4 Lateral earth pressure
山东科技大学土木工程专业英语资料
一、英译汉1.strength and stiffness强度和刚度2.translate the theory into practice理论应用于实践3.load-carrying ability负荷能力，承载能力4.residual stress and distortion应力及变形5.yield strength and ultimate strength屈服强度和极限强度6.rectangular coordinate axes直角坐标轴7.load action and propagation mechanism机械荷载作用和传播8.dead loads and live loads恒载和活荷载9.stability criteria稳定性标准teral earth pressure侧向土压力二、汉译英1.弹塑性设计方法elastic-plastic design method2.应力-应变曲线stress-strain curve3.脆性破坏Brittle failure4.基础沉降basic sedimentation5.整体规划Overall planning6.平衡原理Balance principle7.水头Head8.抗剪力Shear resistance9.空间单元space element10.计算机辅助设计computer-aided design三、英语段落翻译1.Structural engineering is the most important specialization,it includes:positioning and arranging the various parts of the structure into a definite form to achieve best utilization；determining the forces that a structure must resist,its own weight,wind and hurricane forces,and temperature change that expand or contract construction materials,and earthquake.结构工程是最重要的一个专业，它包括：将结构的不同部分进行定位和布置，从而形成一个确定的形式以获得最好的利用；确定结构必须抵抗的力，结构的自重，风力和飓风力，使施工材料产生的膨胀和收缩的温度变化以及地震力。
土力学-土压力
5. 有地下水时土压力的计算
水土分算
q
1 1
按浮重度计算得 到的主动土压力
静水压
2 2 3 3
Hw
w Hw
（1）水土合算：采用饱和重度计算土压力。 适用于黏性土。
（2）水土分算：采用浮重度计算土压力，再计算水压力，并叠加。 适用于无黏性土。 • 问题：分算和合算，哪种算法得出的主动土压力较大？
（1）重力式挡土墙
墙顶 墙 后 土 压 力
衡重式挡土墙
墙
墙 前 面
墙 背
墙趾
墙 跟 (踵 )
（2）各类桩支护（柔性支护）
钢板桩
钢筋混凝土桩（基坑）
钢筋混凝土桩（边坡）
（3）加筋土挡墙和土钉墙
土 钉 面 板 拉筋 填土 基 坑
加筋土挡墙
土钉墙
3. 土压力与刚性挡墙位移的关系
（1） 刚性位移
形式：平动和转动。 方向：朝向土体和背离土体。
第七章 土压 力
一、概 述
1. 土压力的概念
土压力earth pressure：挡土结构背后土体的自重或外荷载在结构上 产生的侧向作用力。
2. 挡土结构的类型
刚性（重力式）：结构截面大，因此刚性大，故计算时可忽略其 自身变形，只考虑刚性位移（平动和转动）。土压力分布形式相对简 单。 柔性：结构自身变形较大，如各类桩、地下连续墙。因位移对 土压力有直接影响，故其土压力的分布形式较刚性挡土结构复杂。 锚拉型：通过在土中锚（埋）入土钉、拉筋等保证土体的稳定 性，如土钉墙、加筋土挡墙。其土压力分布形式更为复杂。
2
五、小 结
1. 两种土压理论的比较
（1）所针对的都是墙后土体均处于极限状态的土压力。
（2）Rankine土压理论通过土中一点的极限平衡方程得到土压力计算公式 ， 可得到土压力的分布形式。Coulomb理论通过滑动楔体的极限平衡方程得到土 压力计算公式，得到的是土压力合力。
土木工程英语证书考试(PEC)-地基基础常用词汇
土木工程英语证书（PEC）考试-地基基础常用词汇a under-reamed cast-in-situ pile 扩底灌注桩a weak underlying stratum 软弱下卧层active earth pressure 积极土压力adjacent excavation 相邻基坑adjacent pile 相邻桩allowable differential settlements 容许差异沉降allowable subsoil deformation 地基变形容许值allowable value 容许值anchor depth 锚固深度anchor force 锚固力anchor pile 锚桩anchor plate 锚垫板anchor rod 锚杆anchored retaining wall 锚杆挡墙angle of inclination/ inclination 倾角angle of internal friction of the soil 土旳内摩擦角angular gravel 角砾arc sliding surface method 圆弧滑动面法average additional pressure 平均附加压力average pressure 平均压力base failure 地基破坏base plate of mat foundation 筏基底板beams on elastic foundation 弹性地基梁block stone 块石bored pile 钻孔桩boring 钻孔boulders 漂石box foundation 箱型基础braced excavation 支撑开挖brick foundation 砖基础broken stone/crushed stone 碎石cantilever sheet pile wall 悬臂式板桩墙casing 套管casing filled with concrete 套管内灌混凝土cast-in-situ concrete pile foundation 混凝土灌注桩基础center pile 中心桩changing of ground water level 地下水位变化characteristic value 特性值check on compression 抗压验算check on shear strength 抗剪验算clay 粘土clearance space 净空coarse sand 粗纱cobble 卵石coefficient of additional stress 附加应力系数coefficient of compressibility 压缩系数coefficient of consolidation 固结系数coefficient of permeability 渗透系数cohesion force 粘聚力cohesive soil 粘性土combined foundation 联合基础compaction piles 压实桩compensated foundation 赔偿基础composite subgrade /composite foundation 复合地基concrete against infiltration 抗渗混凝土concrete foundation 混凝土基础cone foundation 锥形基础cone penetration test (CPT) 圆锥灌入试验connection beam 联络梁consolidation 固结consolidation curve 固结曲线consolidation test 固结试验consolidation theory 固结理论constant head 常水头contents of grains 颗粒含量corner pile 角桩corner point method 角点法correction factor for depth 深度修正系数counter-fort walls 扶壁式挡土墙cushion course 垫层deep basement 深层地下室deep excavation 深开挖deep-mixing pile 深层搅拌桩deformation compatibility 变形协调degree of saturation 饱和度depth of excavation 开挖深度design of wall against sliding 挡土墙抗滑设计diaphragm walls 地下持续墙difference in settlements 沉降差direct shear test 直剪试验drainage layer 排水层drainage of footing 基础排水drainage of wall 挡墙旳排水driven cast-in-place pile 沉管灌注桩driven pile 打入桩driving 打桩driving shoe 桩头/桩靴drop hammer 落锤dry density 干密度dry unit weight 干容重dynamic pile capacity 桩旳动承载力earth works 土方工程eccentric load 偏心荷载eccentrically loaded foundation 偏心受荷基础effective gravitational density 浮重度embedment depth 埋深end bearing piles 端承桩end resistance of a pile 桩端承载力excavation 开挖基坑excavation support structure 基坑维护构造excess pore water pressure 超空隙水压力external ground level 室外地面标高field vane test 现场十字板试验filled and leveled area 填方整平地区filled ground level 填土面标高filled soil 人工填土final settlement 最终沉降量fine sand 细纱flange of varying thickness 变厚度翼缘floating foundation 浮筏基础foundation 基础foundation base 基础底面foundation top 基础顶面foundation types 基础类型fraction 粒组含量friction piles / floating piles 摩擦桩general shear failure 整体剪切破坏geological conditions 地质条件gravitational density / gravity density 重度、重力密度gravity retaining walls 重力式挡土墙ground anchor 土锚/地锚ground beams 地梁ground surface 室外地面ground treatment 地基处理high socket foundation 高杯口基础high-rise pile cap 高桩承台H-pile H 型桩hydraulic gradient 水力梯度inclined anchor 斜锚杆inclined wall 倾斜式挡土墙initial ground water level 初始地下水位insertion depth 插入深度in-situ static loading test of a single pile 单桩静载荷试验internal ground level 室内地面标高jacked-down piles 静压桩laboratory vane test 室内十字板试验large diameter pile 大直径桩large displacement pile 大量挤土桩large-area storage loading 大面积堆载lateral earth pressure 侧向土压力lateral earth pressure at rest 侧向静止土压力laterite /red clay 红粘土layered soil 成层土lifting of piles 桩上拔lime concrete foundation 三合土基础lime-soil foundation 灰土基础liquid limit 液限liquidity index 液性指数loaded pile 受荷桩local shear failure 局部剪切破坏low pile cap 低桩承台main load-bearing layer 重要受力层mat slab 筏板medium sand 中砂method of beams and slabs on elastic foundation 弹性地基梁板法modulusof compressibility/constrained modulus 压缩模量Mohr's stress circle 摩尔应力圆moisture content of soil 土旳含水量muck 淤泥mucky soil 淤泥质土multi-layer summation method 分层总和法natural subsoil 天然地基negative skin friction 负摩阻力net pressure 净压力net water pressure 净水压力non-displacement pile 非挤土桩non-reinforced spread foundation 无筋扩展基础non-uniform soils 不均匀地基normally consolidated 正常固结offshore foundation 海岸基础optimum water content 最佳含水量order of driving 打桩次序overburden pressure 超载压力over-consolidated 超固结overturning of retaining wall 挡土墙旳倾覆pad foundation beneath columns 柱下独立基础partial tilting 局部倾斜particle shape 颗粒形状particle size 粒径passive earth pressure 被动土压力penetration depth 灌入深度penetration-resistant grade 抗渗等级per liner meter 每延米pile cap 承台pile defect 桩旳缺陷pile failure 桩破坏pile failure mode 桩旳破坏模式pile foundation 桩基础pile group 群桩pile point 桩尖pile shaft 桩身pile shaft strength 桩身强度pile space 桩距pile type 桩型plastic limit 塑限plasticity index 塑性指数plate load test 平板载荷试验pore pressure 空隙压力pore water pressure 空隙水压力porosity 空隙率pre-cast concrete pile foundation 混凝土预制桩基础preloaded foundation soils 预压地基primary consolidation 主固结primary settlement 初始沉降pull out resistance of footing at depth 深基础旳抗拔力pull out resistance of shallow footing 浅基础旳抗拔力punching 冲切punching failure 冲切破坏punching failure cone 冲切破坏锥体racked piles / raker piles/ batter piles 斜桩raft foundation/ mat foundation 筏基redriving of piles 桩复打reinforced earth 加劲土reinforced earth wall 加劲土墙retaining walls 挡土墙retraining structure 支挡构造rigid foundation 刚性基础risen pile 上抬旳桩rock 岩石rock anchor 岩锚rock discontinuity structure plan 岩体构造面rock-inlaid cast-in-situ pile 嵌岩灌注桩rounded gravel 圆砾rubble concrete foundation 毛石混凝土基础rubble foundation 毛石基础sample disturbance 土样扰动screw piles 螺旋桩secondary consolidation 次固结settlement 沉降，沉降量settlement observation 沉降观测settlement rate 沉降速率shallow foundation 浅基础shear key in sliding wall 抗滑墙上旳剪力键side of pile group 群桩旳周围silky clay 粉质粘土silky sand 粉沙silky soil 粉土single-story bent structures 单层排架构造skin friction of a pile 桩侧摩阻力skin area of piles 桩周面积slab foundation 平板式筏基sliding moment 滑动力矩sliding-resistant moment 抗滑力矩slip surface 滑动面slope 边坡slope angle 边坡坡角slope stability 边坡稳定性slurry excavation 泥浆开挖slurry trench pile 泥浆护壁类桩型slurry walls 泥浆持续墙small displacement pile 少许挤土桩socket base 杯底socket foundation 杯口基础socket wall 杯臂soft cohesive soil 软弱粘土soil aggregate gravelly soil 碎石土soil classification 土旳分类soil of high compressibility 高压缩性土soil of low compressibility 低压缩性土soil of medium compressibility 中压缩性土soil-compacting effect /soil-squeezing effect 挤土效应soil-rock composite subgrade 土岩组合地基solidier pile 直桩spread foundation 扩展基础stability of foundation 地基稳定性standard frost penetration (depth) 原则冻深standard penetration test (SPT) 原则灌入试验static water pressures 静止水压力steel sheet piles 钢板桩stepped foundation 阶梯型基础stiffened slab foundation 梁板式筏基stress increase 应力增量stress release 应力释放strip foundation beneath columns 柱下条形基础strip foundation beneath walls 墙下条形基础strip foundation with cross beams 交叉条形基础strip load 条形荷载struts critical depth 支撑临界深度subgrade 地基subgrade bearing capacity 地基承载力substratum 下卧层superstructure 上部构造surface-empty phenomena 脱空现象the bearing stratum 持力层depth of foundation for settlement calculation 地基沉降计算深度the medium weathered rock 中风化岩石the minimum reinforcement ratio 最小配筋率the peripheral length of the pile shaft 桩身周长the principle of stress superposition 应力叠加原理the report of engineering geological survey 工程地质勘查汇报the slightly weathered rock 微风化岩石the Winkler foundation model 文可勒地基模型three-pile cap 三桩承台thrust due to land slide 滑坡推力tilting 倾斜toe of retaining wall 挡土墙趾triaxial test 三轴试验ultimate load of pile group 群桩极限荷载unconfined compression test 无侧限压缩试验undrained shear strength 不排水抗剪强度uniaxial compression 单轴压缩unit weight of soil 土旳容重vertical bearing capacity of a pile 单桩竖向承载力void ratio/ porosity ratio 空隙比water saturation 水饱和weighted average gravitational density 加权平均重度width-height ratio of step 台阶高宽比。
(建筑工程考试)PEC土木工程英语证书考试地基基础常用词汇精编
平均附加压力
averagepressure
平均压力
basefailure
地基破坏
baseplateofmatfoundation
筏基底板
beamsonelasticfoundation
弹性地基梁
blockstone
块石
boredpile
钻孔桩
boring
次固结
settlement
沉降，沉降量
settlementobservation
沉降观测
settlementrate
沉降速率
shallowfoundation
浅基础
shearkeyinslidingwall
抗渗混凝土
concretefoundation
混凝土基础
conefoundation
锥形基础
conepenetrationtest(CPT)
圆锥灌入试验
connectionbeam
联系梁
consolidation
固结
consolidationcurve
固结曲线
consolidationtest
固结试验
浅基础的抗拔力
punching
冲切
punchingfailure
冲切破坏
punchingfailurecone
冲切破坏锥体
rackedpiles/rakerpiles/batterpiles
斜桩
raftfoundation/matfoundation
筏基
redrivingofpiles
桩复打
reinforcedearth
地基处理
香港理工大学殷建华老师之PPT
54
55
56
57
Revised approach can be used for cohesive soil with c’ and f’ – how?
F M
h
0
at O
'
c1' f1'
0
1sat
For two unk nowns: F ? D?
' c2 f 2'
2 sat
Essential References: (1) Das, Braja M. (2007). Principles of Foundation Engineering (6th edition), Thomson, United States (ISBN 0-534-40752-8)
2
Lecture 6: Sheet Pile Walls (Chapter 6-Das) 板樁墻
深基坑开挖与支护设计
殷建华
The Department of Civil & Structural Engineering The Hong Kong Polytechnic University, Hong Kong, China
1
Outline of Lectures by JH YIN:
Lecture 1: Subsoil Exploration (Chapter 2-Das) Lecture 2: Shallow Foundations (Chapter 3-Das) Lecture 3: Mat Foundations (Chapter 4-Das) Lecture 4: Lateral Earth Pressure and Retaining Walls (Chapter 5-Das) Lecture 5: Sheet Pile Walls (Chapter 6-Das) Lecture 6: Braced Cuts (Chapter 7-Das) Lecture 7: Pile Foundations (Chapter 8-Das) Lecture 8: Soil Improvement and Ground Modification (Chapter 11Das plus others)
土力学挡土墙英文教材
Geotechnics 3: Retaining wall design
3
Example 11: Passive earth pressure calculation with water table A 6 m high smooth vertical retaining wall with horizontal backfill and water behind to a level 1 m below top of the wall is shown. Determine the equivalent force (per metre run) in the passive state and the lines of action if the soil properties are: = 16 kN/m3 above water table; 18 kN/m3 below water table; c = 0 kN/m2; = 36
Geotechnics 3: Retaining wall design
1
WATER EFFECTS Earth pressures with water trapped behind wall So far we have been dealing with vertical and horizontal stresses and have conveniently overlooked whether they were total or effective. Strictly they have all been effective stresses but since we have been dealing with a dry backfill, the distinction is meaningless. Total and effective stresses are equal. With water present, the distinction becomes important and we must be more rigorous about terms and notation. We will see how a water table affects lateral earth pressure and why it is so important to ensure adequate drainage behind the wall. In essence, the analysis is little changed. We apply the earth pressure coefficient to the vertical stress remembering that it is the vertical effective stress that drives the soil-related horizontal stress. However, we must account for the pressure due to the water. Remember that water can support no shear stress; the pressure is hydrostatic hence the horizontal stress is equivalent to the vertical stress. [What is the angle of shearing resistance of water? What would the lateral pressure coefficient be?] Consider the wall in Example 1, and the active pressure with water behind the wall, 1 m below the top of the wall (Example 10 below) and the corresponding passive pressure (Example 2 reworked as Example 11).
管道结构专业术语-中英文对照
管道结构专业术语（中英文对照）Aabove-ground conduit (pipeline)地上管道 2.0.4accessible duct通行地沟 2.0.30acrylonitrile butadiene stryene pipe (ABS)ABS工程塑料管 3.1.22 active earth pressure 主动土压力 4.2.12adaptor slab井筒盖板6.3.5aerial crossing structure跨越结构 4.4.23air-tight test气密性试验7.0.30anchor固定墩 2.0.50arriving shaft终端工作坑7.0.16asbestos-ciment pipe(ACP)石棉水泥管 3.1.15Bbackfill回填土7.0.23bearing pressure distribution diagram地基反力图形 4.4.15bedding angle基础(座)中心角 4.4.7bend弯管 6.1.2bending test弯曲试验 4.3.15beveled pipe斜口管 3.2.13Boussinecq pressure bulb布氏压力图形 4.4.16box (rectangular) conduit矩形管道 3.2.2breadth of conduit 管道宽度 4.1.2breadth of trench槽宽 4.4.11buried conduit (pepeline)埋地管道 2.0.3butt and strap joint抹带接头 5.1.16Ccable duct电缆沟2.0.29cap盖堵 6.1.8cast in place collar joint现浇套环接头 5.1.20cast in place joint现浇接头(缝) 5.1.30cast-in-place (situ) conduit现浇管道 3.2.16cast iron pipe (CIP)铸铁管 3.1.3caulking填料、捻缝 5.1.23cement mortar lining水泥砂浆内衬7.0.31cement mortat with steel mesh strap joint抹带接头 5.1.17centrifugal process离心法 3.3.1chamber井室、检查室 6.3.2chemically prestressed concrete pipe自应力混凝土管3.1.11circular conduit园形管道 3.2.1coating 涂层 2.0.45coefficient of vertical earth pressure竖向土压力系数 4.2.9collar type joint套管(筒)式接头 5.1.5combined drainage conduit (pipeline)合流管道 2.0.15combined duct综合管道、共同沟 2.0.32compaction around the pipe with relatively untamped above thetop of pipe中松侧实法7.0.25compaction the two sides of pipe胸腔夯实7.0.24compansator补偿器 6.2.1composite crossing组合跨越 4.4.26composit pope复合管 3.1.26concrete cradle混凝土管基(管座) 4.4.10concrete pipe (CP)混凝土管 3.1.8conduit管道 2.0.1conduit section管道截面 4.1.1continuous casting process连续浇铸法 3.3.2cooling water popeline冷却水管道 2.0.21core vibrated casting process芯模震捣法 3.3.7core winding process管芯缠丝法 3.3.10corrosion prevetive of pipes管道防腐 2.0.51corrugated pipe波纹管 3.2.7corpling of borsing卡箍式管接头 6.2.6coverslab井筒盖板 6.3.5crack wodth calculation裂度宽度验算 4.4.6cracking load under tbree-edge bearing test裂缝荷载 4.3.3crown顶点4.1.12culrert涵洞 2.0.17DD—load D荷载法 4.4.19dead’load on conduit (pipeline)管道恒荷载 4.2.2design pressure设计压力 4.2.22detachable type joint活接头5.1.7dewatering降水7.0.11distribution of elastic reaction弹性反力图形 4.4.18double junction四通 6.1.5down pipe雨落管 2.0.20down spout雨落管 2.0.20duck foot肘管管托 5.2.5duck管道 2.0.1ductile cast iron pipe(DIP)可延性铸铁管 3.1.6dynamic water pressure动水作用力 4.2.25Eearth cover (heightofsoil)overconduit覆土高度 4.4.12earth pressure at rest静止土压力 4.2.13earth pressure on embankment conduit上埋式土压力 4.2.7earth pressure on trench conduit沟埋式土压力 4.2.6earth pressure under soil arch土拱压力 4.2.8effective length of pipe管有效长度 4.1.5elastic installation pipeline method 弹性敷管法7.0.8elastic reaction of soil土的弹性抗力4.2.15elbow弯头6.1.3electrical conduits电工套管 2.0.33elliptical conduit椭园形管道3.2.5embedded type PCCP(PCCP-E)埋置式预应力钢筒混凝土管 3.1.14 embedded-cylinder pipe (ECP)埋置式预应力钢筒混凝土管 3.1.14 expansion bellows波纹补偿器 6.2.7expansion bend弯管补偿器 6.2.2expansion joint伸缩接头 5.1.3expansion joint伸缩节 6.2.3expansion loop弯管补偿器 6.2.2exterior prism管侧土柱 4.2.11Ffiberglass reinforced pipe(FRP)玻璃纤维管 3.1.23filament winding process纤维缠绕法 3.3.11finely divided solid transmission pipeline细颗粒固体输送管道 2.0.27rixed support固定管托、固定支座 5.2.4rixed trestle固定支架 4.4.27flange法兰 6.1.7flanged joint法兰接头 5.1.11flat subgrade素土平基 4.4.8flattening test压偏试验、偏平试验 4.3.8flexible joint柔性接头5.1.2flexble pipe 柔性管2.0.42flexible rubber expansion joint可曲挠橡胶接头 6.2.8flexible trestle柔性支架 4.4.29flexural stiffness ratio刚柔比 4.3.7four-point loading test四点法荷载试验 4.3.13free-flow conduit (pipeline)自流管道 2.0.36fusion joint热溶接头 5.1.9Ggas transmission pipeline输气管道 2.0.23gasket ring密封圈 5.1.22glass fibre reinforced plastics pipe (GRP)玻璃纤维增强热固性塑料管 3.1.23 gravity-flow conduit (pipeline)重力流管道 2.0.36gray cast iron pipe (CIP)灰口铸铁管 3.1.4gully gratings and frames雨水篦 6.3.20gully trap雨水井 6.3.9Hhanger 吊杆 6.2.9haunches under pipe管下腋角7.0.21beaped load堆积荷载 4.2.19heat-supply pipeline供热管道 2.0.24heating pipeline采暖管道 2.0.25height of conduit管道高度 4.1.3horizontal earth pressure水平土压力 4.2.5horseshoe conduit马蹄形管道 3.2.3hydrostatic pressure静水压力 4.2.24hydrostatic proof test水压检验试验 4.3.11impact factor动力系数 4.2.18impact test冲击试验 4.3.9industrial pipeline工业管道 2.0.9inner sleeve joint内套环接头 5.1.19inside diameter内径 4.1.8inspection chamber检查井 6.3.1interior prism管上土柱 4.2.10intermediate jacking station中继间7.0.17invert底点 4.1.13Jjacking pressrue顶力7.0.20joint angular deflection接头角位移 5.1.24joint axial deformation接头轴向位移 5.1.26joint deflection test接头角位移试验 5.1.25joint packing接头密封料 5.1.21ioint sealant接头密封料 5.1.21joint straight draw test接头拉伸试验 5.1.27Llag factor滞后系数 4.4.20lateral earth presure侧向土压力 4.2.5leading pipe导管7.0.18leak test严密性试验7.0.29lined type PCCP(PCCP-L)内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管 3.1.13lined-cylinder pipe (LCP)内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管 3.1.13liner内衬 2.0.44live load on conduit(pipeline)管道活荷载 4.2.3load on conduit (pipeline)管道荷载 4.2.1loading distribution diagram荷载分布图形 4.4.14longitudinal calculation纵向计算 4.4.2Mmanhole 检查井 6.3.1manhole cover and flames检查井盖 6.3.6manhole steps踏步 6.3.7max.temperature difference between costruction and operation 闭合温差7.0.26 mean diameter 平均直径4.1.10mechanical joint 机械接头5.1.15mixed structure conduit混合结构管道 3.1.27Nnatural (original) ground surface原状(始)地面7.0.9natural soil原状土7.0.10new austrian tunnelling method新奥法7.0.5nodular cast iron pipe球墨铸铁管 3.1.6non-pressure conduit (pipeline)无压管道 2.0.34norminal diameter (DN)公称直径 4.1.7Ooffset乙字管 6.1.6olander’s bulb form distribution奥兰特分布图形 4.4.17oriented (guiding) trestle导向支架 4.4.31outlet sleeve joint套环接头 5.1.18outlet出水口 6.3.11outside diameter外径 4.1.9oval conduit椭园形管道 3.2.5over excavation超挖7.0.13overhead prpeline架空管道 2.0.7ovoid conduit卵形管道 3.2.6Ppartial fixed trestle半固定支架 4.4.30passive earth pressure被动土压力 4.2.14petroleum transmission pipeline输油管道 2.0.22pipe accesory管道附件 2.0.48pipe bridge管桥 2.0.8pipe casing slip joint套筒式伸缩器 6.2.5pipe clip管卡、管箍 6.2.11pipe crossing管道跨越 4.4.24pipe diameter管直径 4.1.6pipe duct管沟 2.0.28pipe fitting管件 2.0.47pipe in pipe双层管 3.2.11pipe jacking method顶管法7.0.3pipe length管长 4.1.4pipe roofing method管棚法7.0.6pipe support管托、管道支座 5.2.1pipeline 管道 2.0.1pipeline (conduit) structure管道结构 2.0.2pipeline (aerial (over) crossing管道跨越 2.0.38pipeline appurtenance管道附属构筑物 2.0.49pipeline for waste water (sewerage) in builking建筑排水管道 2.0.19 pipeline for water supply in building建筑给水管道 2.0.18pipeline joint管道接头 2.0.46pipeline pier管道支礅 2.0.40pipeline trestle管道支架 2.0.39pipeline under crossing管道穿越 2.0.37plastic sandwich 发泡塑料管 3.2.9polybutylene pipe (PB)聚丁烯塑料管 3.1.20polyethylene pipe (PE)聚乙烯塑料管 3.1.18polypropylene pipe (PP)聚丙烯塑料管 3.1.19precast fabricated conduit预制装配管道 3.2.17pressure class压力等级 4.3.10pressure conduit压力管道 2.0.35prestressed concrete cylinder pipe (PCCP)预应力钢筒混凝土管 3.1.12 prestressed concrete pipe (PCP)预应力混凝土管 3.1.10profile (ribbed) wall plastic pipe异型(肋型)塑料管 3.2.8protective cased pipe保护套管 3.2.10push-on type joint插入式接头 5.1.4Rrare earth cast iron pipe稀土铸铁管 3.1.5reducer反力墙7.0.19rebated pipe企口管3.2.15reception pit接收工作坑7.0.16red mud plastic anti-weather pipe红泥聚氯乙烯耐候塑料管 3.1.21 reducer 异径管、渐缩管 6.1.1reducerslab 缩颈盖板 6.3.4reinforced concrete pipe (RCP)钢筋混凝土管 3.1.9reinforced plastic mortar pipe (RPMP)增强塑料砂浆管 3.1.25 reinforced thermosetting resin pipe (RTRP)增强热固性树脂管 3.1.24 rigid joint刚性接头 5.1.1rigid pipe刚性管 2.0.41rigid trestle刚性支架 4.4.28rise lf arch conduit拱沟矢高 4.1.15road (street) gully雨水口 6.3.8roller support滚动管托、滚动支座 5.2.3roller suspension process悬辊法 3.3.4sand box casting process砂型浇铸法 3.3.3sealing gasket密封圈 5.1.22self-anchoring joint自锚式接头 5.1.6self-prestressed concrete pipe自应力混凝土管 3.1.11semi-elliptical conduit半椭园形管道 3.2.4simi-flsxible pipe半柔性管 2.0.43semi-rigid pipe半刚性管 2.0.43separate foundation分离式基础 4.4.22serviceebility pressure工作压力 4.2.21sewge conduit (pipeline)污水管道 2.0.16shaft井筒 6.3.3shaped by injection注模成型法 3.3.13shaped by injection molding挤出成型法 3.3.12shapped subgrade土弧基础 4.4.9shield tunnelling method盾构法7.0.4single junction三通 6.1.4sinking pipeline method沉管法施工7.0.7site load施工荷载 4.2.20site pressure test现场水压试验7.0.28sleeve connection杯口连接 5.1.29sleeve expansion joint松套伸缩接头 6.2.4sleeve joint套管(筒)式接头 5.1.5slider support滑动管托、滑动支座 5.2.2slip-on coupling活箍 5.1.7socket (bell) and spigot joint承插式接头 5.1.13 socket pipe承口管 3.2.14soil improvement地基处理7.0.14soil treatment地基处理7.0.14solvent cement joint粘接接头 5.1.10splayed emd pipe斜口管 3.2.13apreading angle 分布角 4.4.13apring hanger弹簧吊杆 6.2.10apring line侧点 4.1.14stability clculation稳定验算 4.4.4stainles ssteel pipe 不锈钢管 3.1.2starting shaft起始工作坑7.0.15steel pipe钢管 3.1.1stiffness calculation刚度验算 4.4.5stiffness calss刚度等级 4.3.5stiffness ring刚性环 4.4.21stiffness test刚度试验 4.3.6storm sewer conduit雨水管道 2.0.14straight butt (plain) end pipe平口管 3.1.12strength calculation强度计算 4.4.3structural crossing结构跨越 4.4.25subaqueous pipeline水下管道 2.0.5submaine pipeline海底管道 2.0.6submerged pipeline水下管道 2.0.5support feet肘管管托 5.2.5srucharge load堆积荷载 4.2.19surface laver涂层 2.0.45surge pressure test波动压力 4.2.23sustained pressure test持续压力试验 4.3.12Ttable vibrated casting process振动台震捣法 3.3.8 tbermal insulation of popes管道隔热、管道保温 2.0.52 thickness of conduit sturcture管道结构厚度 4.1.16thickness of pope wall管壁厚 4.1.11threaded joint螺纹接头 5.1.12three-edge bearing test三支承法试验 4.3.1three-point loading test三点法荷载试验 4.3.14thrust blocks 止推墩 2.0.50thrust pit顶进工作坑7.0.15thrust wall止推墙7.0.19tongue and guoove joint企口式接头 5.1.14tongue and groove pipe企口管 3.2.15traffic load车辆荷载 4.2.16transversal calculation横向计算 4.4.1trench depth槽深7.0.12trench depth开槽施工、沟槽敷设7.0.1trenchless installation不开槽施工7.0.2tunnelling method installation隧道法敷设7.0.2two-edge bearing test双支承法试验 4.3.2tyre pressure轮压 4.2.17Uultimate lead under three-edge bearing test破坏荷载 4.3.4unannealed nodular (ductile) cast iron pipe铸态球墨铸铁管 3.1.7 unbacdfilled trench末回填沟槽7.0.22under-ground conduit (pipeline)地下管道 2.0.3undisturbed earth未扰动土7.0.10unpassable duct不通行地沟 2.0.31unplasticised polyvinyl chloride pipe (UPVC管)硬聚氯乙烯塑料管 3.1.17 Vvacuum pressure真空压力 4.2.26ventilating duct通风管道 2.0.26vertical compressed casting process径向挤压法、立式挤压法 3.3.5 verticcal earth pressure坚向土压力、垂直土压力 4.2.4vertical vibrated casting process立式振捣法 3.3.6vitified clay pope陶土管 3.1.16Wwall pope chase穿墙套管 5.1.28water distribution pipeline配水管道 2.0.12water removal排水7.0.11water supply conduit (pipeline)给水管道 2.0.10water tight test闭(灌)水实验7.0.27water transmission conduit (pipeline)输水管道 2.0.11welding joint焊接接头 5.1.8wheel pressure轮压 4.2.17wlrking pressure工作压力 4.2.21works hydrostatic test水压检验试验 4.3.11管道基本术语（中英文对照）2.0.1 管道 conduit,pipeline,duct用以输送液体?气（汽）体,细颗粒固体等介质或用以安装输水?输气（汽）?供热等管道?电缆等设施的任意长度的封闭通道的统称?2.0.2 管道结构pipeline （conduit）structure输送各种介质或安装管道?电缆等各种设施用的封闭通道及其附属设施（管道附件及附属构筑物）构成的空心体结构的统称?2.0.3 埋地管道?地下管道buried conduit （pipeline）under-ground conduit （pipeline）敷设在天然或人工回填地面以下或周围覆盖有一定厚度土体的管道?2.0.4 地上管道above-ground conduit （pipeline）指直接敷设在地面上或地面支礅上的管道?2.0.5 水下管道submerged pipeline,subapueous pipeline指敷设在水面以下水体中或水底土体中的管道?2.0.6 海底管道submarine pipeline指敷设在海面以下海水中或海底的管道?2.0.7 架空管道overhead pipeline指架设在地面以上的管道,由跨越结构和支承结构（支架?托架等）两部分组成?2.0.8 管桥pipe bridge管道以桥梁形式跨越河道?湖泊?海域?铁路?公路?山谷等天然或人工障碍专用的构筑物?2.0.9 工业管道industrial pipeline通常指工矿企业装置之间管道系统并受到生产中各种输送介质或益出物侵蚀的管道?2.0.10 给水管道water supply conduit （pipeline）输送原水或成品水管道的统称?2.0.11 输水管道water transmission conduit （pipeline）一般指输送原水的有一定长度的管道?2.0.12 配水管道water distribution pipeline一般输送成品水的管道?2.0.13 排水管道sewer conduit （pipeline）输送城镇雨?污水或农田排水的管道的统称?2.0.14 雨水管道storm sewer conduit （pipeline）一般指输送城镇截流雨水的管道?2.0.15 合流管道combined drainage conduit （pipeline）一般指输送城镇截流雨水?生活污水?工业废水等合流排放的管道?2.0.16 污水管道sewage conduit （pipeline）一般指输送经过处理或未经处理的城镇或工矿企业的生活污水或工业废水的管道?2.0.17 涵洞culvert为宣泄地面水流而设置的穿越路堤或河堤的排水管道构筑物的统称,一般由洞身管道结构和进出水洞口构筑物组成?有管涵?拱涵?箱涵?盖板涵等涵洞结构类型?2.0.18 建筑给水管道pipeline for water supply in building用于工业与民用建筑物内部明设或暗设的给水管道的统称?2.0.19 建筑排水管道pipeline for waste water （sewerage）in building用于工业与民用建筑物内部明设或暗设的排放生活污水?工业废水管道的统称?2.0.20 雨落管down pipe?down spout指将建筑物屋顶或平台上的雨水引到地下排水管道或其他处理手段的安装在室内?外的竖向排水管道,有圆形和矩形等截面形式?2.0.21 冷却水管道cooling water pipeline冷却物质与冷却装置之间输送未经冷却和经过冷却的水的管道及其附属设施的统称?2.0.22 输油管道petroleum transmission pipeline由生产?储存等供油设施向用户输送原油或成品油的管道及其附属设施的统称?2.0.23 输气管道gas transmission pipeline由生产?储存等供气设施向用户输送天然气?煤气等燃气的管道及其附属设施的统称?2.0.24 供热管道heat-supply pipeline由热电厂?锅炉房等热原向用户输送供热介质的管道及其附属设施的统称?有地上敷设?地下敷设?管沟敷设?直埋敷设等敷设方式?2.0.25 采暖管道heating pipeline建筑物采暖用的由热源或供热装置到散热设备之间输送供热介质的管道及其附件的统称?2.0.26 通风管道ventilating duct输送空气和空气混合物的管道及其附件的统称?有架空敷设和地下敷设等敷设方式?2.0.27 细颗粒固体输送管道finely divided solid transmission pipeline以高压气体或液体为载体输送煤粉?粉煤灰?水泥等级颗粒固体管道的统称?以水为载体的亦称《浆体管》?2.0.28 管沟pipe duct用以敷设和更换输送水-气（汽）等管道设施的地下管道,也是被敷设管道设施的围护结构? 敷设输送供热介质管道的俗称《暖气沟》,有矩形?圆形?拱形等管道结构形式?2.0.29 电缆沟cable duct用以敷设和更换电力或电讯电缆设施的地下管道,也是被敷设电缆设施的围护结构,有矩形?圆形?拱形等管道结构形式?2.0.30 通行地沟accessible duct人可以在其中通行和进行检查维修等工作的管沟?电缆沟等地下管道的统称?人可以直立通行的称通行地沟（walkway duct）;人必须弯腰通行的称半通行地沟（crawl duct）? 2.0.31 不通行地沟unpassable duct截面仅能满足敷设管道或电缆的最小净空尺寸要求,人不能进入的地下管沟?2.0.32 综合管道?共同沟combined duct在截面内敷设水?气（汽）管道?电缆等输送两种以上不同用途设施的通行地沟的统称? 2.0.33 电工套管electrical conduits用于保护并保障建筑物（构筑物）内部和室外埋地?架空电气线路系统中穿入与更换电讯或电力电缆的管道的统称?有平滑套管?波绞套管?绝缘套管?阻燃和非阻燃等各种不同材质及性能的类型?2.0.34 无压管道non-pressure conduit （pipeline）指输送的液体是在其自重重力作用下运行的管道,且其管内液体的最高运行液面不超过管道截面内顶?2.0.35 压力管道pressure conduit （pipelinne）指输送的液体?气体等介质是在加压的状态下运行的管道的统称,一般以大气压力表示?根据不同介质及其相应的工作压力的要求,可分为低压?中压?高压等不同压力等级的管道?2.0.36 自流管道?重力流管道free-flow conduit （pipeline）gravity-flow conduit （pipeline）指输送的液体是在其自重重力作用下运行的管道,其运行最高水头不超过管道截面内顶者为无压管道;其运行最高水头超过管道截面内顶者为有压管道?2.0.37 管道穿越pipeline under crossing管道从河流?铁路?公路?建筑物等天然或人工障碍物底部通过的一种方式?2.0.38 管道跨越pipeline aerial （over）crossing管道从河流?山谷?铁路?公路等天然或人工障碍物上方通过的一种方式?2.0.39 管道支架pipeline trestle支承架空管道用的排架或框架结构,一般由支承柱?帽梁和横梁等杆件组成?2.0.40 管道支礅pipeline pier支承架空管道用的实体承重结构,一般用砖?块石或混凝土等制筑?2.0.41 刚性管rigid pipe主要依靠管体材料强度支承外力的圆管,在外荷载作用下其变形很小,管子的失效是由于管壁强度的控制?2.0.42 柔性管flexibe pipe在外荷载作用下变形显著的圆管?竖向荷载大部分由管子两侧土体所产生的弹性抗力所平衡,管子的失效通常由变形造成而不是管壁的破坏?2.0.43 半柔性管?半刚性管semi-flexibe pipe,semi-rigid pipe在竖向外荷载作用下变形足以使两侧土体产生弹性抗力的圆管,土的弹性抗力支承相应的竖向荷载,其数值决定于管子的环向刚度与土体弹性模量的比值?管子的结构计算属柔性管范畴?2.0.44 内衬liner涂抹在管内壁或在制管时与管壁结构同时形成的管内表面层?如钢筋混凝土管内壁涂抹或镶嵌的塑料层;钢管和铸铁管内壁涂抹的水泥砂浆层;玻璃纤维管内壁的热圆性树脂层等? 是管道结构的一部分?2.0.45 涂层coating,surface layer涂抹在管外壁或在制管时与管壁结构同时形成的管外表面层?如预应力混凝土管外壁喷涂的水泥砂浆层;钢管?铸铁管外壁涂抹的沥青或沥青树脂卷材层;玻璃纤维管外壁的热因性树脂层等?是管道结构的一部分?2.0.46 管道接头pipeline joint管道上相邻两端管口或管子与管件连接形式的统称?按其连接功能要求有刚性连接,柔性连接等;按管子结构形式有插入式?企口式?套筒式等;按管材材质有焊接?熔接?粘接等? 2.0.47 管件pipe fitting圆形管管端之间各类连接件的统称?如渐缩管?弯头?三通?四通等,一般按标准规格尺寸制作?2.0.48 管道附件pipe accessory管件?补偿器?阀及其组合件等管道专用部件的统称?2.0.49 管道附属构筑物pipeline appurtenance管道系统上设置的安装各种控制输送介质的设施和检查维护用的构筑物的统称?如各种类型的检查井?阀门井?进出水口等?是管道工程的组成部分?2.0.50 止推墩?固定墩thrust blocds?anchor阻止压力管道上由内压或温度作用等产生的轴向力引起的管道在水平向和垂直向移动的设施?一般用混凝土浅筑,俗称管道支墩?2.0.51 管道防腐corrosion prevetive of pipes减缓或防止钢管?铸铁管等管道在内外介质的化学?电化学作用下或由于微生物的代谢活动而被侵蚀或变质的措施?有涂料防腐?卷材防腐?电防腐等?2.0.52 管道隔热,管道保温thermal insulation of pipes为减少供热管道的散热损失或管外介质温度变化对管内介质的影响,在管外壁设置的构造措施?有填充式?涂抹式?缠绕式?预制式等隔热（保温）结构?3 管材及管道结构3.1 管材3.1.1 钢管steel pipe由铁和炭等元素炼制的圆管的统称?按制作工艺有焊接钢管（welded steel pipe）和无缝钢管（seamle ssteel pipe）二类?焊接钢管均由钢板卷焊制作,按焊缝形式有螺旋焊接钢管（spiral welded steel pipe）和直缝焊接钢秋（longitudinal weldedsteel pepe）两种;直缝焊接钢管按焊接工艺不同有直缝埋弧焊管和直缝高频电阻焊管（electric resistence welding,ERW）3.1.2 不锈钢管stainless steel pipe用少量铬和镍等金属元素炼制的合金钢制作的圆管?具有高度抗腐蚀能力,并耐高温和高压,属合金钢管（alloys steel pipe）范畴?3.1.3 铸铁管cast iron pipe（CIP）用铁水浇铸的圆管的统称?按管子成型工艺可分为离心铸铁管和连续铸铁管?3.1.4 灰口铸铁管grey cast iron pipe（CIP）用普通铁水浇铸的圆管,亦称普通铸铁管?用于压力流体输送的称承压铸铁管,用于无压输送液体的称排水铸铁管?3.1.5 稀土铸铁管rare earth cast iron pipe指在普通铁水中掺入少量稀土元素浇铸的圆管?具有比灰口铸铁管较高的强度?3.1.6 球墨铸铁管?可延性铸铁管nodular castiron pipe,ductile cast iron pipe（DIP）指由经过球化和孕育处理的优质铁水（其中石墨组织已由片状变成球状）采用离心浇铸制作的圆管?具有较高强度?较好的韧性（延伸率大于10％）和防腐性能?3.1.7 铸态球墨铸铁管unannealed nodular （ductile）cast iron pipe未经退火的球墨铸铁管?其力学性能指标除韧性低外,其他均与球墨铸铁管同?3.1.8 混凝土管concrete pipe（CP）用混凝土制作的圆管?按成型工艺可分为离心管?悬辊管?立式挤压管和立式振捣管等?3.1.9 钢筋混凝土管reinforced concrete pipe（RCP）reinforcedconcretepipe（RCP）用配有环筋和纵筋的混凝土制作的圆管?按成型工艺可分为离心管?悬辊管?立式挤压和立式振捣管等?3.1.10 预应力混凝土管prestressedconcretepipe（PCP）在制管过程中用张拉高强钢丝的工艺使管体混凝土在环向和纵向均处于受压状态的圆管?按制管及环向张拉高强钢丝的不同工艺,分为管芯绕丝管,（指在混凝土管芯上缠绕环向预应力钢丝,使该管芯在环向处于受压状态下喷涂水泥砂浆保护面层制成的圆管,俗称三阶段管）和水力挤压管（俗称一阶段管）两类?3.1.11 自应力混凝土管self-prestressedconcretepipe,chemicallyprestressedconcretepipe指在制管过程中利用膨胀水泥的化学作用使混凝土在固化阶段产生的膨胀作用,藉以张拉环向和纵向钢丝,使管体环向和纵向处于受压状态的圆管?3.1.12 预应力钢筒混凝土管prestressedconcretecylinderpipe（PCCP）指在带钢筒的混凝土管芯上缠绕环向预应力钢丝,使该复合管芯在环向处于受压状态下并喷涂水泥砂浆保护面层而制成的圆管的统称?3.1.13 内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管linedtypePCCP（PCCR-L）,lined-cylinderpipe（LCP）指采用离心工艺在钢筒内成型混凝土层后,在钢筒外缠绕环向预应力钢丝,制作水泥砂浆保护层制成的管子?3.1.14 埋置式预应钢管混凝土管embeddedtypePCCP（PCCP-E）embedded-cylinderpipe（ECP）指采用立式振动成型工艺将钢筒埋入管芯混凝土中,在外侧缠绕环向预应力钢丝,制作水泥砂浆保护层而制成的管子?3.1.15 石棉水泥管asbestos-cementpipe（ACP）用石棉纤维和水泥抄取成型的圆管?3.1.16 陶土管vitrifiedclaypipe用粘土制作成型后在窑中烧成的圆管?管表面不上釉的俗称缸瓦管;管表面上釉的称陶瓷管?3.1.17 硬聚氯乙烯塑料管unplasticisedpolyvinylchloridepipe（UPVC 管）以氯乙烯树脂单体为主,用挤出成型法制成的热塑性塑料圆管?具有一定的耐腐蚀性能,无味, 一般用于输送介质为常温的有压和无压管道?根据使用要求不同,有室内给水?排水用管?埋地给水?排水用管,农排灌溉用管,化工用管等不同品种和规格?3.1.18 聚乙烯塑料管polyethylenepipe（PE 管）以聚乙烯树脂单体为主,用挤出成型法制成的热塑性塑料圆管?具有强度（与重量）比值高,耐高温和低温性能好和韧性优良等性能?按其材质不同分为高密度聚乙烯（HDPE）?中密度聚乙烯（MDPE）和低密度聚乙烯（LDPE）三种管材,可用于输送燃气?热水?饮用水等管道?3.1.19 聚丙烯塑料管polypropylenepipe（PP 管）以聚丙燃树脂单体为主,用挤出成型法制成的热塑性塑料圆管,具有较高的表面硬度和光洁度和较好的耐腐性能,可用于化学废料排放,盐水输送和水处理等管道?3.1.20 聚丁烯塑料管polybutylenepipe（PB 管）以聚丁烯树脂单体为主,用挤出成型法制成的热塑性塑料圆管,具有质轻,弹性率和延伸率高, 耐高低温性能强,无毒和耐渗透性好等特点,可用于给水和暖气管道工程?3.1.21 红泥聚氯乙烯耐候塑料管redmudplasticanti-weatherpipe用聚氯乙烯和红泥（为煅烧铝矾士制取氧化铝时排放的废渣,主要成份为Al2O3?SiO2?NaO?CaO 等）混合塑炼后,用挤出成型制成的热塑性塑料圆管?具有优异的屏敝紫外线和抗老化?耐低温等性能?3.1.22ABS 工程塑料管acrylonitrilebutadienestryrenepipe（ABS 管）以丙烯腈?丁二烯?苯乙烯三种单体为主,用挤出成型法制成的热塑性塑料圆管?具有良好的耐化学腐蚀性及表面硬度和韧性,较高的抗拉强度和抗冲击和耐高低温性能,无毒?无味?可用于工业管道和水质处理工程管道?3.1.23 玻璃纤维管,玻璃纤维增强热固性塑料管fiberglassreinforcedpipe（FRP）glassfibrereinforcedplasticspipe（GRP）指由已固化的热固性树脂包围或环绕玻璃纤维增强材料的复合结构圆管?其复合结构可含有粒料?填料?触变剂和颜料等,也包含其热塑性和热固性内衬和外涂层?具有良好的防腐蚀性能?轻质高强的物理力学性能?可用于工业管道和承受压力的大管径给水?排水管道,俗称玻璃钢管?3.1.24 增强热固性树脂管reinforcedthermosettingresinpipe（RTRP）指不掺粒料的玻璃纤维管,采用长纤维缠绕工艺制作?3.1.25 增强塑料砂浆管reinforcedplasticmortarpipe（RPMP）指加入粒料（一般为砂子）的玻璃纤维管?有用短纤维离心和长纤维缠绕两种成型工艺?3.1.26 复合管compositepipe用两种或两种以上材料或由不同材质的同种材料组成管壁结构的圆管的统称?如玻璃纤维管? 预应力钢筒混凝土管?钢塑（钢管外包塑料）管?塑玻（塑料管外包玻璃钢）管等属于两种材料组成的复合管;UPVC?ABS 等发泡塑料管（内外层为硬质,中间层为发泡塑料）属于同种材料组成的复合管?3.1.27 混合结构管道mixedstructureconduit用两种或两种以上不同材料组成的管道结构?如采用砖或块石砌体做墙体?混凝土或钢筋混凝土做基础（底板）或盖板（顶盖）的方沟;采用混凝土?钢筋混凝土做基础,上部用砖切拱圈的拱沟等?3.2 管道结构类型3.2.1 圆形管道circularconduit（pipeline）管道截面为圆形的结构?3.2.2 矩形管道box（rectangular）conduit管道截面为矩形或正方形的结构?俗称方沟?3.2.3 马蹄形管道horseshoeconduit管道截面上部为圆弧形拱,墙为直线或弧形?底为直线或弧形的结构?俗称拱沟?3.2.4 半椭圆形管道semi-ellipticalconduit管道截面为半椭圆形,底为直线或弧形的结构?俗称拱沟?3.2.5 椭圆形管道ovalconduit,ellipticalconduit管道截面为椭圆形的结构?3.2.6 卵形管道ovoidconduit管道截面由半径为一定比例的四个圆弧组成的卵形结构?3.2.7 波纹管corrugatedpipe管壁纵轴向截面为波纹状的圆管的统称, 波纹有螺纹状（heli-calcorrugation）和圆圈状（annularcorrugation）两种形式?管壁内外均为波纹状者为单壁波纹管（singlewallcorrugatedpipe）;管壁内部有光滑内衬层者为双壁波纹管（doublewallcorrugatedpipe）?用钢材卷制者为波纹钢管（corrugatedsteelpipe）;用塑料挤出成型者为波纹塑料管（corrugatedplasticpipe）?一般用于无压排水管及电工套管?3.2.8 异型（肋型）塑料管profile（ribbed）wallplasticpipe由等距离小肋与相对薄的管壁组成管壁结构的塑料管的统称,肋外端不封闭者为开孔肋形管（openprofilepipe）,有T 形肋（T-ribsection）和竖肋（verticalribsection）两种形式?肋外端封闭者为闭孔肋形管（closedprofilpipe）?一般用于无压管道?3.2.9 发泡塑料管plasticsandwichpipe指内外层为硬质塑料层和芯层由闭孔性发泡塑料组成的三层管壁结构的塑料管?属同种材质的塑料复合管,如PVC 发泡塑料管?ABS 发泡塑料管等?具有良好的隔热和隔音性能,可用于室内无压排水管道?3.2.10 保护套管protectivecasedpipe穿越铁路?公路路堤时为保护输送介质的工作管和路堤用的套在工作管外面的管子?3.2.11 双层管pipeinpipe需要保温的水下工作管与其密封外套管组成的双层组合管?3.2.12 平口管straightbutt（plain）endpipe两端截面与其纵轴成垂直的等截面圆管?3.2.13 斜口管beveledpipe,splayedendpipe一端或两端截面与其纵轴成斜角的等截面圆管?3.2.14 承口管socketpipe一端做成向外放大的喇叭形（钟形）承口和另一端可插入此承口内的等截面圆管?3.2.15 企口管tongueandgroovepipe,rebatedpipe在管壁厚度内一端做成凹槽（内凹口）,另一端做成舌榫（外凹口）且可插入一端的凹槽内的等截面圆管?3.2.16 现浇管道cast-in-place（situ）conduit指钢筋混凝土或混凝土结构的管道,其混凝土的全部或大部分是在工程现场浇筑成型?3.2.17 预制装配管道precastfabricatedconduit指钢筋混凝土结构的管道,其结构的全部或大部分是采用预制构件在现场拼装成型?。
英语词汇词典-土木工程
AA线（塑性图〕A-line阿太堡界限Atterberg limits安全储备margin of safety安全措施safety measure安全规程safety regulation安全荷载safe load安全系数safety factor安山岩andesite暗沟covered conduitB拔桩机extractor拔桩试验pull-out test坝dam坝址dam site白垩chalk搬运portage板式基础slab foundation板桩sheet pile伴生构造associated structure包迹（线）envelope包络曲线enveloping curve饱和saturation饱和带zone of saturation饱和度degree of saturation饱和量capacity of saturation饱和区saturation zone饱和容重saturated unit weight饱和土saturated soil饱气带aeration zone饱气带zone of aeration饱水带zone of saturation报废孔abandoned hole报告（书）report爆扩桩blown tip pile爆炸挤密法blasting compaction method 背斜anticline被动塑性平衡状态passive state of plastic equilibrium被动土压力passive earth pressure被动土压力系数coefficient of passive earth pressure本构定律constitutive law本构方程constitutional equation本构关系constitutive relation泵pump比贯入阻力specific penetration resistance 比例proportion比例尺scale比例尺误差error of scale 比率ratio比肖普简化条分法Bishop's simplified method of slice比重specific gravity比重计areometer比重瓶density bottle闭合差mis-tie边界boundary边界线boundary line边坡破坏slope failure边缘相border facies扁千斤顶flat jack变化change变化范围range of variation变频激发极化法variable frequency induced polarization变水头渗透试验falling head permeability test变水头渗透试验variable head permeability test变形deflection变形deformation变形测定determination of deformation 变形测量deformation measurement变形模量modulus of deformation变异系数coefficient of variation变质带(地) zone of metamorphism变质岩metamorphic rock标定calibration标定精度accuracy of calibration标定曲线calibration curve标定试验calibration test标杆;测尺staff标记mark标石markstone标准冻深standard frost penetration标准贯入击数SPT blow count标准贯入试验SPT＝standard penetration test标准击实试验standard compaction test 标准剖面standard section标准曲线standard curve标准砂standard sand标准筛standard sieve标准离差standard deviation表观抗剪强度apparent shearing strength 表观内摩擦角apparent angle of internal friction表观粘聚力apparent cohesion表面surface表面径流overland flow表面摩擦mantle friction表土top soil冰川glacier冰川沉积glacial deposit冰川运动ice movement冰川作用glacial action冰冻风化frost weathering冰碛沉积morainal deposit冰碛土glacial soil冰物，冰碛（土）till drift冰碛物glacial till波状层理wave-like stratification剥蚀denudation泊松比Poisson’s ratio薄壁管thin wall pipe薄壁取土器thin wall sampler薄层lamella薄膜水adhesive water补偿式基础compensated foundation补给漏斗cone of recharge补给区alimentation area补给区recharge area补给区region of intake不定误差indeterminate error不对称荷载unsymmetrical loading不对称褶皱asymmetric(al) fold不固结不排水试验UU-test＝unconsolidated-undrained test不固结排水剪切试验UD-test＝unconsolidated-drained test不规则分布荷载irregular load不均匀沉降non-uniform settlement不均匀收缩differential shrinkage不均匀系数coefficient of uniformity不均匀性heterogeneity不连续级配gap gradation不连续级配曲线skip grading curve不排水抗剪强度undrained shear strength 不透气的air tight不透水层impermeable layer不透水层impervious layer不透水层impermeable stratum不透水的water tight不透水性impermeability不完全饱和partical saturation不整合discordance不整合unconformity布朗运动Brownian movement布西涅斯克理论Boussinesq theory布置图layout map步测法pace methodC（CBR试验的）应力－贯入曲线stress- penetration curve擦痕slickenside采空区work-out area采空区(矿) goaf采空坍陷mining subsidence采料场borrow area采砂场sand pit采石场stone pit采石场quarry采用的比例尺accepted scale参考资料reference data参数parameter残积物eluvial deposit残积物residual deposit残积eluvial残积层eluvium残积土eluvial soil残余变形residual deformation残余沉降residual settlement残余抗剪强度residual shear strength残余内聚力residual cohesion残余应变residual strain草皮turf侧方交会lateral intersection侧限压缩confined compression侧向变形lateral deformation侧向侵蚀lateral erosion侧向土压力lateral earth pressure侧向压缩lateral compression侧向应变lateral strain侧向应力lateral stress侧压力lateral pressure侧压力系数coefficient of lateral pressure 测定，鉴定determination测井曲线解释interpretation of logs测井闪烁计数器scintillogger测距仪ranger测力计load gauge测量survey（测量)花杆lining pole，surveying rod 测量，度量measurement测量报告书survey report测量工程师survey engineer测量网survey network测量误差measurement error测量线measurement line测量仪器surveying equipment测量员surveyor测深法sounding测斜仪clinometer测斜仪inclinometer测斜仪deflection inclinometer层layer层底标高bottom level层间水interlayer water,confined water层间系数，管涌比coefficient between layers层理stratification层面bedding surface层面滑动bedding plane slip层序sequence层状地层layered strata层状构造bedded structure层状土stratified soil差异difference差动汽锤differential-acting steam hammer 差热分析differential thermal analysis差异沉降differential settlement差异风化differential weathering掺合物admixture产状occurrence长期观测long-term observation长期观察资料long-term record长期强度long-term strength长期试验long run test长期稳定性long-term stability长石feldspar常规的conventional常规的routine常规试验routine test常规条分法conventional method of slices 常规土工试验routine soil test常流河permanent stream常水头渗透试验constant head permeability test常水头渗透仪constant head permeameter 场地勘察报告site investigation report超固结overconsolidated超固结比overconsolidation ratio超固结土overconsolidated soil超固结粘土overconsolidated clay超静水压力excess pore water pressure超挖overbreak超载surcharge沉淀分析sedimentation analysis沉管法pipe sinking沉积deposit沉积物sediment沉积岩sedimentary rock 沉积作用sedimentation沉降settlement沉降测量settlement measurement沉降分析settlement analysis沉降缝settlement joint沉降观察settlement observation沉降盒settlement cell沉降裂缝settlement crack沉降速率rate of settlement沉降系数settlement factor沉降影响范围seat of settlement沉降预测prediction of settlement沉井open caisson沉井基础sunk shaft foundation沉陷盆地subsidence basin沉箱box caisson沉箱墩caisson pier沉箱基础caisson foundation沉箱桩caisson pile沉锥法（液限试验〕falling cone method衬砌lining成薄层的lamellar成层的stratified成层岩stratified rock成层粘土，纹泥varved clay成果表data sheet成群group成土母岩soil-forming rock承压(持力)层bearing layer承压（水）状态artesian condition承压板loading plate承压变形bearing deformation承压垫层bearing course承压含水层confined aquifer承压含水层；自流水层artesian aquifer承压面积bearing area承压水confined water承压水头artesian head承载力因数（地基）bearing capacity factors ( Nc,Nq,Nr)程度degree程序procedure持力层supporting course持力层bearing stratum尺寸，量算measure尺度效应scale effect冲沟gully冲沟water-cut冲击钻进boring by percussion冲击钻探percussion boring冲击钻头chopping bit冲积（作用）alluviation冲积层alluvium冲积河谷alluvial valley冲积阶地alluvial terrace冲积平原alluvial plain冲积扇alluvial fan冲积土alluvial soil冲积岩（水成岩）hydrogenous rock冲刷深度depth of scour冲刷速度scouring velocity抽水pumping抽水（量）withdrawal抽水量pump discharge抽水试验pumping test抽水试验well-pumping test稠度consistency稠度界限consistency limit稠度试验consistency test稠度指数consistency index初步勘察preliminary investigation初步设计preliminary design初始沉降initial settlement初始的initial初始含水量initial moisture content初始孔隙比initial void ratio初始孔隙水压力initial pore water pressure 初始密度initial density初始填筑条件initial placement condition 初始条件initial condition初始应力initial stress初始压缩initial compression储量评价evaluation of resources储水系数coefficient of storage处理treatment触变性，振动液化thixotropy触探杆sounding rod穿山隧洞mountain tunnel传感器transducer串珠状构造beads-shaped structure锤hammer锤击能energy of blow纯砂clean sand磁法勘探magnetic prospecting次固结secondary consolidation次固结沉降secondary consolidation settlement次固结系数coefficient of secondary consolidation次生构造secondary structure次生黄土redeposited loess次生黄土secondary loess 次生矿物secondary minerals粗差mistakes粗粒料coarse aggregate粗粒土coarse grained soil粗砂coarse sand粗筛coarse screen脆性破坏brittle failureDDDC工法downhole dynamic compaction 达西定律Darcy's law打夯机tamper打入桩driven pile打入桩的承载力capacity of driven pile 打桩pile driving打桩piling打夯punning打夯ram打桩锤pile hammer打桩锤monkey打桩工程piling work打桩公式pile driving formula打桩机pile driver打夯机ram machine打桩机导向柱pile driver lead打桩挤密piling compaction打桩记录driving record打桩试验driving test大地测量geodetic(al) surveying大地测量学geodesy大地基准点geodetic(al) datum大地震violent earthquake大开挖open cut大孔土macroporous soil大孔隙macropore大陆漂移说continental drift theory大气水atmospheric water大主应变major principal strain代表性土样representative sample代入法method of substitution带状构造banded structure带状矿脉banded lode单层结构one-story structure单独基础individual foundation单剪simple shear单剪仪simple shear apparatus单孔抽水single well pumping单位变形unit deformation单位端阻力point resistance单向压缩simple compression单元element单元unit单元，盒cell单桩容许荷载allowable pile bearing load 当地的native挡土墙retaining wall刀口（天平的支点）knife edge导水性hydraulic conductivity导线测量traverse survey导线测量traverse导线网transverse net导桩leading pile崩落dilapidation等高距contour interval等高线图contour map等级，级别grade等海深线bathymetric line等水深线hydroisohypse等速贯入试验（桩工）CRP-test＝constant rate of penetration test等速上拔试验（桩工）CRU-test＝constant rate of uplift test等梯度固结试验constant gradient test等效固结压力equivalent consolidation pressure等效均荷载equivalent uniform load等效粒径equivalent diameter等效应力equivalent stress等效阻尼比equivalent damping ratio低潮面low tide level低水位low water level滴定管burette底bottom底层sublayer底压力（隧道）bottom pressure地表径流surface runoff地表排水surface drainage地表水系surface drainage地层formation地层stratum地层(复数) strata地层层次sequence of strata地层产状attitude of stratum地层坡度slope of formation地带，区域zone地点，面积site地面，土地ground （地基）承载力系数bearing capacity factor 地基处理foundation treatment地基处理ground treatment地基加固soil improvement地基勘察foundation investigation地基梁foundation beam地基土subsoil地基土勘探subsoil exploration地基与基础规范code for soil and foundation地理学geography地理坐标geographic coordinates地锚ground anchor地锚anchorage地貌图geomorphological map地面标高ground elevation地面标高ground level地面沉降settlement of ground surface地面加速度ground acceleration地面径流surface flow地面隆起land upheaval地面排水land drainage地面下沉land subsidence地面植被ground vegetation地堑graben地堑fault trough地球物理测井geophysical logging地球物理勘探geophysical exploration地球形态(学)；地形(貌)学geomorphology 地区，区域region地台platform地图，图map地物；陆标；界标land-mark地下(暗)河buried river地下的underground地下分水岭ground water divide地下河subterranean stream地下建筑underground structure地下室basement地下室墙basement wall地下水ground water地下水出水量yield of groundwater地下水动态ground water regime地下水动态预测prediction of groundwater regime地下水观测孔observation well for groundwater地下水勘探groundwater exploration地下连续墙continuous concrete wall地下水流量groundwater discharge地下水流向direction of groundwater flow地下水露头outcrop of ground water地下水埋深depth of groundwater table地下水面ground water level地下水位groundwater level（地下水位）降深曲线drawdown curve 地下水位坡降gradient of groundwater table地势relief feature地形topographic(al) form地势surface relief地形测量topographic(al) survey地形判读terrain interpretation地形特征topographic(al) feature地形图topographic map地震earthquake地震带earthquake zone地震带seismic zone地震工程earthquake engineering地震活动区active seismical area地震加速度seismic acceleration地震检波器seismic detector地震勘探seismic exploration地震勘探法method of seismic prospecting 地震烈度earthquake intensity地震烈度表seismic intensity scale地震烈度图seismicity chart地震区earthquake region地震区划分seismic zoning地震物探法seismic geophysical method地震仪seismograph地震震级earthquake magnitude地震作用earthquake effect地质(学) geology地质测绘geological survey地质工程师geological engineer地质构造geologic structure地质构造图geotectonic map地质记录geological log地质建造geodetic(al) formation地质力学geomechanics地质力学geophysics地质年代geologic(al) age地质年代表chronologic(al) scale地质剖面图geological section地质条件geological condition地质图geological map第三系Tertiary system第四纪Quaternary period第四纪沉积物Quaternary sediment第四系Quaternary system点point 点荷载试验point load test点划线dot and dash line电测井electrical logging电测剖面法electric profiling电测深electrical sounding电磁勘探electromagnetic prospecting电法electrical method电法勘探electrical prospecting电法探测electrical survey(ing)电化学加固electrochemical stabilization电渗现象electroosmosis电阻率resistivity电阻率electrical resistivity电阻率测井resistivity log垫层bedding course垫层cushion垫层underlayer调节流量regulation discharge迭代法iterative method迭代法method of iteration顶推法successive launching method顶样器extruder定点法method of fixed points定量测定determination of quantity定量分析quantitative analysis定律law定位position fixing定位桩guide pile定性测定determination of quality定性分类法qualitative classification定性分析qualitative analysis定性判读qualitative interpretation动弹性模量dynamic elastic modulus动荷载dynamic load动剪模量dynamic shear modulus of elasticity动力沉积mechanical deposit动力触探dynamic penetration动力触探dynamic sounding动力打桩公式dynamic pile-driving formula 动力夯power table动力探头阻力dynamic point resistance动力特性dynamic characteristic动力压实dynamic compaction动态分析dynamic analysis冻附力adfreezing force冻附强度adfreezing strength冻结深度frost depth冻土frozen soil冻胀frost heave洞室grotto洞穴cavern陡坡heavy grade读数reading读数精度accuracy of reading独立基础individual footing独立基础isolated foundation端承桩column pile端承桩end-bearing pile端垫误差（三轴试验）bedding error端荷载end load短程short range断层fault断层带fault zone断层面fault plane断层泥fault gouge断层走向fault strike断距fault throw断块构造basin range structure断块盆地block basin断裂fracture断面，截面section堆石坝rockfill dam对称型symmetry type对称性symmetry对称中心symmetry center对称轴axis of symmetry对开式取土器split tube sampler对数坐标纸logarithmic paper对斜坡稳定性的控制control on slope stability对中误差centering error调整adjust墩pier墩式基础pier foundation多层multilayer多层结构multilayer structure多级井点系统multi-stage well point system 多节桩multi-section pile多孔抽水multiple well pumping多水分的wateryE二次固结secondary consolidation二级风wind of beaufort scale 2F法向位移normal displacement法向压力normal pressure法向应变normal strain法向应力normal stress法应力normal force翻浆boiling 反比例inverse proportion反滤层inverted filter反渗压力backosmotic pressure反算法back calculation反向荷载reversal of load反絮凝作用anti-flocculation反絮凝作用deflocculation反压力back pressure反应（特性）曲线response curve反应曲线（桩工）bearing graph反作用reaction范围range范围margin范围值range of values方差variance方程，公式equation方法method方格网square net方格纸square paper方框图block diagram方位角bearing方向direction方形基础square foundation方形钻杆kelly bar防洪坝flood dam防震缝earthquake proof joint（放大）比例系数scale-up factor放大因数amplification factor放大因数magnification factor放射性测井radioactivity log非层状土unstratified soil非承压水含水层unconfined aquifer非均质土nonhomogeneous soil非完整井incomplete well非正常曲线abnormal curve非自重湿陷性黄土self-weight non-collapse loess费伦纽斯条分法Fellenius method of slices 分布distribution分布荷载distributed load分层填土夯实compaction by layers分层总和法layerwise summation method 分级湿陷量collapsibility grading index 分级湿陷量wet-subsidence for classification分级式滑坡successive slide分解decomposition分解resolution分类classfication分类表classification chart分类试验classification test分类系统classification system分期建筑stage structure分区zoning分散剂deflocculant分水沟diversion channel分水界water-table divide分水岭，流域，集水区watershed 分析analysis分析天平analytic balance分选程度degree of sorting分选作用sorting粉砂silty sand粉土silt粉质粘土silty clay风成沉积wind-laid deposit风成沉积物wind borne sediment风成平原aeolian plain风成砂blown sand风干土air-dried soil风荷载wind load风化weathering风化程度degree of weathering风化带zone of weathering风化壳weathering crust风化壳crust of weathering风化裂缝weathering crack风化裂隙weathering fissure风积土aeolian soil风积物eolian deposit风沙winddrift sand风蚀wind erosion封闭管道closed conduit峰值peak value蜂窝式风化，粒状岩石风化fretwork weathering浮筏基础buoyant foundation浮容重buoyant unit weight浮容重submerged unit weight辐射状水系radial drainage腐植土cumulose soil腐植土humus soil负摩擦力(桩工) negative skin friction 附加荷载additional load附加荷载superimposed load复测法method of repetition复打(桩工) redriving复合滑动面composite sliding surface 覆盖层burden覆盖层overburden layer覆盖层overburden覆盖层overlying stratumG伽马射线测井gamma-rays logging改建工程reconstruction work改正系数modification factor钙质结核calcareous concretion概率probability概率值probable value干流main river干流principal river干流master stream干密度dry density干容重dry unit weight杆pole杆，棒rod坩埚melting pot感应图influence chart刚度rigidity刚度系数coefficient of rigidity刚度系数coefficient of stiffness纲要，程序program钢尺steel tape钢筋混凝土reinforced concrete钢筋混凝土桩reinforced concrete pile钢桩steel pile高层建筑物high-rise building高差difference in elevation高差difference of elevation高程测量altitude survey高程控制vertical control高程控制网vertical control net高程图elevation scheme高程系统height system高程原点origin of heights高程原点zero of elevation高地highland高度height高度；高程altitude高度；海拔elevation高架桥viaduct高精度high standard of accuracy高跨比depth-span ratio高岭石kaolinite高岭土kaolin高压灌浆high pressure grouting高原plateau隔水层confining bed隔水层watertight layer隔水层；滞水层aquiclude各向不等压固结anisotropic consolidation 各向不等压固结不排水试验consolidatedanisotropically undrained test各向同性isotropy各向异性anisotropic更新统Pleistocene series工程project工程（学）engineering工程测量engineering survey工程地质(学) engineering geology工程地质评价engineering geological evaluation工程地质条件engineering geologic condition工程地质问题engineering geological problem工程地质现象engineering geological phenomena工程师engineer工程实录case history工程验收acceptence of work工作，工程work工作台table公差tolerance公差范围tolerance range公路工程highway engineering公式formula供水water supply拱高rise of arch拱形涵洞arch culvert拱作用arching共轭节理conjugate joint共振(现象) resonance共振柱法resonant column method共振柱三轴仪resonant column triaxial test apparatus沟，槽trench沟，水道channel沟底trench bottom沟蚀gully erosion构造，结构fabric构造，结构structure构造单元tectonic element构造地震tectonic earthquake构造地质(学) tectonic geology构造分析tectonic analysis构造阶地tectonic terrace构造裂隙tectonic fissure构造盆地tectonic basin构造体系tectonic system构造形迹structural feature构造形式structural form构造运动tectogenesis 古土壤fossil soil古新统Paleocene series谷底valley bottom谷底valley floor骨料aggregate固定fixing固定点fixed point固定环式固结仪fixed-ring consolidometer 固定活塞式取样器fixed piston sampler固定活塞式取样器stationary-piston sampler固结consolidation固结比consolidation ratio固结变形consolidation deformation固结不排水三轴压缩试验CU-test ＝consolidated undrained triaxial compression test固结沉降consolidation settlement固结度degree of consolidation固结排水三轴压缩试验CD-test＝consolidated-drained triaxisl compression test固结曲线consolidation curve固结试验consolidation test固结试验oedometer test固结系数coefficient of consolidation固结压力consolidation pressure固结仪consolidation apparatus固结仪consolidometer固结仪oedometer固有误差inherent error拐点（曲线〕knee关系relation观测observation观测纲要observing program观测精度accuracy of observation观测井observation well观测站observation station观察孔（井）observation borehole观察平差adjustment of observation观察误差observation error管道，管状物tube管道conduit管道pipe管道conduit pipe管道图piping plan管道系统conduit system管涵pipe culvert管式取样器tube sampler管线测量pipeline survey管涌piping effect管涌piping管桩pipe pile管桩tubular pile管桩基础pipe pile foundation贯入penetration贯入度set贯入深度depth of penetration贯入阻力penetration resistance惯用符号conventional sign灌浆grouting灌浆帷幕grout curtain灌浆压力grouting pressure灌注pour灌注桩case-in-place pile灌注桩filling pile光电测距仪geodimeter光电探测photodetection广义条分法generalized procedure of slices 归一化normalization规定荷载specified load规范（程）code规范specification滚筒式碾路机drum roller国际单位International System过饱和的oversaturated过程，层course过度碾压over-rolling过渡带transitional belt过渡带transition zone过梁lintel过水面积area of passageHH型钢桩steel H- pile哈佛小型击实试验Harvard miniature compaction test海平面sea level海相沉积marine deposit含煤地层coal-bearing strata含水比water content ratio含水层aquifer含水层water-bearing bed含水层waterbearing strata含水的water-bearing含水量moisture content含水量water content含水量探测仪moisture probe含盐量salt content函数function涵洞culvert夯板tamping plate 夯锤pounder夯具punner夯具rammer夯实compaction by driving夯实tamp夯实土packed soil绗架girder航片判译interpretation of aerial photograph合理井距rational spacing between wells 合理井深rational depth河岸river bank河岸river side河成阶地fluvial terrace河床river bed河道watercourse河道出口outfall（河道）夺流piracy河道支流distributary河底river bottom河底淤高accretion of river bottom河谷valley河谷river valley河谷阶地valley terrace河口debouch河口estuary河口influx河口outfall河口沉积estuary deposit河流)弯曲sinuosity河流）下游downstream河流）下游流域low river basin河流沉积river deposit河流沉降fluvial deposit河流袭夺river piracy河流挟带物stream borne material河漫滩valley flat河漫滩overbank河曲bend in river河曲meander河源streamhead荷兰式三轴试验cell test荷兰式圆锥触探仪Dutch cone penetrometer荷兰式圆锥仪Dutch cone荷载load荷载-沉降曲线load-settlement curve荷载因数load factor荷载增量load increment荷载周期cycle of loads盒式剪切仪box shear apparatus恒压装置constant pressure device横断面cross section横截面transverse section横向裂缝transverse crack横向收缩transversal shrinkage烘箱dry oven红土laterite红土laterite soil红外线摄影像片infrared photograph洪积层diluvium洪积阶地accumulation terrace洪积平原flood plain洪积土diluvial soil洪水位flood level后方交会法method of resection后扶垛式挡土墙counterfort retaining wall 厚壁管heavy walled pipe厚度thickness湖相lacustrine facies互层alternation互层interbedding护壁板dado护面facing护坡；铺（砌）面revetment花粉分析pollen analysis花杆sticks花岗岩granite滑动slip滑动面slide plane滑动面slip surface滑弧slip circle滑坡landslide滑坡处理landslide treatment滑坡分类landslide classification滑坡机理mechanism of landslide化学当量chemical equivalent化学风化chemical weathering化学灌浆chemical grouting化学加固chemical stabilization化学侵蚀chemical erosion还土earth backing环，回线loop环刀cutting ring环境地质(学) environmental geology环形基础ring foundation环形物ring缓坡flat grade换土法(地基处理) replacement method黄土loess黄土沉积loess deposit黄土高原loess plateau 黄土结核loess-doll黄土状土loessial soil灰水比cement-water ratio灰土lime soil灰土垫层lime-soil cushion灰土挤密桩lime-soil compaction pile 灰土桩lime-soil pile辉长岩gabbro回弹rebound回弹曲线rebound curve回弹系数coefficient of resilience回弹仪resilimeter回弹指数expansion index回弹指数swelling index回灌(地下水) recharging回灌井recharge well回归分析regression analysis回填灌浆backfill grouting回填土backfill回转钻进rotary boring汇水面积catchment area绘图plotting浑浊度turbidity混合结构combination structure混凝土concrete混凝土坝concrete dam混凝土标号grade of concrete混凝土管桩concrete tubular pile混凝土梁concrete beam混凝土桩concrete pile活动性构造体系active tectonic system 活断层active fault活塞取样器piston sampler活性activity活性加固剂active stabilizer活性水active water火成岩igneous rock火山地震volcanic earthquake火山活动volcanic activity或然误差probable errorJ击入式取土器drive sampler击实遍数compactor pass击实曲线moisture-density curve击实试验compaction test击数blow count击数number of blows机具machine机械沉积pluvial deposit积水井collector well积水面积water collecting area基础footing基础foundation基础，底部base基础底面foundation base基础垫层foundation bed基础工程foundation engineering基础平面图foundation plan基础砌置深度depth of foundation基础设计foundation design基础托换；托换工程underpinning基床，层面，层理bedding基床反力模量modulus of subgrade reaction基床反力系数coefficient of subgrade reaction基底foundation bottom基底净压力net foundation pressure基底倾斜因数（地基承载力）base tilt factor基底压力foundation pressure基坑foundation pit基坑回弹系数coefficient of foundation ditch's rebound基坑排水drainage of foundation pit基线base-line基线测量base-line survey基线网base network基岩bed rock基准点base station基准面base level基准面datum level基准面datum plane激发极化法induced polarization method 级配不良的disproportionately grade级配不良土poorly graded soil级配良好的well grade级配良好的土well-graded soil极限承载力ultimate bearing capacity极限的ultimate极限荷载ultimate load极限平衡limit equilibrium极限平衡分析limit equilibrium analysis 极限平衡状态state of limit equilibrium 极限条件limiting condition极限应力状态ultimate stressed state极限状态分析limit analysis集中concentration集中荷载point load几何形状geometric shape挤密桩compaction pile 计数，击数count计算表格computation sheet计算图表calculating chart计算自重湿陷量calculated self-weight collapse记录，测井logging记录，描述log记录，资料record记录纸record paper技术参数technical parameter技术说明technical specification季节性河seasonal river加固stabilization固结consolidation加固法mechanical stabilization加荷速率ratio of loading加权平均值weighted average加速度acceleration加速加固accelerated consolidation加州承载比CBR＝California Bearing Ratio夹层intercalation夹层interlayer夹层interbedded stratum夹砂砾石hoggin假定值assumed value假定坐标assumed coordinates假整合pseudoconformity尖灭thinning out间层intercalated bed间距interval监测monitoring减压井bleeder well剪节理shear joint剪切盒shear box剪切角angle of shearing strength剪切裂缝shear crack剪切面shear plane剪切面plane of shear剪切面shear surface剪切模量shear modulus剪切破坏shear failure剪切位移shear displacement剪应变shear strain剪胀dilatation剪胀角angle of dilatancy剪胀性dilatancy检波器pick-up检波器组合(形式) geophone pattern简易分析brief analysis碱土alkali soil碱性土alkaline soil建筑construction建筑材料building material建筑测量building survey建筑拆除垃圾debris from demolition 建筑法规building code建筑工程construction work建筑面积building area建筑平面图construction plan建筑设计architectural design建筑物building建筑物沉降building settlement剑桥旁压仪Camkometer渐进性滑动successive slip渐新统Oligocene series鉴别discrimination鉴定identification江，河river姜结石loess concretion降低地下水位dewatering降低地下水位groundwater lowering 降落漏斗cone of depression降落水头fall head降雨（量）rainfall交变荷载alternating load交变应变alternating strain交变应力alternating stress交错层理cross bedding交错层理cross stratification交换exchange交换容量exchange capacity交会intersection交流激发极化法alternating induced polarzation胶结剂cementing agent胶结作用cementation角，角度angle角变形angular deformation角点法method of corner points角度误差angular error搅拌stir搅拌器agitator阶地terrace阶地砾石bench gravel接触contact接触变质作用contact metamorphism 接触带contact zone接触关系contact relation接触角angle of contact接触面冲蚀contact erosion接触压力contact pressure 接桩pile extension节理joint节理极点分散图joint pole scatter diagram 节理裂缝joint fissure节理面joint plane节理图joint diagram节理系joint system结构texture结构单元unit of structure结构工程师structural engineer结核concretion截水暗沟catch-drain解冻defrosting解释，解译interpretation近海沉积offshore deposit近似值approximate value进水涵洞inlet culvert浸润曲线depression curve浸润线saturation line浸水试验immersion test浸水试验ponding test经纬仪theodolite经验公式empirical formula经验数据empirical data经验系数empirical coefficient经验值empirical value精度degree of accuracy精度极限limit of accuracy精确度measure of precision井well井壁sidewall井的出水量well yield井点well point井点法well-point method井点排水drainage by well point井口标高elevation of well井流量capacity of well井流量discharge of well井群group of well井影响面积area of well influence净高clear height迳流runoff静荷载dead load净跨clear span静力触探探头阻力static point resistance 静水压力hydrostatic pressure静水应力状态hydrostatic state of stress静止土压力earth pressure at rest静止土压力系数coefficient of earth pressure at rest就地灌注桩cast in-place pile。
管业常用词中英对照
Aabove—ground conduit(pipeline) 地上管道accessible duct 通行地沟acrylonitrile butadiene stryene pipe ABS工程塑料管(ABS) active earth pressure 主动土压力adaptor slab 井筒盖板aerial crossing structure 跨越结构air—tight test 气密性试验anchor 固定墩arriving shaft 终端工作坑asbestos—cement pipe (ACP)石棉水泥管BBackfill 回填土bearing pressure distribution diagram 地基反力图形bedding angle 基础(座)中心角bend 弯管bending test 弯曲试验beveled pipe 斜口管Boussinecq pressure bulb布氏压力图形box(rectangular) conduit 矩形管道breadth of conduit 管道宽度breadth of trench 槽宽buried conduit(pepeline) 埋地管道buttand strap joint 抹带接头Ccable duct 电缆沟cap 盖堵casting place collar joint 现浇套环接头casting place joint 现浇接头(缝)cast—in—place(situ) conduit 现浇管道cast iron pipe(CIP) 铸铁管caulking填料;捻缝cement mortar lining 水泥砂浆内衬cement mortar with steel mesh strap joint 抹带接头centrifugal process 离心法chamber井室;检查室chemically pre-stressed concrete pipe 自应力混凝土管circular conduit 园形管道coating涂层coefficient of vertical earth pressure 竖向土压力系数collar type joint 套管(筒)式接头combined drainage conduit(pipeline) 合流管道combined duct 综合管道;共同沟compaction around the pipe with relatively untamped above thetop of pipe 中松侧实法compaction the two sides of pipe 胸腔夯实compansator 补偿器composite crossing 组合跨越composite pipe 复合管concrete cradle 混凝土管基(管座)concrete pipe(CP) 混凝土管conduit 管道conduit section 管道截面continuous casting process 连续浇铸法cooling water pipeline 冷却水管道core vibrated casting process 芯模震捣法core winding process 管芯缠丝法corrosion prevetive of pipes 管道防腐corrugated pipe 波纹管coupling of bousing 卡箍式管接头cover slab 井筒盖板crack width calculation 裂度宽度验算cracking load under three edge bearing test 裂缝荷载crown 顶点culvert 涵洞DD—load D荷载法dead’loadon conduit (pipeline) 管道恒荷载design pressure 设计压力detachable type joint 活接头dewatering 降水distribution of elastic reaction 弹性反力图形double junction 四通downpipe 雨落管downspout 雨落管duckfoot 肘管管托duct 管道ductile castiron pipe(DIP) 可延性铸铁管dynamic water pressure 动水作用力EEarth cover(heightofsoil) over con-duit 覆土高度earth pressure at rest 静止土压力earth pressure on embankment con/duit 上埋式土压力earthpressure on trench conduit 沟埋式土压力earthpressure under soil arch 土拱压力effective length of pipe 管有效长度elastic installation pipeline method 弹性敷管法elastic reaction of soil 土的弹性抗力elbow 弯头electrical conduits 电工套管elliptical conduit 椭园形管道embedded type PCCP(PCCP—E) 埋置式预应力钢筒混凝土管embedded—cylinder pipe(ECP) 埋置式预应力钢筒混凝土管expansion bellows 波纹补偿器expansion bend 弯管补偿器expansion joint 伸缩接头expansion joint 伸缩节expansion loop 弯管补偿器exterior prism 管侧土柱FFiber glass reinforced pipe(FRP) 玻璃纤维管filament winding process 纤维缠绕法finely divided solid transmission pipeline 细颗粒固体输送管道fixed support 固定管托;固定支座fixed trestle 固定支架flange 法兰flanged joint 法兰接头flat subgrade 素土平基flattening test 压偏试验;偏平试验flexible joint 柔性接头flexble pipe 柔性管flexible rubber expansion joint 可曲挠橡胶接头flexible trestle 柔性支架flexural stiffness ratio 刚柔比four—point loading test 四点法荷载试验free—flow conduit(pipeline) 自流管道fusion joint 热溶接头Ggastrans mission pipeline 输气管道gasket ring 密封圈glass fibrere inforced plastics pipe(GRP) 玻璃纤维增强热固性塑料管gravity—flow conduit(pipeline) 重力流管道gray cast iron pipe(CIP) 灰口铸铁管gully grating sand frames 雨水篦gully trap 雨水井Hhanger 吊杆haunches under pipe 管下腋角beaped load 堆积荷载heat—supply pipeline 供热管道heating pipeline 采暖管道height of conduit 管道高度horizontal earth pressure 水平土压力horses hoe conduit 马蹄形管道hydrostatic pressure 静水压力hydrostatic proof test 水压检验试验Iimpact factor 动力系数impact test 冲击试验industrial pipe line 工业管道inner sleeve joint 内套环接头inside diameter 内径inspection chamber 检查井interior prism 管上土柱intermediate jacking station 中继间invert 底点JJacking pressure 顶力Joint angular deflection 接头角位移Joint axial deformation 接头轴向位移Joint deflection test 接头角位移试验Joint packing 接头密封料Ioint sealant 接头密封料Joint straight draw test 接头拉伸试验LLag factor 滞后系数Lateral earth pressure 侧向土压力Leading pipe 导管Leak test 严密性试验lined type PCCP(PCCP—L) 内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管lined—cylinder pipe(LCP) 内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管liner 内衬live load on conduit(pipeline) 管道活荷载load on conduit(pipeline) 管道荷载loading distribution diagram 荷载分布图形longitudinal calculation 纵向计算MManhole 检查井manhole cover and flames 检查井盖manhole steps 踏步max. temperature difference between construction and operation 闭合温差mean diameter 平均直径mechanical joint 机械接头mixed structure conduit 混合结构管道Nnatural(original) ground surface 原状(始)地面natural soil 原状土new austrian tunnelling method 新奥法nodular cast iron pipe 球墨铸铁管non—pressure conduit(pipeline) 无压管道norminal diameter(DN) 公称直径OOffset 乙字管Olander’s bulbform distribution 奥兰特分布图形oriented(guiding) trestle 导向支架outer sleeve joint 套环接头outlet 出水口outside diameter 外径oval conduit 椭园形管道over excavation 超挖overhead prpeline 架空管道ovoid conduit 卵形管道Ppartial fixed trestle 半固定支架passive earth pressure 被动土压力petroleum transmission pipeline 输油管道pipe accesory 管道附件pipe bridge 管桥pipe casing slip joint 套筒式伸缩器pipe clip 管卡;管箍pipe crossing 管道跨越pipe diameter 管直径pipe duct 管沟pipefitting 管件pipe in pipe 双层管pipe jacking method 顶管法pipe length 管长pipe roofing method 管棚法pipe support 管托;管道支座pipeline 管道pipeline(conduit)structure 管道结构pipeline eaerial(over) crossing 管道跨越pipeline appurtenance 管道附属构筑物pipeline for waste water(sewerage) in building 建筑排水管道pipeline for water supply in building 建筑给水管道pipeline joint 管道接头pipeline pier 管道支礅pipeline trestle 管道支架pipeline undercrossing 管道穿越plastic sandwich pipe 发泡塑料管polybutylene pipe(PB) 聚丁烯塑料管polyethylene pipe(PE) 聚乙烯塑料管polypropylene pipe(PP) 聚丙烯塑料管precast fabricated conduit 预制装配管道pressure class 压力等级pressure conduit(pipeline) 压力管道prestressed concrete cylinder pipe(PCCP) 预应力钢筒混凝土管prestressed concrete pipe(PCP) 预应力混凝土管profile(ribbed) wall plastic pipe 异型(肋型)塑料管protective cased pipe 保护套管push—on type joint 插入式接头Rrare earth cast iron pipe 稀土铸铁管reaction wall 反力墙rebated pipe 企口管reception pit 接收工作坑red mud plastic anti—weather pipe 红泥聚氯乙烯耐候塑料管reducer 异径管;渐缩管reducerslab 缩颈盖板reinforced concrete pipe(RCP) 钢筋混凝土管reinforced plastic mortar pipe(RPMP) 增强塑料砂浆管reinforced thermo setting resin pipe(RTRP) 增强热固性树脂管rigid joint 刚性接头rigid pipe 刚性管rigid trestle 刚性支架riseofarch conduit 拱沟矢高road(street)gully 雨水口roller support 滚动管托;滚动支座roller suspension process 悬辊法Ssand box casting process 砂型浇铸法sealing gasket 密封圈self—anchoring joint 自锚式接头self—prestressed concrete pipe 自应力混凝土管semi—elliptical conduit 半椭园形管道semi—flexible pipe 半柔性管semi—rigid pipe 半刚性管separate foundation 分离式基础service ebility pressure 工作压力sewage conduit(pipeline) 污水管道shaft 井筒shaped by injection molding 注模成型法shaped by screw rod extruder 挤出成型法shapped subgrade 土弧基础shield tunneling method 盾构法single junction 三通sinking pipeline method 沉管法施工site load 施工荷载site pressure test 现场水压试验sleeve connection 杯口连接sleeve expansion joint 松套伸缩接头sleeve joint 套管(筒)式接头slider support 滑动管托;滑动支座slip—on coupling 活箍socket(bell) and spigot joint 承插式接头socket pipe 承口管soi1improvement 地基处理soil treatment 地基处理solvent cement joint 粘接接头splayed end pipe 斜口管spreading angle 分布角spring hanger 弹簧吊杆spring line 侧点stability calculation 稳定验算stainless steel pipe 不锈钢管starting shaft 起始工作坑stee lpipe 钢管stiffness calculation 刚度验算stiffness calss 刚度等级stiffness ring 刚性环stiffness test 刚度试验storm sewer conduit(pipeline) 雨水管道straight butt(plain) end pipe 平口管strength calculation 强度计算structural crossing 结构跨越subaqueous pipeline 水下管道submarine pipeline 海底管道submerged pipeline 水下管道support feet 肘管管托surcharge load 堆积荷载surface laver 涂层surge pressure 波动压力sustained pressure test 持续压力试验Ttable vibrated casting process 振动台震捣法thermal insulation of pipes 管道隔热;管道保温thickness of conduit structure 管道结构厚度thickness of pipe wall 管壁厚threaded joint 螺纹接头three—edge bearing test 三支承法试验three—point loading test 三点法荷载试验thrust blocks 止推墩thrust pit 顶进工作坑thrust wall 止推墙tongue and groove joint 企口式接头tongue and groove pipe 企口管traffic load 车辆荷载transversal calculation 横向计算trench depth 槽深trench installation 开槽施工;沟槽敷设trench less installation 不开槽施工tunneling method installation 隧道法敷设two—edge bearing test 双支承法试验tyre pressure 轮压Uultimate load under three—edge bearing test 破坏荷载unannealed nodular(ductile)cast iron pipe 铸态球墨铸铁管unback filled trench 末回填沟槽under—ground conduit(pipeline) 地下管道undisturbed earth 未扰动土unpassable duct 不通行地沟unplasticised polyvinyl chloride pipe(UPVC管) 硬聚氯乙烯塑料管Vvacuum pressure 真空压力ventilating duct 通风管道vertical compressed casting process 径向挤压法;立式挤压法vertical earth pressure 坚向土压力;垂直土压力vertical vibrated casting process 立式振捣法vitrified clay pipe 陶土管Wwall pipe chase 穿墙套管water distribution pipeline 配水管道water removal 排水water supply conduit(pipeline) 给水管道water tight test 闭(灌)水实验water transmission conduit(pipeline) 输水管道welding joint 焊接接头wheel pressure 轮压working pressure 工作压力works hydrostatic test 水压检验试验。
4土压力及水压力2014
4.2.2 土压力的基本原理 库伦土压力理论 朗金土压力理论
朗金土压力理论是通过研究弹性半空间土体、应力状态和 极限平衡条件导出的土压力计算方法。 基本假定 ①研究对象为弹性半空间土体； 填土面无限长 ②不考虑挡土墙及回填土的施工因素； ③挡土墙墙背竖直（=0） 、光滑（=0） ，填土面水 平（=0）、无超载。 墙背与填土之间无摩擦力，因而无剪力，即墙背为 主应力面。
a x z K a 2c K a
K a tan 2 45 - 2
粘性土
1 3tan 2 45 无粘性土 2 tan 2 45 3 1 2
2014/12/4
粘性土的主动土压力包括两部分 一部分是由土自重引起的土压力； 一部分是由粘聚力c引起的负侧压力， 图中ade部分对墙体是拉力，意味着墙与土已分离，计 算土压力时，该部分略去不计，
Ea
2 1 H - z0 HK a - 2c K a 1 H 2 K a - 2cH Ka 2c 2 2
1 Ea H 2 Ka 2
4.2.3 土压力的计算
无粘性土的主动土压力
4.2.3 土压力的计算 3被动土压力Ep
2014/12/4
土压力与水压力
13
2014/12/4
土压力与水压力
15
2 土压力的基本原理 3）塑性被动状态
当挡土墙在外力作用下沿水平方向挤压土体时，z仍不发 生变化， x随着墙体位移增加而逐渐增大，当挡土墙挤压 土体使其达到极限平衡状态，此时水平应力x超过竖向应 力z达到最大值p，称为被动土压力强度p，为大主应 力；而z较x要小，为小主应力，有： 竖向应力z： z=3 =常数 水平应力x： x=1 = p
专业英语(土力学,基础工程)
I. Soil Mechanics土力学Soil Particle土壤颗粒, Void孔隙, Void Ratio孔隙率, Porosity多孔性Phase Diagram Water Content含水量, Degree of Saturation饱和度Total Density总体密度, Dry Density干密度, Buoyant/Submerged Density浮密度, Saturated Density饱和密度Aeolian风积, Alluvial冲积, Colluvial Soil重积土; Collapsible Loess湿陷性黄土Coarse粗糙的, Coarse Grained (Sand, Gravel) Soil Texture土壤结构, Grain Size晶粒大小, Particle Size粒度Fine细小的, Fine-textured (Silt, Clay)Cohesionless无粘性, Sandy Soil砂土, Cohesive黏性的, Clayey Soil粘性土,Soil Classification Sand, Gravel砾石 (Coarse, Medium, Fine; Loose松的, Medium, Dense密的)Silt淤泥, Clay粘土 (Hard, Stiff, Medium, Soft), Organic Soil有机的, Peat泥炭, Mud泥浆Silty Sand粉土, Sandy Clay砂质粘土, Clayey Sand, Clayed SiltSieve Analysis筛分, Well-graded级配良好, Poorly-Graded / Uniform 粒度级配Grain Size Distribution, Gradation, GradingHydrometer Analysis比重计分析Immediate Settlement瞬时沉降Settlement Components Consolidation 固结(Normally Consolidated正常固结, OCR, Pore Pressure Dissipation孔压消散,Drainage Path排水路径)Secondary Compression/Consolidation二次压缩, Creeping蠕变Cohesion凝聚力, Friction Angle摩擦角, Constitutive Behavior本构形状Shear Strength of Soil Total Stress总应力, Effective Stress有效应力,Pore Pressure 孔隙压力(Hydrostatic/Excess/Negative Pore Pressure, Capillarity毛细现象)Stress Path (TSP, ESP)应力路径, Major/Minor Principal Stress, Mohr Circle莫尔圆Shear Dilation剪胀, Shear Compression, Critical Void Ratio; Liquefaction液化Quick Sand流砂, Seismic Loading地震荷载Lateral Earth Pressure侧向土压力: Rankine郎肯, Coulomb库伦, Active主动, Passive被动, K0 Condition, K0 Consolidation, Anisotropic/Isotropic Consolidation不等向固结, Homogenous, Retaining Wall挡土墙, Geosynthetics (Geotextile, Geomembrane, Geogrid土工格栅)Common Geotechnical Laboratory Tests: Atterberg Limits界限含水量 (Plastic Limit塑限, Liquid Limit液限), Standard/Modified Proctor Test击实实验, Hydraulic Conductivity Test渗透系数测试, Oedometer/Consolidometer固结仪/Consolidation Test, Unconfined Compression Test, Direct Shear Test直剪试验, Triaxial Test三轴压缩试验 (Unconsolidated-Undrained, UU, CU, CD) II. Foundation Engineering基础工程Shallow Foundation浅基础, Spread Foundation扩大基础: Independent, Strip/Continuous,Raft/Mat, BoxClassification of Foundation Skin Friction表面摩擦Deep Foundation/Pile Foundation深'桩: Driven Pile, Drilled Shaft钻孔桩井End-bearing端承Driven Pile贯入桩: Handling/Driven/Service Load, Pile Cap承台, Cushion, Splice, Pneumatic/Hydraulic/Vibratory Hammer气'液压'震动Drilled Shaft竖井: Drilling Rig钻机, Slurry泥浆, Drilling Fluid, Negative Skin Friction/Downdrag负摩阻力, Necking柱颈, BulgingSpecial Piles: Underreamed/Lateral/Batter/Uplift/Composite Piles抗拔桩'侧向桩'斜桩'上举桩'复合桩, Caisson pile灌注桩Exploratory Boring/Drilling钻探, Sampling (for Laboratory Testing)取样Site/Geotechnical Investigation Field Reconnaissance实地勘察, Site/Land Survey土地测量岩土勘察 In-Situ Test (i.e. Standard Penetration Test, SPT, Cone Penetration Test, CPT)Geophysical Exploration地球物理勘探Substructure基础, Superstructure上层建筑, Subgrade/Subsurface/Subsoil路基'地下的'天然地基下层土, (Allowable) Bearing Capacity承载能力, Bearing Pressure, Differential Settlement不均匀沉降, Subgrade Reaction地基反力, Soil-Structure Interaction, Analytical/Empirical Solution, Correlation Coefficient/Factor, Excavation, Backfill回填, Dewatering。
工程土地词汇英译
land acquisition 土地征用land administration 土地行政Land Administration Manual 《地政手册》land administration measure 土地行政措施land allocation 拨地Land and Building Advisory Committee 土地及建设谘询委员会Land and Engineering Survey Board 土地及工程测量事务委员会land assembly 汇集土地；并合土地；土地组合Land Authority 地政监督Land Authority Consent Scheme 地政监督同意方案land bank 土地备用区；土地储备；预留地带land boundary 土地界线land boundary index record 土地界线指引记录land boundary plan 土地界线图land boundary record 土地界线记录land boundary survey 土地界线测量land boundary survey plan 土地界线测量图Land Commission 土地委员会land conservation area 陆上保护区land control action 土地管制行动land control unit [Lands Department] 土地管制小组〔地政总署〕land conveyancing counter service 土地转易柜台服务Land Conveyancing Officer 田土转易主任land cost payment 土地成本款项land crossing 陆上横道land development 土地发展；土地开发Land Development Corporation [LDC] 土地发展公司〔土发公司〕Land Development Policy Committee 土地发展政策委员会land disposal 出售土地；批地Land Disposal Inventory System 批地资料系统Land Disposal Programme 批地计划land disposal quota 批地配额land disturbance allowance 耕地骚扰津贴Land Division [Lands Department] 地政部〔地政总署〕land drainage 地面排水land, engineering and hydrographic survey services [public works category] 土地、工程及水道测量服务〔公共工程类别〕land exchange 换地Land Exchange Entitlement 土地交换权利Land Executive 地政主任Land Executives Association 地政主任会land extensive industry 广占土地的工业；低密度的工业land feature 地物；地貌land form 地形land formation 平整土地；开拓土地Land Fund 土地基金land grant 批地land grant document 批地文件land grant provision 批地条款land held by the Government [formerly known as land held by the Crown] 政府持有的土地〔前称官方持有的土地〕land held from the Crown 持有从官方取得的土地land implication 土地的影响land incapable of separate alienation 不可独立转让的土地land index 土地指数Land Information Centre [Lands Department] 土地信息中心〔地政总署〕Land Information System 土地信息系统Land Inspector 地政督察Land Inspectors Union 地政督察工会Land Instructions 地政指示land inventory system [Lands Department] 土地资料系统〔地政总署〕land lease 土地契约；批地契约land leased from the Crown 官方批租的土地land levelling 土地平整land main 陆上水管land mark 界标land matter 土地事宜land occupier 土地占用人；土地使用人land of any tenure 属任何保有形式的土地land owner 土地业权人；地主land ownership 土地业权；土地拥有权land parcel 一幅土地；地块land piling [public works category] 土地打桩〔公共工程类别〕Land Policy Liaison Committee 土地政策联络委员会Land Policy Meeting 土地政策会议land premium 地价；土地补价land premium system 土地补价制度land pressure receiver 土地压力接收器land production 土地辟增；土地开发land production programme 土地开发计划land quota 土地配额land record 土地记录land record sheet 土地记录图Land Register 土地注册记录册land registers of demarcation district 丈量约份土地登记册Land Registrar 土地注册处处长land registration 土地注册Land Registration Computer System 土地注册电脑系统land registration fee 土地注册费Land Registration Officer 土地注册主任Land Registration System 土地注册系统Land Registry 土地注册处Land Registry Circular Memoranda 土地注册处通函Land Registry Joint Standing Committee 土地注册处联合常务委员会Land Registry Learning Resource Centre 土地注册处学习资源中心Land Registry News 《土地注册处通讯》Land Registry Trading Fund 土地注册处营运基金Land Registry Trading Fund Hong Kong, The--Annual Report 19XX-XX 《香港土地注册处营运基金──一九ＸＸ至ＸＸ年度年报》land reserve zone 土地预留区；土地储备；专用土地land resources 土地资源land restoration 修复土地land resumption 收回土地；收地land resumption compensation 收地补偿land resumption limit 收地范围land revenue 土地收益land sale 卖地land sales limit 卖地限额Land Sales Programme 卖地计划land search 土地查册land search fee 查册费land search record 土地查册记录land section 土地分段land status 土地类别；土地性质land status plan 土地类别图land steam boiler 土地蒸汽锅炉land subdivision 分割土地land subdivision survey 土地分割测量land subsidence 地陷land supply 土地供应Land Survey Authority 土地测量监督Land Survey Plan Certificate 土地测量图则证明书Land Surveyor 土地测量师Land Surveyor Plan and Confirmation 土地测量师图则及确定书Land Surveyors Registration Committee 土地测量师注册委员会land title 土地业权land title record 土地业权记录land title registration system 土地业权注册制度Land Title System [Land Registry] 土地业权制度〔土地注册处〕land transaction 土地交易land trust 土地信托land use 土地用途land use classification 土地用途分类land use classification for urban areas 市区土地用途分类land use pattern 土地用途模式land use plan 土地用途图则；土地用途计划Land Use Transport Optimization Study 土地及运输最佳配合研究land use zoning 土地用途分区制land value 地价land-based borrow area 陆上取土区；挖沙区land-based interceptor sewer 地面截流污水渠landed and house property 房地产landed property 地产landfill 堆填区landfill gas 堆填区所产生的沼气；堆填区沼气landfill site 堆填区landform 地形；地貌landform unit 地貌单元landholding 土地范围landing 楼梯平台；梯台；层站〔升降机〕landlocked inlet 内陆海湾landlord 业主；地主；房东Landlord and Tenant Proclamation 业主与租客公告landmark 地志；地界标志landowner 土地业权人；土地拥有人Lands Administration Office [Lands Department] 地政处〔地政总署〕Lands Administration Office Instruction 地政处指示Lands and Planning Division [Planning, Environment and Lands Bureau]地政及规划部〔规划环境地政局〕Lands Department 地政总署Lands Department Estate Surveyors Association 地政总署产业测量师协会Lands Department Inspector Association 地政署督察人员协会Lands Tribunal 土地审裁处landscape 园景；景观；风景landscape and design, disposition and height clause 美化环境及设计、规划及高度条款Landscape Architect 园林建筑师landscape architecture 园林建筑学；园景设计学landscape area 园景区；园景地带landscape design 园林设计Landscape Division [Lands Department] 美化环境部〔地政总署〕landscape group [Architectural Services Department] 园林组〔建筑署〕landscape hardwork 园林建筑landscape park 园景公园landscape plan 景观图landscape terrace 园景台阶landscape works 环境美化工程landscaped area 园景美化地方；园林地区；园景区landscaped podium 园林平台landscaped promenade 园景散步区landscaping 环境美化工程；景观美化工程landscaping clause 美化环境条款landslide 山泥倾泻；滑坡landslide debris 山泥倾泻产生的泥石；滑坡泥石landslide disaster prevention 山泥倾泻灾害防治；滑坡灾害防治landslide hazard 山泥倾泻危险；滑坡危险landslide scar 山泥倾泻残痕；滑坡残痕landslide study 山泥倾泻研究；山泥倾泻调查landslide surface 山泥倾泻面；滑坡面landslip 山泥倾泻；滑坡；土地崩塌Landslip Investigation Division [Civil Engineering Department] 山泥倾泻勘测部〔土木工程署〕landslip prevention/remedial works to slopes/retaining walls [public workscategory] 斜坡／挡土墙的防止山泥倾泻／修补工程〔公共工程类别〕landslip preventive measure [LPM] 山泥倾泻预防措施Landslip Preventive Measures Committee 防止山泥倾泻计划委员会Landslip Preventive Measures Programme 防止山泥倾泻计划Landslip Preventive Measures Section [Civil Engineering Department]防止山泥倾泻组〔土木工程署〕landslip preventive works 山泥倾泻预防工程landslip remedial works 山泥倾泻补救工程landslip scar 山泥倾泻残痕；滑坡残痕；崩塌残痕landslip warning 山泥倾泻警报landslip warning system 山泥倾泻警报系统；滑坡警报系统lane direction control signal 车道方向指示信号Lantau Port and Western Harbour Development Studies 大屿山港口及西部海港发展研究Lantau Port Development--Stage 1 大屿山港口发展第一期工程lap 搭接lap length 搭接长度large diameter bored pile 大直径螺旋钻孔桩large neighbourhood centre [Type C Commercial Centre] 本区商场〔丙类商场〕large panel construction 大墙板建造法；大模板建造法large panel framework 外墙镶嵌大模壳large unit [rating and valuation] 大型单位〔差饷估价分类〕large-scale mapping 大比例地图latch 碰锁；弹簧锁latent defect 潜在的建筑缺陷；潜在的建筑瑕疵lateral deformation 侧向变形；横向变形lateral dimension 横向尺寸lateral earth pressure 侧向土压力；横向土压力lateral force 侧向力；横向力lateral load 侧向荷载；横向荷载lateral movement 横向移动lateral pressure 侧向压力；横向压力lateral restraint 侧向约束；横向约束lateral shrinkage 侧向收缩；横向收缩lateral spread 侧向扩张；横向扩张lateral stability assessment 侧向稳定性评估；横向稳定性评估lateral stability improvement programme 侧向稳定改善计划；横向稳定改善计划lateral stability improvement works 侧向稳定改善工程lateral strain 侧向应变；横向应变lateral support 侧向承托；横向承托lateritic soil 红土lath 板条latrine 厕所latrine fitment 厕所设备lattice beam 格梁launching erection 曳进架设法launching girder 曳进吊梁机launching nose 曳进导梁laundry line bracket 晒衣绳架；晾衣绳架laundry pole holder 晒衣竹插筒；晾衣竹插筒laundry rack 晒衣架；晾衣架lava flow 熔岩流lavatory 盥洗室lawful succession 合法继承lawful successor 合法继承人Layman's Guide to Slope Maintenance 《斜坡维修简易指南》layout 布局设计；规划图；平面布置layout area 蓝图区；详细规划区layout plan 平面图；平面布置图；发展蓝图LDC Section [Lands Department] 土地发展公司计划土地征用组〔地政总署〕leachate 渗漏污水；沥滤液leachate sewer 垃圾池污水渠leaching 淋滤作用；溶滤作用lead primer 铅粉底漆；“铅丹”lead time 发展所需时间；由筹备至完工所需时间league table [Performance Assessment Scoring System] 积分表〔承建商表现评分制〕lean concrete 少灰混凝土；“淡石屎”lease 租契；契约lease agreement 批租协议lease conditions 租契条件；批租条件lease description 租契描述lease enforcement 执行契约条款lease enforcement action 执行契约条款行动lease enforcement unit [Lands Department] 契约执行小组〔地政总署〕lease extension 契约续期lease for special purpose 特殊用途土地契约；特殊用途楼宇契约lease holder 契约持有人lease modification 契约修订lease term 批租期；租赁年期lease variation 租契修订leaseback 售后租回leased asset 租赁资产leased interest 租赁权益leased land 已批租土地leased premises 出租楼宇lease-expired property 批租期满物业leasehold 按契约而持有业权；租赁土地leasehold estate 批租土地屋leasehold interest 批租土地权益；租赁权益leasehold system 批租制度；租地制度leasing formalities 批租手续；租赁手续ledge 横档legal advisory and conveyancing office [LACO] [Lands Department]法律谘询及田土转易处﹝地政总署﹞legal charge 法定押记legal estate 法定产业权legal interest 法定权益legal mortgage 法定按揭legal obligations 法律义务legal occupier 合法占用人legal ownership 合法业权legal title 合法业权legal vetting 法定审查legatee 非土地遗赠继承人LegCo Panel on Housing 立法会房屋事务委员会LegCo Panel on Planning, Lands and Works 立法会规划地政及工程事务委员会leisure complex 休憩活动综合大楼leisure map 旅游地图length of tenancy 租期lessee 承租人；租户lessor 出租人；批租人lessor's title 出租人的业权let 出租let a contract 批出合约let as a dwelling 作为住宅出租let furnished 连家具出租let on hire 出租let unfurnished 不连家具出租lettable area 可出租面积；租用面积Letter A 甲种换地权益书Letter A and B Tender System 甲种及乙种换地权益书投标办法Letter B 乙种换地权益书Letter B market 乙种换地权益书交易市场Letter B Tender Vintage System 乙种换地权益书期龄轮候制度letter of acceptance 中标通知书；同意书；接纳书letter of administration 遗产管理书letter of cancellation of Government Land Licence 取消政府土地租用牌照通知书letter of compliance 合约完成证明书；完工证；完成规定事项证明书letter of exchange 换地证letter of invitation to tender 招标书letter of modification 建筑牌照规约修订书；批约修订书；批地条款修订书letter of no objection to occupy 不反对入住书letter of rectification of house boundary 修正屋界批准书letter of toleration 暂准书letter slot 大门派信口letting and vacancies of interim housing 中转房屋的出租／空置情况letting by negotiation [commercial premises in housing estate] 以协商方式出租的屋商业单位letting rate 出租率letting value 租值levee 河堤level 标高；水平；“平水”level area 平坦地方level crossing 平交道口level difference 标高差距level gauge 水平仪leveller 水平测量员；“墨斗”levelling 水准测量levelling course 整平层levelling staff 水准标尺；“平水”尺levelling stone 整平石Licence for Village-type House 乡村式屋宇许可证licensed bedspace apartment 持牌床位寓所licensed boat dweller 持牌艇户licensed estate agent 持牌地产代理licensed land 牌照土地Licensing Committee [Estate Agents Authority] 牌照委员会〔地产代理监管局〕licensing permit [temporary housing area] 安置证〔临时房屋区〕lien 留置权life expectancy of a building 楼宇的预算楼龄life of a building 建筑物存在期life span of a block 大厦的使用期lift 升降机Lift and Escalator Safety Campaign 升降机及电动扶梯安全运动lift lobby 升降机大堂；升降机门廊lift machine room 升降机机房lift semi-modernization programme 升降机局部维修计划lift tower 升降机系统；升降机塔lift works 升降机工程lifting appliance 起重机械lifting chain 起重链；吊链lifting cylinder 起卸液压伸缩筒lifting frame 吊架lifting gear 升降起重联动装置；起重装置lifting jack 千斤顶；举重机lifting platform 升降平台；举重台lifting tackle 起重滑车；提升滑轮lifts and escalators [public works category] 升降机及自动梯〔公共工程类别〕light point 灯位light structural steelwork 轻结构钢料light well 光井lighting fittings 灯光安装工程lightning arrester 避雷器lightning conductor 避雷针lightning protection 避雷装置lightweight aggregate 轻砂石；轻骨料lightweight concrete 轻质混凝土lightweight cover 轻型上盖lightweight filler 轻填料；轻质搀合料lightweight screed 轻质砂浆lightweight sheet 薄铁皮lightweight soil 轻质混合泥lime plaster 石灰泥；搀砂石灰膏lime putty 石灰膏limewash 石灰水；刷灰limit equilibrium [slope stability analysis] 极限平衡〔斜坡稳定性分析〕limit of reclamation 填海界限limit of works area 施工范围linear block 相连长型大厦linear development 线状发展linear displacement 线性位移linear interpolation 直线插值法linear L1 block 相连长型第1款大厦linear L2 block 相连长型第2款大厦linear programming 线性规划linear regression 线性回归link lobby 连接两座大厦的通道link road 连接路；接驳道路linkage 连接装置；联动装置linked blocks 相连大厦lintel 楣；楣梁；过梁lipping 凸缘liquefied petroleum gas installations [public works category] 石油气装置〔公共工程类别〕liquid-retaining structure 挡水构筑物List B of Maintenance Information System and Infrastructure Support 维修保养资料系统乙类清单List Management Committee 承建商名册管理小组委员会List of Approved Contractors for Public Works 认可公共工程承建商名册List of Approved Suppliers of Materials and Specialist Contractors for PublicWorks 认可公共工程物料供应商及专门承造商名册List of Bona Vacantia Properties 无主物业清单list of consultants for engineering and building projects 工程及建筑计划的顾问名册list of established villages 原有乡村名册list of indigenous villagers 原居村民名册List of Permitted Trades in Housing Authority Factory Buildings房屋委员会分层工厂大厦许可行业一览表List of Private Practice Land Surveyors 私营执业土地测量师名册list of recognized villages 认可乡村名册list of the Hong Kong Government's property assets 香港政府物业资产的清单listing criteria [Housing Authority List of Building Contractors]列入名册的资格准则〔《房屋委员会承建商名册》〕Lists of Building Materials 建筑物料单lithological composition 岩性成分litter container with cowl 有通风罩废物箱littoral deposit 沿岸沉积；海滩沉积地；湖滩沉积地live application 登记在轮候册上的有效申请live load 活荷载；活载重live-in requirement 必须入住规定；必须在有关物业居住的规定livestock structure 饲养禽畜搭建物livestock waste control area 禽畜废物管制区livestock waste prohibition area 禽畜废物禁区living area 居住面积living density 居住密度living quarters 住所living quarters size 住所面积living room 起居室；客厅load 荷载；载重load bearing 承重；承载load distribution 负荷分配load factor 荷载系数load sharing equipment 负荷分担装置load test 荷载测试；负载测试；承重测试load-bearing brick wall 承重砖墙load-bearing cross wall 承重横墙load-bearing reinforced concrete wall 钢筋混凝土承重墙load-bearing shear wall 承重剪力墙load-bearing structure 承重构筑物load-bearing wall 承重墙load-carrying capacity 支承荷载能力；承重能力loaded area 承载面积loader 搬土机；铲泥车loading condition 荷载状况loading frame 荷载构架loading intensity 荷载强度loading plate 载重指示牌loading survey 荷载勘测loading/unloading area 上落客货区；货物起卸处loam 壤土local development value 地区性发展价值Local Geotechnical Engineers' Association [Civil Engineering Department]本地土力工程师协会〔土木工程署〕Local Officers' Co-operative Building Society 本地公务员建屋合作社Local Officers' Government Built Housing Scheme 政府为本地公务员兴建楼宇计划local open space 邻舍休憩用地；屋空地；屋苑空地local people 原区村民local plan 地方计划图local public works 乡村工程；地区小型工程local public works programme 乡村工程计划；地区小型工程计划Local Public Works Scheme 乡村工程计划local rehousing 原区安置local shopping centre 邻舍商场local transfer 原区调迁locality 地区localized ducting 集中管道localized landslip 局部山泥倾泻；局部滑坡localized repair 局部修葺localized seepage 局部渗漏locating bar 定位横栏location correction factor 方位修正系数location factor 地点因素location index-plan 位置索引图location plan 位置图location reference 方位数值locational requirement 位置需求lock-up service trade shop 不得留宿的服务行业铺位lodger 住客；租住人loft 顶楼层；阁楼log 原木log pond 贮木塘Long Term Housing Strategy [LTHS] 长远房屋策略Long Term Housing Strategy Advisory Committee 长远房屋策略谘询委员会Long Term Housing Strategy Model 长远房屋策略模拟程式Long Term Housing Strategy Review 长远房屋策略评议Long Term Housing Strategy Review Consultative Paper 长远房屋策略评议谘询文件Long Term Housing Strategy--Policy Statement 《〈长远房屋策略政策〉说明书》long term integrity of the structure 结构长期完整性long term loading 长期荷载longitudinal gradient 纵向坡度loose fill 松土〔斜坡〕；疏松填土loose finish 松脱批荡loose rock 疏松的碎石loosely compacted slope 夯压不足的山坡loss or damage due to contractor's risks 由承建商承担风险的损失或损害；由承办商承担风险的损失或损害loss or leakage of grout 薄浆流失；薄浆漏出lot 地段lot amalgamation 地段合并lot boundary 地段界线lot identification 地段鉴辨lot identification plan 地段鉴辨图lot index plan 地图索引图lot number 地段编号lot owner 地段业权人louvre blade 窗叶louvre window 百叶窗；气窗low air-entry ceramic disc 低空气进入流量陶碟low cost housing estate 廉租屋low density residential development 低密度住宅发展low interest mortgage loan 低息按揭贷款low strength concrete 低强度混凝土low to moderate risk 低至中等风险low water 低潮low water mark 低潮位lower catchment area 下段集水区lower ground floor 地下低层lower high water 低高潮lower low water 低低潮lowest group permitted to tender 准许投标最低组别lowest tender 出价最低的投标书；最低价投标lowland rural area 低地乡郊地区low-lying land 低地low-rise building 层数较少大厦"luen fu" 暖符Lugeon test 吕容试验lumen [lm] 流明〔光通量单位〕luminance level 亮度lump sample 剥落样本luting paste 封填膏lux 勒克斯〔光度单位〕macadam 碎石层〔道路〕machine room 机房magazine [site] 炸药仓〔地盘〕magic eye 大门防盗眼magma 岩浆magmatic rock 岩浆岩magnet core 磁心magnetic crane 磁力起重机；磁力吊机main anti-siphonage pipe 总反虹吸管main block 主体大厦main cable 主要钢缆；主缆main contractor 总承建商main dam 主坝main deck 主桥面main distribution frame room 电话接线房main drain 排水干管；总排水管main drainage channel 主要集水区排水道；主排水渠Main Drainage Channels and Poldered Village Protection Scheme 河道及乡村防洪计划main element 主要元件main elevation 主要立视面main entrance gate 入口大门main foyer 大堂main frontage 正面；临街的地方。
基坑规范英文版
基坑规范英文版篇一：行业标准中英对照44项工程建设标准（英文版）目录123篇二：地下室设计深基坑中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Deep ExcavationsABSTRACT ：All major topics in the design of in-situ retaining systems for deep excavations in urban areas are outlined. Type of wall, water related problems and water pressures, lateral earth pressures, type of support, solution to earth retaining walls, types of failure, internal and external stability problems.KEYWORDS: deep excavation; retaining wall; earth pressure;INTRODUCTIONNumbers of deep excavation pits in city centers are increasing every year. Buildings, streets surroundingexcavation locations and design of very deep basements make excavations formidable projects. This chapter has been organized in such a way that subjects related to deep excavation projects are summarized in several sections in the order of design routine. These are types of in-situ walls, water pressures and water related problems. Earth pressures in cohesionless and cohesive soils are presented in two different categories. Ground anchors, struts and nails as supporting elements are explained. Anchors are given more emphasis pared to others due to widespread use observed in the recent years. Stability of retaining systems are discussed as internal and external stability. Solution of walls for shears, moments, displacements and support reactions under earth and water pressures are obtained making use of different methods of analysis. A pile wall supported by anchors is solved by three methods and the results are pared. Type of wall failures, observed wall movements and instrumentation of deep excavation projects are summarized.1. TYPES OF EARTH RETAINING WALLS1.1 IntroductionMore than several types of in-situ walls are used to support excavations. The criteria for the selection of type of wall are size of excavation, ground conditions, groundwater level, vertical and horizontal displacements of adjacent ground and limitations of various structures, availability of construction, cost,speed of work and others. One of the main decisions is the water-tightness of wall. The following types ofin-situ walls will be summarized below;1. Braced walls, soldier pile and lagging walls2. Sheet-piling or sheet pile walls3. Pile walls (contiguous, secant)4. Diaphragm walls or slurry trench walls5. Reinforced concrete (cast-in-situ or prefabricated) retaining walls6. Soil nail walls7. Cofferdams8. Jet-grout and deep mixed walls9. Top-down construction10. Partial excavation or island method1.1.1 Braced WallsExcavation proceeds step by step after placement of soldier piles or so called king posts around the excavation at about 2 to 3 m intervals. These may be steel H, I or WF sections. Rail sections and timber are also used. At each level horizontal waling beams and supporting elements (struts, anchors,nails) are constructed. Soldier piles are driven or monly placed in bored holes in urban areas, and timberlagging is placed between soldier piles during the excavation. Various details of placement of lagging are available, however(来自: 小龙文档网:基坑规范英文版), precast units, in-situ concrete or shotcrete may also be used as alternative to timber. Depending on ground conditions no lagging may be provided in relatively shallow pits.Historically braced walls are strut supported. They had been used extensively before the ground anchor technology was developed in 1970?s. Soils with some cohesion and without water table are usually suitable for this type of construction or dewatering is acpanied if required and allowed. Strut support is monly preferred in narrow excavations for pipe laying or similar works but also used in deep and large excavations (See Fig 1.1). Ground anchor support is increasingly used and preferred due to access for construction works and machinery. Waling beams may be used or anchors may be placed directly on soldierpiles without any beams.1.1.2 Sheet-piling or Sheet Pile WallsSheet pile is a thin steel section (7-30 mm thick)400-500 mm wide. It is manufactured in different lengths and shapes like U, Z and straight line sections (Fig. 1.2). There are interlocking watertight grooves at the sides, and they are driven into soil by hammering or vibrating. Their use is often restricted in urbanized areas due to environmental problems likenoise and vibrations. New generation hammers generate minimum vibration anddisturbance, and static pushing of sections have been recently possible. In soft ground several sections may be driven using a template. The end product is a watertight steel wall in soil. One side (inner) of wall is excavated step by step and support is given by struts or anchor. Waling beams (walers) are frequently used. They are usually constructed in water bearing soils.Steel sheet piles are the most mon but sometimes reinforced concrete precast sheet pile sections are preferred in soft soils if driving difficulties are not expected. Steel piles may also encounter driving difficulties in very dense, stiff soils or in soils with boulders. Jetting may be acpanied during the process to ease penetration. Steel sheet pile sections used in such difficult driving conditions are selected according to the driving resistance rather than the design moments in the project. Another frequently faced problem is the flaws in interlocking during driving which result in leakages under water table. Sheet pile walls are monly used for temporary purposes but permanent cases are also abundant. In temporary works sections are extracted after their service is over, and they are reused after maintenance. This process may not be suitable in dense urban environment.1.1.3 Pile WallsIn-situ pile retaining walls are very popular due to their availability and practicability. There are different types of pile walls (Fig. 1.3). In contiguous (intermittent) bored pile construction, spacing between the piles is greater篇三：基坑开挖换填施工方案英文版Sokoto Cement Factory Project of the 17 Bureau, Chinese Railway ConstructionCompanythConstruction Schemes for Foundation pit ExcavationAnd ReplacementComposed by：Editor：Chief editor：Fifth division of 17th Bureau of CRCC, manager department of theSokoto Cement Factory Project, Nigeria23th November 2104Contents1Introduction ......................................... ...................................................... ............................. １1.1 Basis for theposition ............................................. ............................................... １1.2 Principles for theposition ............................................. ........................................ １2.1Location ............................................. ...................................................... .................... １2.2 Geographicreport ............................................... ...................................................... ... ２2.3 Ground water and undergroundwater. ............................................... ......................... ２ Construction techniques andmethods .............................................. ...................................... ２3.1 Excavation of the foundationpit .................................................. ................................ ２3.1.13.1.23.1.33.1.43.1.53.1.63.23.2.13.2.23.2.33.2.44 Gradient of the foundationpit .................................................. ......................... ３ The stability of the side slope ................................................ ............................ ３ The form ofexcavation ........................................... .......................................... ４Preparation for theexcavation ........................................... ................................ ５ Construction procedures ........................................... ......................................... ６Methods .............................................. ...................................................... ......... ６ Constructionmaterial ............................................. ........................................... ７Constructionpreparation .......................................... ......................................... ８Techniques and constructionalprocedure. ........................................... ............. ８Methods .............................................. ...................................................... ......... ９ 3 Gravelreplacement .......................................... ...................................................... ...... ７ Organization of construction and logistic work ................................................. ................ １１4.1 The managing system for construction organization. ........................................ ...... １１4.2 Human resources for theconstruction ......................................... ............................ １１4.3 Logisticwork ................................................. ...................................................... .... １２4.4 Technicalguarantee ............................................ ..................................................... １２4.5 Quality and techniques standard andregulation ........................................... ........... １２4.5.14.5.24.5.34.5.44.64.6.14.6.24.6.34.74.8 Qualitystandard ............................................. ............................................... １２Quality monitoringorganization ......................................... .......................... １３ Raising awareness for the importance of quality and professional skills. .... １３ Establishing quality managementcode. ................................................ ........ １３ Safety regulations for mechanical construction ......................................... ... １４ Trafficregulations ......................................................................................... １５Safety regulations for fillingconstruction. ........................................ ............ １５ Safety techniquesmeasures ............................................. ........................................ １４Environment protectionmeasures ............................................. .............................. １６ Construction during the rainseason ............................................... ......................... １６4.8.14.8.2 Collecting weatherdata ................................................. ................................ １６ Technical measures fordrainage ............................................. ...................... １６4.9 Technical measures for sandstorm ................................................ .......................... １７4.10 Contingencyplan ................................................. .................................................... １７Construction Schemes for Foundation pitExcavation And Replacement1 Introduction1.1 Basis for the position1.1.1 1.1.21.1.3 Drawings submitted by the Owner (GB50300-2001）。
岩土工程常用英文
岩土工程常用英文，注岩必备Soil Mechanics 土力学Geotechnical Engineering 岩土工程1physical properties 物理性质three phases of soil 土的三相组成Physical indexes 物理性质指标Density 密度cohesionless soil 无粘性土cohesive soil 粘性土permeability 渗透性solid 固相liquid 液相vapor phase 气相weathering 风化transportation 搬运sedimentation 沉积original mineral 原生矿物secondary mineral 次生矿物clay mineral 粘土矿物particle size distribution 颗粒级配huge particle group 巨粒（粒组）gross particle group 粗粒（粒组）fine particle group 细粒（粒组）sieve analysis 筛分法hydrometer analysis 水分法coefficient of uniformity 不均匀系数coefficient of curvature 曲率系数three-phase diagram 三相简图mass/quality 质量volume 体积density of soil 土的密度unit weight 容重，重度cutting ring 环刀specific gravity of soil 土的相对密度moisture content 含水率combined water 结合水free water 自由水adustion method 燃烧法void ratio 孔隙比（e）porosity 孔隙率（n）degree of saturation 饱和度bulk density of soil 土的堆积密度(moist) unit weight 湿重度Dry density 干密度Dry unit weight 干重度Saturated density 饱和密度Saturated unit weight 饱和重度Buoyant density 浮密度Buoyant unit weight 浮重度（有效重度）Compactness/density 密实度Void ratio of soil in the loosest/densest state 密实/松散状态土的孔隙比Loose 松散Medium 中密Dense 密实Standard penetration test 标准贯入试验（SPT）Limit water content 界限含水量Shrinkage limit 缩限Plastic limit 塑限Solid 固态Semisolid 半固态Plastic 可塑状态Liquid 流动状态态Cone penetrometer 锥式液限仪Plasticity index 塑性指数Liquidity index 液性指数Undisturbed soil 原状土Disturbed soil 扰动土Liquid-plastic limit combined device 液塑限联合测定仪Sensitivity 灵敏度Thixotropy （粘性土的）触变性Muck 淤泥Mucky soil 淤泥质土以下单词均可表示基础或地基：Foundationsubgradegroundfoundation soilsubsoilfootingbasecompressibility 压缩性silty sand 粉土sand 砂clay 黏土diaphragm wall 隔墙，地下连续墙expansive soil ground 膨胀土地基liquefaction of sand 砂土液化landslide 滑坡triaxial apparatus 三轴试验仪，原位测试仪Finite Element Method 有限单元法clay mineral 黏土质矿物Geosynthetics 土工合成材料artificial ground 人工地基ground treatment 地基处理The Leaning Tower of Pisa 比萨斜塔Coulomb 库伦（库伦土压力理论）Darcy 达西（达西渗流定律）Rankine 朗肯（朗肯土压力理论）Boussinesque 布辛奈斯克（竖向集中力下的地基附加应力提出者）Fellenius 费伦纽斯（瑞典圆弧法分析土坡滑坡）Terzaghi 太沙基（土力学之父）3.geostatic stress 自重应力foundation base pressure 基底压力net foundation pressure 基地附加压力contact pressure 基底压力additional stress 土中附加应力stress state 应力状态self-weight 自重homogeneous soil 均质土layed soil 成层土ground water level 地下水位continuous/strip footing 连续/条形基础vertical uniform load 竖向均布荷载flexible foundation 柔性基础rigid foundation 刚性基础rectangular foundation 矩形基础vertical centric load （矩形面积）竖向中心荷载vertical eccentric load （矩形面积）竖向偏心荷载tension force 拉（应）力inclined eccentric load 斜向偏心荷载vertical point force 竖向点力vertical concentrated load 竖向集中荷载vertical uniform load 竖向均布荷载example 例子solution 解triangularly distributed load 三角形分布荷载horizontal concentrated load 横向集中荷载circular foundation 圆形基础stress concentration 应力集中stress dispersion 应力扩散anisotropic foundation 各向异性基础isotropic 各向同性semi-infinite 半无限（空间）homogeneous 均质的linear elastic material 线弹性材料depth/width/length/height 深/宽/长/高4.Compressibility 压缩性Compressibility characteristics 压缩特征Compressibility parameters 压缩指标Compressive deformation 压缩变形Settlement 沉降One-dimensional compression 一维（无侧向变形）压缩Permeability 渗透性Stress history 应力历史Consolidation 固结Pore volume 孔隙体积Confined compression test 侧限压缩试验（固结试验）Consolidometer 固结测量仪（压缩仪）Porous stone 透水石Specimen 试样Compression 压缩Compression curve 压缩曲线Compression coefficient 压缩系数（a）Compression index 压缩指数（Cc）Compression modulus 压缩模量（Es）Rebounding or swelling curve 回弹曲线Recompression curve 再压缩曲线Deformation modulus 变形模量（E0）Final / ultimate settlement 最终沉降Layerwise summation method 分层总和法（delamination total Method）Stress area method 规范法Coefficient of average additional stress 平均附加应力系数Modified coefficient 修正系数（沉降计算经验系数）Pre-consolidation pressure 先（前）期固结压力Normally consolidated soil 正常固结土Overconsolidated soil 超固结土Overconsolidation ratio 超固结比Underconsolidated soil 欠固结土Distortion settlement 瞬时沉降Primary consolidation settlement 固结沉降Secondary consolidation settlement 次固结沉降Degree of consolidation 固结度Theory of one-dimensional consolidation （太沙基）一维固结理论Darcy’s law 达西定律Excess pore water pressure 孔隙水（超静水）压力Coefficient of consolidation 固结系数Time factor 时间因数（Tv，竖向固结因数）One-way drainage 单面排水Two-way drainage 双面排水5.Shear strength 抗剪强度Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion of soil莫尔-库仑破坏准则（莫尔-库伦强度理论）Limited equilibrium of soil 土的极限平衡Direct shear test apparatus 直剪仪Shear force 剪力Metal shear box 金属剪力盒Normal force 法向力Failure envelope 破坏包线Angle of internal friction 内摩擦角Cohesion 凝聚力Elastic equilibrium 弹性平衡Limit equilibrium 极限平衡State of limit equilibrium of Soil 土的极限平衡状态Stress state 应力状态Mohr’s circle 莫尔圆Sliding surface 滑裂面Laboratory test 室内试验In-situ test 野外（原位）试验Strain-controlled 应变控制式（用来修饰直剪仪，R 注）Stress-controlled 应力控制式（用来修饰直剪仪，R 注）Triaxial test 三轴（压缩）试验Vane shear apparatus test 十字板剪切试验Unconsolidated undrained test 不固结不排水试验Consolidated undrained test 固结不排水试验Consolidated drained test 固结排水试验Major principle stress 最大主应力Minor principle stress 最小主应力Intermediate principle stress 中间主应力6.Lateral Earth Pressure 侧向土压力Retaining structure 挡土结构物Retaining Wall 挡土墙Face 墙面Back 墙背Bottom 墙底Toe 墙趾Heel 墙踵Backfill 墙后填土Earth pressure at rest 静止土压力Active earth pressure 主动土压力Passive earth pressure 被动土压力Earth pressure distribution 土压力分布The total force per unit length of the wall 单位长度墙总力Rankine’s theory of earth pressure 朗肯土压力理论Rigid 刚性的No frictional vertical wall back 光滑竖直墙背Horizontal filling surface 水平填土面Cohesionless soil 无粘性土Cohesive soil 粘性土Failure wedge 破裂楔形体Force polygons 力的多边形Gravity retaining wall 重力式挡土墙Cantilevel retaining wall 悬臂式挡土墙Counterfort retaining wall 扶壁式挡土墙Anchoring technique （土层）锚固技术Geosynthetic reinforced retaining wall 土工合成材料加筋挡土墙Stability 稳定性Bearing capacity /bearing pressure 地基承载力Wall strength 墙身强度Safety against overturning 抗倾覆安全性Safety against sliding 抗滑移安全性。
EARTH PRESSURE AT-REST (静止土压力)
´
'hK o 'vK oH
where is unit weight of soil, H is depth
´h
´
of soil and Ko is coefficient of earth
´
´ ´
´vf
´
´
H
A' A
C
a
45
' 2
B
Mohr-Coulomb failure criteria [莫尔-库伦破坏准则]
’
f
’
c’ f
’3f
’f
'1f '3f 2
'1f '3f 2
’1f ’f
’3f
f
f
’3f
’1f
’1f
’
f
45
' 2
'3 f '1 fta2 n 45 2 ' 2 c'ta 4 n5 2 '
´hf
circle]. This is called passive failure.
´vf
(莫尔圆先减小後增大,与库伦强度
包线相切时为被动破坏,见右图的
蓝圆)
▪ Major principal plane is vertical surface (竖直面为最大主应力面)
▪ Slip planes for passive failure are inclined at 45-´/2 with respect to horizontal (被动破坏面与水平面的夹角为45-´/2)
管道工程常用术语
管道工程常用术语管道conduit, pipeline, duct管道纟吉构pipeli ne (con duit) stucture埋地管道，地下管道buried conuit (pipeline), under-ground conduit (pipeline)地上管道above=gro und con duit (pipeli ne)水下管道submerged pipeli ne, subaqueous pipeli ne海底管道submari ne pipeli ne架空管道overhead pipeli ne管桥pipe bridge工业管道in dustrial pipeli ne给水管道water supply conduit (pipeline)输水管道water transmission conduit (pipeline)酉己水管道water distribution pipeline排水管道sewer con duit (pipeli ne)雨水管道storm sewer con duit (pipeli ne)；可流管道comb ined drain age con duit (pipeli ne)污水管道sewage con duit (pipeli ne)涵洞culvert建筑给水管道pipeli ne for water supply in buildi ng建筑排水管道pipeli ne for waste water (sewerage) in buildi ng雨落管down pipe, down spout冷去卩水管道cooli ng water pipeli ne输油管道petroleum tran smissi on pipeli ne输气管道gas tran smissi on pipeli ne供热管道heat-supply pipeli ne采暖管道heati ng pipeli ne通风管道ven tilat ing duct纟田颗粒固体输送管道fin ely divided solid tran smissi on pipeli ne管沟pipe duct电缆沟cable duct通行地沟accessible duct不通行地沟un passable duct综合管道，共同沟combi ned duct电工套管electrical con duits无压管道non-pressure con duit (pipeli ne)自流管道，重力流管道free-flow con duit (pipeli ne), gravity-flow con duit (pipeli ne) 管道穿越pipeli ne un der cross ing管道跨越pipeli ne aerial (over) cross ing管道支架pipeli ne trestle管道支墩pipeli ne pier刚性管rigid pipe柔性管flexible pipe半柔性管，半刚性管semi-flexible pipe, semi-rigid pipe内衬liner涂层coati ng, surface layer管道接头pipeli ne joi nt管件pipe fitting管道附件pipe accessory管道附属构筑物pipeli ne appurte nance止推墩，固定墩thrust blocks, an chor管道防腐corrosi on prevetive of pipes管道隔热，管道保温thermal in sulati on of pipes辛钢管steel pipe焊接钢管welded steel pipe无缝钢管seamless steel pipe螺旋焊接钢管spiral welded steel pipe直缝焊接钢管Ion gitudi nal welded steel pipe电阻焊electirc resistenee welding, ERW不锈¥冈管sta ini ess steel pipe合金钢管alloy steel pipe铸铁管cast iron pipe (CIP)灰口铸铁管grey cast iron pipe (CIP)稀土铸铁管rare earth cast iron pipe球墨铸铁管，可延性铸铁管nodular castiron pipe, ductile cast iron pipe (DIP)铸态球墨铸铁管unarm ealed no dular (ductile) cast iron pipe混凝土管con Crete pipe (CP)钢筋混凝土管rei nforced con Crete pipe (RCP)预应力混凝土管prestressed con Crete pipe (PCP)自应力混凝土管self-prestressed con Crete pipe, chemically prestressed con crete pipe预应力钢筒混凝土管prestressed con crete cyli nder pipe (PCCP)内衬式预应力钢筒混凝土管lin ed type PCCP (PCCR丄)，li ned-cyli nder pipe (LCP)埋置式预应钢管混凝土管embedded type PCCP (PCCP-E), embeded-cyli nder pipe (ECP) 石棉水泥管asbestos-ceme nt pipe (ACP)陶土管vitrified clay pipe硬聚氯乙烯塑料管un plasticised polyv inyl chloride pipe (UPVC 管丿聚乙烯塑料管polyethylene pipe (PE管丿聚丙烯塑料管polypropylene pipe (PP管丿聚丁烯塑料管polybutylene pipe (PB管丿红泥聚氯乙烯耐候塑料管red mud plastic an ti-weather pipeABS 工程塑料管acrylonitrile butadiene stryrene pipe (ABS 管丿玻璃纤维管，玻璃纤维增强热固性塑料管fiberglass reinforced pipe (FRP), glass fibrerei nforeed plastics pipe (GRP)增强热固性树脂管rei nforced thermosetti ng resi n pipe (RTRP)增强塑料砂浆管rei nforced plastic mortar pipe (RPMP)复合管composite pipe混合结构管道mixed structure con duit圆开纟管道circular con duit (pipeli ne) 矩开纟管道box (recta ngular) con duit 马蹄形管道horseshoe con duit 半椭圆形管道semi-elliptical con duit 椭圆形管道oval co nduit, elliptical co nduit 卵形管道ovoid con duit 波纹管corrugated pipe 螺纹状helical corrugation 圆圈状annular corrugation 单壁波纹管sin gle wall corrugated pipe 双臂波纹管double wall corrugated pipe 波纹钢管corrugated steel pipe 波纹塑料管corrugated plastic pipe 异型 (肋型)塑料管profile (ribbed) wall plastic pipe 开孑L 肋形管ope n profile pipe T 形肋T-rib section 竖肋vertical rib section 闭孑L 肋形管closed profile pipe 发泡塑料管plastic san dwich pipe 保护套管protective cased pipe 双层管pipe in pipe 平口管straight butt (plain) end pipe 余斗口管beveled pipe, splayed end pipe 承口管socket pipe 企口管tongue and groove pipe, rebated pipe 现浇管道cast-i n-place (situ) con duit 预制装酉己管道precast fabricated con duit 离/卜法centrifugal process 连续浇筑法continu ous casti ng process 砂型浇，主法sand box casti ng process 悬辗法roller suspension process 径向挤压法，立式挤压法vertical compressed casti ng process立式振捣法vertical vibrated cast ing process 芯模振捣法core vibrated casti ng process 振动台振捣法table vibrated casti ng process震动挤压法vibrohydro pressed casti ng process 管芯缠绕法core winding process 纤维缠绕法filame nt winding process 挤出成型法shaped by screw rod extruder 单螺杆挤出机sin gle-screw extruder 双螺杆挤出机double-screw extruder 注模成型法shaped by injecti on mold ing 管道截面con duit section 管道宽度breadth of con duit 管道高度height of con duit 管长pipe length管有效长度effective len gth of pipe管直径pipe diameter公称直径norm inal diameter (DN)内径in side diameter 夕卜径outside diameter 平均直径mea n diameter 管壁厚thickness of pipe wall 顶点crown 底点invert 侧点springline 拱沟矢高rise of arch con duit 管道结构厚度thick ness of con duit structure 管道荷载load on con duit (pipeli ne) 管道恒荷载dead load on con duit (pipeli ne) 管道活荷载live load on con duit (pipeli ne) 竖向土压力，垂直土压力vertical earth pressure 侧向土压力，水平土压力lateral earth pressure, horiz on tai earth pressure 沟埋式土压力earth pressure on trench con duit 上埋式土压力earth pressure on emba nkme nt con duit 土拱压力earth pressure un der soil arch 竖向土压力系数coefficie nt of vertical earth pressure 管上土柱in terior prism 管侧土柱exterior prism 主动土压力active earth pressure静止土压力earth pressure at rest 被动土压力passive earth pressure 土的弹性抗力elastic reaction of soil车辆荷载traffic load轮压wheel pressure, type pressure动力系数impact factor堆积荷载surcharge load, heaped load施工荷载site load工作压力work ing pressure, serviceability pressure设计压力desig n pressure波动压力surge pressure静水压力hydrostatic pressure动水作用力dyn amic water pressure真空压力vacuum pressure三支承法试验three-edge beari ng test双支承法试验two-edge beari ng test裂缝荷载crack ing load un der three-edge beari ng test 破坏荷载ultimate load un der three-edge beari ng test 刚度等级stiffness class刚度试验stiffness test。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
3 1 tan (45 ) 2c tan( 45 )
2
f
2
2
=c+σtan
So, passive earth pressure:
pa h 3 z tan 2 (45 ) 2c tan( 45 ) 2 2
c
pa K0z
specific conditions:
vertical and smooth wall backs, homogeneous soil, level grounds, and no surcharge. Real excavation problems, however, are seldom that pure
is the slope of the ground. resultants acting on the retaining wall the horizontal components
6
Distribution and total stress E0
z H
p0 K0z
E0
1 H 3
K0H
静止土压力呈三角形分布(如上图)，总静止土压力为：
1 E 0 H 2 K 0 2
E0的作用点在距离墙底1/3墙高H处。
(kN/m)
7
Rankine's earth pressure theory
4
normally consolidated states preconsolidated states
K0 1 sin
K0 1 sin OCR
式中， ′为土的有效内摩擦角， OCR为土的超固结比，λ为常 数，通常在 0.3-0.5 之间，有人建议采用 0.41 ，也有人建议采用 0.5，Mayne and Kulhawy(1982) 建议 sin 。
z0
lateral passive earth pressure pp
The major principal stress
Ep
3 v z
The minor principal stress
σ3 pp=σ
1
z
1 h p p
45-/2
Soil critical failure theory
E
3 Sloping ground
According to Rankine's earth pressure theory, the coefficients of the earth pressure for sloping ground (Bowles, 1988) can be computed as follows:
F a 450 B q0 b q C 450
应力扩散角为45度，作用范围见图，坡顶
局部超载大小为q0，作用宽度为BC宽，即b按 照45度扩散原则，FA=FB=a，FA段和E点以下的
坑底
A D
450
土体不考虑坡顶局部超载的作用该荷载作用
范围为AE段。计算垂直荷载时，大小因为应 力扩散，其值变小： q= (q0×b)/(b+2a)
earth pressure at rest p0
1 Suppose friction does not exist between the retaining wall and the soil. 2 the wall is not allowed to move
支p Discussion about total stress and effective stress
where the coefficients of the active and the passive earth pressure are separately
Ka =tan2(45 – φ’ /2) and Kp = tan2(45+ φ’ /2).
plastic equilibrium.
Active earth pressure pa
The major principal stress
1
p a =3 45+/2
z
1 v z
The minor principal stress
3 h pa
粘性土的极限平衡条件
5
z p0=σh
σv
σh
1 v z
3 h K0z
σv
K 0 1 sin
K0 ：
1 3 1 K0 sin 1 3 1 K 0 2 sin
f
Critical state：
1 3 sin 1 3
Lateral earth pressure
lateral earth pressure at rest
earth pressure
p0
active earth pressure pa
passive earth pressure pp
In terms of wall
movement of wall and direction
v= z
9
where Ka = Rankine's coefficient of lateral active earth pressure Ka
－
z0
2c z0 Ka
Z0 : critical depth
z<z0 z>z0
pa 0
pa zK a 2c K a
45+/ 2
excavation surface is actually large enough to cause passive failure of soil in
the vicinity of the excavation surface.
Several cases
1 uniformly distributed load： 直接按照均布荷载大小考虑。 2 top local loads：
E
堤岸挡
土压力 E
Ep
E0
填土
H
E0
H
+ H
_ H
Ea
E
地下室
地下室侧墙
1~5%
1~5%0
z
σv p0=σh σv
σh
v z
h K0z
p0 h K0z
p0—earth pressure at rest(kN/m2)
K0: coefficient of lateral earth pressure at rest.
1 3 tan (45 ) 2c tan( 45 )
2
f
2
2
=σtan K0 v z = z
p
p
p p h 1 z tan 2 (45 ) 2c tan( 45 ) 2 2
11
where Kp= Rankine's coefficient of lateral active earth pressure Kp
and simple. Some modifications are necessary when applying the
theory to practical cases.
Displacement and earth pressure
the strain for soil to come to passive failure is greater than that for it to reach active failure. the actual earth pressure near the wall bottom is smaller than the passive earth pressure. However, the displacement of the retaining wall near the
Rankine (1857) developed a theory of lateral earth pressure in conditions of failure in front of and in back of a retaining wall on the basis of the concept of