive productivity.D.They have only just begun to develop.4.How can driverless cars benefit American industries?A.Driverless cars have revived two large American industries.B.The sale of driverless cars can reach hundreds of billion dollars.C.Thanks to them people free from driving can do more creative work.D.Driverless cars have stimulated the development of Uber and Airbnb.Passage TwoWinston Churchill was one of the central statesmen of the 20th century and, almost 50 years after his death, remains a subject of enduring fascination. Part of the current interest in this venerable figure can be attributed to two superb biographies written in the 1980s by historian William Manchester: “The Last Lion: Visions of Glory” and “The Last Lion: Alone.” These two books examined the first two-thirds of Churchill’s life.Unfortunately, after completing the second volume, Manchester’s health declined and the rest of the project stalled. So great was public interest in the long-delayed final volume that it was the subject of a front page story in The New York Times.Eventually, in 2003, Manchester asked his friend Paul Reid to complete the trilogy. Now, nearly a decade later, Reid has published The Last Lion, the final piece of this monumental undertaking. Reid starts when Churchill was appointed prime minister in May 1940 andfollows him through his death in 1965. While most of this volume is appropriately devoted to World War II, it also includes the vast expansion of the British welfare state following the war, the start of the Cold War and the enormous dangers it carried, and the loss of the British Empire.Reid has written a thorough and complete analysis of these years, and it is a worthy finale to the first two volumes. Exhaustively researched and carefully written, it draws on a full range of primary and secondary materials. This book will be essential reading for those who enjoyed the first two volumes and those with a deep interest in understanding this seminal figure and his place in history.Reid does a wonderful job of capturing Churchill in all his complexity. He gives Churchill great praise for his personal courage and inspirational leadership during the dark days when Britain stood alone, but he is equally clear about Churchill’s poor strategic judgments, such as the efforts to defend Greece and Crete, the Allied assault on Anzio, and the decision to send the battleship Prince of Wales and battle cruiser Repulse to the South China Sea without adequate air cover where they were promptly sunk by the Japanese.He highlights Churchill’s naiveté in dealing with Soviet Premier Stalin in the early years of the war, but praises his prescience in anticipating Stalin’s land grab in Eastern Europe at the end of the conflict. Reid also gives welcome attention to aspects of the war ― such as Churchill’s fear that the United States might decide to put its primary emphasis on defeating Japan regardless of the “Germany first”understanding he shared with Roosevelt that have received little attention in other books.5.What can be known about the two biographies of Churchill?A.They were written in an interesting style.B.They were written prior to Churchill’s death.C.They are mainly written from a historical point of view.D.They have helped intrigue the readers over a long period.6.Why did the biography once become a front page story in The New York Times?A.People were looking forward to the publication of the final volume.B.Readers were angry with the author for the delay of the final volume.C.The publication of the final volume was then a heatedly discussed issue.D.Readers wanted to know who would be the new author of the final volume.7.Why does the third volume prove to be worthy?A.It is widely read and welcomed by readers.B.It involves enough details in Churchill’s life.C.It is based on thorough and reliable research.D.It offers a unique understanding of Churchill.8.What can we know about Churchill through the third volume?A.He is a man with complexity.B.He pulled Britain through WWII.C.He made many strategic mistakes.D.He is courageous and inspirational.Passage ThreeAsteroids and comets that repeatedly smashed into the early Earth covered the planet’s surface with molten rock during its earliest days, but still may have left oases of water that could have supported the evolution of life, scientists say. The new study reveals that during the planet’s infancy, the surface of the Earth was a hellish environment, but perhaps not as hellish as often thought, scientists added.Earth formed about 4.5 billion years ago. The first 500 million years of its life are known as the Hadean Eon. Although this time amounts to more than 10 percent of Earth’s history, little is known about it, since few rocks are known that are older than 3.8 billion years old.For much of the Hadean, Earth and its sister worlds in the inner solar system were pummeled with an extraordinary number of cosmic impacts. “It was thought that because of these asteroids and comets flying around colliding with Earth, conditions on early Earth may have been hellish,”said lead study author Simone Marchi, a planetary scientist at the Southwest Research Institute in Boulder, Colorado. This imagined hellishness gave the eon its name — Hadean comes from Hades, the lord of the underworld in Greek mythology.However, in the past dozen years or so, a radically different picture of the Hadean began to emerge. Analysis of minerals trapped within microscopic zircon crystals dating from this econ “suggested that there was liquid water on the surface of the Earth back then, clashing with the previous picture that the Hadean was hellish,” Marchi said. This could explain why the evidence of the earliest life on Earth appears during the Hadean — maybe the planet was less inhospitable during that eon than previously thought.The exact timing and magnitude of the impacts that smashed Earth during the Hadean are unknown. To get an idea of the effects of this bombardment, Machi and his colleagues looked at the moon, whose heavily cratered surface helped model the battering that its close neighbor Earth must have experienced back then.“We also looked at highly siderophile elements (elements that bind tightly to iron), such as gold, delivered to Earth as a result of these early collisions, and the amounts of these elements tells us the total mass accreted by Earth as the results of these collisions,” Marchi said. Prior research suggests these impacts probably contributed less than 0.5 percent of the Earth’s present-day mass.The researchers discovered that “the surface of the Earth during the Hadean was heavily affected by very large collisions, by impactors [ɪm'pæktə] larger than 100 kilometers (60 miles) or so — really, really big impactors,’ Marchi said. “When Earth has a collision with an object that big, that melts a large volume of the Earth’s crust and mantle, covering a large fraction of the surface,”Marchi added. These findings suggest that Earth’s surface was buried over and over again by large volumes of molten rock — enough to cover the surface of the Earth several times. This helps explain why so few rock survive from the Hadean, the researchers said.9.Why is little known about the Earth’s first 500 million years?A.Because it is an imagined period of time.B.Because this period is of little significance.C.Because it is impossible to know about this period.D.Because no rocks are available as research evidence.10.Why is the early Earth imagined to be hellish?A.Because it was often smashed by asteroids and comets.B.Because back then Hades, the lord of Hell, resigned.C.Because it was so according to Greek mythology.D.Because back then there was no life.11.Why was the early Earth in fact less inhospitable than often thought?A.Because minerals of the Hadean have been found suggesting the existenceof life.B.Because the clashing brought by asteroids and comets was not completelydamaging.C.Because during the Hadean there already existed the evidence of life.D.Because there had already been liquid water on the Earth back then.12.How can the moon help with the understanding of the impacts that smashed theEarth?A.The moon once smashed into the Earth too.B.The moon was battered earlier than the Earth.C.The moon, as a close neighbor, is easier to observe.D.The moon’s surface is heavily cratered as the Earth’s.Passage FourFrom beach balls, pool toys, and jump houses, inflatable technology takes a big step forward for its next frontier: space station. A new kind of tech will be aboard Space X’s eighth supply mission to the International Space Station (ISS). A compressed living module will be delivered and attached to the station where, in the void of space, it will expand into a new habitat for astronauts.Designed by Bigelow Aerospace, the inflatable space habitat is one area NASAis exploring for potential deep space habitats and other advanced space missions.“The ‘Bigelow Expandable Activity Module,’or the BEAM, is an expandable habitat that will be used to investigate technology and understand the potential benefits of such habitats for human missions to deep space,” NASA Administrator Charles Bolden wrote in a blog post.The habitats could be a way to “dramatically increase” the space available for astronauts while also offering added protection from the dangers of space, like radiation and space debris, the NASA press release says.But how is an inflatable space station supposed to be a viable means of housing for space travelers? BEAMs are far more than balloon-like rooms where astronauts can take asylum. Technically, the modules don’t inflate ―they expand, according to the company. And beyond just air, the habitats are reinforced with an internal metal structure. The outside is composed of multiple layers of material including things like rubber and kevlar to protect from any speeding debris.Inside SpaceX’s Dragon spacecraft on the way to the ISS, the BEAM will be approximately 8 feet in diameter. It will expand once deployed in space to offer 565 cubic feet of space for astronauts. “It’ll be the first time human beings will actually step inside this expandable habitat in space,”former astronaut George Zamka, who has worked for Bigelow Aerospace, told USA Today. “There won’t be this sense of it being like a balloon.”But astronauts won’t be getting inside the module for some time yet. The BEAM will be attached to the Tranquility Node and deployed. Inside the module are a series of tools that will help the crew of the ISS monitor different aspects of the expandable area to see how it acts in space. The crew will watch heat, radiation, orbital debris, and provide information about the viability of using similar modules in the future.The testing is scheduled to go on for a two-year time period, after which the module will be released and burn up in the atmosphere. NASA’s partnership with Bigelow fits Mr. Bolden’s desire to help grow a robustprivate sector industry to commercialize aspects of space ― a process he sees as vital if humans want to reach farther cosmic destinations. “The world of low Earth orbit belongs to industry,”Bolden said at a press conference in January 2015.13.What is special about the new living module on SpaceX’s eighth mission toISS?A)It is expandable. C) It is going to deep space.B)It looks like a toy. D) It will not return to Earth.14.What is the purpose of designing the inflatable space habitat?.A.It is to find out its potential capacity.B.It is to give a try on a new technology.C.It is to save time and money in production.D.It is to see if it can be applied in deep space.15.What does the underlined sentence in Paragraph 5 mean?A.The habitat will not be a balloon-like room.B.The habitat will not feel like a balloon.C.The habitat will be like a senseless balloon.D.The habitat will be a different kind of balloon.16.Why does NASA intend to commercialize aspects of space?A.It can save NASA time and energy.B.It is necessary for a robust industry.C.It is crucial for further space explorations.D.It meets both NASA’s and Bigelow’s needs.Passage FiveOf all the people on my holiday shopping list, there was one little boy for whom buying a gift had become increasingly difficult. He’s a wonderful child, adorable and loving, and he’s not fussy or irritable or spoiled. Though he lives across the country from me, I receive regular updates and photos, and he likes all the things that the boys his age want to play with. Shopping for him should be easy, but I find it hard to summon up any enthusiasm, because in all the years I’ve given him presents, he never once sent me a thank-you note.“Sending thank-you notes is becoming a lost art,”mourns Mary Mitchell, a syndicated columnist known as “Ms. Demeanor”and author of six etiquette books. In her view, each generation, compared with the one before, is losing a sense of consideration for other people. “Without respect,” she says, “you have conflict.”Ms. Demeanor would be proud of me: I have figured out a way to ensure that my children always send thank-you notes. And such a gesture is important, says Ms. Demeanor, because “a grateful attitude is a tremendous life skill, an efficient and inexpensive way to set ourselves apart in the work force and in our adult lives. Teach your children that the habit of manners comes from inside ― it’s an attitude based on respecting other people.”A few years ago, as my children descended like piranhas on their presents under the Christmas tree, the only attitude I could see was greed. Where was the appreciation of time and effort?A thank-you note should contain three things: an acknowledgement of the gift (Love the tie with the picture of a hose on it); a recognition of the time and effort spent to select it (You must have shopped all over the state to find such a unique item!); a prediction of how you will use your gift or the way ithas enhanced your life (I’ll be sure to wear it to the next Mr. Ed convention!).So, five years ago, in one of my rare flashes of parental insight, I decided that the most appropriate time to teach this basic courtesy is while the tinsel is hot. To the horror of my children, I announced that henceforth every gift received will be an occasion for a thank-you note written immediately, on the spot. I have explained to my kids how I have reacted to not hearing from the little boy ― how it made me fell unappreciated and unmotivated to repeat the process next year.I have reluctantly given my kids the green light to send e-mail thank-you notes; though hand-lettered ones (at least to me) still seem friendlier. But pretty much any thank-you makes the gift giver feel special ―just as, we hope, the recipient feels. It’s a gesture that perfectly captures the spirit of the holidays.17.The author felt unmotivated when buying a gift for the little boy because he.A.purposely intended not to show gratitude for her kindness andconsiderationB.had never expressed appreciation of the gifts he received in previousyears.C.had no idea how thoughtful she was in choosing a gift for himD.didn’t like any of the gift she had given him18.According to Ms. Demeanor, showing appreciation has the benefit of .A.forming the habit of good mannersB.regaining the lost art of expressing thanksC.motivating the gift giver to buy more giftsD.distinguishing oneself from others in work and life19.In a thank-you note, “The book will be my good companion when I am alone”serves as.A. a recognition of the time and effort spent to select itB.an announcement of how it has enhanced your lifeC. a prediction of how you will use your giftD.an acknowledgement of the gift20.What does the author mean by “while the tinsel is hot (Line 2, Para. 6)?A.The moment her kids receive a gift.B.The moment she starts choosing gifts for each kid.C.When the art of sending thank-you notes isn’t lost yet.D.When her kids still remember who bought the gifts for them.Part II English-Chinese Translation (5’×4 = 20 points)Directions: Read the following passage, and then translate the underlined parts numbered from (1) to (4), from English into Chinese. Please write your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.Economics is no different. Supply, demand, elasticity, comparative advantage, consumer surplus, deadweight loss--these terms are part of the economist’slanguage. In the coming chapters, you will encounter many new terms and some familiar words that economists use in specialized ways.(1)At first, this new language may seem needlessly arcane. But, as you will see, its value lies in itsability to provide you a new and useful way of thinking about the world in which you live.Economists try to address their subject with a scientist’s objectivity. They approach the study of the economy in much the same way as a physicist approaches the study of matter and a biologist approaches the study of life: (2)They devise theories, collect data, and then analyze thesedata in an attempt to verify or refute their theories.To beginners, it can seem odd to claim that economics is a science. After all, economists do not work with test tubes or telescopes. (3)The essence of science, however, is the scientificmethods--the dispassionate development and testing of theories about how the world works.This method of inquiry is as applicable to studying a nation’s economy asit is to studying the earth’s gravity or a species’ evolution. (4)As Albert Einstein once put it, “The whole of science isnothing more than the refinement of everyday thinking.”(225words)Part II Chinese-English Translation (20 points)Directions: Translate the following paragraph from Chinese into English. Please write youranswer on the ANSWER SHEET.为了寻找实验室试验的替代品，经济学家十分关注历史所提供的自然实验。
华师考博试题2001-2013
语言所博士生入学考试试题2001年试题一、现代汉语1．说说你对“普—方—古”大三角的理解和想法。
（20分）2．说出下列著作的作者和主要特点：（20分）（1）《马氏文通》；（3）《新著国语文法》；（2）《中国文法要略》；（4）《现代汉语语法讲话》3．你对二十多年来词语的发展有什么想法？你认为，在词语的语法性质上，新词新语主要有那些类型？（20分）4．写短文：说“X上”。
（联想有关事实，造出若干用例，写出一篇千字短文。
这篇短文，要尽可能反映自己对语法事实认识的深度。
）（40分）二、理论语言学1．为什么说语言是人类最重要的交际工具和思维工具？语言这两种职能之间具有什么样的关系？（25分）2．语言形式与语言意义之间的对应关系，是语法学研究的中心问题。
语法学的研究方法也应该是语言形式与语言意义相结合的研究方法。
试根据你的理解阐述这种研究方法。
（25分）3．对语言的形式的研究和功能的研究，常常形成语言学史上的不同学术流派。
当代形式语言学派的代表是乔姆斯基的转换生成语言学，功能语言学派的代表是功能语言学（包括认知语法）。
请简述乔姆斯基学派和功能语言学派在语言观和语言研究方法论上的主要差别。
（25分）4．什么是“语言习得”（Acquisition）？什么是“语言学得”（Learning）？了解这两种语言学习方式的不同，对语言教学（母语教学，第二语言教学等）有何意义？（25分）5．你对应用语言学的哪个部门最感兴趣？请综述你最感兴趣的那个应用语言学部门的研究历史、现状及其发展趋势。
（25分）6．有些学者认为，中国语言学必须形成自己的研究特色。
有些学者认为，中国语言学应尽快同国际接轨。
就这两种观点谈谈你的看法。
（25分）（说明：上面六题，考生任选四题）2002年试题一、现代汉语1．《中国语文》2002年第一期发表了屈哨兵的文章《“由于”句的语义偏向》，屈哨兵是我校汉语言文字专业在读博士研究生。
他在文章中认为：“由于”所引领的句子常常会带有不愉快、不如意、消极或贬斥一类的语义偏向，“由于”所引领的格式在现代汉语中基本上是一个“不愉快格式”。
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。
华中师范大学考博英语题型分析
2015华中师范大学考博英语历年真题一、招考介绍从整体上看，由于博士生招生形势的不断发展各院校博士生入学考试的难度越来越大，对考生的外语水平要求也越来越高，特别是听、说能力。
攻读博士学位的学生，一方面应该具备坚实的专业理论基础和扎实的科研能力，另一方面还应该具备较高水平的外语能力。
二、华中师范大学考博英语题型Part1:完形填空10分。
听力和口语放在复试中进行。
Part2:阅读理解40分。
Part3:翻译25分，英译汉(15%)、汉译英(10%)。
Part4:写作25分。
三、考博英语必备参考书育明考博教研部主编,河北大学出版社出版的《考博英语真题解析》和《考博词汇》是考博人必备的两本书。
在当当网，亚马逊和全国各大书店均有销售，也可以联系我们直接购买。
四、联系导师在初步定好考博学校之后，就要和所报考院校中意的老师取得联系，询问是否有招生名额，能否报考，这是我们考博成功的关键第一步。
大多数考生会在九月中下旬与导师取得联系。
因为太早，学校里面直博名额什么的还没有确定，报考的导师也不清楚是否有名额；太晚的话，怕别的学生比你早联系就不好了。
一般情况下，导师对一个学生很中意的话，后来联系的学生，导师一般也不会答应其报考了。
在此说点题外话，联系导师的过程中，如果读研期间的导师有关系，可以尽量利用。
如果没有，也没关系，凭着自己的本事也是可以和考博导师很好的沟通的，这就要看自己了。
通常跟导师初次联系，都是发邮件。
导师回复邮件的情况一般有几种：（1）、欢迎报考。
这种答复最笼统，说明不了问题。
我们可以接着努力和老师多沟通，看看具体的进展，避免出现初试之后却没有名额的情况。
（2）、名额有限，可以报考，但有竞争。
很多人说这样的回复不满意，认为希望很小一般会被刷。
其实这样还是比较好的一种回答，最起码导师没有骗你而且给你机会去证明自己，考的好就可以上。
(3）、你的研究方向和我一样......各种一大堆他的研究方向和你相关，欢迎报考什么的话。
湖北联考考博英语历年试题题型题量综合分析
湖北联考考博英语历年试题型题量综合分析导言：考博英语真题的重要性全国各大院校在制定本校英语专业考试大纲时，对英语的考核基本上不指定参考书，考生在备考时往往感到漫无目的，无所适从，所以对各大院校的考博英语历年真题分析则显得尤为重要。
华慧考博英语教研中心在历时8年的教学研究的过程中，总结国内50多所重点院校的考博英语试题的出题特点与规律，认为考生精研各院校的历年试题对考出良好的成绩有非常大的帮助。
1、考博英语试题的独特性众所周知，英语类的考试，如高考、大学英语四六级、专业四八级考试、研究生入学考试等均由统一的命题组人员统一命制试题，命题组阵容强大，且耗费的人力、物力也不在少数，其题目基本是原创题目。
而考博英语却并非这样，因此，考博英语有其自身的独特性，考博英语的独特性主要表现在其命题方式与题目来源两方面。
首先，从命题方式来看，博士考试中，要求考生达到英语的最低分数线，这一要求就注定了各大考博院校的英语试题的命题方式，各大考博院校不会花费大量的人力、物力及时间原创一套考博英语试题。
并且各大院校为了保证其试题的准确性，一般会选择已经考过的各类相关难度的试题，这样就可以避免出现大量的因个人学术水平方面而引起的错误和争议。
其次，从题目来源看，各大院校的考博英语试题基本来自专四、专八、六级或其它考博院校的原题，极少出现原创题目。
因其题目来源的独特性，我们研究各大院校的考博英语试题就显得非常有必要且益处极大。
如果考生在考前了解了这一情况，且充分重视这个规律，那么获得考博英语高分不是什么难事。
所以考生考前精研考博英语真题是非常有必要的。
2、考博英语试题的作用考博英语试题的作用主要有三个，即指导、规划与调控作用。
指导作用。
通过研读历年的考博英语试题，考生可以了解该院校的题目类型、题目来源、题目难度等，指导考生在较短的时间内找到正确的复习方法，获得自己满意的成绩。
规划作用。
考生在宏观把握所报考院校的英语试题的出题规律后，结合自身的英语情况，对自己的英语备考做出一个正确且切合实际的复习规划。
华东师大历年考博英语真题
2017年华东师范大学攻读博士学位研究生英语题型注：1、试题词汇涵盖六级或以上程度的词汇，但以六级词汇为主。
结构部分包括动词非谓语形式、虚拟语气、倒装语序、强调句式和复合句中的连接词，另有一些特殊句型。
2、阅读理解部分有5篇文章，内容涵盖科技、教育、经济、金融、哲学、生活以及社会热点。
每篇文章后有5道选择题，主要考查对文章主题的理解、对细节的判断推理、对作者观点和态度的识别等。
3、英汉互译为各种题材的段落翻译。
4、作文要求考生语法规范、措辞精当、语句流畅。
5、试卷一所选答案须用2B铅笔涂在答题卡上，试卷二试题的答案须用钢笔或原珠笔做在相应的答题纸上。
6、考试时间为180分钟。
华东师范大学2014年招收攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题考试科目：英语共12页时间：180分钟Paper One(注意：答案请做在答题卡上，做在试题上一律无效)Part I Vocabulary and Structure (15%)Directions:There are 30 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one that best completes the sentence. Thenmark the corresponding letter on Answer Sheet I with a single line through thecenter.1. Teaching students of threshold level is hard work but the effort is very ________.A. preciousB. rewardingC. worthD. challenging2. The explorer lost his way so he climbed to the top of the hill to ________ himself.A. spotB. locateC. placeD. situate3. The city has decided to ________ smoking.A. do away withB. take awayC. get away withD. put away4. The old building is in a good state of ________ except for the wooden floors.A. observationB. preservationC. conservationD. compensation5.____me most was that the young boy who had lost both arms in an accident could handle a pen with his feet.A. That amazedB. It amazedC. Which amazedD. What amazed6. Recycling wastes slows down the rate ________ which we use up the Earth’s finite resources.A. inB. ofC. withD. at7. Gasoline is ________ by the spark plugs in the engine.A. ignitedB. inspiredC. excitedD. illuminated8. The travelers ________ their journey after a short break.A. recoveredB. resumedC. renewedD. restored9. Cultural ________ indicates that human beings hand their languages down from one generation to another.A. translationB. transitionC. transmissionD. transaction10. We must look beyond ________ and assumptions and try to discover what is missing.A. justificationsB. illusionsC. manifestationsD. specifications11. No one imagined that the apparently ________ businessman was really a criminal.A. respectiveB. respectableC. respectfulD. realistic12. Hurricanes are killer winds, and their ________ power lies in the physical damage they can do.A. cumulativeB. destructiveC. turbulentD. prevalent13. In some countries, students are expected to be quiet and ________ in the classroom.A. skepticalB. faithfulC. obedientD. subsidiary14. After four years in the same job his enthusiasm finally ______.A. deterioratedB. dispersedC. dissipatedD. drained15. For years now, the people of that faraway country have been cruelly ______ by a dictator.A. depressedB. immersedC. oppressedD. cursed16. Ever since the rise of industrialism, education has been ______ towards producing workers.A. harnessedB. hatchedC. motivatedD. geared17. The prospect of increased prices has already ______ worries.A. provokedB. irritatedC. inspiredD. hoisted18. You should have put the milk in the ice box; I expect it ________ undrinkable by now.A. becameB. had becomeC. has becomeD. becomes19. Codes are a way of writing something in secret; ________, anyone who doesn't know the codewill not be able to read it.A. that isB. worse stillC. in shortD. on the other hand20. Our house is about a mile from the station and there are not many houses ________.A. in betweenB. among themC. far apartD. from each other21. Understanding the cultural habits of another nation, especially ________ containing as manydifferent subcultures as the United States, is a complex task.A. oneB. the oneC. thatD. such22. You can't be ________ careful in making the decision as it was such a critical case.A. veryB. quiteC. tooD. so23. The ratio of the work done by the machine ________ the work done on it is called theefficiency of the machine.A. againstB. withC. toD. for24. ________ the flood, the ship would have reached its destination on time.A. In case ofB. In spite ofC. Because ofD. But for25. I ________ to him because he phoned me shortly afterwards.A. ought to have writtenB. must have writtenC. couldn't have writtenD. needn't have written26. No longer are contributions to computer technology confined to any one country; ________ isthis more true than in Europe.A. hardlyB. littleC. seldomD. nowhere27. ____in the past, at the moment it is a favorite choice for the wedding gown.A. Unpopular has as white beenB. White has been as unpopularC. Unpopular has been as whiteD. Unpopular as white has been28. ____for a long time, the fields are all dried up.A. There has been no rainB. Having no rainC. There having been no rainD. There being no rain29. Joseph’s car has a flat tire. now is to walk to the nearest telephone.A. That he can doB. All what he can doC. All that he can doD. He can do something30. Televisions enable us to see things happen almost at the exact moment____.A. which they are happeningB. they are happeningC. which they happenD. they have happenedPart Ⅱ Cloze (20%)Directions: Read the passage through. Then go back and choose one item of suitable word(s) marked A, B, C and D for each blank in the passage. Mark the corresponding letter ofthe word(s) you have chosen with a single bar across the bracket on Answer SheetⅠ.Why does a company want to 31 its money with other people? There are several reasons. First, the company may 32 very well. It may need money to 33 . By selling shares of 34 , the company can get the money it needs. Sometimes, it is 35 for the company to go public for tax reasons. Because of the tax 36 , the company may save money on taxes by selling shares on the stock exchange. Sometimes, a company may owe a lot of money 37 banks. By selling shares of stock, it may be able to pay the banks. Many companies sell stock for this reason. However, the reasons why companies sell their stocks on the stock exchange are often 38 . In general, all companies 39 sell shares of stock on the stock exchange need to 40 money for one reason or another.Investors 41 buy shares of stock in a company may make money in two ways. They may begin to make money 42 . Suppose that a person invests in a company, and the company makes money. The company shares this money with the 43 . This money that is shared is called a 44 . Dividends are usually sent to investors once every three months while they 45 the stock. A second way that investors may 46 is to sell the stock at a higher price than they 47 when they bought it. The 48 of each share of stock goes up if the company does well. It may also 49 for many other reasons. But when it does go up, a person may sell it and make a 50 .31. A. distract B. permeate C. share D. recede32. A. have done B. be doing C. do D. have been doing33. A. perplex B. dominate C. integrate D. expand34. A. stake B. stock C. stalk D. stack35. A. potential B. advantageous C. sensitive D. actual36. A. utilities B. contributions C. earnings D. laws37. A. to B. for C. on D. from38. A. complex B. essential C. comprehensive D. understandable39. A. what B. that C. which D. while40. A. locate B. admit C. proclaim D. raise41. A. who B. which C. until D. if42. A. by mistake B. to date C. on earth D. right away43. A. observer B. director C. investor D. instructor44. A. tuition B. postage C. tip D. dividend45. A. offer B. own C. convince D. equip46. A. sell money B. share money C. take money D. make money47. A. confronted B. extracted C. spilled D. paid48. A. price B. investment C. cost D. value49. A. tighten up B. stock up C. go up D. stir up50. A. profit B. benefit C. award D. inputPart Ⅲ Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions: There are 5 reading passages in this part. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C andD. Choose the best answer and mark the corresponding letter on Answer SheetⅠwitha single line through the center.(1)Our culture has caused most Americans to assume not only that our language is universal but that the gestures we use are understood by everyone. We do not realize that waving good-bye is the way to summon a person from the Philippines to one’s side, or that in Italy and som e Latin-American countries, curling the finger to oneself is a sign of farewell.Those private citizens who sent packages to our troops occupying Germany after World War II and marked them GIFT to escape duty payments did not bother to find out that “Gift” means poison in German. Moreover, we like to think of ourselves as friendly, yet we prefer to be at least 3 feet or an arm’s length away from others. Latinos and Middle Easterners like to come closer and touch, which makes Americans uncomfortable.Our linguistic and cultural blindness and the casualness with which we take notice of the developed tastes, gestures, customs and languages of other countries, are losing us friends, business and respect in the world.Even here in the United States, we make few concessions to the needs of foreign visitors. There are no information signs in four languages on our public buildings or monuments; we do not have multilingual guided tours. Very few restaurant menus have translations, and multilingual waiters, bank clerks and policemen are rare. Our transportation systems have maps in English only and often we ourselves have difficulty understanding them.When we go abroad, we tend to cluster in hotels and restaurants where English is spoken. Then attitudes and information we pick up are conditioned by those natives—usually the richer—who speak English. Our business dealings, as well as the nation’s diplomacy, are conducted through interpreters.For many years, American dollars no longer buy all good things, and we are slowly beginning to realize that our proper role in the world is changing. A 1979 Harris poll reported that 55 percent of Americans want this country to play a more significant role in world affairs; we want to have a hand in the important decisions of the next century, even though it may not always be the upper hand.51. It can be inferred that Americans being approached too closely by Middle Easterners wouldmost probably ________.A. stand stillB. jump asideC. step forwardD. draw back52. The author gives many examples to criticize Americans for their ________.A. cultural self-centerednessB. casual mannersC. indifference towards foreign visitorsD. arrogance towards other cultures53. In countries other than their own most Americans ________.A. are isolated by the local peopleB. are not well informed due to the language barrierC. tend to get along well with the nativesD. need interpreters in hotels and restaurants54. According to the author, Americans’ cultural bl indness and linguistic ignorance will ________.A. affect their image in the new eraB. cut themselves off from the outside worldC. limit their role in world affairsD. weaken the position of the US dollar55. The author’s intention in writi ng this article is to make Americans realize that ________.A. it is dangerous to ignore their foreign friendsB. it is important to maintain their leading role in world affairsC. it is necessary to use several languages in public placesD. it is time to get acquainted with other cultures(2)Your friends might be in Australia or maybe just down the road, but they are all just a few clicks away. Life has changed for millions of teenagers across the world who now make friends online. Whether you use chat rooms, QQ, MSN or ICQ, you are part of a virtual community.“I rarely talk with my parents or grandparents, but I talk a lot with my old friends on QQ,” said Fox’s Shadow, the online nickname used by a Senior 2 girl in China. “Eighty percent of my classmates use QQ after school.”QQ is the biggest messaging service in China. A record shows 4 million people used it one Saturday night in October, according to Tencent, the company which developed QQ.And Fox's Shadow might well have been one of them. “I log in on Friday nights, and Saturdays or Sundays when I feel bored. I usually spend about 10 hours chatting online every week,” she said. “But I rarely talk with strangers, especially boys or men.”Even though she likes chatting, she is careful about making friends with strangers online. “You don’t know who you’re talking to. You should always be careful about who you trust online.”Many people would like to meet offline when they feel they have got to know someone very well. Fox’s Shadow once met one of her online friends face to face. It was a girl who was a comic fan like herself and they went to a comic show together.However, not all teenagers have been so fortunate. At the beginning of this year, a 17-year-old girl in Liaoning Province was raped after meeting a friend she had found on QQ. The criminal wasn’t caught until last month.A 16-year-old Beijing boy, known online as Bart Simon, dislikes QQ users. “I used to chat on QQ, but I found that most people were talking nonsense,”he said. Now he chats online in English, using MSN. “I only chat online because I’ve got friends in Japan, the US and Singapore,”he said.“I want to learn more about foreign cultures.” But he spends little time chatting as he sees it a waste of time and money.“If you are really addicted to it, sometimes you just can’t concentrate in class,” he said. “And the friends in your real life are always more important than those so-called friends you meet online.56. This passage centers on .A. teenagers making friends onlineB. the advantages of the InternetC. the functions of chat rooms, QQ, MSN, or ICQD. the internet changing your life57. Which of the following is true about Fox’s Shadow?A. She often talks with her relatives on QQ.B. She has a strong sense of self-protection.C. She is a senior at college.D. She logs in every night.58. What can be inferred from the passage?A. People, both old and young, like to get online.B. Girls prefer QQ better than boys.C. There is no danger for male QQ users, even if they meet each other.D. QQ users like to talk face to face after sometime of intercourse online.59. What is Not the Beijing boy’s opinion of chatting online?A. He can’t practice oral English if he uses QQ.B. Chatting online with Chinese friends is a waste of time and money.C. Most topics for conversation on QQ are meaningless.D. He can learn foreign cultures through MSN.60. This passage may be a .A. a lectureB. an essayC. a reportD. an editorial(3)What most people don’t realize is that wealth isn’t the same as income. If you make $ 1 million a year and spend $ 1 million, you’re not getting wealthier, you’re just living high. Wealth is what you accumulate, not what you spend.The most successful accumulators of wealth spend far less than they can afford on houses, cars, vacations and entertainment. Why? Because these things offer little or no return. The wealthy would rather put their money into investments or their businesses. It’s an attitude.Millionaires understand that when you buy a luxury house, you buy a luxury life style too. Your property taxes skyrocket, along with the cost of utilities and insurance, and the prices of nearby services, such as grocery stores, tend to be higher.The rich man’s attitude can also be seen in his car. Many drive old unpretentious sedans. Sam Walton, billionaire founder of the Wal-Mart Store, Inc., drove a pickup truck.Most millionaires measure success by net worth, not income. Instead of taking their money home, they plow as much as they can into their businesses, stock portfolios and other assets. Why? Because the government doesn’t tax wealth; it taxes income you bring home for consumption, the more the government taxes.The person who piles up net worth fastest tends to put every dollar he can into investments, not consumption. All the while, of course, he’s reinvesting his earnings from investments and watching his net worth soar. That’s the attitude as well.The best wealth-builders pay careful attention to their money and seek professional advice. Those who spend heavily on cars, boats and buses, I’ve found, tend to skimp on investment advice. Those who skimp on the luxuries are usually more willing to pay top dollar for good legal and financial advice.The self-made rich develop clear goals for their money. They may wish to retire early, or they may want to leave an estate to their children. The goals vary, but two things are consistent: they have a dollar figure in mind--the amount they want to save by age 50, perhaps -- and they work unceasingly toward that goal.One thing may surprise you. If you make wealth--not just income--your goal, the luxury house you’ve been dreaming about won’t seem so alluring. You’ll have the attitude.61. Which of the following statements is true?A. Wealth is judged according to the life style one has.B. Inheritance builds an important part in one’s wealth.C. High income may make one live high and get rich t the same time.D. Wealth is more of what one has made than anything else.62. By the author’s opinion, those who spend money on luxury houses and cars_____.A. will not be taxed by the governmentB. have accumulated wealth in another senseC. live high and have little savedD. can show that they are among the rich63. The rich put their money into business because_____.A. they can get much in return to build their wealthB. they are not interested in luxury houses and carsC. their goal is to develop their companyD. that is the only way to spend money yet not to be taxed by the government64. The U.S. government doesn’t tax what you spend money on _____.A. carsB. housesC. stockD. boats65. To become wealthy, one should______.A. seek as much income as he canB. work hard unceasinglyC. stick to the way he livesD. save up his earnings(4)Seeking a competitive advantage, some professional service firms (for example, firms providing advertising, accounting, or health care services) have considered offering unconditional guarantees of satisfaction. Such guarantees specify what clients can expect and what the firm will do if it fails to fulfill these expectations. Particularly with first-time clients, an unconditional guarantee can be an effective marketing tool if the client is very cautious, the firm’s fees are high, the negative consequences of bad service are grave, or business is difficult to obtain through referrals and word-of-mouth.However, an unconditional guarantee can sometimes hinder marketing efforts. With its implication that failure is possible, the guarantee may, paradoxically, cause clients to doubt the service firm’s ability to deliver th e promised level of service. It may confl ict with a firm’s desire to appear sophisticated, or may even suggest that it is begging for business. In legal and health careservices, it may mislead clients by suggesting that law suits or medical procedures will have guaranteed outcomes. Indeed, professional service firms with outstanding reputations and performance to match have little to gain from offering unconditional guarantees. And any firm that implements an unconditional guarantee without undertaking a corresponding commitment to quality of service is merely employing a potentially costly marketing gimmick.66. The primary purpose of this passage as a whole is to .A. account for the popularity of a practiceB. evaluate the usefulness of a practiceC. demonstrate how to institute a practiceD. explain the reasons for pursuing a strategy67. Which of the following statements concerning unconditional guarantees is Not mentioned inthe passage?A. They are helpful when firms want to retain their long-standing clients.B. They are effective when firms want to get business through client recommendations.C. They are useful when firms charge substantial fees for its services.D. They are feasible when firms suffer from significant adverse effects of poor service.68. Which of the following is a goal of some professional service firms in offering unconditionalguarantees of satisfaction?A. To limit their liability.B. To compete successfully with their rivals.C. To justify their fee increases.D. To attain an outstanding reputation in a field.69. An unconditional guarantee may create an impression on the client that the firm .A. tends to be suspicious of the client’s financial statusB. does not want to beg for businessC. may have some problems with its managementD. is not sophisticated enough to be able to provide good service70. Which of the following is true, according to the passage’s description of the issue raised byunconditional guarantees for health care or legal services？A. The standards of practice of the legal and medical professions could be violated by attemptsto fulfill such unconditional guarantees.B. The result of a lawsuit or medical procedure can hardly be predicted by the professionalshandling a client’s case.C. The dignity of the legal and medical professions could be undermined by any attempts atmarketing professional services, such as offering unconditional guarantees.D. Clients whose lawsuits or medical procedures have unsatisfactory outcomes cannot beadequately compensated by financial settlements alone.(5)Recent studies on the male-female wage gap predict that even though entry-level salaries for males and females in the same occupation are nearly equal because women’s market skills have improved vastly, the chances of the overall gap closing in the foreseeable future are minimal. This is due to several factors that are likely to change very slowly, if at all. An important reason is thatwomen are concentrated in occupation —service and clerical —that pay less than traditional male jobs. It is possible that more women than men in their twenties are hesitant to commit themselves to a year-round lifetime career or job for many reasons. There is lingering attitude on both the part of women and their employers that women are not cut out for certain jobs. Not only does this attitude channel women into lower-paying work，but it also serves to keep them from top management positions.Another significant factor in the widening wage gap between men and women after entering the work force, even in comparable jobs, is that women often drop out at critical points in their careers to have a family. Women still have the primary responsibility for child rearing; even if they continue to work, they often forgo overtime and promotions that would conflict with home responsibilities. The ages of 25 to 35 have been shown repeatedly to be the period when working consistently and hard is vital to advancement and job security. These are precisely the years when women are likely to have children and begin to slide away from men in earning power. Consequently, a woman’s income is more likely to be s een as secondary to her husband’s.71. According to recent studies on the male-female wage gap, ____ .A. there is much hope of narrowing the male-female wage gap in the near futureB. working women will have many opportunities to hold high-paying jobs in the near futureC. women’s pay will still stay at a level below that of men in the near futureD. salaries for males and females in the same occupation will be equal in the near future72. Women are kept from top management positions partly because they .A. decide to devote themselves to certain lifetime jobs in their twentiesB. are inclined to rank family second to workC. tend to have more quarrels with their employersD. still take an incorrect attitude towards themselves73. Which of the following is implied in the passage as a partial reason for women’s concentrationin certain occupations？A. Social division of labor.B. Social prejudice against them.C. Employment laws.D. Physiological weakness.74. It can be inferred from the second paragraph that .A. men’s jobs are subject to changeB. women tend to be employed off and on at the same jobC. men’s chances of promotion are minimalD. women used to be employed all the year round75. Which of the following statements is NOT true？A. Women’s market skills have improved greatly.B. Child care is still chiefly women’s work.C. Women are typically employed in clerical and service jobs.D. Domestic duties no longer conflict with women’s jobs.Paper Two（注意：以下各题的答案必须写在Answer Sheet Ⅱ上）Part Ⅳ Translation (25%)Section A (10%)Directions: Put the following into Chinese. Write your Chinese version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.Faith and science have at least one thing in common: both are lifelong searches for truth. But while faith is an unshakable belief in the unseen, science is the study of testable, observable phenomena. The two coexist, and may at times complement each other. But neither should be asked to validate or invalidate the other. Scientists have no more business questioning the existence of God than the theologians had telling Galileo the Earth was at the center of the universe.Science is in a perpetual state of becoming. Yesterday’s observations give rise to today’s theories, which will be tested through painstaking research. Just as any good scientist must be ready to abandon a bad idea, he or she must continue to support the results of unbiased evidence and experimentation.Section B (15%)Directions: Put the following into English. Write your English version on Answer Sheet Ⅱ.1995年，第四次世界妇女大会在北京召开，这使得中国妇女的状况备受世界关注。
华中师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析
华中师范大学考博英语模拟真题及其解析Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text.Choose the best word(s)for each numbered blank and mark a,b,c or d on answer sheet1.(10points) Everybody dances.If you have1swerved to avoid stepping on a crack in the sidewalk,you have danced.If you have every kneeled to pray,you have danced.For these actions have figured importantly2 the history of dance.Dance goes3to the beginning of civilization-4the tribe where natives danced to get5they wanted.Primitive dance was6all practical,not the social dancing we know today.Natives approached dance with7seriousness as a way to help the tribe in the crucial process8survival.Dance was believed to be the9direct way to repel locusts,to10rain to fall,to insure that a male heir would be born,and11guarantee victory in a forthcoming battle.Geng duo yuan xiao wan zheng kao bo ying yu zhen ti ji qi jie xi qing lian xi quan guo mian fei zi xun dian hua:si ling ling liu liu ba liu jiu qi ba,huo jia zi xun qq:qi qi er liu qi ba wu san qi.Primitive12was generally done by many people moving in the same manner and direction.13all dances had leaders,solo dances14rare. Much use was made of15part of the body.And so16were these tribe dances that,if a native17miss a single step,he would be put to death18the spot.Fortunately,the same rigid19that governed the lives of these people do not apply in the20relaxed settings oftoday’s disco.1. a.ever b.never c.before d.after2. a.about b.for c.in d.around3. a.forward b.back c.up d.down4. a.at b.for c.of d.to5. a.when b.why c.which d.what6. a.about b.above c.under d.over7. a.little b.great c.less d.least8. a.to b.over c.of d.at9. a.most b.first c.least st10. a.cause b.happen c.try d.make11. a.for b.of c.to d.at12. a.food b.dance c.spells d.harvest13. a.since b.despite c.thus d.although14. a.are b.was c.were d.is15. a.only b.every c.some d.all16. ic b.boring c.solemn d.tiring17. a.would b.should c.might d.could18. a.in b.at c.on d.around19. a.sticks b.messages c.reviews d.rules20. a.less b.more c.least d.mostSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts.Answer the questions below each text by choosing a,b,c or d.Mark your answers on answer sheet1.(40 points)Text1The story that traces life from sea to land then into the multiple niches that exist there for a great variety of living things is a fascinating one,but far too detailed for our purposes.One key point for us in that story is the emergence of the biological class of animals that are called mammals.Mammals have a number of features that distinguish them from the reptiles from which they developed. They are warm blooded;that is,they have a system of temperature control that keeps the body at a constant temperature.Mammals have a set of teeth of different shapes that serve different functions such as cutting,gouging,and grinding.Young mammals spend their earliest days of development shielded within the mother’s body and are then born alive,rather than hatching from eggs.In addition,after birth they are nourished by milk provided by the mother’s mammary glands. The enforced association between mother and infant provides an opportunity for learning that does not exist for those kinds of creatures that are hatched from eggs long after their parents have departed from the scene.Young mammals play something that amphibians and reptiles never do which provides additional learning opportunities.The foregoing list leaves little doubt that we are mammals.Thereare,of course,a great many kinds of mammals,most of which developed after the great extinction of dinosaurs and other reptiles about65 million years ago that opened opportunities for the few small mammals that were already in existence.One of the groups of mammals that resulted was a biological order called primates which includes monkeys,apes,humans,and some smaller creatures familiar only to ardent zoogoers.Primates share a number of behavioral features that have played important roles in their evolutionary development.Most primates are arboreal;that is,they spend their lives in and among trees.Their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling habits impose needs that are reflected in primate anatomy.Although diet varies from species to species,many primates are largely vegetarian.But they can eat and digest meat,and some species vary their diets of leaves,shoots, and fruits by eating insects,birds’eggs,and even small animals. Primates are hand-feeders,depending on their hands both to collect food and to get it into their mouths.Perhaps the most important feature of their behavior is that primates are social animals.Their genetics,habits,and even their survival are geared to living in groups.Although human beings have come to have a way of life very different from that of typical primates,the basic primate adaptation provided prehuman with capabilities that allowed them to become culture-builders.The anatomical features that separate primates from other kinds of animals relate clearly to the way primates behave.21.Where do you think is the passage from?a.newspaper.b.gazette.c.journal.d.science magazine.22.Which of the following is not the features of mammals that distinguish them from the reptiles?a.they’re warm-blooded.b.they have a set of teeth of different shapes.c.the first period of development of young mammals is within their mother’s body.d.there’s some association between mother and infant.23.Which can be inferred from the passage?a.mammals developed from the reptiles.b.the animals that are hatched from eggs have no opportunity for learning.c.mammals developed at the cost of the extinction of reptiles.d.not all the primates are mammals.24.Primates are social animals because.a.they are hand-feedersb.of their anatomical featuresc.they are arboreald.they depend on each other25.What leads to the features of the primate anatomy?a.their tree-climbing and tree-dwelling life.b.their diet.c.the way they behave.d.the social emphasis in their life.text2The study of social science is more than the study of the individual social sciences.Although it is true that to be a good social scientist you must know each of those components,you must also know how they interrelate.By specializing too early,many social scientists can lose sight of the interrelationships that are so essential to understanding modern problems.That’s why it is necessary to have a course covering all the social sciences.In fact, it would not surprise me if one day a news story such as the one above should appear.The preceding passage placed you in the future.To understand how and when social science broke up,you must go into the past.Imagine for a moment that you’re a student in1062,in the Italian city of Bologna,site of one of the first major universities in the western world.The university has no buildings.It consists merely of a few professors and students.There is no tuition fee.At the end of a professor’s lecture,if you like it,you pay.And if you don’t like it,the professor finds himself without students and without money. If we go back still earlier,say to Greece in the sixth century B.C.,we can see the philosopher Socrates walking around the streets of Athens,arguing with his companions.He asks them questions,and then other questions,leading these people to reason the way he wants them to reason(this became known as the Socratic method).Times have changed since then;universities sprang up throughoutthe world and created colleges within the universities.Oxford,one of the first universities,now has thirty colleges associated with it,and the development and formalization of educational institutions has changed the roles of both students and faculty.As knowledge accumulated,it became more and more difficult for one person to learn, let alone retain,it all.In the sixteenth century one could still aspire to know all there was to know,and the definition of the renaissance man(people were even more sexist then than they are now)was of one who was expected to know about everything.Unfortunately,at least for someone who wants to know everything, the amount of information continues to grow exponentially while the size of the brain has grown only slightly.The way to deal with the problem is not to try to know everything about everything.Today we must specialize.That is why social science separated from the natural sciences and why it,in turn,has been broken down into various subfields,such as anthropology and sociology.26.What is the main idea of this text?a.social science is unified.b.social science is a newborn science.c.what is social science.d.specialization in social science is not good.27.What can we learn from the second paragraph?a.Socrates can be regarded as the first social scientist in the western world.b.the universities in Italy have no buildings.c.Socrates created the"Socratic method".d.Greece is not as civilized as Italy.28.Why does the author say"people were even more sexist then than they are now"?a.because they are so covetous that they want to know all there was to know.b.because it is the Renaissance"man",not Renaissance"woman"or"human".c.because no woman was formally educated at that time.d.because all renaissance men were men.29.What does the underlined word"exponentially"mean in the first sentence of the last paragraph?a.promisinglyb.continuouslyc.drasticallyd. raidly30.We can infer from the text that.a.social science is a united science,and cannot be divided into subfieldsb.social science may be further divided into smaller parts as the amount of knowledge and information expandingc.there may be a renaissance man in the futured.the best way to deal with the expansion of information is to know everythingtext3To what extent are the unemployed failing in their duty to society to work,and how far has the state an obligation to ensure that they have work to do?It is by now increasingly recognized that workers may be thrown out of work by industrial forces beyond their control,and that the unemployed are in some sense paying the price of the economic progress of the rest of the community.But concern with unemployment and the unemployed varies sharply.The issues of duty and responsibility were reopened and revitalized by the unemployment scare of1971-2.Rising unemployment and increased sums paid out in benefits to the workless had reawakened controversies which had been inactive during most of the period of fuller employment since the war ended the depression. It looked as though in future there would again be too little work to go round,so there were arguments about how to produce more work, how the available work should be shared out,and who was responsible for unemployment and the unemployed.In1972there were critics who said that the state’s action in allowing unemployment to rise was a faithless act,a breaking of the social contract between society and the worker.Yet in the main any contribution by employers to unemployment such as laying off workers in order to introduce technological changes and maximizeprofits-tended to be ignored.And it was the unemployed who were accused of failing to honour the social contract,by not fulfilling their duty to society to work.In spite of general concern at the scaleto the unemployment statistics,when the unemployed were considered as individuals,they tended to attract scorn and threats of punishment. Their capacities and motivation as workers and their value as members of society became suspect.Of all the myths of the welfare state, stories of the work-shy and borrowers have been the least well-founded on evidence,yet they have proved the most persistent.The unemployed were accused of being responsible for their own workless condition, and doubts were expressed about the state’s obligation either to provide them with the security of work or to support them through social security.Underlying the arguments about unemployment and the unemployed is a basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society. To what extent can or should work be regarded as a service,not only performed by the worker for society but also made secure for the worker by the state,and supported if necessary?And apart from cash are there social pressures and satisfactions which cause individuals to seek and keep work,so that the workless need work rather than just cash?31.It is the author’s belief that.a.unemployment must lead to inevitable depression of national economyb.the unemployed are the victims of economical and social developmentc.unemployment should be kept under the control of industrial forcesd.the unemployed are not entitled to share the benefits from technological progress32.What the author proposes to examine is.a.how far the unemployed are to blame for their failure in working and how far it is the state’s faultb.to what extent the state should insist on the unemployed working if they fail to do soc.whether being at work is a social duty which the state should ensure everybody carries outd.whether work should be obligatory,and if so,whether the state or the individual is responsible for enforced obligation33.The effect of the1971-2unemployment scare was to.a.make people think for the first time about the problem of the availability of workb.make concern for unemployment and the unemployed varyc.make the subject of unemployment controversial againd.show that there would in future be too little work to go round34.According to the author,in the1971-2crisis.a.the state and the employers were equally to blame for allowing unemployment to riseb.the unemployed did not fulfill their social duty to find jobsc.the role played by the employers in creating unemployment was not recognizedd.the state was guilty of breaking the social contract by lettingunemployment increase35.The basic disagreement about the nature and meaning of work in society rests on the problem of whether or not.a.the unemployed ought to be supported by society as a wholeb.the state should recognize that people work for more than just moneyc.it is a service to provide people with work rather than cashd.the state’s duty to provide work is as great as the individual’s duty to worktext4Successful business tend to continue implementing the ideas that made them successful.But in a rapidly changing world,ideas often become obsolete overnight.What worked in the past won’t necessarily work in the future.In order to thrive in the future,you must constantly create new ideas for every aspect of your business.In fact, you must continually generate new ideas just to keep your head above water.Businesses that aren’t creative about their future may not survive.Although Bill Gates is the richest,most successful man on the planet,he did not anticipate the Internet.Now he’s scrambling to catch up.If Bill Gates can miss a major aspect of his industry,it can happen to you in your industry.Your business needs to continually innovate and create its future.Gates is now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft.Here’s what he said in a recent interviewin U.S.news world report:"Will we be replaced tomorrow?No.In a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.But when you look to the two-to-three-year time frame,I don’t think anyone can say with a straight face that any technology company has a guaranteed position.Not Intel,not Microsoft,not Compaq,not Dell, take any of your favorites.And that’s totally honest."You may remember that in1985the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best selling toy on the market.But after Coleco industries introduced their sensational line of dolls they became complacent and didn’t create any new toys worth mentioning.As a result,Coleco went bankrupt in1988.The most successful businesses survive in the long term because they constantly reassess their situations and reinvest themselves accordingly.The3M company has a15%rule:employees are encouraged to spend15%of their time developing new ideas on any project they desire.It’s no surprise,then,that3M has been around since1902.Most businesses are not willing to tear apart last year’s model of success and build a new one.Here’s a familiar analogy to explain why they are lulled into complacency,imagine that your business is like a pot of lobsters.To cook lobsters,you put them into a pot of warm water and gradually turn up the heat.The lobsters don’t realize they’re being cooked because the process is so gradual.As a result, they become complacent and die without a struggle.However,if you throw a lobster into the pot when the water is boiling,it willdesperately try to escape.This lobster is not lulled by a slowly changing environment.It realizes instantly that it’s ill a bad environment and takes immediate action to change its status.36.Judging from the context,"to keep your head above water"(paragraph1)probably means.a.to be drownb.to keep out of financial difficultyc.to keep away from dangerd.to protect you from water37.Why is gates now constantly worried about the future of Microsoft?a.because he is the richest,most successful man on the planet.b.because his company will be replaced tomorrow.c.because in a very short time frame,Microsoft is an incredibly strong company.d.because he doesn’t think that any technology company has a guaranteed position.38.Coleco industries’case suggests that.a.the cabbage patch kids dolls were the best-selling toy on the marketb.the cabbage patch kids dolls are sensational line of dollsplacency and lack of creation will ultimately ruin a businessd.the most successful businesses survive in the long term39.According to this passage,the3M company’s success lies in its.a.constant reassessment of their situationsb.reinventionc.15%ruled.being around since190240.By using the analogy of"throwing a lobster into a pot",the author tries to imply that.a.some managers are really foolish peopleb.it’s cruel to cook lobstersc.people are tend to become complacentd.bad environment calls for immediate actionPart BDirections:In the following article,some sentences have been removed.For questions41—45,choose the most suitable one from the list a—g to fit into each of the numbered blank.There are two extra choices, which do not fit in any of the gaps.Enlightenment is man’s leaving his self-caused immaturity. Immaturity is the incapacity to use one’s intelligence without the guidance of another.Such immaturity is self-caused if it is not caused by lack of intelligence,but by lack of determination and courage to use one’s intelligence without being guided by another.Have the courage to useyour own intelligence!Is therefore the motto of the enlightenment.Through laziness and cowardice a large part of mankind,even after nature has freed them from alien guidance,gladly remain immature. It is because of laziness and cowardice that it is so easy for others to usurp the role of guardians.It is so comfortable to be a minor!41)___________________________________.The guardians who have kindly undertaken the supervision will see to it that by far the largest part of mankind,including the entire beautiful sex,should consider the step into maturity,not only as difficult but as very dangerous.After having made their domestic animals dumb and having carefully prevented these quiet creatures from daring to take any step beyond the lead-strings to which they have fastened them,these guardians then show them the danger which threatens them,should they attempt to walk alone.Now this danger is not really so very great; for they would presumably learn to walk after some stumbling. 42)______________________.It is difficult for the isolated individual to work himself out of the immaturity which has become almost natural for him.He has even become fond of it and for the time being is incapable of employing his own intelligence,because he has never been allowed to make the attempt.Statues and formulas,these mechanical tools of a serviceable use,or rather misuse,of his natural faculties,are the ankle-chains of a continuous immaturity.Whoever threw it off wouldmake an uncertain jump over the smallest trench because he is not accustomed to such free movement.43)__________________________________.44)_______________________________________.For there will always be some people who think for themselves,even among theself-appointed guardians of the great mass who,after having thrown off the yoke of immaturity themselves,will spread about them the spirit of a reasonable estimate of their own value and of the need for every man to think for himself……45)_____________________________________________.Through revolution,the abandonment of personal despotism may be engendered and the end of profit-seeking and domineering oppression may occur, but never a true reform of the state of mind.Instead,new prejudices, just like the old ones,will serve as the guiding reins of the great, unthinking mass.[a]a public can only arrive at enlightenment slowly.[b]but it is more nearly possible for a public to enlighten itself: this is even inescapable if only the public is given its freedom.[c]if I have a book which provides meaning for me,a pastor who has conscience for me,a doctor who will judge my diet for me and so on,then I do not need to exert myself.I do not have any need to think; if I can pay,others will take over the tedious job for me.[d]all that is required for this enlightenment is freedom;and particularly the least harmful of that may be called freedom,namely,the freedom for man to make public use of his reason in all matters.[e]however,an example of this kind intimidates and frightens people out of all further attempts.[f]much still prevents men from being placed in a position to use their own minds securely and well in matters of religion.[g]therefore there are only a few who have pursued a firm path and have succeeded in escaping from immaturity by their own cultivation of the mind.Part CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese.your translation should be written clearly on answer sheet 2.(10points)There can be no doubt that the computer revolution has touched virtually every person in the country in some way or other.Nor can there be any doubt that it has brought tremendous improvements in productivity and efficiency.46)Indeed,there are many tasks undertaken by computers that could not be done without them, and we have reached the point that the benefits of computerization are taken lot granted.Having accepted that computers are here to stay, what is the downside?47)The most obvious answer is that because of increased efficiency,less people are needed and the loss of jobs, particularly in the service industries,has been enormous,with more job losses yet to come.However,on a more insidious note,many users have not realized how computers have introduced vulnerability to their business.If computers are soon a boon,how do we cope when something goes wrong?Computers have many uses,varying from pure accounting or back-office systems to stock or production control,or computer-aided design or manufacturing.48)In many instances,manual systems can quickly be introduced to ensure some continuity of the business;but in many cases if the computer is down,so is the business.The most probable causes of interruption in the past have been accidental damage or breakdown,and these can usually be dealt with expeditiously.However,in recent times the exposure causing most concern to insurers have been theft.49)Initially the problem was the theft of PCs,and because most of these were based in offices which had not been targeted by thieves in the past,and thus had relatively poor security,losses mounted very quickly.It was common practice for a thief to make a fresh visit once the equipment had been replaced,as the new equipment would be more attractive due to rapid technological advances.The equipment would usually be covered by insurance,but problems could be experienced if there were no back-ups of date and/or programmes.The initial reaction by insurers was to step up requests for security improvements,including alarms and devices such as lock-down plates or cables.50)However,the criminal fraternity quickly came to realize that the real value in the computers is in the chip which isremarkably portable and unidentifiable,so even when caught the police have trouble proving the theft.this led to even greater demands for security,including encapsulation and computer safes. SectionⅢWriting51.Directions:(1)Title:Competition and Cooperation(2)Word limit:about200words(3)Your composition should be based on the Outlines below.Outlines:(1)The phenomenon of competition and cooperation(2)The function of competition and cooperation(3)Man can develop continuously with competition and cooperation SectionⅠUse of English1.A.从后半分句have以及句子的意思或下一个句子可以看出这里应选ever.2. C.in the history of dance在舞蹈的历史里。
全国各大院校考博英语试题题型汇总
人民大学： Part 1 词汇20%(40题);
中国考博辅导首选学校
Part 2 阅读理解 30% (30题，6篇) Part 3 翻译 E-C 10%;C-E 10% Part 4 写作 A letter 10% B essay 20% 清华大学 Part 1 词汇20%(40题); Part 2 阅读理解 40% (20题，5篇) Part 3 完形10% 20题 Part 4 翻译 E-C 10%; Part5 写作 20% 不少于300字 北京师范大学： Part 1 听力 15% Section A Section B: 07年 Section A 5statements Section B 5 short conversation Section C 1 interview 08年 Section A 5 news reports 对题项判断正误 Section B Tolk one/two Talks and questions Part 2阅读理解 30% (30题，6篇) Part 3 翻译和写作 55% Section A 翻译40%： E-C C-E Section B 写作 15% summary 120-150字 北京航空航天大学 Part1 听力 20分 SectionA 10分 SectionB 10分 passage Part 2 阅读理解 30分 4篇 Part3 vocabulary 10分 Part4 cloze 10分 Part5 translation 15分 translate the underlined sentences into Chinese Part6 15分 150字 中南大学： 卷一：Part 1 英语应用 词汇10%(20题);完形10%(20题) Part 2 阅读理解 40% (20题，5篇) 卷二：Part 3 翻译 英译汉10%(划线部分);汉译英10%(一段)
华中师范大学博士英语免修试卷
华中师范大学博士英语免修试卷1、76．AC Milan has confirmed that the England star David Beckham （）the team soon. [单选题] *A. has rejoinedB. was going to rejoinC. rejoinedD. is to rejoin(正确答案)2、There is _______ meat in the fridge.Lets go and buy some. [单选题] *A. little(正确答案)B. a littleC. fewD. a few3、If we want to keep fit, we should try to _______ bad habits. [单选题] *A. keepB. haveC. getD. get rid of(正确答案)4、He’s so careless that he always _______ his school things at home. [单选题] *A. forgetsB. leaves(正确答案)C. putsD. buys5、Every year Carl _______ most of his time swimming, camping and traveling with his parents. [单选题] *A. is spendingB. spentC. will spendD. spends(正确答案)6、—_____ will the bus arrive? —In four minutes. [单选题] *A. How longB. How oftenC. How soon(正确答案)D. How far7、I took?some _______of the Great Wall?in China last year. [单选题] *A. potatoesB. tomatoesC. photos(正确答案)D. paintings8、9．—Will there be more cars in the future?—________. [单选题] *A．See youB．Well, I'm not sure(正确答案)C．You're welcomeD．Thank you9、Nowadays more and more people travel by _______, because its safe, cheap and fast. [单选题] *A. footB. bikeC. high-speed train(正确答案)D. boat10、( ) What other books have you read___ this English novel? [单选题] *A. besides(正确答案)B. exceptC.inD. about11、Since the war their country has taken many important steps to improve its economic situation. [单选题] *A. 制定B. 提出C. 讨论D. 采取(正确答案)12、You should _______ fighting with your parents although you may have different ideas from time to time. [单选题] *A. suggestB. enjoyC. avoid(正确答案)D. practice13、—John, How is it going? —______.（）[单选题] *A. It’s sunnyB. Thank youC. Well doneD. Not bad(正确答案)14、I will _______ at the school gate. [单选题] *A. pick you up(正确答案)B. pick up youC. pick you outD. pick out you15、I like this house with a beautiful garden in front, but I don't have enough money to buy _____. [单选题] *A. it(正确答案)B. oneC. thisD. that16、For more information, please _______ us as soon as possible. [单选题] *A. confidentB. confidenceC. contact(正确答案)D. concert17、95．-Dad, can we walk? ? ? ? ? ? ?the road now?-No,we? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? . We have to waituntil the light turns green. [单选题] *A．across, needn’tB．across, mustn’t(正确答案)C．though, can’tD．through, mustn't18、I can’t hear you _______. Please speak a little louder. [单选题] *A. clearly(正确答案)B. lovelyC. widelyD. carelessly19、John will go home as soon as he _______ his work. [单选题] *A. finishB. will finishC. finishedD. finishes(正确答案)20、There _____ wrong with my radio. [单选题] *A. are somethingB. are anythingC. is anythingD. is something(正确答案)21、He has grown rich lately. [单选题] *A. 后来B. 以后C. 终于D. 最近(正确答案)22、7．—I've got some ________.—Great! I'd like to write with it. [单选题] *A．funB．chalk(正确答案)C．waterD．time23、Customers see location as the first factor when_____a decision about buying a house. [单选题] *A.makeB.to makeC.making(正确答案)D.made24、This is not our house. lt belongs to _____. [单选题] *A. the Turners'B. the Turners(正确答案)C. Turner'sD. Turners25、Lily is a very_____person and never wastes anything. [单选题] *A.generousB.economical(正确答案)C.economicD.efficient26、--Do you have a _______?--Yes, I _______ at a clothes store. [单选题] *A. work; workB. work; jobC. job; jobD. job; work(正确答案)27、The black coal there shows a sharp（）white snow. [单选题] *A. contract withB. content withC. contact toD. contrast to(正确答案)28、87．—Could you? ? ? ? ? ? me the way to the nearest hospital?—Sure. [单选题] * A．askB．tell(正确答案)C．talkD．speak29、She often _______ at 21: [单选题] *A. go to bedB. gets upC. goes to bed(正确答案)D. gets to30、When Max rushed to the classroom, his classmates _____ exercises attentively. [单选题] *A. didB. have doneC. were doing(正确答案)D. do。
华中师范大学2017年以“申请—考核”制招收博士研究生的通知
华中师范大学2017年以“申请—考核”制招收博士研究生的通知各相关单位、相关考生:为进一步深化博士研究生招生改革，完善拔尖创新人才选拔机制，充分发挥导师在人才选拔及培养中的主体作用，着力提高博士生选拔质量，我校2017年将在教育学院、教育信息技术学院、物理科学与技术学院、历史文化学院、国家数字化学习工程研究中心、信息化与基础教育均衡发展协同创新中心、核物质科学技术协同创新中心、教育信息技术协同创新中心的所有专业和其他单位的部分专业（招生导师须具备“申请—考核”制招生资格，具体见《2017年博士研究生招生专业目录》）中招收“申请—考核”制博士研究生。
根据《关于印发《华中师范大学博士研究生招生“申请—考核”制实施办法（试行）》的通知》（华师行字【2015】288号）文件精神，现将具体安排通知如下：一、个人申请（一）参加“申请—考核”制选拔的申请者，除须具备学校当年博士研究生招生简章规定的报名条件外，还应同时具备下列条件：1．国家承认学历的应届全日制硕士研究生（简称“应届生”，需在2017年9月1日前取得硕士学位），或已获得国家承认的硕士学位的往届硕士研究生（简称“往届生”）。
2．具有较强的科研能力。
需提供个人相关科学研究成果，同时提交1—2名同行一流专家（原则上应与华师行字【2015】288号文件第五条所列的导师水平相当）的亲笔推荐信。
3．具有较强的外语水平。
原则上申请者需通过全国大学英语六级考试（425分及以上），或者参加雅思、托福、德、法、意、西、日、韩语水平考试，成绩达到相应标准（雅思6.5分，托福95分；德、法、意、西语水平考试达到欧洲统一语言参考框架（CECRL）的B2级；日语水平达到二级（N2）；韩语成绩达到TOPIK4级）。
人文社会科学类专业可适当放宽对外语水平的要求。
4．达到各培养单位规定的其他条件。
（二）申请者须在规定时间内向各培养单位提出书面申请，按要求提交以下材料：1.《华中师范大学2017“申请--考核”博士生招生申请表》（见附件）；2．学籍证明或硕士学位证书复印件：应届硕士毕业生须提供学生证复印件、教育部学籍在线验证报告原件各一份；往届硕士生须提供硕士学位证书复印件一份；在境外教育科研机构获得硕士学位的考生须提交硕士学位证书复印件、教育部留学服务中心的认证报告原件各一份。
华中师大 博士 英语考试
华中师大博士英语考试1.引言1.1 介绍华中师大博士英语考试的重要性和普遍性华中师大博士英语考试是华中师范大学博士研究生学位授予的必要条件之一，具有非常重要的意义和普遍性。
通过这一考试，可以评判考生在英语能力上的水平和掌握情况，对于培养具备良好英语水平的学术研究人才，提升我国高等教育教学质量有着不可替代的作用。
随着国际化的发展趋势，高校对博士研究生的英语能力要求越来越高，而华中师大博士英语考试更是作为学术研究和学业发展的必备技能，因此其重要性不言而喻。
1.2 强调了解考试相关信息的重要性了解考试相关信息的重要性不言而喻。
了解考试的内容和要求可以帮助考生明确备考的方向和重点，避免在备考过程中盲目地进行学习。
了解考试的考试形式和出题规律可以帮助考生制定合理的备考策略，提高备考效率。
了解考试中常见的困难和挑战可以让考生在备考过程中有所准备，避免在考试中出现意外情况。
可以说了解考试相关信息对考生顺利通过华中师大博士英语考试至关重要。
在准备考试之前，考生务必要做好充分的功课，了解考试相关信息，从而为备考打下良好的基础。
1.3 提出文章的目的和结构文章的目的是帮助读者了解华中师大博士英语考试的重要性和普遍性，以及提供备考相关信息和有效的备考策略。
本文将从华中师大博士英语考试的考试内容和要求、备考中需要注意的重点、备考中常见的困难和挑战以及备考中可以采取的有效策略和方法四个方面展开阐述。
在将详细介绍华中师大博士英语考试的考试内容和要求，以及备考中需要注意的重点，帮助考生全面了解考试内容和要求，有针对性地进行备考。
还将分析备考中常见的困难和挑战，以及有效的备考策略和方法，为考生提供实用的备考建议和经验。
在将总结备考华中师大博士英语考试的重要性，强调采取有效的备考策略的必要性，鼓励考生充分准备，提高考试通过率。
通过本文的阐述，读者将更加深入地了解华中师大博士英语考试，并获取实用的备考信息和策略，从而更好地备考和应对考试。
2017年医学博士英语统考真题及答案
2017年医学博士英语统考真题及答案Part Ⅰ Listening Comprehension (30% )Section ADirections: In this section you will hear fifteen short conversations between two speakers.At the end of each conversation, you will hear a question about what is said.The question will be read only once. After you hear the question, read thefour possible answers marked A, B, C, and D. Choose the best answer andmark the letter of your choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Listen to the following example.You will hear:Woman: I feel faint.Man : No wonder. You haven't had a bite all day.Question : What's the matter with the woman?You will read :A.She is sick.B.She was bitten by an ant.C.She is hungry.D.She spilled her paint.Here C is the right answer.1.A. To have a coffee. B.To hold her teddy bear.C.T o take her medicine.D.T o talk with the doctor.2.A.They are ill-tempered.B.They rarely listen to him.C.They often give a wrong diagnosis.D.They always prescribe wrong medications.3.A. His lovely voice. B.His Italian background.C.His attraction appearance.D.His patience with patients.4.A. 2 30 pm today. B.2:00 pm today.C.2 : 30 pm tomorrow.D.2 : 00 pm tomorrow.5.A. He should take one pill 13 minutes before sleep for 30 days.B.He should take one pill 13 minutes before sleep for 13 days.C.He should take one pill 30 minutes before sleep for 13 days.D.He should take one pill 30 minutes before sleep for 30 days.6.A. Go to the cinema. B.Eat out in a restaurant.C.Have a drink or bite in a bar.D.T ake a walk down the High Street.7.A. Thursday, the 16th. B.Friday, the 17th.C.Sunday, the 19th.D.Monday, the 20th.8.A. Mark De Weck B.Mark Te WeckC.Marc De WeckD.Marc T e Weck9.A. It could be three days.B.It could be three months.C.That's an easy question to answer.D.That's an impossible question to answer.10.A. The woman herself. B.The woman's mother.C.The woman's husband.D.The woman's sister-in-law.11.A. It’s a benign tumor. B.It’s a malignant tumor.C.It’s a inherited disease.D.It’s on the man’s right shoulder.12.A. He is a hematologist. B.He is a hepatologist.C.He is a psychologist.D.He is a neurologist.13.A. Because his wife, Sally, wants him to do so.B.Because his company has asked him to do so.C.Because he suspects that he might be infected.D.Because he is applying for emigration to Australia.14.A. She used to handle her own luggage, but not anymore.B.She wants to take her luggage to the car by herself.C.She loves hauling her luggage around herself.D.She needs a hand from the man.15.A. Shocked. B.Nervous.C.Annoyed.D.Contented.Section BDirections: In this section you will hear one dialogue and two passages. After each one, you will hear five questions. After each question read the four possibleanswers marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer and mark the letter ofyour choice on the ANSWER SHEET.Dialogue16.A. A difficult case. B.A trivial illness.C.A deadly disease.D.A serious condition.17.A. Cough . B.Fever.C.Stuffed nose.D.Sore throat.18.A. A cold. B.Allergy.C.Sinusitis.D.Pneumonia.19.A. Whether the man should seek a second opinion.B.Whether the doctor’s diagnosis is correct or not.C.Whether the doctor should prescribe an antibiotic.D.Whether CompliCare should cover the man’s expenses.20.A. Nice and patient. B.Rushed and impatient.C.Rational and eloquent.D.Conservative and stubborn.21.A. Simply from the contents of their texts.B.Just from the number of texts they send.C.Merely from the books they read at leisure.D.Right from the way they spell certain words.22.A. 2, 030 sociology students.B.2, 300 sociology students.C.2, 030 psychologist students.D.2, 300 psychologist students.23.A. Spiritual life. B.Image and wealth.B.Academic success. D.Morality and aesthetics.24.A. 30% of the survey-takers texted more than 300 times a day.B.30% of the survey-takers texted more than 400 times a day.C.12% of the survey-takers texted at least 300 times a day.D.12% of the survey-takers texted at least 400 times a day.25.A. T oo much texting can make you shallow.B.Texting is nothing but a wonder of Technology.C.T exting has more disadvantages than advantages.D.T oo much texting results in poorly performing students.Passage Two26.A. Effective weight loss. B.Enhanced appetite.C.Improved healthD.Brain fitness.27.A. A 12-week weight loss program.B.A 12-month weight loss program.C.A 12-week aerobic exercise program.D.A 12-month aerobic exercise program.28.A. Exercise sometimes is just futile and not beneficial.B.Exercise should be encouraged, weight loss less emphasized.C.Aerobic exercise can do good to people both mentally and physically.D.Poor weight loss can inevitably result in disappointment and low self-esteem.29.A. T o control weight.B.To live well and longC.T o be together with friends.D.T o enjoy the marvelous feeling of exercise.30.A. Exercise: Value beyond Weight Loss.B.Exercise: the Way to Well-being.C.Exercise for a Better LifeD.Exercise for Weight LossPart Ⅱ Vocabulary (10%)Section ADirections: In this section all the sentences are incomplete. Four words or phrases, marked A B, C and D, are given beneath each of them. You are to choose the word or phrasethat best completes the sentences. Then, mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.31.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have_______ effects on bones.A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful32.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate joints and _____ toxins and impurities.A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out33.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to ______ the problem.A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate34.Generally, vaccine makers_____ the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can takefour to six months.A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate35.Danish research shows that the increase in obese people in Denmark is roughly______ to the increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.A.equivalentB.temporaryC.permanentD. relevant36.T ed was felled by a massive stroke that affected his balance and left him barely able to speak______.A.bluntlyB.intelligiblyC.reluctantlyD. ironically37.In a technology-intensive enterprise, computers______ all processes of the production and management.A.dominateB.overwhelmC.substituteD.imitate38.Although most dreams apparently happen______, dream activity may be provided by external influences.A.homogeneouslyB. instantaneouslyC.spontaneouslyD. simultaneously39.We are much quicker to respond, and what we respond far too quickly by giving______ to our anger.A.ventB.impulseC.temperD.offence40.By maintaining a strong family_____, they are also maintaining the infrastructure of society.A.biasB.honorC.estateD.bondSection BDirections: Each of the following sentences has a word or phrase underlined. There are four words or phrases beneath each sentence. Choose the word or phrase which canbest keep the meaning of the original sentence if it is substituted for the underlinedpart. Mark your answer on the ANSWER SHEET.rm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy.A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery42.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread43.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of44.Many questions about estrogen’s effects remain to be elucidated, and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated45.A network chatting is a limp substitute for meeting friends over coffee.A.accomplishmentB.refreshmentplementD.replacement46.When patients spend extended periods in hospital, they tend to become overly dependent and lose interest in taking care of themselves.A.extremelyB.exclusivlyC.exactlyD.explicitly47.Attempts to restrict parking in the city centre have further aggravated the problem of traffic congestion.A.amelioratedB.aggregatedC.deterioratedD. duplicated48.It was reported that bacteria contaminated up to 80% of domestic retail raw chicken in the United States.A.inflamedB.inflictedC.infectedD.infiltrated49.Researchers recently ran the numbers on gun violence in the United States and reportedthat right-to-carry-gun laws do not inhibit violent crime.A.curbB.induceC.lessenD.impel50.Regardless of our uneasiness about stereotypes, numerous studies have shown clear difference between Chinese and western parenting.A.specificationsB.sensationsC.conventionsD.conservationsPart Ⅲ Cloze (10%)Directions: In this section there is a passage with ten numbered blanks. For each blank, thereIt was the kind of research that gave insight into how flustrains could mutate so quickly. The same branch of researchto humans. Parsing ( 分析provide clues to ___52___ the next potential superflu, whichalready has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu.This potential killer also has a number: 59%. According to WHO, nearly three-fifths of the people who ___53___ H5N1since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported___54___ humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious___55___ occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only ___56___ cases in whichvictims are sick enough to go to the hospitals for treatment.___57___, compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly 50 million people, but that was only 10% of the number of people infected, according to a 2006 estimate.H5N1's saving grace--and the only reason we're not2003. But ___58___ its lethality, and the chance it could tuminto something far more transmissible, one might expectH5N1 research to be exploding, with labs ___59___ the virus'sanimals and___60___ to humans, and hoping to discover avaccine that could head off a pandemic.参考答案：1听力Section A Short Conversations1.A. To have a coffee.2.B. They rarely listen to him.3.D. His patience with patients.4.A. 2:30 pm today.5.D. He should take one pill 30 minutes before sleep for 30 days.6.C. Have a drink or bite in a bar.7.D. Monday, the 20th.8.C. Marc De Weck.9.D. That's an impossible question to answer.10.D. The woman's sister-in-law.11.A. It's an benign tumor.12.A. He is a hematologist.13.D. Because he is applying for emigration to Australia.14.B. She wants to take her luggage to the car by herself.15.C. Annoyed.Section BLong Conversation 16.B. Atrivial illness.17.C. Stuffed nose.18.A. A cold.19.C. Whether the doctor should prescribe an antibiotic.20.A. Nice and patient.Passage One21.B. Just from the number of texts they sent.22.D. 2,300 psychology students.23.B. Image and wealth.24.C. 12% of the survey-takers texted at least 300 times a day.25.A. Too much texting can make you shallow.Passage Two26.C. Improved health.27.C. A 12-week aerobic exercise program.28.B. Exercise should be encouraged, weight loss less emphasized.29.D. To enjoy the marvelous feeling of exercise.30.A. Exercise: Value beyong Weight Loss.2词汇Section A31.A adverse32.C. flush out33.B. alleviate34.C. generate35.A. equivalent36.B. intelligibly37.A. dominate38.C. spontaneously39.A. vent40.D. bond Section B41.B. sleepy42.D. widespread43.C. plenty of44.C. illuminated45.D. replacement46.A. extremely47.C. deteriorated48.C. infected49.A. curb50.C. conventions51.A. interface52.B. stopping53.D. contracted54.A. in55.D. outbreak56.A. counts57.D. still58.A. given59.C. parsing60.C. potentially阅读理解答案Passage One61.A. warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhere62.A. the pre-antibiotic era will return63.A. has developed resistant bacteria worldwide64.B. the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the market65.D. helplessnessPassage Two66.C. stay in the forefront of science67.B. the question period after each talk全国统一报名咨询电话：4008-835-98168.A. does not change with times69.B. expose themselves to novel ideas and new approaches70.C. How to design scientific meetingsPassage Three71.D. the human tendency to underestimate the harmful effects on the planet72.D. the definite huge uncertainties about the climatic effects73.A. the successors are also damaging74.D. to explore solar energy and its storage75.B. humanity's energy suppliesPassage Four76.A. how to facilitate their creativity77.B. the evidence-based preliminary results for grant application78.D. benefited from the system he advocates79.C. to encourage starting scientists to be innovative80.C. are independent doing innovative sciencePassage Five81.D82.A. leads to an enquiry by the FDA83.D. the surgical robot is not problematic but safe84.D. a lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons85.A. Four Arms Better Than Two?Passage Six86.A. their financial status87.B. have no idea about what medical problem they are having88.D. feel a sense of accomplishment in treating the patient89.B. struggled with their survival, let alone with their medical care90.B. Sympathy。
华中师范大学博士研究生入学考试试题
审视座右铭：网民留言=领导批示南方都市报■虚拟@现实之黎明专栏7月17日出现一个史无前例的正式机构，全称为“中共郑州市委、郑州市政府媒体网络事项督办中心(ZZIC)”；揭牌仪式上，两位网友应邀为该机构揭开了红盖头。
随后出现一句原创性很强的“座右铭”，在揭牌仪式后召开的座谈会上，河南省委常委、郑州市委书记连维良称“网民留言=领导批示”即“ZZIC”的座右铭，要“把网民留言、群众诉求、人民呼声同领导批示一样对待，而且要按高于领导批示来对待”。
以“信息渠道”或“沟通媒介”为据，建立具有某种“定向性”的机构，是否可行？郑州方面介绍称，这种网络事项办理机制效果明显，试运行一年间，网民在网上反映后“ZZIC”督办解决了一万多个问题。
显然，拿出宝贵的编制定额“转正”该机构，即郑州高层肯定机构、机制有效的证明，也是正式组建该机构之必要性、可行性的某种证明。
在“网民留言”和“领导批示”之间画一个“=”号，“政治正确”，在理念上没什么问题。
网络和电脑对公众不设限的情况下，任何非网民的“群众”都能于瞬间转化为网民，“网民留言”其实就是“群众呼声”。
至于“网民留言高于领导批示”之语，当属“执政为民”的高调宣示，虽则言辞和表达是新鲜的，但“内核”仍是老版本。
不过，研讨此“等号”，可以发现在技术上还是存在一些讲究的。
主要的讲究，即区分“网民留言”和领导批示的内容与种类。
可把网民留言大致分为“事实信息”与“观点信息”，机构应对与处臵的多为“事实信息”，对观点信息、政策建议或行政建言等网声，则是另一种处臵方式。
而在上达的“事实信息”中，突发事件、紧急危情、公权侵害等，又是重中之重，“高于领导批示”理所当然。
如果没有领导批示就对此无动于衷，按理则应该追究失职、渎职的责任。
上网表达诉求的网民，都是些抱着希望的人。
引起领导注意，获得“领导批示”，通常就是他们的预定目标和理想效果。
诚然，正如连维良先生所说，“如果什么样的问题都要通过领导批示才能解决，就不是一种有效的机制，不是一种科学的机制，不是一种长效的机制”，但是，也应该承认，正是由于存在这样一种不好的机制，群众才希冀那一纸领导批示的降临。
华中师范大学17年9月课程考试《英美文学史》作业考核试题
华师17年9月课程考试《英美文学史》作业考核试题一、单选题（共 20 道试题，共 40 分。
）1. Alice had a hard time ___ with that drunken husband of hers.A. livedB. livingC. to liveD. live正确答案：B2. ____ I know, there isn’t such a word in English.A. As much asB. So far asC. As long asD. As soon as正确答案：B3. “ In your rocking-chair, by your window, shall you dream such happiness as you may never feel.” This is the last sentence of _______ .A. Sister CarrieB. An American TragedyC. The GeniusD. Jane Eyre正确答案：A4. Ralph Waldo Emerson’s leading reputation began with the publication of_____________.A. EssaysB. NatureC. OversoulD. Self-Relience正确答案：B5. An eccentric woman who refuses to accept the passage of time, or the inevitable change and loss that accompanies it may probably refer to _______.A. Irene in The Man of PropertyB. Emily in A Rose for EmilyC. Catherine in Wuthering HeightsD. the widow Douglas in Adventures of Huckleberry Finn正确答案：B6. Ellen Poe was both a poet and a _____________________.A. dramatistB. essayistC. actorD. fiction writer.正确答案：D7. ___ you can not answer the question, perhaps we'd better ask someone else.A. WhenB. ThoughC. SinceD. After正确答案：C8. William Faulkner was born in a family of a _______________________.A. merchantB. colonelC. managerD. doctor正确答案：A9. ___________________ is Hemingway’s masterpiece, which tells a story about the tragic love of a wounded American soldier with a British nurse.A. A Farewell to ArmsB. The Sun Also RisesC. For Whom the Bell TollsD. In Our Time正确答案：A10. Among the works of Dreiser, the bet known to the Chinese readers is _________________.A. An American TragedyB. Sister CarrieC. Th FinancierD. The Titan正确答案：B11. Which of the following statements concerning Theodore Dreiser’s style is correct?A. Dreiser’s Cowperwood trilogy includes The Financier, The Titan and The GeniusB. His novels have little detail descriptions of characters and events.C. His novels are written in refined language.D. His style is not polished but very serious.正确答案：D12. In a tragic sense, _______ is a representation of life as a struggle against unconquerable forces in which only a partial victory is possible.A. For Whom the Bell TollsB. In Our TimeC. The Old Man and the SeaD. A Farewell to Arms正确答案：C13. ____ Joe first heard of the man referred to as a distinguished artist.A. It was Steven thatB. It was Steven whoC. It was from Steven thatD. That was from Steven正确答案：C14. By means of “free verse,” _______ believes that he has turned the poem into an open field, an area of vital possibility where the reader can allow his own imagination to play.A. Emily DickinsonB. Walt WhitmanC. Robert FrostD. Ezra Pound正确答案：B15. Ellen Poe began his literary career by writing ___________________;A. short storiesB. playsC. essaysD. poems正确答案：D16. In _____, Whitman airs his sorrow at President Lincoln’s death.A. Cavalry Crossing a FordB. A PactC. When Lilacs Last in the Dooryard Bloom’dD. There was a Child Went正确答案：C17. In Frost’s poems, images and metaphors in his poems are drawn from _________________.A. the simple country lifeB. the urban lifeC. the life on the seaD. the adventures and trips正确答案：A18. _____ they have taken matters into their hands, the pace of events has quickened.A. As long asB. Even ifC. Now thatD. Only if正确答案：C19. F. Scott Fitzgerald skillfully employs the device of having events observe by _______ to his great advantage.A. a “central consciousness”B. his double visionC. more than one witnessD. the protagonists正确答案：A20. _______ is described by Mark Twain as a boy with “a sound heart and a deformed conscience.”A. Tom SawyerB. Huckleberry FinnC. JimD. Tony正确答案：B华师17年9月课程考试《英美文学史》作业考核试题二、阅读理解（共 2 道试题，共 20 分。