专业英语基础~~~~~共100页文档
专业英语基础
被动语态的特点
（1）叙述规则或一般原理 Many car engines are cooled by water. （2）描述过程 The compressor draws air directly from the cold room, and delivers
it under pressure to a heat exchanger where the air is reduced in temperature by cooling water. The air is then expanded doing work and its temperature falls.
一、表述精炼
（2）分词的运用 Pulse tube refrigerator driven by thermoacoustic engine is the frontier of cryogenics.（过去分词） The piston travels up the cylinder, compressing the mixture.（现在分词短语表结果） Mercury is most commonly used in thermometers , having a constant coefficient of expansion. （=since it has a…）（现在分词短语代替since表原因）
（3）带情态动词（should , must）的被动态常用于书面 说明、书面警告和书面通知中。 Attention must be paid to the working conditions of the airconditioner.
被动语态的功用
因专业科技文献所涉及的内容（科学定义、定理、公 式、图表等）一般并没有特定的时间关系，故专业英语 中大部分都使用一般现在时，一般过去时和过去完成时 也经常出现，其他时态如过去将来时、完成进行时等很 少出现。 1. 一般现在时
专业英语大全.pdf
101个热处理常用英文词汇1. indication 缺陷2. test specimen 试样3. bar 棒材4. stock 原料5. billet 方钢，钢方坯6. bloom 钢坯,钢锭7. section 型材8. steel ingot 钢锭9. blank 坯料，半成品10. cast steel 铸钢11. nodular cast iron 球墨铸铁12. ductile cast iron 球墨铸铁13. bronze 青铜14. brass 黄铜15. copper 合金16. stainless steel不锈钢17. decarburization 脱碳18. scale 氧化皮19. anneal 退火20. process anneal 进行退火21. quenching 淬火22. normalizing 正火23. Charpy impact text 夏比冲击试验24. fatigue 疲劳25. tensile testing 拉伸试验26. solution 固溶处理27. aging 时效处理28. Vickers hardness维氏硬度29. Rockwell hardness 洛氏硬度30. Brinell hardness 布氏硬度31. hardness tester硬度计32. descale 除污，除氧化皮等33. ferrite 铁素体34. austenite 奥氏体35. martensite马氏体36. cementite 渗碳体37. iron carbide 渗碳体38. solid solution 固溶体39. sorbite 索氏体40. bainite 贝氏体41. pearlite 珠光体42. nodular fine pearlite/ troostite屈氏体43. black oxide coating 发黑44. grain 晶粒45. chromium 铬46. cadmium 镉47. tungsten 钨48. molybdenum 钼49. manganese 锰50. vanadium 钒51. molybdenum 钼52. silicon 硅53. sulfer/sulphur 硫54. phosphor/ phosphorus 磷55. nitrided 氮化的56. case hardening 表面硬化，表面淬硬57. air cooling 空冷58. furnace cooling 炉冷59. oil cooling 油冷60. electrocladding /plating 电镀61. brittleness 脆性62. strength 强度63. rigidity 刚性,刚度64. creep 蠕变65. deflection 挠度66. elongation 延伸率67. yield strength 屈服强度68. elastoplasticity 弹塑性69. metallographic structure 金相组织70. metallographic test 金相试验71. carbon content 含碳量72. induction hardening 感应淬火73. impedance matching 感应淬火74. hardening and tempering 调质75. crack 裂纹76. shrinkage 缩孔，疏松77. forging 锻（件）78. casting 铸（件）79. rolling 轧（件）80. drawing 拉（件）81. shot blasting 喷丸（处理）82. grit blasting 喷钢砂（处理）83. sand blasting 喷砂（处理）84. carburizing 渗碳85. nitriding 渗氮86. ageing/aging 时效87. grain size 晶粒度88. pore 气孔89. sonim 夹砂90. cinder inclusion 夹渣91. lattice晶格92. abrasion/abrasive/rub/wear/wearing resistance (property) 耐磨性93. spectrum analysis光谱分析94. heat/thermal treatment 热处理95. inclusion 夹杂物96. segregation 偏析97. picking 酸洗，酸浸98. residual stress 残余应力99. remaining stress 残余应力100. relaxation of residual stress 消除残余应力101. stress relief 应力释放表面处理、热处理关连用语英汉对照age hardening 时效硬化 ageing 老化处理air hardening 气体硬化 air patenting 空气韧化annealing 退火 anode effect 阳极效应anodizing 阳极氧化处理 atomloy treatment 阿托木洛伊表面austempering 奥氏体等温淬火 austenite 奥斯田体/奥氏体bainite 贝氏体 banded structure 条纹状组织barrel plating 滚镀 barrel tumbling 滚筒打光blackening 染黑法 blue shortness 青熟脆性bonderizing 磷酸盐皮膜处理 box annealing 箱型退火box carburizing 封箱渗碳 bright electroplating 辉面电镀bright heat treatment 光辉热处理 bypass heat treatment 旁路热处理carbide 炭化物 carburized case depth 浸碳硬化深层carburizing 渗碳 cementite 炭化铁chemical plating 化学电镀 chemical vapor deposition 化学蒸镀coarsening 结晶粒粗大化 coating 涂布被覆cold shortness 低温脆性 comemtite 渗碳体controlled atmosphere 大气热处理 corner effect 锐角效应creeping discharge 蠕缓放电 decarburization 脱碳处理decarburizing 脱碳退火 depth of hardening 硬化深层diffusion 扩散 diffusion annealing 扩散退火electrolytic hardening 电解淬火 embossing 压花etching 表面蚀刻 ferrite 肥粒铁first stage annealing 第一段退火 flame hardening 火焰硬化flame treatment 火焰处理 full annealing 完全退火gaseous cyaniding 气体氧化法 globular cementite 球状炭化铁grain size 结晶粒度 granolite treatment 磷酸溶液热处理graphitizing 石墨退火 hardenability 硬化性hardenability curve 硬化性曲线 hardening 硬化heat treatment 热处理 hot bath quenching 热浴淬火hot dipping 热浸镀 induction hardening 高周波硬化ion carbonitriding 离子渗碳氮化 ion carburizing 离子渗碳处理ion plating 离子电镀 isothermal annealing 等温退火liquid honing 液体喷砂法 low temperature annealing 低温退火malleablizing 可锻化退火 martempering 麻回火处理martensite 马氏体/硬化铁炭 metallikon 金属喷镀法metallizing 真空涂膜 nitriding 氮化处理 nitrocarburizing 软氮化 normalizing 正常化 oil quenching 油淬化 overageing 过老化overheating 过热 pearlite 针尖组织 phosphating 磷酸盐皮膜处理 physical vapor deposition 物理蒸镀plasma nitriding 离子氮化 pre-annealing 预备退火precipitation 析出 precipitation hardening 析出硬化press quenching 加压硬化 process annealing 制程退火quench ageing 淬火老化 quench hardening 淬火quenching crack 淬火裂痕 quenching distortion 淬火变形quenching stress 淬火应力 reconditioning 再调质recrystallization 再结晶 red shortness 红热脆性residual stress 残留应力 retained austenite 残留奥rust prevention 防蚀 salt bath quenching 盐浴淬火sand blast 喷砂处理 seasoning 时效处理second stage annealing 第二段退火 secular distortion 经年变形 segregation 偏析 selective hardening 部分淬火shot blast 喷丸处理 shot peening 珠击法single stage nitriding 等温渗氮 sintering 烧结处理soaking 均热处理 softening 软化退火solution treatment 固溶化热处理 spheroidizing 球状化退火stabilizing treatment 安定化处理 straightening annealing 矫直退火 strain ageing 应变老化 stress relieving annealing 应力消除退火 subzero treatment 生冷处理 supercooling 过冷surface hardening 表面硬化处理 temper brittleness 回火脆性temper colour 回火颜色 tempering 回火tempering crack 回火裂痕 texture 咬花thermal refining 调质处理 thermoechanical treatment 加工热处理 time quenching 时间淬火 transformation 变态tufftride process 软氮化处理 under annealing 不完全退火vacuum carbonitriding 真空渗碳氮化 vacuum carburizing 真空渗碳处理 vacuum hardening 真空淬火 vacuum heat treatment 真空热处理vacuum nitriding 真空氮化 water quenching 水淬火 wetout 浸润处理Air valves 空气阀门Angle Stop valves 角式截止阀Angle Throttle Valves 角式节流阀Angle Type Globe Valves 门角式截止阀Ash valves 排灰阀Aspirating valves 吸（抽）气阀Auxiliary valves 辅助（副）阀Balance valves 平衡阀Bellows valves 波纹管阀Blowdown valves 泄料（放空，排污）阀Brake valves 制动阀Butterfly Type Non-slam Check 蝶式缓冲止回阀Butterfly Valves with Gear Actuator 蜗轮传动蝶阀Buttwelding valves 对焊连接阀Clamp valves 对夹式阀门Cock 二通Combination valves 组合阀CQ Thread Ball Valves CQ螺纹球阀Culvert valves 地下管道阀Deceleration valves 减速阀Diaphragm Valves 隔膜阀Decompression valves 泄压阀Double Disc Flat Gate Valves 双闸板平板闸阀Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves明杆平行式双闸板闸板Double Opening Exhaust Valves 双口排气球Drainage valves 排水阀Electric Actuated Stop Valves 电动截止阀Electric Actuated Wedge Gate Valves电动楔式闸阀Electric Double Disk Parallel Gate Valves电动平行式双闸板闸板 Emergeny Cut-off Valves 紧急切断阀Exhaust valves 排气阀Free Float Type Steam Trap 浮球式疏水阀Flange Ball Valves 法兰球阀Flange Gate Valves 法兰闸阀Flange Globe Valves 法兰截止阀Gauge Valves 仪表阀Hand-operated valves 手动阀Hard Seal Butterfly Valves 金属密封碟阀High Temperature Pressure Power Station Gate Valves 高温高压电站闸阀High Temperature Pressure Power Station Globe Valves 高温高压电站截止阀Hydraulic relay valves 液压继动阀Lift Check Valves 升降式止回阀Lift Check Valves 升降式止回阀Limit valves 限位阀Lining Ball Valves 衬里球阀Lining Butterfly Valves 衬里碟阀Lining Check Valves 衬里止回阀Lining Cock 衬里二通Lining Globe Valves 衬里截止阀Lining T-Cock Valves 衬里三通旋塞阀Liquid Indicator 液位计LPG Pipe Fitting 液化气管件Magnetic Co-operate Globe Valves磁耦合截止阀Magnetism Forle Pumps 磁力泵Manual Oil Pumps Valves 手摇油泵(阀)Meter Needle Type Globe Valves 仪表针形截止阀 Oblique Stop Valves 直流式截止阀Parallel Slide Valves 浆液阀Pintle valve 针形阀Piping Centrifugal Pumps 管道离心泵Plunger valves 柱塞阀Pressure valve 压力（増压）阀Piping Pumps 管道泵Piping Safety Valves 管道安全阀Plunger Globe Valves 柱塞截止阀Quick Draining Valves 快速排污阀Restrictor Valves 过流阀(或节流阀)Safety Valves 安全阀Screw Pumps 螺杆泵Scum Gate Valves 排渣闸阀Solenoid valves 电磁阀Single Disc Flat Gate Valves 单闸板平板闸阀Single Opening Exhaust Valves 单口排气球Slurry Pumps 泥浆泵Stop Valves 截止阀Strainer 过滤器Submerged Motor Pumps 潜水电泵(排污泵)Swing Check Valves 旋启式止回阀Swing Check Valves 旋启式止回阀Tank Lorry Ball Valves 槽车球阀T-Cock 三通Thin Gate Valves 薄型闸阀Throttle Valves 节流阀Tiny Drag Slow Shut Check Valves 微阻缓闭止回阀 Triple (tee) valves 三通阀Two-way valves 二通阀Under Water Pumps 液下泵Vacuum Pumps 水力喷射器(真空泵)Vertical Lift Check Valves 立式止回阀Wafer Check Valves 对夹式止回阀Wafer plate valves 对夹蝶板阀Wafer Type Butterfly Valves with Rubber Itning对夹式衬胶蝶阀 Waste Valves 排污箱(阀)Water Seal Gate Valves 水封闸阀Wedge Gate Valves 楔式闸阀Y Type and Cylinder Filters Y型筒型过滤器阀门零部件英汉术语对照Axis Guide 轴套Ball 球、球芯Ball seat 密封圈Blowdown Sealing Face 启、阀件密封面Body 阀体Bonnet 阀盖Disc 阀瓣Mut 螺母Screw 螺栓Sealing 密封件Spring 弹簧Stem 阀杆Stem Mut 阀杆螺母Stem seal 填料Wedge Disc 闸板阀门规范技术英语术语对照Applicable medium 适用介质Applicable temperature 适用温度Butt Clamp 对夹Chemical analysis 化学成份Connecting format 连接形式Double disc 双闸板Flexible disc 弹性闸板Flange 法兰 Hoop 卡箍Inside thread 内螺纹Jacket 夹套Mains 电源Material chemical analysis and mechanical capacity材料化学成份和机械性能materials 材料 Materials for main parts 主要零件材料Mechanical capacity 机械性能Max. Discharging Capacity 最大排水量Max. Operating Temperature 最高工作温度Max. Allowable Temperature 最高允许温度Max. Allowable Pressure 最高允许压力Model 型号Name of parts 零件名称nitrogen (N) 氮Nominal bore 公称通径Nominal Pressure 公称压力Nozzle 排气口Outside thread 外螺纹Oxidant 氧化性介质Parallel 平行Piping 管路Piston 活塞Reductant 还原性介质Rising stem 明杆Seal 阀座，密封面Seat testing pressure 压力气密封试验压力Socket 卡套Specifications 性能规范Single disc 单闸板Solid 刚性Strengh testing pressure 强度试验压力Steam , condensate 蒸汽,凝结水Stroke 冲程，行程Water,oil,steam 水,温度,气Wedge 楔式 Welding 焊接阀门材质术语英汉对照Atbas metal 镍铬钢Buna-N rubber 丁晴橡胶Casting aluminium brass 铸铝黄铜Casting aluminium bronze 铸铝青铜Ceramic metal 陶瓷金属Chromel alloy 镍铬合金CHR rubber 氯晴橡胶Chrominm-molybdenum-vanadium steel 铬钼钒钢 Chromium stainless steel 铬不锈钢Chromium-molybdenum steel 铬钼钢Corrugation pad 波形垫Cuprum alloy 铜合金Ductile Cast iron 球墨铸铁Expanded graphite 柔性石墨Fine Steel Casting iron 优质碳素钢Fluorous rubber 氟橡胶Gray Cast iron 灰铸铁Hayne's alloy 钴铬钨合金High tem perature steel 高温钢Monel 蒙乃尔合金Low temperature steel 低温钢Nylon 尼龙塑料Polytetrafluoroethylene(PTEF) 聚四氟乙烯 Polythene 聚乙烯Pure aluminium 纯铝Pure cupper 纯铜Rubber graphite board 橡胶石墨板Spring steel 弹簧钢Stainless acid-resisting steel 不锈耐酸钢 Stainless and Graphite 不锈钢/石墨Stainless steel 不锈钢Steel Casting iron 碳素钢铸件Shell Test Pressure 壳体试验压力Service Fluid 工作介质机械工具 spanner 扳子 (美作:wrench) double-ended spanner 双头扳子adjustable spanner, monkey wrench 活扳子,活络扳手box spanner 管钳子 (美作:socket wrench) calipers 卡规pincers, tongs 夹钳 shears 剪子 hacksaw 钢锯wire cutters 剪线钳 multipurpose pliers, universal pliers 万能手钳adjustable pliers 可调手钳 punch 冲子 drill 钻 chuck 卡盘scraper 三角刮刀 reamer 扩孔钻 calliper gauge 孔径规rivet 铆钉 nut 螺母 locknut 自锁螺母,防松螺母 bolt 螺栓pin, peg, dowel 销钉 washer 垫圈 staple U形钉oil can 油壶 jack 工作服 grease gun 注油枪机械加工 抛光 polishing 安装 to assemble 衬套 bushing半机械化 semi-mechanization; semi-mechanized半自动滚刀磨床 semi-automatic hob grinder半自动化 semi-automation; semi-automatic 扳手 wrench备件 spare parts 边刨床 side planer 变速箱 transmission gear柄轴 arbor 部件 units; assembly parts 插床 slotting machine拆卸 to disassemble 超高速内圆磨床 ultra-high-speed internal grinder车床 lathe; turning lathe 车刀 lathe tool车轮车床 car wheel lathe 车削 turning 车轴 axle螺丝产品名称中英文对照六角盖头螺帽HEX CAP NUTS六角锯齿螺帽HEX SERRATED NUTS六角轮缘螺帽HEX FLANGE NUTS高脚螺帽HEX COUPLING NUTS(HIGH NUTS)圆螺帽 ROUND NUTS四角螺帽 SQUARE NUTS管用螺帽 PIPE NUTS轮壳螺帽 WHEEL NUTS蝶型螺帽 WING NUTSU形螺帽 U NUTST形螺帽 T NUTS环首螺帽 EYE NUTS齿形螺帽 KEP NUTS齿花螺帽 CLINCH NUTS耐候钢六角重型螺帽CORTEN STEEL HEA VY HEX NUTS焊接螺帽 WELD NUTS高张力螺帽HEIGH STRENGTH NUTS建业用螺帽 STRUCTURAL NUTS不锈钢螺帽STAINLESS STEEL NUTS铜螺帽 BRASS NUTS铝螺帽 ALUMINUM NUTS合金钢螺帽ALLOY STEEL NUTS重型车螺帽HEA VY DUTY WHEEL HUB NUTS铁器焊接袋帽 ACORN CAP NUTS金属预置扭矩式螺帽ALL-METAL PREV AILING TORQUE TYPE NUTS壁虎螺帽 ANCHOR NUTS大尺寸螺帽BIG SIZE NUTS铁盖袋帽CLOSED END ACORN NUTS盘形华司螺帽 CONICAL WASHER NUTS铁盖+尼龙圈组合盖帽DIN 986 DOMED CAP NUTS突缘尼龙盖帽FLANGE NYLON INSERT LOCK NUTS平面华司螺帽 FLAT WASER NUTS六角割沟螺帽HEX SLOTTED NUT自锁螺帽 SELF-LOCKING NUTS制止螺帽 SLIDING NUTSSLN-自动防松螺帽SLN SELF-LOCKING NUTS其它特殊螺帽 SPECIAL NUTS弹簧螺帽 SPRING NUTS不锈钢突缘螺帽STAINLESS STEEL FLANGE NUTS不锈钢六角轮缘尼龙螺帽STAINLESS STEEL FLANGE NYLON INSERT LOCK NUTS 不锈钢六角重型螺帽STAINLESS STEEL HEA VY HEX NUTS不锈钢六角螺帽STAINLESS STEEL HEX NUTS不锈钢尼龙嵌入螺帽STAINLESS STEEL NYLON INSERT LOCK NUTS鋲簩俾菝? ZINC DIE CASTING NUTS普通六角螺帽 HEX NUTS六角重型螺帽HEA VY HEX NUTS薄型螺帽HEX JAM NUTS尼龙嵌入防松螺帽NYLON INSERT LOCK NUTS机械螺丝用六角螺帽HEX MACHINE SCREW NUT工艺装备1 GB/T 967-1994 螺母丝锥 Nut taps2 GB/T 968-1994 丝锥螺纹公差 Manufacturing tolerances on the threaded portion of taps3 GB/T 969-1994 丝锥技术条件 Technical specification for taps4 GB/T 970.1-1994 圆板牙 型式和尺寸 The types and dimensions for circular screwing dies5 GB/T 970.2-1994 圆板牙 技术条件 Technical specifications for circular screwing dies6 GB/T 970.3-1994 圆板牙架型式和互换尺寸 Diestocks--Interchangeability dimensions7 GB/T 971-1994 滚丝轮 Thread rolling cylindrical dies8 GB/T 972 -1994 搓丝板 Thread rolling flat dies9 GB/T 1008-1989 机械加工工艺装备基本术语 General terminology of machining tooling10 GB/T 1109-1985 短莫氏锥柄立铣刀 End mills with short Morse taper shank11 GB/T 1115-1985 圆柱形铣刀 Cylindrical cutters12 GB/T 1117-1985 直齿三面刃铣刀 Side and face milling cutter with straight teeth13 GB/T 1118-1985 错齿三面刃铣刀 Side and face milling cutters with double alternate helix14 GB/T 1119-1985 尖齿槽铣刀 Flat relieved tooth slotting cutters15 GB/T 1124.1-1996 凸凹半圆铣刀 第1部分: 凹半圆铣刀的型式和尺寸 Convex and concave milling cutters--Part 1: The types and dimensions for concave milling cutters16 GB/T 1124.2-1996 凸凹半圆铣刀 第2部分: 凸半圆铣刀的型式和尺寸 Convex and concave milling cutters--Part 2: The types and dimensions for convex milling cutters17 GB/T 1124.3-1996 凸凹半圆铣刀 技术条件 Convex and concave milling cutters technical specifications18 GB/T 1131-1984 手用铰刀 Hand reamers19 GB/T 1132-1984 直柄机用铰刀 Machine reamers with parallel shanks20 GB/T 1133-1984 锥柄机用铰刀 Machine reamers with Morse taper shanks21 GB/T 1134-1984 带刃倾角锥柄机用铰刀 Machine reamers with edge inclination Morse taper shanks22 GB/T 1135-1984 套式机用铰刀 Shell machine reamers23 GB/T 1139-1984 直柄莫氏圆锥和公制圆锥铰刀 Morse and metric taper reamers with parallel shanks24 GB/T 1140-1984 锥柄莫氏圆锥和公制圆锥铰刀 Morse and metric taper reamers with Morse taper shanks25 GB/T 1141-1984 锥柄扩孔钻 Core drills with Morse taper shanks26 GB/T 1142-1984 套式扩孔钻 Shell drills27 GB/T 1143-1984 60°、90°、120°锥柄锥面锪钻 Countersinks with morse taper shanks for angles 60°,90°and 120°inclusive28 GB/T 1214.1-1996 游标类卡尺 通用技术条件 The specification for callipers of vernier type29 GB/T 1214.2-1996 游标类卡尺 游标卡尺 The vernier callipers for callipers of vernier type30 GB/T 1214.3-1996 游标类卡尺 高度游标卡尺 The high gauge for callipers of vernier type31 GB/T 1214.4-1996 游标类卡尺 深度游标卡尺 The depth gauge for callipers of vernier type32 GB/T 1216-1985 外径千分尺 Micrometers33 GB/T 1217-1986 公法线千分尺 Gear tooth micrometers34 GB/T 1218-1987 深度千分尺 Depth micrometers35 GB/T 1219-1985 百分表 Dial gauges36 GB/T 1438.1-1996 锥柄麻花钻 第1部分: 莫氏锥柄麻花钻的型式和尺寸 Taper shank twist drills--Part 1: The types and dimensions for Morse taper shank twist drills37 GB/T 1438.2-1996 锥柄麻花钻 第2部分: 莫氏锥柄长麻花钻的型式和尺寸 Taper shank twist drills--Part 2: The types and dimensions for long Morse taper shank drills38 GB/T 1438.3-1996 锥柄麻花钻 第3部分: 莫氏锥柄加长麻花钻的型式和尺寸 Taper shank twist drills--Part 3: The types and dimensions for lengthened morse taper shank twist drills39 GB/T 1438.4-1996 锥柄麻花钻 第4部分: 莫氏锥柄超长麻花钻的型式和尺寸 Taper shank twist drills--Part 4: The types and dimensions for extra-long Morse taper shank twist drills40 GB/T 1442-1985 直柄工具用传动扁尾及套筒的尺寸和公差 Driving tenons and sockets for parallel shank tools-- Dimensions and tolerances41 GB/T 1443-1996 机床和工具柄用自夹圆锥 Machine tools--Self-holding tapers for tool shanks42 GB/T 1483-1989 螺口式灯头的量规 Gauges of edison screw lamp caps43 GB/T 1484-1979 插口式灯头的量规 Gauges for bayonet lamp caps44 GB/T 1581-1979 米制锥螺纹量规 Gauges for tapered screw thread,metric series45 GB/T 1957-1980 光滑极限量规 Limit gauges for plain workpiece46 GB/T 2476-1994 普通磨料 代号 Symbols of abrasive materials47 GB/T 2478-1996 普通磨料 棕刚玉 Conventional abrasive--Brown fusedalumina48 GB/T 2479-1996 普通磨料 白刚玉 Conventional abrasive White fused alumina49 GB/T 2480-1996 普通磨料 碳化硅 Conventional abrasive Wilicon carbide50 GB/T 2483-1983 磨料标志和包装规定 Marking and packing51 GB/T 2484-1994 普通磨具代号和标记 Symbols and designation for bonded abrasive products52 GB/T 2487-1984 油石Oil stones and sticks53 GB/T 2488-1984 砂瓦Segments of grinding wheels54 GB/T 2489-1984 薄片砂轮 Thin grinding wheels55 GB/T 2492-1984 砂轮静平衡检验方法及不平衡数值 Static balance testing for grinding wheels and unbalance value56 GB/T 2493-1995 砂轮的回转试验方法Rotation test of grinding wheel strength57 GB 2494-1995 磨具安全规则Safety rules for bonded abrasives58 GB/T 2495-1996 普通磨具包装Packing for bonded abrasive products59 GB/T 2804-1981 组合夹具元件结构要素 Modular parts of fixture construction--General features, profiles and dimensions60 GB/T 2851.1-1990 冲模滑动导向模架对角导柱模架 Sliding guide die sets for press tools—Diagonal pillar sets61 GB/T 2851.3-1990 冲模滑动导向模架后侧导柱模架 Sliding guide die sets for press tools—Back pillar sets62 GB/T 2851.4-1990 冲模滑动导向模架后侧导柱窄形模架 Sliding guide die sets for press tools—Back pillar sets (narrow)63 GB/T 2851.5-1990 冲模滑动导向模架中间导柱模架 Sliding guide die seta for press tools—Center pillar sets64 GB/T 2851.6-1990 冲模滑动导向模架中间导柱圆形模架 Sliding guide die sets for press tools—Center pillar sets (round)65 GB/T 2851.7-1990 冲模滑动导向模架四导柱模架 Sliding guide die sets for press tools—Four pillar die sets66 GB/T 2852.1-1990 冲模滚动导向模架对角导柱模架 Ball slide die sets for press tools—Diagonal pillar sets67 GB/T 2852.2-1990 冲模滚动导向模架中间导柱模架 Ball slide die sets for press tools—Center pillar sets68 GB/T 2852.3-1990 冲模滚动导向模架四导柱模架Ball slide die sets for press tools—Four pillar die sets69 GB/T 2852.4-1990 冲模滚动导向模架后侧导柱模架 Ball slide die sets for press tools—Back pillar die sets70 GB/T 2855.1-1990 冲模滑动导向模座对角导柱上模座 Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for diagonal pillar sets71 GB/T 2855.2-1990 冲模滑动导向模座对角导柱下模座 Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Die holder for diagonal pillar sets72 GB/T 2855.5-1990 冲模滑动导向模座后侧导柱上模座 Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for back pillar sets73 GB/T 2855.6-1990 冲模滑动导向模座后侧导柱下模座 Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Die holder for back pillar sets74 GB/T 2855.7-1990 冲模滑动导向模座后侧导柱窄形上模座 Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for back pillar sets (narrow)75 GB/T 2855.8-1990 冲模滑动导向模座后侧导柱窄形下模座 Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Die holder for back pillar sets (narrow)76 GB/T 2855.9-1990 冲模滑动导向模座中间导柱上模座 Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for center pillar sets77 GB/T 2855.10-1990 冲模滑动导向模座中间导柱下模座Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Die holder for center pillar sets78 GB/T 2855.11-1990 冲模滑动导向模座中间导柱圆形上模座Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for center pollar sets (round)79 GB/T 2855.12-1990 冲模滑动导向模座中间导柱圆形下模座Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Die holder for center pillar sets (round)80 GB/T 2855.13-1990 冲模滑动导向模座四导柱上模座Holder for sliding guide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for four pillar sets81 GB/T 2855.14-1990 冲模滑动导向模座四导柱下模座 Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Die holder for four pillar sets82 GB/T 2856.1-1990 冲模滚动导向模座对角导柱上模座 Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for diagonal pillar sets83 GB/T 2856.2-1990 冲模滚动导向模座对角导柱下模座 Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Die holder for diagonal pillar sets84 GB/T 2856.3-1990 冲模滚动导向模座中间导柱上模座 Holder for ball silde die sets for press tools—Punch holder for center pillar sets85 GB/T 2856.4-1990 冲模滚动导向模座中间导柱下模座 Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Die holder for center pillar sets86 GB/T 2856.5-1990 冲模滚动导向模座四导柱上模座Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Punch holder for four pillar sets87 GB/T 2856.6-1990 冲模滚动导向模座四导柱下模座Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Die holder for four pillar sets88 GB/T 2856.7-1990 冲模滚动导向模座后侧导柱上模座 Holder for ball silde die sets for press tools—Punch holder for back pillar sets89 GB/T 2856.8-1990 冲模滚动导向模座后侧导柱下模座 Holder for ball slide die sets for press tools—Die holder for back pillar sets90 GB/T 2861.1-1990 冲模导向装置A型导柱Guide unit for press tools—Guide pillars, types A91 GB/T 2861.2-1990 冲模导向装置B型导柱Guide unit for press tools—Guide pillars, typeB92 GB/T 2861.3-1990 冲模导向装置C型导柱Guide unit for press tools—Guide pillars, typeC93 GB/T 2861.4-1981 冷冲模导向装置A型小导柱Guide unit of cold press dies--Small guide pillars, type A94 GB/T 2861.5-1981 冷冲模导向装置B型小导柱Guide unit of cold press dies--Small guide pillars, type B95 GB/T 2861.6-1990 冲模导向装置A型导套Guide unit for press tools—Guide bushes, typeA96 GB/T 2861.7-1990 冲模导向装置B型导套Guide unit for press tools—Guide bushes, typeB97 GB/T 2861.8-1990 冲模导向装置C型导套Guide unit for press tools—Guide bushes, typeC98 GB/T 2861.9-1981 冷冲模导向装置小导套 Guide unit of cold press dies--Small guide bushing99 GB/T 2861.10-1990 冲模导向装置钢球保持圈Guide unit for press tools—Cage100 GB/T 2861.11-1990 冲模导向装置圆柱螺旋压缩弹簧 Guide unit for press tools—Cylindrical coil compression spring101 GB/T 2861.12-1990 冲模导向装置 A型可卸导柱 Guide unit for press tools—Guide pillar with taper lead, type A102 GB/T 2861.13-1990 冲模导向装置 B型可卸导柱 Guide unit fir press tools—Guide pillar with taper lead, type B103 GB/T 2861.14-1990 冲模导向装置 衬套 Guide unit for press tools—Bushing104 GB/T 2861.15-1990 冲模导向装置 垫圈 Guide unit for press tools—Washer105 GB/T 2861.16-1990 冲模导向装置 压板 Guide unit for press tools—Clampr106 GB/T 2861.17-1981 冷冲模导向装置 可卸导柱模座安装尺寸 Guide unit of cold press dies--Mounting dimension of die holder for removable guide pillars107 GB/T 2861.18-1981 冷冲模导向装置 压圈固定导柱 Guide unit of cold press dies--Guide pillars with ring fixed108 GB/T 2861.19-1981 冷冲模导向装置 压圈固定导套 Guide unit of cold press dies--Guide bushing with ring fixed109 GB/T 2861.20-1981 冷冲模导向装置 压圈 Guide unit of cold press dies--Clamping ring110 GB/T 3043-1989 棕刚玉 化学分析方法 Chemical analysis methods for brown fused alumina111 GB/T 3044-1989 白刚玉、铬刚玉 化学分析方法 Chemical analysis methods for white fused alumina and pink fused alumina112 GB/T 3045-1989 碳化硅 化学分析方法 Chemical analysis methods for silicon carbide113 GB/T 3227-1988 机动套筒扳手的传动四方 Driving squares for power socket wrenches114 GB/T 3228-1988 机动套筒扳手的四方传动套筒 Square drive sockets for power socket wrenches115 GB/T 3229-1988 机动工具的六角传动端 Hexagon drive ends for power tools116 GB/T 3390.1-1989 手动套筒扳手套筒 Hand operated square drive socket117 GB/T 3390.2-1989 手动套筒扳手传动方榫和方孔 Driving square for hand operated socket wrenches118 GB/T 3390.3-1989 手动套筒扳手传动附件 Drivings parts for hand operated square drive socket wrenches119 GB/T 3390.4-1989 手动套筒扳手连接附件 Conjoining parts for hand operated square drive socket wrenches120 GB/T 3390.5-1989 手动套筒扳手检验规则、包装与标志 Inspection, packaging and marking for hand operated socket wrenches121 GB/T 3464.1-1994 机用和手用丝锥 Machine and hand taps122 GB/T 3464.2-1994 长柄机用丝锥 Long shank machine taps123 GB/T 3464.3-1994 短柄机用和手用丝锥 Short shank machine and hand taps124 GB/T 3466-1983 长柄螺母丝锥 Long shank nut taps125 GB/T 3506-1993 螺旋槽丝锥 Machine taps with helical flutes126 GB/T 4169.1-1984 塑料注射模具零件 推杆 Components of injection mould for plastics--Ejector pins127 GB/T 4169.2-1984 塑料注射模具零件 直导套 Components of injection mould for plastics--Straight guide bushes128 GB/T 4169.3-1984 塑料注射模具零件 带头导套 Components of injection mould for plastics--Guide bushes with head129 GB/T 4169.4-1984 塑料注射模具零件 带头导柱 Components of injection mould for plastics--Guide pillars with head130 GB/T 4169.5-1984 塑料注射模具零件 有肩导柱 Components of injection mould for plastics -- Guide pillars with shoulder131 GB/T 4169.6-1984 塑料注射模具零件 垫块 Components of injection mould for plastics -- Spacer blocks132 GB/T 4169.7-1984 塑料注射模具零件 推板 Components of injection mould for plastics--Ejector plates133 GB/T 4169.8-1984 塑料注射模具零件 模板 Components of injection mould for plastics--Mould plates134 GB/T 4169.9-1984 塑料注射模具零件 限位钉 Components of injection mould for plastics--Stop pins135 GB/T 4169.10-1984 塑料注射模具零件 支承柱 Components of injection mould for plastics--Support pillars136 GB/T 4169.11-1984 塑料注射模具零件 圆锥定位件 Components of injection mould for plastics--Locating elements137 GB/T 4170-1984 塑料注射模具零件技术条件 Components of injection mould for plastics--Specifica-tion138 GB/T 4211-1984 高速钢车刀条 High speed steel tool bits139 GB/T 4243-1984 锥柄长刃机用铰刀 Long fluted machine reamers with Morse taper shanks140 GB/T 4244-1984 带刃倾角直柄机用铰刀 Machine reamers with edge inclination with parallel shanks141 GB/T 4245-1984 机用铰刀技术条件 Machine reamers--Technical requirements142 GB/T 4246-1984 铰刀专用公差 Special tolerance for reamers143 GB/T 4247-1984 锥柄机用桥梁铰刀 Machine bridge reamers with Morse taper shanks144 GB/T 4248-1984 手用1:50锥度销子铰刀技术条件 Hand taper 1:50 reamers--Technical requirements145 GB/T 4250-1984 圆锥铰刀技术条件 Taper reamers--Technical requirements146 GB/T 4251-1984 硬质合金直柄机用铰刀 Machine reamers with parallel shanks with carbide tips147 GB/T 4252-1984 硬质合金锥柄机用铰刀 Machine reamers with Morse taper shanks with carbide tips148 GB/T 4253-1984 硬质合金铰刀技术条件 Reamers with carbidetips--Technical requirements149 GB/T 4255-1984 套式铰刀和套式扩孔钻用心轴 Arbors for shell reamers and shell core drills150 GB/T 4256-1984 直柄扩孔钻 Core drills with parallel内燃机系J 机械 活塞式内燃机与其他动力设备1 GB/T 725-1991 内燃机产品名称和型号编制规则 Internal combustion engines—Nomenclature and code of designations2 GB/T 726-1994 往复式内燃机 旋转方向、气缸和气缸盖上气门的标志及直列式内燃机右机、左机和发动机方位的定义 Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Designation of the direction of rotation and of cylinders and valves in cylinder heads and definition of right-hand and left-hand in line engines and locations on an engine3 GB/T 727-1985 涡轮增压器产品命名和型号编制方法 Denomination for turbochargers and code of identification symbols4 GB/T 1105.1-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法 标准环境状况及功率、燃油消耗和机油消耗的标定 Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Standard ambient conditions and declarations of power, fuel consumption and lubricating oil consumption5 GB/T 1105.2-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法 试验方法 Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Test methods6 GB/T 1105.3-1987 内燃机台架性能试验方法 测量技术 Performance test methods for reciprocating internal combustion engine--Measurement techniques7 GB/T 1147-1987 内燃机通用技术条件 Reciprocating internal combustion engines--General technical specifications8 GB/T 1148-1993 内燃机铝活塞技术条件 Aluminium piston--Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Technical specifications9 GB/T 1149.1-1994 内燃机活塞环 通用规则 Internal combustionengines--Piston rings--General specifications10 GB/T 1149.2-1994 内燃机活塞环 术语 Internal combustionengines--Piston rings-Vocabulary11 GB/T 1149.3-1992 内燃机活塞环 刮环 Internal combustionengines-Piston rings-Scraper rings12 GB/T 1149.4-1994 内燃机活塞环 技术要求 Internal combustionengines--Piston rings--Quality requirements13 GB/T 1149.5-1992 内燃机活塞环 油环 Internal combustionengines-Piston rings-Oil control rings14 GB/T 1149.6-1994 内燃机活塞环 检验方法 Internal combustionengines--Piston rings--Inspection measuring principles15 GB/T 1149.7-1994 内燃机活塞环 螺旋撑簧油环 Internal combustion engines--Piston rings--Coil-spring-loaded oil control rings16 GB/T 1150-1993 内燃机湿式铸铁气缸套技术条件 Internal combustion engines--Cast iron wet type cylinder liners--Specification17 GB/T 1151-1993 内燃机主轴瓦及连杆轴瓦技术条件 Internal combustion engines--Main and connecting rod bearings--Specification18 GB 1576-1996 低压锅炉水质 Water quality for low pressure boilers19 GB/T 1859-1989 内燃机噪声声功率级的测定 准工程法 Determination of sound power levels of internal combustion enginesnoise—Quasi-engineering method20 GB/T 1883-1989 往复活塞式内燃机 术语 Reciprocating internal combustion engines—Terminology21 GB/T 1921-1988 工业蒸汽锅炉 参数系列 Specifications for industrial steam boiler22 GB/T 2785-1988 内燃机气门弹簧技术条件 Internal combustionengine--Technical requirements for valve springs23 GB/T 2940-1982 柴油机用喷油泵、调速器、喷油器弹簧技术条件 Technical specifications of springs for fuel pump, governor and injecter of diesel engines24 GB/T 3166-1988 热水锅炉 参数系列 Specifications series of hot water boiler25 GB/T 3821-1983 中小功率内燃机清洁度测定方法 Determination of cleanliness for small and medium power internal combustion engines 26 GB/T 4556-1984 往复式内燃机防火 Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Fire protection27 GB/T 4672-1984 往复式内燃机手操纵机构动作方向 Reciprocating internal combustion engines--Hand operated control devices--Standard direction of motion28 GB/T 4759-1995 内燃机排气消声器测量方法 Measurement procedure for exhaust silencers of internal combustion engines29 GB/T 5264-1985 柴油机喷油泵柱塞偶件技术条件 Technical specification。
专业英语基础知识
1.广泛使用被动语态 (客观性)
非人称语气
主体是客观现象及事物本身，而非动作的发出者，把论证 说明的对象置于句子主语的位置，既能突出中心，又能吸引读 者的注意。 Solid materials are grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics and polymers. 固体材料可分为三种基本类型：金属、陶瓷和聚合物。 The structure of a material can be investigated on several levels. 材料的结构可以在几个层次上进行研究
精练性(conciseness)。
论文、综述、实验报告、教材、专利、说明书等
专业英语
Specialized English
（English for Special Science and Technology）
是结合各自专业的科技英语
有很强的专业性，涉及的面更加狭窄，
与专业内容配合更为密切。 隶属于科技英语 是科技英语的一部分，以表达科技概念、理论与
3、后置形容词短语作定语多 （精炼）
代替定语从句作后置定语，使句子简洁、紧凑，不至于累赘。 All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics, which are analogous to those of waves moving through water. All radiant energies have wavelike characteristics analogous to those of waves moving through water. 所有的辐射能都具有波的特性，与水中移动的波的特征相似。
专业英语英文
Road Damaging Effects of Dynamic Axle LoadsABSTRACTA number of criteria and associated statistical analysis procedures are proposed for relating the dynamic wheel forces generated by heavy vehicles to road surface damage. The criteria are evaluated in the time domain and therefore r equire time histories of the dynamic forces generated by all axles of a vehicle. Also required for some of the criteria is the calculation of transient stresses and strains in road structure during the passage of a vehicle. A method for performing this calculation is described. The criteria may be used for evaluating the road damaging effects of simulated or measured wheel forces. In this paper, wheel forces generated by the linked tandem axles of a semitrailer are Simulated and an examination is made of the effects of vehicle speed and road roughnesson road damage.The results indicate that for vehicles operating on stationary random road surfaces typical of highways, road surface damage generally increases steadily with speed. Furthermore, there exist certain speeds at which pitch coupling between axles results in a Significant increase in the damage incurred at particular points along the road. For the vehicle examined in this study. the coupling is provided by lightly damped pitching of the load levelling arrangement and the "critical" speeds are found to be approximately 9 m/s and 27 m/s .On smooth roads at high speeds, the increase in dynamic wheel loads with speed is outweighed by the decrease in road surface response. The net effect is a reduction in fatigue damage for speeds greater than 30 m/s.It is concluded that the dynamic component of wheel forces may reduce significantly the service lives of road surfaces which are prone to fatigue failure. In particular the damage done to approximately five percent of the road surface area during the passage ofa vehicle at typical highway speeds may be increased by as much as a factor of four.1. INTRODUCTIONIn recent years, considerable research effort has been concentrated on the measurement and prediction of dynamic wheel l oads. An equivalent effort has been concentrated on static analysis of road structures and their failure mechanisms. Very few investigators have examined the relationships between dynamic wheel loads of heavy vehicles and road surface deterioration. T h e primary aim of dynamic road loading legis l ation is minimisation of road surface damage so it is essential that these relationships be understo o d. Only then can road-damage-related vehicle suspension design controls be introduc e d.The aims of this article are to establish some road damage criteria and statistical analysis methods suitable for investigating these relationships and to perform a preliminary examination of the road damaging effects of the tyre forces generated by a simple representative semi-trailer vehicle model.2. CRITERIA FOR EVALUATION OF ROAD DAMAGE DUE TO DYNAMIC AXLE LOADS2.1 DYNAMIC FORCE CRITERIA USED BY PREVIOUS WORKERSThere is no apparent consensus of opinion in the literature regarding the most appropriate criteria for evaluating the road damaging effects of dynamic tyre forces. Manycharacteristics of these forces have been measured or calculated in previous studies (see (I) for a more detailed discussion of this literature):(1) Transfer functions between road roughness and tyre forces (2-5)(il) Spectral denSities (5-12)(ill) RMS values (o f ~n normalised by static axle loads) (5-10,12-15)(Iv) Fourth power weighted RMS values (6,10,14,15)(v) Transient values (due to discrete surface ir regularities) (3,4.11 ,16-20)(vi) Probability distributions {5.S,lO, 11,13.20)(vii} Percentage of road subjected to forces lying in given intervals (20)(,,'ill} Dynamic load sharing between linked axles (6,10.14)Ux) Longitudinal contact forces (2,11)(x) Ground motion near to road {due to surface waves) (17,19)(xi} Vertical subgrade pressure below a discrete surface irregularity (21).Very few workers have considered the relationships between fluctuating wheel loads and road surface damage. One notable exception is Savage (22) who postulated that cracking at the "downstream" end of concrete pavement slabs (near joints) is due to transient tensile stresses caused by the sudden release of load as an axle passes onto the next slab. The most important recent contribution was made by Sweatman UO.14) who used a hub-mounted wheel force transducer to measure the dynamic loads generated by one wheel on each of9 different (Australian) commercial vehicles. Tests were performed for a range of speeds. tyre pressures and road surfaces. Assuming that the wheel forces followed a Gaussian distribution and using the "fourth power law" 1 for road damage, he calculated the "road stress factor':244(163)s KP s s Φ=++ s =Dynamic load coefficient =/Ps σσ=Standard deviation of wheel loadPs =Mean axle loadK = ConstantSweatman defined the dynamic road stress factor by 4/s KP υ=Φand suggested that this factor should account for the damaging effects of the dynamic component of the wheel loads. For typical highway conditions of roughness and speed, this factor was found to vary between1.11 and 1.46, depending on the suspension system (10).Recognising the importance of the relatively few, very large wheel forces. Sweatrnan also calculated the stress factor associated with the 95th percentile forces:495(1 1.645)s Φ=+This factor was found to vary between 2.21 and 4.37 for the highway operating conditions of his experiment.Sweatman also examined the average dynamic load sharing between axles:LSc = Load Sharing Coefficient :2/nz Mg =n = number of axles in groupz= mean wheel forceMg = total axle group static load.Up to 21 % deviation from perfect load sharing (LSC=O.79) was displayed by one tandem suspension system but most suspensions deviated by less than 10%.Ervin et al (6) performed similar tests in the USA and obtained qualitative agreement with Sweatman's results .Two important factors have been overlooked by these studies:(1) The "fourth power law" used in Sweatman's analysis (l0,14) was developed on the basisof the static axle weights of the vehicles in the AASHO test (23). It refers to global deterioration of the road surface rather than local failure and so it cannot Simply be extended to the evaluation of dynamic wheel forces. Also the general validity of the "fourth power law" is questionable; this is discussed ID detail in (1).(2) Dynamic forces are applied to the road surface by all wheels of a vehicle. A point on the road surface along a wheel path will experience an impulse due to each passing wheel and the total damage done by the vehicle at that point will depend on the accumulated damage due to each wheel load. The peak loads (which inflict most damage) will result from specific road roughness features and therefore will occur repeatedly in the same general locations on the pavement (in the vicinity of the roughness feature) (6). It may be expected that road surface degradation caused by wheel loads would start at these locations. It is necessary therefore to examine the damage incurred at specific points along the road and it is of doubtful benefit to examine wheel force statistics such as peak or RMS values of a Single axle, or the average dynamic load sharing between axles.There is clearly a need for some criteria which relate dynamic forces to damage at particular points along the road surface. These criteria should take into consideration the mechanisms of failure of typical road structures.2.2 FAILURE MECHANISMS OF ROAD STRUCTURESRoad structures may be classified as flexible. composite or rigid. A flexible pavement consists of one or more layers of flexible (bituminous) material supported by a granular subgrade. Composite pavements consist of a flexible surface layer sup ported by a stiff (concrete) base and rigid road surfaces consist of a layer of concrete on a granular foundation. Rigid pavements may be further c lassified according to their arrangement of steel reinforcement and joints.Each of these road types has a number of charac teristic failure mechanisms. According to Rauhut, Roberts and Kennedy (24,25). the most important of these are:(i) Fatigue cracking for all types of pavements(ill Permanent deformation (longitudinal rutting) for flexible and composite pavements (ill) Reduced skid resistance for flexible and composite pavements(Iv) Low temperature cracking for flexible pave ments(VI Reflection cracking for composite pavements(vi) Faulting, spalling, low temperature and shrinkage cracking, blow ups. Punchouts and steel rupture for rigid pavements. depending on their structural category.Each failure mechanism is affected by many factors including the roadway design andconstruction methods. the material properties of each constituent layer (these are generally discontinuous, nonlinear and anisotropic). the traffic loading and the environmental conditions throughout the service life (25).2.3 FAILURE CRITERIA FOR FLEXIBLE PAVEMENT ANALYSISCurrent practice in many countries is to design flexible road structures for resistance to failure by fatigue and rutting {26). Elastic or viscoelastic layer theory or finite element methods are used to calculate stresses and strains in the road due to a static, standard wheel load (usually 40kN). The "fourth power law" is used frequently to estimatethe expected number of standard wheel loads (in mixed traffic) durl.ng the service life. Experimental fatigue and permanent deformation characteristics of the road materials (27) are used in conjunction with one or more of the following design criteria to determine pavement layer thicknesses.(iJ Rutting: Subgrade compressive stress or strain. vertical surface deflection(ti} Fatigue: Horizontal tensile stress or strain2 , volumetric strain., shear strain and shear stress.Although considerable research effort has been concentrated on prediction of pavement failure. agreement between theory and experiment is often unsatisfactory. There are numerous complicating factors including "healing" of bituminous materials in rest periods between load pulses (28.29), the distribution of wheel paths across the road (26.28)' extreme sensitivity of material properties to climatic conditions particularly temperature [26-28,30-32). inaccuracy of the "fourth power law", inadequacies of pavement structural models and the variable nature of the applied loads. Thrower (28) summarised thedif ficulties:'The conventional methods adopted to assess the risk of fatigue failure inflexible pavements are unsatisfactory in many respects; they are conceptually vague, the laboratory experimen tal data are inadequate to define an ap propriate criterion uniquely. and the mechanism of pavement fatigue failure postu lated is not adequately supported by road experience in Britain. In their basic form, the models generally yield. gross underestimates of the fatigue life of typical pavements .... "It is in this context of uncertain roadway design practice that criteria for evaluating dynamic wheel loads must be established.2.4 FOUR ROAD-DAMAGE-REJ..A.TED CRITERIA FOR ASSESSING DYNAMIC WHEEL LOADSIn order to quantify the effects of fluctuating wheel loads on pavement deterioration it is necessary to examine the accumulated damage due to all axles of a passing vehicle at specif1c points on the road surface. Loss of serviceability will be governed by a small proportion of locations at which large damage occurs.The procedure adopted in this study was to divide the road surface along each wheel path into a number of equal segments. The segments were sufficiently short to enable the resolution of peak forces at the highest frequency of interest. The accumulated damage at each station due to the passage of a vehicle was calculated by one of criteria described below.2.4.1. Aggregate Force CriterionLet the force applied by wheel j to station k on the road surface be Pjk. The AggregateForce at station k (Fk) is defined by1Naj Fk Pjk ==∑ k=1,2,3,….Na Na =umber of axlesNs =otal number of stations along wheel path.We expect {F'k} to be a Gaussian random variable, since the individual axle loads are Gaussian In practice (10,12). {Fk} should have a mean value equal to the gross vehicle weight and a variance dependent on the dynamics and speed of the vehicle, the coupling and spacing of its axles and the road roughness.2.4.2 Fatigue Weighted Stress CriterionAs a first approximation, we assume that the maximum damaging stress in the flexible surface layer of a road structure is proportional to the average compressive stress in the tyre contact area. Stress-related fatigue characteristics have been measured, underconditions of fluctuating force, for bituminous materials (33) and cement treated materials(34). Exponential relations of the form11i n N k σ-=have been reported (1k and 1n are mixed constants, i σ = stress amplitude, N = cycles to failure). III takes values between 2.5 and 8.1 for asphalts (33).Using Miner's hypothesis for the accumulation of fatigue damage (27-29), we may estimate a quan tity related to the proportion of the total fatigue life used at station k due to the passage of the vehicle:A point on the road is considered to have reached the end of its useful life when Lk reaches 100%.Typical values of 1k and 1n were obtained from (33} for bituminous concrete with 5.7%(by mass) asphalt binder.will be a random variable, however the ex ponential form of the fatigue relation (2}willresult in a skewed probability distribution which will no longer be Gaussian,The criteria discussed in the two preceding paragraphs grossly oversimplify the relationship between the applied loads and damage to the road structure. Using the method described in Section 3 it is possible to calculate the transient stresses, strains and deflections at a point in the road structure as a vehicle passes by. This method may be used to evaluate the stresses and strains needed for the more realistic road damage criteria described in the next two paragraphs.2.4.3 Tensile Strain Fatigue CriterionThe most popular criterion (cited in the road damage literature) for estimating the fatigue life of flexible pavements is the tensile strain at the bottom of the asphalt surface layer. Relations between the amplitude of applied tensile strain (et) and number of cycles to failure (N) of asphalt laboratory specimens have been shown to take the form (26-29,33,35)2k and 2n are mix constants 2n may vary between 1.9 and 5.5 (27.33,35) The mix parameters used in this study correspond to a typical UK rolled asphalt wearing course with 7.9% binder (by mass) (27).Followi.ng the same approach as in Section 2.4.2, we may estimate the proportion of the total fatigue life used at station k (lek) as a result of the strain history caused by the passing vehicle. In this case, however, the "bow wave" and "wake" which accompany a moving load on the road surface (6.15,30,32.36) result in three positive tensile strain peaks (i=1.2,3) associated with each wheel.where ijk N is given by (4) and et is calculated from a theoretical roadway model.2.4.4 Permanent Deformation CriterionAssuming that permanent deformation of the road surface is related to the magnitude of the applied loads we might anticipate some variation in rut depth along a road due to fluctuating wheel forces. In the calculations used in this study the subgrade compressive stress history O'ek at stations along the road was used to estimate the local increase in permanent deformation due to the passage of a vehicle.Majidzadch et al {37} showed that the permanent strain (ep) of asphalt specimens after N cycles may be estimated (for a wide range of asphalt mixes) from the applied stress (CJc) and the effective modulus (E") according toPeatiie (26) and Van de Loo (38) used ns = 1 thereby assuming that permanent strain isproportional to the average strain in the asphalt layer. The permanent deformation at station k on a layer of thickness d due to a single stress pulse of magnitude (J ejk may be estimated fromThe total increase in permanent deformation 1 at station k may be calculated according to2.5 STATISTICAL ANALYSISIn the previous section. it was noted that peak wheel forces and hence most roadway deterioration may be expected to occur in the vicinity of specific road roughness features. We may postulate that the road surface would become u:nserviceable when a small proportion of its total surface area (say 1% to 5%) became seriously damaged. The damage incurred at this small proportion of points during the passage of a particular vehicle may be determined from the cumulative probability density function of the road damage measure of interest. For example, 5% of the surface area of the road (along the wheel tracks) is subjected to aggregate force levels greater than the 95th percentile aggregate force.4. SIMULATION OF DYNAMIC AXLE LOADS4.1 VEHICLE MODELIt was desired to simulate, as realistically as possible in the time domain, dynamic wheel forces suitable for analysis using the road damage criteria discussed previously. In view of the importance of assumptions regarding suspension spring characteristics (1,12) it was considered necessary to use nonlinear models .A six-degrees-of-freedom two dimensional math ematical model of a linked tandem-axle semitrailer was developed (see Figure 5). Important features of the model are:Types:(i) Linear springs in parallel with light viscous dampers(it} Simple contact patch averaging for envelop ment of short wavelength road roughness (ill) Departure of wheels from the road surfaceSuspension(i) Four-leaf suspension system with nonlinear leaf spring elements connected by a "mass less" load leveller(it) Frictionless load leveller pivot(ill) Sprung mass modeled by a rigid 11 tonne mass (1/2 vehicle only)The equations of motion and numerical data for the vehicle model are provided in (l). The equations of motion were solved in the time domain by numerical integration according to the validated methods described in (1.52).4.2 ROAD SURFACE ROUGHNESSInputs to the vehicle model were the profiles of two typical random roads and a 12 mm step. The random road profiles had "good" and "very good" roughness spectral densities according to the two-index classification in (53). These will be known hereafter as profiles 1 and 2 respectively.The one-dimensional inverse FFT method described in (1,54) was used to generate station ary. Gaussian random sequences with the desired spectral densities.4.3 NATURAL MODES OF THE LINEARISED VEHICLE MODELPrior to the nonlinear time domain study, the mathematical vehicle model was linearised by replacing the nonlinear suspension and lyre elements with equivalent linear springs and dashpots (1,52).The method described in (1) was used to determine the natural frequencies, damping ratios and mode shapes. Table 1 describes the natural modes in the frequency range affecting the tyre forces. Two of the important mode shapes are sketched in Fig ure 6.5. SAMPLE RESULTSTime histories of the lyre forces generated by the trailer suspension model were calculated at a number of speeds (between 5 ml sand 40 ml s) on the three road profiles described in section 4.2. Each of the four criteria was used to evaluate the road damage at equally spaced stations along the wheel path. The station spacing was L'1x: = V 1100 m for the random profile tests and J:x = V /300 m for the step inputs (V = vehicle speed ml s).5.1 AGGREGATE FORCE CRITERIONThe aggregate forces {F'k} were calculated according to (1). The distribution of these forces for the vehicle traversing road profile No. 1 at a speed of 30 m/ s is shown in Figure 7(a}. The theoretical Gaussian ''bell-shaped'' curve with the same mean and standard deviation as the measured data is also shown. The aggregate forces match the nor mal distribution accurately. This is confirmed by the probability paper plot (Figure 7(b)) where the experimental results closely follow the theoretical straight line for Gaussian data.In accordance with section 2.5 the cumulative probability distribution was used to calculateth e 95th. 98th and 99th percentile aggregate force levels as a function of vehicle speed （Figure 8), Small peaks in each curve can be seen at speeds of 9 m/sand 27 m/ s. At these speeds, both unspring masses reach maximum force levels ID their 9.8 Hz antiphase bounce cycle (see Table l) at the same locations on the road surface I, In Figure 9. the aggregate forces for all three road profiles (Profiles 1 and 2. and 12 mm step) have been normalised by the gross vehicle weight. For the random profiles the 95th. 98th and 99th percentile aggregate forces are plotted. whereas for the step input tests, the largest peak value is plotted since it is considerably greater than the second largest peak (see Figure 10).Within the range of highway speeds some points along the road may be subjected to aggregate forces up to 50% greater than the gross vehicle weight, depending on the roughness of the surface and the speed of the vehicles.The peak values for the step response tests do not occur at the same speeds as for the random tests. This may be attributed to two factors:(i) The dynamic response of the vehicle largely depends on the time interval between each tyre encountering the step. At some speeds the vehicle response will "tune in" to thefrequency associated with this time interval(il) The aggregate force at a point depends on each axle load that passes by. As a result,the maximum aggregate force will not necessarily occur at the same location as the maximum force generated by either axle, especially in transient input tests.For this vehicle the combined effects of these factors results in the maximum aggregate force occurring approximately 1.5 m downstream of the step for speeds less than 22.5 m/s and on the edge of the step for V ~ 22.5 m/s (Figures 9 and 10). Other factors that complicate the prediction of "critical" speeds in the step response tests are the damping and nonlinearity of the tyres and the nonlinearity of the leaf springs.5.2 FATIGUE WEIGHTED STRESS CRITERIONThe fatigue weighted stress criterion [section 2,4.2) was used to determine the proportion of the service me used at the same points along the road as discussed in the previous paragraph, The dis tribution of fatigue life usage for the vehicle travell ing on road profile 1 at 30 m/ S is shown in Figure 1 L The fatigue law (2) skews the distribution so that it is no longer Gaussian,Figure 12 shows the upper percentile levels of fatigue life use for tests on the two random. Road profiles and the largest peak value for the step response tests. In this graph, the computed fatigue life usage has been normalised by the fatigue damage (life usage) incurred at a point during the passage of a slowly moving (non -dynamic) vehicle.Depending on the percentage of the road surface area considered in the analysis (the percentile level). The ratio of "dynamic" to "non-dynamic" fatigue damage may be in the range of 2-7 for normal highway conditions of speed and roughness. In other words, if (3} was a realistic damage criterion, a road designed with (3) using the static axle loads may be expected to fall in 1/2 - 1/7 of its design life, depending on the surface roughness and traffic conditions 1 •5.3 TENSILE STRAIN FATIGUE CRITERIONThe maximum tensile strain in the roadway beam model was calculated at stations spaced at 150 mm. intervals along the road, using the methods described in section 3. Strain time histories at each station along the road were determined (Fig ure 13), and (5) was used toc alculate the damage accumulation at each station. The probability distribution of this quantity is shown in Figure 14. Note the skewing of the distribution simi1ar to that for the fatigue weighted stress criterion (Figure 9). The upper percentile levels (random profile tests) and largest peak values (step Input tests) of the fatigue life usage have been normalised by the "non-dynamic" fatigue damage and plotted in Figure 15. This figure is similar to Figure 12 except that the accumulated damage levels decrease for speeds above 25 m! s (random profile tests].This is the result of two conflicting factors:(i) The dynamic force levels increase with speed in this frequency range (see Figure 9).(il) The deflections of the road beam (and hence longitudinal strains) decrease with the speed of the load (see Figure 16). This phenomenon is known as the "speed effect" (23,49,55) and is discussed in more detail in (l).In this example, factor (tl) outweighs (1) and the net road damage accumulation decreases slightly With vehicle speed above 25 m/ s. This is not the case for the step input tests where the dynamic force increase outweighs the effect of the road model response.Typical values of the ratio of dynamic to "non-dynamic" fatigue life use vary between 2 and 7 for typical conditions of highway roughness and speed.5.4 PERMANENT DEFORMATION CRITERION'The direct stress in the subgrade was calculated using the procedure described in section 3. The incremental permanent deformation was calcu1ated at stations along the road using (8}. The probability distribution is shown in Figure 17(a) and probability paper plot is shown m Figure 17(b) (30 m/s, Profile No. 1). The distribution is approximately Gaussian since the exponent in (7) is lose to unity. The upper percentile levels (random tests) and largest peak values (step response tests) are sh o wn in Figure 18. The values have been normalised by the"non-dynamic" permanent deformation. The results are similar to those obtained from the aggregate force calculation (Fig ure S} except for the increasing gradient at speeds greater than 25 rn! s. This can be attributed to the speed and frequency de p endence of the subgrade stress. The ordinates of Figure 18 are similar t o those of Figure 9 since in (7}. As a result, the permanent deformation at a point is closely related to the aggregate force.Typical v alues of the dynamic permanent deformation are up to 60% greater than the "non-dynamic" values for typical cond i tions of highway roughness and speed.。
专业英语基础~~~~~
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三、动名词(gerund) 动名词
动名词的动词性较强。当强调动作过程，概括地述说一 般行为，而非特定行为，因而时间性不强，即可用动名词。 例如上面的例句又可改为：。 Recovering distillates is also performed in the vacuum unit．
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四、不定式(infinitive) 不定式
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(1)派生词(derivation)
派生词的特点是根据已有的词加上某种前、后缀，或以词根生成、 或以构词成分形成新的词。 前缀的特点：加前缀构成的新词只改变词义，不改变词类。如： 前缀的特点 decontrol(取消控制)v. –de+control(control是动词) subsystem(分系统)n．-sub+system(system是名词) 另外，前缀有固定的意义。如： multi—表示“多”multiprogram多道程序 hyper—表示“超级”hypertext超文本 后缀的特点：加后缀构成的新词可能改变也可能不改变词义，但一定改 后缀的特点 变词类。所以我们可以从一个词的后缀判别它的词类。如： electricity n．-electic+ity(electric是形容词) liquidize v．-liquid+ize(1iquid是名词) 有些派生词加后缀后，语音或拼写可能发生变化。如： Simplicity—simple+icity propeller—propel+l+er
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•A．压缩和省略 ．
将某些太长、难拼难记、使用频繁的单词压缩成一个短小的单词， 或取其头部、或取其关键音节。如： flu＝influenza 流感 1ab＝laboratory 实验室 math＝mathematics 数学 iff＝if only if 当且仅当
专业英语
The pasturage that the sea, lakes, and streams afford to fish depends initially on the penetration of light into water., even as growth of grass on the open rage relies upon the sun. The “grass” of the waters is microscope plant life-diatoms and algae, collectively termed phytoplankton.
The beginning of the chain of life leading to fish production is generally in the bodies of the phytoplankton. They utilize energy and dissolved carbon dioxide to manufacture organic matter that eventually becomes food for fish. Besides providing energy for food production for all fishes, light is also know to trigger mechanisms of reproduction, growth, and many kinds of behavior, including that of feeding.
Fishes are the most numerous of the vertebrates, with estimates of around 20 000 recent species, although guesses range as high as 40 000. In contrast, it is commonly assumed that bird species number about 8600, mammals 4500 ( of which living man is only one), reptiles 6000, and amphibians 2500. Thus, not only are there many different fishes but they come in many different shapes and sizes. Included are pygmies such as the American percid least darter (Etheostoma microperca) matures sexually at a length of 27mm. And a dwarf pygmy goby (Eviota) of the Pacific which breeds at sizes less than 15mm. There are giants too, such as the whale shark (Rhincodon), which has been judged to attain lengths near 21m. And weights of 25 tons or more. Most fishes are torpedo-shaped, but some are round, others are flat, and still others are angular.
专业英语全文
Unit 1 BAUHAUSTo be a real veteran, start from the history of industrial design, and get ready to shou off at any time! 学说两句设计史话，立刻成为设计行家HistoryThe Bauhaus was founded in 1919 by an architect which sought to integrate art and economics, and to add an element of engineering to art. The Werkbund (德）工作联盟movement was unable to achieve this integration, but the founding of the Bauhaus saw the solution that had previously been overlooked. The Bauhaus was founded by the combining of the Weimar Art Academy（魏玛艺术学院）, and the Weimar Arts and Crafts School（魏玛工艺学校）. Students at this new school were trained by both an artist and a master craftsman, realizing the desires of Gropius to make "modern artists familiar with science and economics, that began to unite creative imagination with a practical knowledge of craftsmanship, and thus to develop a new sense of functional design." IdeologiesThe school had three aims at its inception that stayed basically the same throughout the life of the Bauhaus even though the direction of the school changed significantly and repeatedly. The first aim of the school was to "rescue all of the arts from the isolation in which each then found itself," to encourage the individual artisans and craftsmen to work cooperatively and combine all of their skills. Secondly, the school set out to elevate the status of crafts, chairs, lamps, teapots, etc., to the same level enjoyed by fine arts, painting, sculpting, etc.. The third aim was to maintain contact with the leaders of industry and craft in an attempt to eventually gain independence from government support by selling designs to industry.With these at its basis the Bauhaus began and influenced our lives immensely in ways that most people probably take for granted.Innovations and AchievementsSince the school tried to combine art with engineering and craftsmanship, innovation ran rampant through the Bauhaus resulting in a multitude of advances affecting the most basic aspects of life."Everyone sitting on a chair with a tubular steel frame, using an adjustable reading lamp, or living in a house partly or entirely constructed from prefabricated elements is benefiting from a revolution in design largely brought about by the Bauhaus; The practical innovations developed by the Bauhaus have profoundly effected designs favoured by industry as shown by the desks and chairs that fill offices, lobbies, and lounges across America, not to mention the portable classrooms that seem to be favoured today, delivered on trucks, propped up and bolted together and filled with those ubiquitous tubular steel and plastic chairs. The effects of the Bauhaus stretches beyond our furniture and light fixtures, into the realms of architecture, theater, and typography. where the designs and style of the Bauhaus are still spoken of today./~gflores/bauhaus/history.html2ICSID国际工业设计师联合会What is Industrial Design?Industrial Design is concerned with all the human aspects ofmachine-made products and their relationship to people and the environment. The designer is responsible for these products and their impact on society and nature. The designer accounts for the product's human factors engineering, safety, form, color, maintenance and cost. Industrial design deals with consumer products as well as industrial products. In order to achieve these ends, designers must be involved in four major design and research activities: human behavior, the human-machine interface, the environment, and the product itself. 为了达到这些目的，设计师必须投入到以下四项有关设计和研究的活动中去：人类行为学，人机界面学，环境学，以及产品本身的研究。
英语学习专业英语讲义PPT课件
2、从句在说明主句时有三种可能位置-前、后、中
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中间-嵌入句将主句分成两部分，造成阅读理解的困难。
This is not, of course, the case in human affairs, and the most that can be done is to seek for mathematical models which describe, however imperfectly as yet they are, the presumed behavior of the system or situation under investigation.
D: 缩略词 Laboratory: lab unidentified flying object: UFO Radio detection and ranging: radar Transistor 和receiver合成transceiver：收发机 Telecommunications satelite: TELESAT通信卫星 练习1：写出下列缩略词的中英文全称：PID、PLC、PLD、MOS、TTL、TS、
总结：
语法分析时：
1、找谓语，再找主语。汉语常略主语，而英语中是由主、谓
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科技英语翻译技巧（translating skills of scientific and technical English)
(完整版)英语基础知识.doc
英基知一：英的基本成分有七种：主、、表、、定、状和。
主：可以作主的有名（如boy），主格代（如 I,she，he,they,we,you），指示代（如 this）,不定式（如 to do sth），名（如 doing sth）和主从句。
The boy ishappy. She is friendly. Playing basketball is interesting.To go swimming with him is enjoyable. That he is ill is true. This is wrong. 1 ：由构成，是英、化的主角，一般在主之后。
1.不及物（ vi. ）没有，形成主构，如： We come.2.及物（ vt.）有，形成主构，如：They like Englih.3.系（系一般分两： be 是 , look,smell,taste,.feel.touch, keep,stay,seem等属一，表示情况； get, grow, become, turn,go,come,fall等属另一，表示化。
）后接表，构成主系表构，如：He is happy. The foodsmells delicious.: 可以作的有名（如 boy），格代（如 me,her,him,them,us,you），指示代（如 this）,不定式（如 to do sth），名（如 doing sth）和从句。
I don’tlike the boy. I want to finish the work. I like this.I think that he is happy. I like playing football. You win him.表 : 可以作表的有名（如 boy），不定式（如 to do sth），名（如 doing sth），介短（ He is in the classroom ），形容（如 good），方位副（如 The pen is here.）和表从句。
专业英语电子版教材
注意事项 (2)专业英语课程简介 ................................................................................................................ 错误！未定义书签。
Chapter 1 Matter and Measurement (2)1.1. Classification of Matter (3)1.2. Properties of Matter (3)1.3 Atoms, Molecules and Compounds (4)1.4. Numbers in Physical Quantities (5)1.5 Units of Measurement (8)1.6 The Dimensional Method (11)Word and sentence: (12)Chapter 2 Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry (13)2.1 Chemical Language (13)2.2 Nomenclature of Elements (14)2.3 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds (21)Chapter 3 Inorganic Chemistry (28)3.1 The Atomic Nature of Matter (28)3.2 Electronic Structure of Atoms (30)3.3 Periodicity of Atomic Properties (33)3.5 Molecular Geometry and Bonding Theories......................................................... 错误！未定义书签。
3.6 Chemical Reactions................................................................................................. 错误！未定义书签。
专业英语
Myocardial infarction is the medical term for a heart attack. 心肌梗死是心脏病的医学用语。
如果包装精美，我们就会认为里面装的也是好 东西。
Chapter 1: The Nature of Chemistry
In learning to play the piano, a student does not start with Rachmanioff’s Prelude in C# Minor. A music student must first learn to play scales, and then simple pieces. It is only after months or years of practice that an individual can play the music of the masters. So it is with chemistry.
. Literature: published writings in a particular style on a particular subject;
Chapter 1: The Nature of Chemistry
The following is a letter to a friend from John C. Bailar, Jr., who has been a member of the chemistry department faculty at the University of Illinois for 56 years.
专业英语资料
声音是由一个物体的震动而产生的。
物体将它的震动传播到它周围的空气中而产�生了空气压力波。
这些波通过空气传到我们的耳膜。
耳膜又将这些东西传播到我们的内耳, 随后内耳又将信号送到大脑, 而我们就将这种震动解释为声音, 这个过程的基本机制就是产生和检测所有声音的方法: 一个物体引起空气震动, 而另一个物体捕捉震动。
Sound is created by the vibration of an object .The object transmits its vibrations to the air sur- rounding it, creating waves of air pressure .These waves travel through the air to our eardrums .The eardrums transfer the vibration to our inner ear, which in turn sends signals to the brain, and we interpret the vibration as sound .This basic mechanism is the means by which all sounds are created and perceived;one object causes air to vibrate, and another object captures the vibration .声波有两个基本特性, 即: 在给定时间周期内波震动的次数(频率)及震动的强度(振幅)。
频率是直接与声音高低程度有关的而振幅与声音的音量相对应。
Sound waves have two basic characteristics: the number of times the wave vibrates in a given period of time (called frequency )and the strength of the vibrations (called amplitude ) .许多声音的测量都涉及了对数和其他指数的功能, 这是因为: 这些数能够表达使得我们的耳朵更容易检测到的数值的范围, 而且指数更接近反映在现实世界中声音作用的方式。
专业英语基础~~~~~共102页
21、没有人陪你走一辈子，所以你要 适应。 22、当眼泪流尽的时候，留下的应该 是坚强 。 23、要改变命运，首先改变自己。
24、勇气很有理由被当作人类德性之 首，因 为这种 德性保 证了所 有其余 的德性 。--温 斯顿． 丘吉尔 。 25、梯子的梯阶从来不是用来搁脚的 ，它只 是让人 们的脚 放上一 段时间 ，以便 让别一 只脚能 够再往 上登。
31、只有永远躺在泥坑里的人，才不会再掉进坑里。——黑格尔 32、希望的灯一旦熄灭，生活刹那间变成了一片黑暗。——普列姆昌德 33、希望是人生的乳母。——科策布 34、形成天才的决定因素应该是勤奋。——郭沫若 35、学到很多东西的诀窍，就是一下子不要学很多。——洛克
教育专业英语(近200页)
教育术语：autonomous institution 自主教育机构audio-visual aid 视听教具audio-visual equipment 视听器材audio-visual material 视听教材Audio-visual Resources Catalogue 视听教材目录Audio-visual Resources Library 视听教材借用处audio-visual room 视听室audio-visual service 视听教材服务audit visit 评审访问audio aid 听觉教具audiological assessment 听觉测验；听力测验audiological equipment 听觉器材audiological service 听觉服务at-risk group 易受引诱的学生attachment course 附属课程attainment 成绩attainment benchmark 成绩基准attainment level 学业水平；成就等级attainment target 学业目标attainment test 学业成绩测验attendance 上课；出席attendance order 入学令attendance register 点名册Attitudes and Values [teaching kit] 《性态度与价值观》〔教材套〕audio aid 听觉教具asymmetrical school 非平衡班级结构学校assessment criterion 评估准则assessment formula 评审算式assessment guideline 评估指引assessment instrument 评估工具assessment mechanism 评核机制assessment panel 评审小组Assessment Resources Bank 评估课业及成绩报告数据库assessment task 评估课业assessment test 评审考试apprenticeship 学徒训练approach 教学法；研习方式all-round education 均衡教育；通才教育；全面的教育alma mater 母校alternating training plan 交替训练计划alternative curriculum 并行课程aesthetic development 美育发展affective education 情意教育affiliated school 附属学校afternoon session 下午班after-school activity 课余活动age band 年龄范围age cohort 年龄分组age group 年龄组别age of entry 入学年龄age participation rate 适龄学生入读率Age Reckoner Guide 《计算学生年岁指南》age structure 年龄结构academic inclination 学术志趣academic planning 学术规划；教务规划ability grouping 按学生能力分组ability indicator 能力指标ability scale 能力量表absolute standard score 绝对标准分abstract of paper 论文摘要academic 学术界人士；学者academic ability 学习能力Academic Ability Assessment [AAA] 学习能力评估Academic Ability Assessment Project Board 学习能力评估专责小组academic accreditation 学术评审academic achievement 学业成绩academic aptitude 学习资质Academic Aptitude Test [AAT] 学能测验academic award 学术资格；学术名衔academic band 成绩组别Case study 个案研究 Basic knowledge 基础知识Basic skill基本技能Full-time educational programme 全日制教育计划Skilled worker 技术个人Semi-skilled worker 半技术个人School-leaver 毕业生、离校生 Comprehensive school 综合学校Specialized staff 专业教师Block release 离校学习、离岗学习V ocational qualification 职业资格Career education 生计教育Social skills 社交技能Life skills 生活技能School environment 学校环境Work experience 工作经验Actual experience 实际经验 Work-study programme 工读计划Co-operative education programme 合作教育计划Lower technician 初级技术个人Technical education 技术教育Final examination 期末考试Practical experience 实践经验Dual system 双元制The Ministry of Education/abor 教育部/劳动部L Physical education 体育Sandwich program三明治教育计划V ocational guidance 职业指导Job mobility岗位/职业流动Educational research 教育研究Cognitive/affective/psychomotor domain 认知/情感/动作技能领域Performance/behavioral objective 操作性/行为目标Evaluation technique 评价技术Information service 信息服务Tracer system of school-leaver 毕业生追踪制度Job analyses 工作分析Social status 社会地位Disadvantage group 弱势群体 Teacher training 教师培训Entrance level入学水平 College of advanced education 高等教育学院Teachers’ college 师范学院Infant teacher 幼儿教师Full-time course 全日制课程Part-time course 部分时间制课程Teacher-preparation 师资培养Home science 家政学Technical college 技术学院 Government/public/dependent school 公立学校Post-graduate degree硕士学位Bachelor of Education教育学学士 Pre-service training 职前培训 Monotechnical institution单一技术教育机构Concurrent programme双轨教育计划Student teacher师范生Non-government/private/independent school 私立学校Bachelor of Arts/Science 文学士/理学士Economic benefits经济效益Technological progress 技术进步Polytechnical college 多科技术学院V ocational course职业课程Tertiary eduction 高等教育Director of education 教育局长Principal of college 学院院长Teaching staff 教师队伍Educational facilities 教育设施Diploma student 大专学生University student 大学学生Senior staff 资深教师，老教师Social sciences 社会科学Humanity sciences人文科学 Diploma course文凭课程（大专课程）Well-qualified staff 优秀教师Academic standard 学术标准Tertiary non-university education 非大学实施的高等教育Bachelor Of Technology技术学士Bachelor Of Business 商学士Agricultural college 农学院Scientific principles 科学原则Specialist institutions专业性教育机构Academic stature 学术水平salary scale工资级别 academic status 学术地位Primary student（小学生） secondary-level student（中学生）secondary diploma student（中专生） diploma student（大专生）university student（大学生）postgraduate student（研究生）Diploma course/degree course（学位课程）Subject matter学科内容 College preparatory curriculum 大学预科课程Science curriculum理科课程 Premedical curriculum 医科大学预科课程Curriculum design课程设计Curriculum development 课程编制/开发Curriculum planning 课程规划Subject curriculum 学科课程Planned curriculum规划的课程Formal curriculum 正式课程Experienced curriculum 经验的课程/体验的课程Perceived curriculum 领悟的课程Instructional strategy 教学策略Curriculum objective 课程目标Learning situation 学习情境Learning process 学习过程Learning outcome 学习结果Competency-based education 能力本位教育V ocational education 职业教育Learning environment 学习环境K-12 programs 幼儿园至12年级教育计划subject –centered curriculum学科中心课程Open curriculum 开放课程Curriculum-program-course-subjectPrimary school（英国用法） elementary school（美国用法）Accountability model 奖惩性模式Merit pay 奖金Local education authority（LEA）地方教育当局Professional development model 专业发展模式Education innovation 教育改革 Headteacher 主任教员Pilot study 试点研究Appraisal cycle 评价周期Classroom observation课堂听课Appraisal statement 评价报告Even with the more sophisticated theories and processes now available，…即使现在有了更加深奥的理论和过程，我们仍然拒绝下列任何课程概念，即把教育局限于有组织的知识的领域范围之内，因为这种课程概念是不充分的。
英语专业的相关知识点
英语专业的相关知识点英语专业是一个涵盖广泛领域的学科，包括语言学、文学、翻译和跨文化交际等方面的知识。
下面将介绍英语专业的一些相关知识点，帮助读者了解这一学科的内容和重要性。
1.语言学：语言学是研究语言的科学，包括语音学、语法学、词汇学、语义学和语用学等方面的内容。
了解语言学的基本概念和理论是英语专业学生的基本要求。
通过学习语言学，学生可以深入了解英语的结构和语法规则。
2.文学：文学是英语专业的重要组成部分，包括英美文学、世界文学和文学理论等方面的内容。
学习文学可以帮助学生了解不同时期和不同地区的文学作品，并分析其中的文学风格和主题。
通过阅读文学作品，学生可以提高自己的阅读理解和文学鉴赏能力。
3.翻译：翻译是英语专业的一项重要技能，包括口译和笔译两种形式。
学习翻译可以帮助学生提高英语表达能力和跨文化交际能力。
翻译不仅要求准确传达原文的意思，还要考虑到文化差异和表达方式的转换。
4.跨文化交际：跨文化交际是英语专业的一个重要领域，涉及不同文化之间的交流和理解。
跨文化交际要求学生学会尊重和理解不同文化的差异，并具备解决跨文化交际问题的能力。
通过学习跨文化交际，学生可以更好地适应国际化的社会环境。
5.英语教育：英语专业还涉及到英语教育的内容，包括教学方法、教材设计和评估等方面。
学习英语教育可以帮助学生了解英语教学的基本原理和方法，为将来从事英语教育工作打下基础。
总结起来，英语专业涵盖了语言学、文学、翻译和跨文化交际等多个领域的知识。
通过学习这些知识，学生可以提高自己的语言能力、阅读理解能力和跨文化交际能力，为将来的职业发展做好准备。
英语专业基础英语综合教程1-基英复习资料整理1
Unit 1Ⅰ. Translation1.他为这次面试中可能被问到的问题做好了准备。
(confront)He has prepared answers to the questions that he expects to confront during the interview.2.他悲惨的遭遇深深打动了我们，使我们几乎要哭出声来。
(touch)His sad story touched us so deeply that we nearly cried.3.他们俩手挽着手沿着河边散步，有说有笑。
(hand in hand)The two of them are walking hand in hand along the riverbank, chatting and laughing.4.听到这令人激动的消息之后，他眼睛里涌出欢乐的泪水。
(well up)When he heard the exciting news, tears of joy welled up in his eyes.5.亨利和妻子正在考虑能不能在三年内买一幢新房子。
(look into)Henry and his wife are looking into the possibility of buying a new house within three years.6.上海人容易听懂苏州话，因为上海话和苏州话有许多共同之处。
(in common)People from Shanghai can understand Suzhou dialect with ease, for Shanghai dialect and Suzhou dialect have much in common.7.女儿再三请求到国外去深造，他最终让步了。
（give in to）He finally gave in to his daughter's repeated requests to further her education abroad.8.我们在动身去度假之前把所有的贵重物品都锁好了。