Chapter3

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Chapter 3 语境与翻译

词语英译与语言语境

根据语言语境确定原文词义根据语言语境选择译文用词根据语言语境消除歧义语言语境与词语感情色彩的传达词语英译与文化语境（非语言语境）
根据语言语境确定原文词义

英语水平 English proficiency 生活水平 living standard 游泳水平 swimming skill
修辞色彩
俗语、成语、歇后语
译者应在不影响指称意义传达的前提之下尽
可能在译文中反映出原文独特的文化信息和审美价值。
“假朋友”
外来移民 immigrant 锄草 weeding 雅座 best(comfortable or private) room （corner) 高寒地区 alpine district

当前在农业生产中要狠抓施肥。 Attention should not be paid to the question of manure in agricultural production.
炉子上的火苗，随着风向低沉的吼声一闪一闪的。 The furnace flashed in rhythm with the flip-flap of the bellows.

House townhouse icehouse blockhouse lighthouse roadhouse coffeehouse cowhouse slaughterhouse sugarhouse beerhouse bathhouse clubhouse henhouse teahouse washhouse gatehouse madhouse birdhouse schoolhouse gunhouse weighhouse

朗文chapter_3知识点

3A Chapter Three Our school events1. Words and phrases: (单词和短语)A B 部分1. January 一月February 二月March 三月April 四月May 五月June六月July七月August 八月September九月October十月November十一月December十二月2. school events校园事件Peter’s diary 彼得的日记school picnic 学校野餐school fair 校园拍卖会Open Day开放日the school concert校园音乐会Parents’ Day 家长日Sports Day运动会Speech Day结业典礼日make a webpage做一张网页school calendar 校历3. first 1st second 2nd third 3rd fourth 4th fifth 5thsixth 6th seventh 7th eighth 8th ninth 9th tenth 10th eleventh 11th twelfth 12th thirteenth 13th fourteenth 14thfifteenth 15th sixteenth 16th seventeenth 17th eighteenth 18thnineteenth 19th twentieth 20th twenty-first 21st twenty-second22nd twenty-third 23rd twenty-fourth 24th twenty-fifth 25th twenty-sixth 26th twenty-seventh 27th twenty-eighth 28th twenty-ninth 29th thirtieth30ththirty-first 31st fortieth40thC部分an invitation 一封邀请函give……to 把什么东西给feel bad感觉糟糕stick… back 把……粘贴回去one month later 一个月后two hours later两小时之后on the sixteenth of February 在二月16日from…to…从……到……half past three三点半come back 回来get to 到达return返回quickly 快速地(adv.) thick厚的beef牛肉a.m. 上午（凌晨12点至第二天中午12点）p.m. 下午（中午12点至凌晨12点）EF 部分invite 邀请（v.）swimming gala 游泳盛会2. Sentences: (句子)AB 部分When is the school picnic? It is on the seventh of November.学校野餐在什么时候？在11月7号。

chapter 3 景观格局

生态交错带的特征

过渡性
动态性
宏观性

传统观点：边缘效应提高了生物多样性目前观点：生境破碎化导致物种消失

生态交错带的结构描述

大小(size)：

生态交错带的面积或体积。它与两个邻接群落的大小和交流的尺度有关；
指景观要素之边缘部分，是对交错带水平距离或非连续性出现的时间范围的度量。线形、圆形还是其他形状。它与通过生态交错带的流的方向、频率和强度有关；物种多样性和生物量的分布等；
直线长度除以总长度,可用来进行外形的总体度量。人类活动影响下的景观格局趋于规则化，边界形状趋于直线化。

曲合度(curvilinearity)：

生态交错带的功能描述

稳定性(stability)：

生态交错带的抗干扰能力；生态交错带干扰后的恢复能力；生态交错带的生产力，与邻接生态系统的物质和能量交换；生态交错带与邻接生态系统功能差异的程度；生态交错带对流的通透能力。

2.分维几何（fractal geometry）

分维几何是另外一种测量廊道密度的方法。维数的范围是1.0—2.0。在这种情况下。单一直线状廊道的维数是 1.0，当整个表面布满廊道时的假定情况的维数达到2.0。

3.网络连接度（network connectivity）

网络连接度是指的是所有结点相连接的程度。网络连接度的范围是从0.0—1.0，与一个连通系统的连线成反比例（图8.5）。

单位斑块生态交错带的长度；
生态交错带形状的复杂性程度。指生态交错带内结构单元(通常指植被)之总高度和层次性。

语言学--Chapter-3

Chapter 3: Tables and ExercisesTable 3.2 Some of the features required for classifying English sounds.Feature name ClassificatorypossibilitiesEnglish segmentsV oice [+voice] b, d, g, m, n, v, 3 ,dз , ŋ , ð , z, w, r, l, j (and all vowels) [-voice] p, t, k, f, s, θ, ʃPlace [labial] p, b, m, f, v[denti-alveolar] θ, ð , t, d, n, s, z, l, r[palatal] ʃ, 3, j (and front vowels)[velar] k, g, w ( and back vowels)Stop [stop] p, t, k, b, d, g, m, n[fricative] f, s, v, z, ʃ, 3, θ, ð[Approximant] w, r, l, j (and all vowels)Nasal [+nasal] m, n, ŋ[-nasal] ( all other speech sounds)Lateral [+lateral] l[-lateral] ( all other speech sounds)Sibilant [+sibilant] s, z, ʃ, 3 , tʃ, dз[-sibilant] ( all other speech sounds)Height [maximum] ( all consonants except w, j )[4 height] i: , u:, w, j[3 height] ei, i, əu, u[2 height] e, ɔ[1 height] æ, ɑ:Back [+back] u: , u, ɔ:, ɔ, əu, ɑ:, w, k, g[-back] i, i:, ei, e, æ ( and all other consonants) Syllabic [+syllabic] all vowels and some consonants as m, n, ŋ , l, r [-syllabic] all other consonants, including w, j .(Taken from Ladefoged, P. 1982: 39 with some minute revision)音节◌ɹn̩成音节◌e̯ʊ不成音节除阻◌ʰtʰ送气[a]◌d̚无声除阻◌ʱdʱ◌ⁿdⁿ鼻音除阻◌ˡdˡ边音除阻发音◌n̥d̥浊音清化◌s̬t̬浊化◌b̤a̤漏气音[b]◌b̰a̰吱嘎音发音部位◌t̪d̪齿化◌t̼d̼舌唇化◌t̺d̺舌尖化◌t̻d̻舌叶化◌u̟t̟较前◌i̠t̠较后◌ëä较央◌e̽ɯ中央化◌e̝ɹ较高（抬）(ɹ = 有声齿龈嘶音擦音)◌˔˔◌e̞β̞较低（降）(β̞= 双唇近音)◌˕˕协同发音◌ɔx̹更圆唇◌ɔx̜ʷ更展唇◌ʷtʷ dʷ唇化或唇-软颚化◌ʲtʲ dʲ颚化◌ˠtˠ dˠ软腭化◌ˤtˤ aˤ喉壁化◌ᶣtᶣ dᶣ唇-卷舌化◌̴ɫz̴软腭化或喉壁化◌e̘o̘舌根前移◌e̙o̙舌根后移◌ẽz̃鼻音化◌˞ɚɝ卷舌化( 2 ) V(owel) [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $This rule can be explained in the following way piece by piece:V [ +nasal ] / ___ [ + nasal] $Vowels become nasalized in the before nasal within aenvironment segments syllable(8)The syllable structure for the words with one syllable:σOnset RhymeNucleus Codas p l i n t s →[splints] (10). The syllable structure for words with more than one syllableσσOnset Rhyme Onset RhymeNucleus Coda Nucleus Codas e n t r əl [sentrəl] central(11) Some examples for the words with one syllable.Front onset onset back onset vowel front coda coda back coda back coda back coda（1）（2）（3）Nucleusonset (peak)codae.g.: eye ai [ai]it i t [it]me m i: [mi:]bit b i t [bit] scrimps s k r i m p s [skrimps] screen s k r i: n [skri:n] twelfths t w e l f θs [twelfθs](12) Different intonations representing different attitudes of the speaker(Radford 2000:48).a. b. c. d. e.me me ? me! me me ?!eat peas eat peas ? eat peas ! eat peas eat peas ?!↓↗￣↘／￣↘↗A simple statement, a question, a strong assertion, a matter of fact assertion, disbeliefEXERCISES(Exercise I, II, III are adapted from the exercises 299-310 in Fromkin,et al.(2007), Exercises IV, V are revised according to those provided in Radford (2000): 101-102. )Exercises IMinimal pairs can be used to find the phonemes of the particular language; find the sets of minimal pairs for each pair of English consonants given below:/k/ ---/g/, /b/---/m/, /l/---/r/, /p/---/f/, /s/---/ʃ/,/tʃ/--- /dз/, /e/---/æ/, /n/---/ŋ/, /θ/--- /ð/, /i/---/i:/,Exercises IIIn some dialects of English, the following words have different vowels, as is shown by the phonetic transcriptions (in American transcription [ai] is transcribed as [aj]):A. B. C.bite [bʌjt] bide [ bajd] die [daj]rice [rʌjs] rise [rajz] by [baj]ripe [rʌjp] bribe [brajb] sigh [saj]wife [wʌjf] wives [wajvz] rye [raj]dike [dʌjk] dime [dajm] guy [gaj]a.How may the classes of sounds that end the words in columns A and B becharacterized? that is, what feature specifies all the final segments in Aand all the final segments in B ?b.How do the words in column C differ from those in columns A and B ?c.Are [ʌj] and [aj] in complementary distribution? Give your reasons.d.Give the phonetic representations of the following words as they would bespoken in the dialect described here:Life [ ], lives [ ], lie [ ], file [ ], bike [ ], lice [ ]e.Formulate a rule that will relate the phonemic representations to thephonetic representations of the words given above.Exercises IIIConsider the following English verbs. Those in column A have stress on next-to-last syllable, whereas the verbs in column B and C have their last syllable stressed.A. B. C.astonish collapse amazeexit exist improveimagine resent surprisecancel revolt combineelicit adopt believepractice insist atonea.Transcribe the words under columns A, B, and C phonemically.( Use aschwa for the unstressed vowels.)b.Consider the phonemic structure of the stressed syllables in these verbs.What is the difference between the final syllables of the verbs in columns Aand B? Formulate a rule that predicts where stress occurs in the verbs incolumns A and B.c.In the verbs in column C, stress also occurs on the final syllable. Whatmust you add to the rule to account for this fact ? ( Hint: for the forms incolumns A and B, the final consonants had to be considered; for the formsin column C, consider the vowels.)Exercises IVRecall that the symbol = means an unaspirated consonant and the symbol h means aspiration. Show how the pattern of data below can be explained by the Maximal Onset Principle. Assume that separate words are syllablified separately.1a. stub [st =ʌb] 2a. spare [sp= eə] 3a. scar [sk=ɑ: ]b. this tub [ðis t hʌb] b. this pear [ðis p h ea] b. this car [ðis k h ɑ:]c. disturb [dist=ə:b] c. despair [disp= eə] c. discard [disk=ɑ:d]Exercises VBreak the following words into syllables, and applying the Maximal Onset Principle, identify the onsets, nuclei and codas by providing a diagram such as that in (10).a, comfortable, b, secretary, c, cooperation, d, confessional.Exercises VIIn the discussion of the phonological rules, we have a deletion rule stated as Delete a /g/ when it occurs before a final nasal consonant. Thus, in the pairs like sign / signature, design / designation, paradigm / paradigmatic,there is not a phonetic [g] in the first word; but in the pairs like gnosis / agnostic, the pronunciation of the first word is also lack a phonetic [g]. Can you give a more general rule describing these data ?Exercises VIISuppose / d / is the basic form of the pronunciation of the past-tense morpheme–ed; given the following data, please form some rules to explain the past-tense formation of regular verbs as those in section 3.Set A: grab [græb], grabbed [græbd], hug [hʌg], hugged [hʌgd]; faze[ feiz], fazed [feizd]; roam [rəum], roamed [rəumd].Set B: reap[ri:p], reaped [ri:pt]; poke [pəuk], poked [pəukt]; kiss [kis], kissed [kist]; patch [pætʃ], patched [pætʃt]Set C. fight [fait], fighted [faitəd], load [ləud], loaded [ləudəd]Exercises VIIIIn the pronunciation of the word speak [sp=i:k], bean [bi:n], the phonemes /p/, /i:/ may be described according to its phonetic features as the following:/p/: [voiceless, labial, stop, unaspirated], /i:/: [voiced, high, front, spread, nasalized]. Among these features, which features may be distinctive, which are nondistinctive features? Give the reasons to support your argument.[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

语言学复习重点Chapter 3

Chapter Three ——Morphology(形态学）Morphology: the study of word-formation, or the internal structure of words, or the rules by which words are formed.Word is a minimal free form with a unity of sound and meaning.The classification of words ：1、variableand invariable words（可变化词和不变词）Variable words are those words which can take inflective endings;E.g write, writes, writing, wrote, written; cat, cats.invariable words are those that cannot.E.g since, when, seldom, through, etc.2、grammatical and lexical words(语法词和词汇词)词汇词也即实词，又译作notional/content word ;语法词也即虚词，又称function/form word 功能词/形式词3、c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)According to their membership:c1osed- class and open-class words (封闭类词和开放类词)An close class is one whose membership is in principle fixed or limited. （封闭类：连介代冠）An open class is one whose membership is in principle indefinite or unlimited. (开放类：名动形副数叹)一、Morph Morpheme AllomorphMorph:The phonological and orthographic forms that represent morpheme are called morphs.[swi:t]{sweet}SweetMorpheme：The smallest unit of language.It can be represented as1-morpheme un-,-ish,-s.-ed1-morpheme word boy,desire2-morpheme wordboy+ish, desir(e)+ableAllomorphA morpheme may be represented by different forms, called allomorphs.im possible{in} in convenientir regular tax.il logical-s [-s] book books{plural} -es [-iz] box boxes-i [-ai] mouse miceConclusion:All the allomorphs should have the same meaning.All the allomorphs should be in complementary distribution.The allomorphs with the same meaning should function the same in the language grammar structure.二、Classification of morpheme1、Free vs. Bound morphemesFree morphemes: those that may constitute words by themselves,e.g. boy, girl, table, nation.Bound morphemes: those that cannot occur alone,e.g. -s, -ed, dis-, un-.Root: the base form of a word that cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity, i.e. it is that part of the word left when all the affixes are removed.e.g. Dislike, impolite, production,Membership, carelessnessfriend as in unfriendliness.Root may befree: those that can stand by themselves,e.g. black+board; nation+-al; orbound: those that cannot stand by themselves,e.g. -ceive in receive, perceive, conceive.Affix: the type of formative that can be used only when added to another morpheme. Normally divided intoprefix (dis-, un-) andsuffix (-en, -ify).Base: a morpheme to which an affix is added,e.g.friend root > basefriendly root/base + suffix > baseunfriendly prefix + base > baseStem: a morpheme or combination of morphemes to which an inflectional affix may be added,e.g. friend+-s;friendship swrite+-ing,possibility+-es.Note:A stem can be equivalent to a root.A stem may contain a root and aderivational affix.2、Derivational vs Inflectional morphemeInflection indicates:case and number of nouns,tense and aspect of verbs,degree of adjectives or adverbs.Derivation: combination of a base and an affix to form a new word, e.g. friend+-ly > friendly.三、Word-formationCompoundingAffixationOther formation1、CompoundingTwo or more free roots combine to make a new word.✧Noun compounds: daybreak, playboy, haircut, windmill✧Verb compounds: brainstorm, lipread, babysit✧Adjective compounds: gray-haired, insect-eating, dutyfree✧Preposition compounds: into, throughoutEndocentric& exocentricEndocentric: one element serves as the head, the relationship of “a kind of”; e.g. self-control: a kind of controlarmchair: a kind of chairExocentric: there is no head, so not a relationship of “a kind of something”, e.g. scarecrow: not a kind of crowbreakneck: not a kind of neckWritten forms of compoundsSolid: blackboard, teapot, bodyguardHyphenated: wedding-ring, wave-lengthOpen: coffee table, washing machineFree variation:businessman, business-man, business manwinebottle, wine-bottle, wine bottleno one, no-one, noone2、Affixation✧Nominal forms: boys, boy’s✧Verb forms: wants, wanted, wanting✧Adjective/adverb forms: smaller, smallest3、DerivationClass-changing:✧N>V: lengthen, hospitalize, discard✧N>A: friendly, delightful, speechless✧V>N: worker, employee, inhabitant✧V>A: acceptable, adorable✧A>N: rapidness, rapidity✧A>V: deafen, sweeten✧Adj>Adv: exactly, quickly4、Other formations:1）Blendingtransfer+resistor>transistorsmoke+fog>smog2）Acronym①AIDS, Aids: Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome②ASAP: as soon as possible3）Abbreviation/InitialismAI: artificial intelligencea.s.a.p.: as soon as possibleECU: European Currency Unit4）ClippingBack-clippings: ad(vertisement), chimp(anzee), deli(catessen), exam(ination), hippo(potamus), lab(oratory), piano(forte), reg(ulation)sFore-clippings: (ham)burger, (omni)bus, (violin)cello, (heli)copter, (alli)gator, (tele)phone, (earth)quakeFore-and-aft clippings: (de)tec(tive)5）Back-formationdiagnose < diagnosisenthuse < enthusiasmlaze < lazy6）Invention/CoinageMostly brand names:Kodak, Coke, nylon, Band-aid, Xerox, LycraCoca-cola, Orlon and Dacron7)BorrowingFrench: administration, parliament, public, court, crime, judge, army, enemy, Greek: catastrophe, cosmos, criterion, idiosyncrasySpanish and Portuguese: banana, barbecue, cafeteria, cargo, chocolate,8)Conversion 转换e.g. to butter the bread, take a look, empty a box, up the price9）Eponymsare words that originate from proper names of individuals or places.e.g. Sandwich (originating from the fourth Earl of Sandwich, who put his food between two slices of bread so that he could eat while gambling)ExerciseI. Decide whether each of the following statements is true or false.1. A morpheme must convey a lexical meaning.2. All words can be said to contain a root morpheme.3. Free morphemes can be further classified into inflectional and derivational morphemes.4. All words have morphs but not necessarily allomorphs.5. The word “modernizations”is made up of three morphemes.6. Derivational morphemes never change the class of the words to which they are attached.II. Fill in each of the following blanks with a proper word.Morphology is a branch of grammar which studies the ___ ___ of words and the____ by which words are formed.[-t], [-d], and [-id] are ___of the morpheme –ed.“Careless”is the __ of the word “carelessness”.__ affixes,__affixes, and __roots are all bound morphemes.III. Questions1. Analyze and then tell how many morphemes each of the following words contain. unselfishness, justifiable, sporting2. What constitutes the internal structure of words?3. List the allomorphs of the morpheme plural.。

新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 3 翻译方法教材

• 【译文】其次是家住郊区，乘公交车到市里上班的人们的纽约——这座城市每到白天就被如蝗的人群吞噬进去，每到晚上又给吐出来。 • 【解析】译文采用了异化译法，取得了“形神皆似”的效果。
• 2. 如果异化译法不能完全达意，或者不能完全通畅，则可考虑汉语的行文习惯，做出一定的归化处理。 • For example: • To those visitors who come from countries where social relationships develop more slowly during a longer period of time, the American way may seem very frightening, too personal, and rude. • 【译文】在一些国家里，居民的社会关系是要长期慢慢地培养的，游客习惯了这种情形，一旦到了美国，可能觉得美国人的方式可怕，过分强调个人，没有礼貌。”
• 3) Only a very slight and very scattering ripples of half-hearted hand-clapping greeted him. • 4) All the wisdom of the ages, all the stories that have delighted mankind for centuries, are easily and cheaply available to all of us within the covers of books. • 5) I am filled with wonder when I consider the immeasurable contrast between the two lives which it connects. It was the third of March, 1887, three months before I was seven years old.

chapter 3 单词笔记

20. instead of : 代替代替…… ; 而不而不…… 1). 我代替我哥哥来这里。我代替我哥哥来这里。 I came here instead of my brother. 2). 我会代替你去。我会代替你去。 I will go instead of you. instead of + sth. / sb. / doing sth instead: adv. （放句末）放句末） 1). 我看电视而不是玩电脑游戏。我看电视而不是玩电脑游戏。 I watched TV instead of playing computer games, = I didn’t play computer games. I watched TV instead.
18. as well = too; also 也 1). He is a scientist. I am a scientist as well. = He is a scientist. I am a scientist, too. = He is a scientist. I am also a scientist. 2). Mr. Liu can speak English，and he can speak ， French as well. = Mr. Liu can speak English，and he can speak ， French, too. = Mr. Liu can speak English，and he can also ， speak French.
Words study: 1. innocent: adj.清白的，无辜的 ( op. guilty ) 清白的，清白的 protect the innocent 保护无辜的人 1).许多无辜者在战争中死去。许多无辜者在战争中死去。许多无辜者在战争中死去 Many of the innocent died during the war. 2). 他们错抓了一个无辜的人。他们错抓了一个无辜的人。 They have caught an innocent man by mistake. innocence : n. 清白，无辜清白，陈水扁一再申明( 他是清白的。陈水扁一再申明 protest) 他是清白的。 Chen Shuibian protested his innocence (= said repeatedly that he was innocent). 2. detective: n. 侦探 A detective’s job is to protect the innocent and find the guilty. detect: v. 侦查，探查侦查，

中国文化概况_Chapter_3

Brief introduction
Four main periods of Chinese literature development :
Classical: pre—late Qing Modern: 1840—May 4th, 1919 Revolutionary: 1919—1949 Contemporary: 1949—present
Outstanding Yuefu Folk songs
Southeast the Peacock Flies 《孔雀东南飞》 The Ballads of Mulan 《木兰诗》
The Ballads of Mulan and Southeast the Peacock Flies
Disney Pictures' Mulan
Classical Literature (47minutes)
Definition
It refers to literary works from the days before the Qin Dynasty to the late Qing Dynasty.
Characteristic
诗》 The biggest-ever collection of Chinese poetry.
The development of poetry in the Tang Dynasty can be classified into four stages: Early Tang, High Tang, Mid Tang and late Tang
Three sections:
Feng (folk ballads)
Ya (dynastic hymns)

翻译常用方法,2010.11,Chapter 3,

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2) For the international community, the most striking consequence of these changes is that China has grown rapidly to be the world’s sixth largest economy, and is set to grow further. 对国际社会来说，这些变化带来的最引人注目的结果是中国已跃居为世界第六经济大国，而且今后注定进一步发展。
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❖ Free translation, also known as sense-forsense translation, emphasizes transfer of the meaning or “spirit” of a source text over accurate reproduction of the original wording. The purpose of sense-for-sense translation is to accommodate the needs of the target language reader by producing a text which conforms to the linguistic and textual norms of the target language and culture and which does not therefore sound “foreign” (Shuttleworth & Cowie 1997: 151).
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e.g. 1) The rewards for the Chinese people are clear, most visibly in the dynamism and prosperity of Beijing and the coastal cities. 中国人民获得的实惠显而易见，北京和沿海城市的勃勃生机和繁荣兴旺就是最明显的见证。

英语语言学Linguistics-chapter-3-练习答案

Chapter 3 Morphology1. Divide the following words into their separate morphemes by placing a “+” between each morpheme and the next:a. microfilm e. telecommunicationb. bedraggled f. forefatherc. announcement g. psychophysicsd. predigestion h. mechanist答：a. micro + film b. be + draggle + edc. announce + mentd. pre + digest + ione. tele + communicate + ionf. fore + fatherg. psycho + physics h. mechan + ist2. Think of three morpheme suffixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be suffixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: -orsuffix: -ormeaning: the person or thing performing the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: actor, “one who acts in stage plays, motion pictures, etc.” translator, “one who translates”答：(1) suffix: -ablemeaning: something can be done or is possiblestem type: added to verbsexamples: acceptable, “can be accepted”respectable, “can be respected”(2) suffix: -lymeaning: functionalstem type: added to adjectivesexamples: freely. “adverbial form of ‘free’ ”quickly, “adverbial form of 'quick' ”.(3) suffix: -eemeaning: the person receiving the actionstem type: added to verbsexamples: employee, “one who works in a company”interviewee, “one who is interviewed”3. Think of three morpheme prefixes, give their meaning, and specify the types of stem they may be prefixed to. Give at least two examples of each.Model: a-prefix: a-meaning: “without; not”stem type: added to adjectivesexamples: asymmetric, “lacking symmetry” asexual, “without sex or sex organs”答：(1) prefix: dis-meaning: showing an oppositestem type: added to verbs or nounsexamples : disapprove, “do not approve”dishonesty, “lack of honesty”.(2) prefix: anti-meaning: against, opposed tostem type: added to nouns or adjectivesexamples : antinuclear, “opposing the use of atomic weapons and power”antisocial, “opposed or harmful to the laws and customs of an organized community. ”(3) prefix: counter-meaning: the opposite ofstem type: added to nouns or adjectives.examples: counterproductive, “producing results o pposite to those intended”counteract, “act against and reduce the force or effect of (sth.) ”4. The italicized part in each of the following sentences is an inflectional morpheme. Study each inflectional morpheme carefully and point out its grammatical meaning.Sue moves in high-society circles in London.A traffic warden asked John to move his car.The club has moved to Friday, February 22nd.The branches of the trees are moving back and forth.答：(1)-s, the third person singular, present simple tense(2)-ed, the past tense(3) has –ed, the present perfect(4) are+v-ing, the plural form; the present progressive5. Determine whether the words in each of the following groups are related to one another by processes of inflection or derivation.a) go, goes, going, goneb) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverabilityc) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’d) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize答：(1) go, goes, going, gone (inflection)go- the root formgo+es, simple present, 3rd person singulargo+ing, present participlegone, past participle(2) discover, discovery, discoverer, discoverable, discoverability (derivation)dis-, prefix (added to the nouns to form verbs) meaning reversal-y, suffix (added after the verbs to form nouns) denoting a state or an action or its result-er, a noun suffix added to the verbs, meaning a person or thing that perform a specified action or activity-able, an adjective suffix added to verbs meaning able to be-ability, a noun suffix, or a derivative suffix of –able, meaning having the quality as in manageability（可处理性）and suitability（合适性）.(3) inventor, inventor’s, inventors, inventors’ (a mixture of inflection or derivation)Derivation: invent+-orInflection: inventor’s, inventors’ indicating possessive case(4) democracy, democrat, democratic, democratize (derivation)-cy, added to the nouns ending with “t” to form another noun denoting a state governed in such a way.-ic, an adjective suffix, added to the nouns to form adjectives meaning related to or in resemblance with…-ize, a suffix added to the noun to form verbs denoting the conversion, transforming.6. The following sentences contain both derivational andinflectional affixes. Underline all of the derivational affixes and circle the inflectional affixes.a) The farmer’s cows escaped.b) It was raining.c) Those socks are inexpensive.d) Jim needs the newer copy.e) The strongest rower continued.f) She quickly closed the book.g) The alphabetization went well.答：(略)。

新英汉翻译课件教程 Chapter 3 翻译方法

归化译法把一种文化中的异质成分转化为另一种文化中人们所熟知的内容使读者领略到不同文化之间不谋而合的妙趣降低了理解的难度但失去了了解欣赏和借鉴其他国家和民族文化的意义
CHAPTER THREE
Approaches of Translation
3.1 Literal Translation vs. Liberal/Free Translation
• 例2: The first time I saw her, half of my life ago, she nearly took my breath away. • 【译文】那还是半辈子前的事，我第一次看见她，她差一点把我的魂都勾走了。 • 【解析】若把took my breath away译成“把呼吸夺走了”，恐怕谁也看不懂是什么意思。下一句也同样体现了归化译法的这种特点。 • 例3：High buildings and large mansions are springing up like mushrooms in Beijing. • [译文] 在北京，高楼大厦犹如雨后春笋般地涌现。 • 在北京，高楼大厦犹如蘑菇般地涌现。 • 因此，在进行文化传译时，既要尽量传达原作的异国情调，又要确保译文为译语读者所接受。
课堂互动练习：翻译句子
• 翻译下列句子，注意斜体部分的表达。 • 1) Dawn breaking over the islands, very beautiful in a soft grey light with many clouds. There is a transparency about the light here which cannot be described or painted. • 2) When we make friends, we should choose those who are our supporters in danger. (Aesop)

Chapter 3总结复习

• Which of the following items may appear as current liabilities in a company’s balance sheet? • (1) Minority interests in subsidiaries. • (2) Loan due for repayment within one year. • (3) Taxation. • (4) Preference dividend payable • A (1), (2) and (3) B (1), (2) and (4) • C (1), (3) and (4) D (2), (3) and (4) • D
• Which of the following items could appear in a company’s cash flow statement? • (1) Surplus on revaluation of non-current assets. • (2) Proceeds of issue of shares. • (3) Proposed dividend. • (4) Bad debts written off. • (5) Dividends received. • A (1), (2) and (5) only B (2), (3), (4), (5) only • C (2) and (5) only D (3) and (4) only • c
Part of the process of preparing a company’s cash flow statement is the calculation of cash inflow from operating activities. Which of the following statements about that calculation (using the indirect method) are correct? (1) Loss on sale of operating non-current assets should be deducted from net profit before taxation. (2) Increase in inventory should be deducted from operating profits. (3) Increase in payables should be added to operating profits. (4) Depreciation charges should be added to net profit before taxation. A (1), (2) and (3) B (1), (2) and (4) C (1), (3) and (4) D (2), (3) and (4)

chapter3词义的选择

例（1）Finance ministers and business leaders at the
world Economic Forum are showing surprisingly little concern over the soaring euro and the tumbling dollar.

Credit information Credit references Financial standing Bolster Capital expansion pattern Life insurer Financial institutions Make full allowance for Pursuant to Serial number Stipulate Shipment a named vessel Loading on board The bill of loading The date of issurance
(3)选择词义时，注意词义的感情色彩例（5） A foreign business representative, neither overly sympathetic toward China nor overly disposed against it, would need to be convinced on a number of scores before he could responsibly commit his firm to taking an equity position in a Chinese enterprise. 译文：一名外国企业代表，如果对中国既无过分好感，又无过分恶意的话，要动真格地实施向一家中国企业投资入股，就往往需要有一系列评估数据来帮助他作出最终决定。 Sympathetic：的外延意义有“同情的”、“谅解的”、“赞同的”“合意的”，将其中任何一个放在译文中都不妥，因为其感情色彩不是很充分。

商务英语综合教程chapter (3)

4. Franchise is a license to operate an individually owned business as though it were part of a chain of outlets or stores. 特许经营权是个人经营一笔生意的许可证，好像这笔生意是某个连锁店经营的一部分。 1)a license to operate an individually owned business (划线部分不定式作后置定语) 个人经营一笔生意的许可证 2) as though it were part of a chain of outlets or stores (as though it were… 方式状语从句的谓语动词were是虚拟语气形式) 好像这笔生意是某个连锁店经营的一部分
2. Wholesaling includes all marketing transactions in which purchases are intended for resale or are used in making other products. 批发包括一切旨在转售或用于其他产品制造的营销形式，不包括与最终消费者的交易。 1) marketing transactions 营销（交易）形式 marketing 营销，销售术 marketing agreement 销售协议 marketing department 销售部 marketing manager 销售经理 marketing plan 销售计划 2) Transaction 商品交易 a transaction on the stock exchange 证券交易所交易 cash transaction 现金交易 exchange transaction 外汇交易

第三章(Chapter 3)排列与组合(Permutations and Combinations)

[注 ]： 1、加法原理也可描述如下：若具有性质A的事件加法原理也可描述如下：具有性质B 有m个，具有性质B的事件有n个（性质A与性质B 无关），），则具有性质无关），则具有性质A或性质B的事件有m+n个。（或者可描述为书P29页所述的形式）。或者可描述为书P29页所述的形式页所述的形式）。
例3.1.8： ⑴求小于10000的含数字1的正整数 3.1.8：求小于10000的含数字1 的个数；⑵求小于10000的含数字0 的个数；⑵求小于10000的含数字0的正整数的个数。解： 3.1.9：例3.1.9：确定数 n = 3 4 × 5 2 × 117 × 138 的正整数因子的个数。（书P29页例题）解：子的个数。（书P29页例题） 3.1.10： a,b,c,d,e这五个字符，从中取6 例3.1.10：由a,b,c,d,e这五个字符，从中取6 个按字典顺序构成字符串，要求：⑴ 个按字典顺序构成字符串，要求：⑴第1个和第 6个字符必为辅音字符b,c,d；⑵每一字符串必有个字符必为辅音字符b,c,d；两个元音字符a 两个元音字符a或e，且两个元音字符不相邻；⑶ ，且两个元音字符不相邻；⑶ 相邻的两个字符必不相同。求字符串的总数目。解：
2、若原理中的划分的部分S1,S2,……Sm可以若原理中的划分的部分S ……S
重叠，则S中的元素个数需用容斥原理来计数。中的元素个数需用容斥原理来计数。重叠，具体见第六章）（具体见第六章） 3、应用加法原理的关键在于：将计数的集合S 应用加法原理的关键在于：将计数的集合S 合理地划分为若干较容易计数的部分。合理地划分为若干较容易计数的部分。
3.2集合的排列 3.2集合的排列
一、集合的r-排列（亦称线性排列）：令r为一个集合的r 排列（亦称线性排列）：令r 正整数，集合S含有n个元素（n≥r），则集合S 正整数，集合S含有n个元素（n≥r），则集合S 的一个r 排列可以理解为：n个元素中的r 的一个r-排列可以理解为：n个元素中的r个元素的一种有序摆放。例如：设集合S={a,b,c}，则例如：设集合S={a,b,c}，则 S有3个1-排列：a , b , c ；排列：a S有6个2-排列：ab ,ac, ba, bc, ca, cb ；排列：ab S有6个3-排列：abc, acb, bac, bca, cab, 排列：abc, cba； cba；

英语读译教程 chapter3

例1. 一开始(...)只能学习少数句型。
At first only a few sentence patterns can
be learned.
例2. (...)要把必要的资料收集起来，加以分析。
The necessary quantity of data should be

collected and analyzed. 例3. 最后（...) 达成了协议。 At last an agreement was arrived at. 例4. 我们提议对计划做修改。 We propose that some changes should be made in the plan. 例5. 昨天(...)捉到了凶手。 That murderer was caught yesterday.
墙上（…)挂了一些画。例4. A considerable investment has been
made in the exploration of the sea depths. 在海底勘探方面（…) 进行了巨额投资。
例1. yet, only a part of this energy is used
例3. we are brought freedom and
happiness by socialism. 社会主义给我们带来了自由和幸福。例1. this pamphlet of technical glossary is redacted by an engineer. 这本技术词汇小册子是一位工程师编写的。例2. my first thirty years were spent in Western America. 我的前30年是在美国西部度过的。

美国文学chapter_3

Exit
Forward
Some Important Ideas about this period
1. Social and political changes: Andrew Jackson‘s unsuccessful bid for presidency in 1824, when he won the plurality of votes but lost to John Quincy Adams when the election was decided in the House of Representatives. Jackson, a man of common beginnings, was the first candidate of the new states. In 1828 election, Jackson convincingly defeated Adams bringing to an end the domination of the eastern establishment. 2. The beginning of industrial and technological developments: key markers were the introduction of steamboats, spinning mills, Eli Whitney‘s cotton gin, the clipper ships, railroad and telegraph. 3. ―The success of northern industry made slavery appear anomalous, and to the free labor of the North slavery became…repugnant.‖

chapter 3 词语的翻译

chapter 3 词语的翻译
• The enemy killed one of our comrades and we killed an enemy agent. • 敌人杀了我们一个同志，我们宰了一个敌特。
• An aggressive country is always ready to start a war. • 一个好侵略的国家总是准备挑起战争。 • An aggressive young man can go far in this firm. • 一个富有进取心的年轻人在这家公司前途无量。
chapter 3 词语的翻译
• 路上浮尘早已刮净，剩下一条洁白的大道来，车夫也跑得更快。 • By now the loose dust had all been blown away, leaving the roadway clean and the rickshaw man
quickened his pace. (鲁迅《一件小事》，杨宪益、戴乃迭译)
脱鞋或穿鞋对她是一种痛苦，但这已经是多年以来的痛苦了。
2) The flyers practiced taking off time after time from this restricted space. 飞行人员反复地在一块有限空地上练习起飞。
3）took the brake off， took 20 percent off. 松开刹车优惠百分之二十
她回忆说，“他彬彬有礼，总是诲人不倦。”（褒）
chapter 3 词语的翻译
• 任何一种语言，在长期的使用过程中，会形成一些固定的词组或常见的搭配。所以翻译时，必须注意英汉词语的不同搭配。
• examples
chapter 3 词语的翻译