2009年考研阅读翻译
考研英语2009年 TEXT3 阅读翻译
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。
2009年考研英语翻译真题译文及解析
2009年考研英语翻译真题译文及解析在人们从与其他人相处中受到的教育和对年轻人的有意的教育之间，有着显著的不同。
在前一种情况下，教育是偶然的，它自然而然地发生，而且至关重要，但它并不是（社会）联系的直接原因。
46可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
比如，宗教社团产生于这样一种愿望：确保反抗强权压迫、阻挡邪恶势力；家庭生活产生于满足欲望、确保家庭永续的愿望之下；而系统的劳动，在很大程度上是始于对他人的奴役等。
47制度的这种副效应是逐渐地被意识到的，而这种效应被视为制度运转的指导性因素则需要更加缓慢的过程。
即使今天，在我们的工业化生活里，除了勤俭和节约等某些价值观之外，与物量产出相比，让世界得以前行的人类不同形式社会关系中所存在的智识和情感反应却受到极少关注。
但是在与年轻人接触时，交往事实本身作为一项直接的人类事实，日益重要。
48虽然在我们与年轻人接触时，很容易忽略我们的行为对他们的性格产生的影响，但这并不像与成年人打交道那么简单。
培训的必要性显而易见；改变他们态度和习惯的要求如此迫切，我们不能对这些后果置之不理。
49既然我们的主要职责在于使年轻人参与共同生活，那么我们不得不考虑我们是否在构建能够确保我们这种能力的力量。
如果人类有所进展，意识到每项制度的终极价值在于它独特的人类效应的话，我们可以认为这个教训很大程度上源于与年轻人的接触。
50因此，我们可以在上文所述及的宽泛的教育进程中，区分出一种更加正规的教育，即直接教导或学校教育。
在落后的社会群体中，我们几乎看不到正规的教育和培训。
这些群体主要依赖于培养年轻人各种必需的品质，而正是这种同样类型的社会联系保持着成年人对自身群体的忠诚。
４６、It may be said that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect in enlarging and improving experience; but this effect is not a part of its original motive.结构分析：并列分句及形式主语结构//It may be said主语从句//that the measure of the worth of any social institution is its effect 介词短语作后置定语/in enlarging and improving experience; 并列分句//but this effect is not a part of its original motive.词义推敲：the measure of 对……的衡量social institution社会制度effect效果，效应，影响enlarging and improving experience扩展（或扩大）和改进（或提升）经验original原始的，最初的motive动机，目的参考译文：可以说，对任何社会制度的价值的衡量在于它在扩展和改进经验方面的效应，但是这种效应并不是它原始动机的一部分。
2009年考研英语二真题全文翻译答案超详解析（原MBA）
2009 年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语（二）试题答案与解析Sectio n I Use of Englis h一、文章题材结构分析本文是一篇说明文，摘自2008 年 6 月26 日The New Y ork Times。
文章主要介绍了世界石油价格的变化的原因以及给世界带来的改变。
第一段主要介绍了近年来石油价格的上涨以及其背后的原因。
第二、三段主要介绍了石油价格的改变对国家相互之间的关系带来的影响。
第四、五段分别具体的介绍了世界石油价格的变化给德国与美国来带的影响。
二、试题分析1.【答案】C【解析】本题主要考查词义辨析和熟词生义，A项come，B 项gone，D 项arrive d 都表示“到，到达”的含义。
C项cross意为“穿过”，这里是引申含义“突破”。
这句话指“价格已经突破100 美元每桶”，与上文的“16 美元一桶”做比较。
2.【答案】D【解析】本题考查动词与介词词组的搭配。
解题重点在于空后面的一个介词词组from …to…表示一个范围。
A项covere d意为“覆盖”一般指地理范围；B项discov ered发现；C 项arrang ed 安排；C 项D 项的动词都与介词词组搭配不合理。
D 项ranged意为涉及的“范围延伸”。
与后面的from…to…搭配合理。
本句句意是：价格上涨的原因涉及从……到……，固定搭配rangefrom A to B。
因此，选项 D 正确。
3.【答案】D【解析】本题的解答要根据上下文来推理，四个选项中A项intensi ty 强度；B 项infini ty；无穷大；C 项insecu rity不安全；D 项instability不安定，不稳定性。
后面说到了“伊拉克与尼日利亚的三角洲地区”，我们知道这两个地区的局势长期不稳定。
2009年考研英语真题阅读理解试题(附答案、解析、翻译)
A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。
2009考研英语一阅读理解逐句翻译
2009 Text 1Paragraph 11、Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. 习惯是一种有趣的现象。
我们无意识地养成了一些习惯，将大脑设臵成自动驾驶仪，会不知不觉地在熟悉的日常事物中感到轻松舒适。
1.1 pilot英/'paɪlət/ 美/'paɪlət/n. 飞行员；领航员adj. 试点的v. 驾驶；领航；试用1.2 routine英/ruː'tiːn/ 美/rʊ'tin/n. [计] 程序；日常工作；例行公事adj. 日常的；例行的2、"Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd," William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word "habit" carries a negative implication. "这并非选择，而是习惯会控制那些没有思想的人"，这是威廉•华兹华斯于19世纪所说的话。
在现在这个千变万化的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
2.1 unreflecting英/ʌnrɪ'flektɪŋ/ 美/,ʌnri'flektiŋ/adj. 不反射的；不反省的；浅薄的；无思想的2.2 herd英/hɜːd/ 美/hɝd/n. 兽群，畜群；放牧人vt. 放牧；使成群vi. 成群，聚在一起2.3 ever-changing adj. 千变万化的；常变的Paragraph 21、So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. 因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
考研英语2009年 TEXT4 阅读翻译
The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much im portant attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.在新大陆的历史上，被研究的最彻底的学者是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。
根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在美洲殖民地中，没有任何地方比新英格兰地区“更重视对学术的追求。
”据许多书籍及文章认为，新英格兰的领袖们在美国学术界中确立了正在发展、后来成为主流的清教传统的基本主题和关注点。
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church —— important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.通过这条途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和对于教会的独特看法——这是我们不可忽略的重要课题。
2009考研英语阅读翻译(正文+选项)
2009 Text 1习惯是一种有趣的现象。
我们无意识地养成了习惯，任由大脑自动操作，且不知不觉在熟悉的常规中感到轻松舒适。
“并非选择，而是习惯会控制那些没有思想的人。
”19世纪时，威廉·华兹华斯说。
在千变万化的21世纪，甚至“习惯”这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯，就创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们思绪的列车跳转到新的创新轨道上来。
我们不用因为自己是受习惯影响的一成不变的生物而否定自己，相反我们可以通过有意识的培养新习惯来指导改变。
事实上，我们对新事物尝试得越多，就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带，在职场及个人生活中变得越有创造性。
但是，不要白费力气试图戒除旧习惯;一旦这些惯有程序融进脑部，它们就会留在那里。
相反，我们有意使之根深蒂固的新习惯会创建平行路径，它们可以绕过原来那些路径。
《开放思想》一书的作者达瓦纳·马克瓦说：“革新所需要的第一样东西就是对好奇的着迷。
然而我们被教导去做‘决定’，就像我们的总裁称呼自己为‘决策者’那样。
”她接着说，“但是，决定意味着除了一种可能性外，其他的都被扼杀了。
优秀的具有革新精神的思想家总是在探寻着许多其他的可能性。
”她说，我们都是通过一些自己没有意识到的方法解决问题的。
研究人员在20世纪60年代末发现人类天生主要用四种方法应对挑战：分析法，程序法，相关法(或合作法)和创新法。
但是在青春期结束，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最为宝贵的思维方式。
目前标准化测试主要强调分析法和程序法这两种方式，也就是说，我们中很少有人会本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。
M.J.瑞恩是2006年出版的著作《今年我将……》一书的作者以及马克瓦女士的商业合作伙伴，她解释说：“这打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则—任何人都可以做任何事。
2009年考研英语阅读理解全文翻
Text1Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation. So it seems antithetical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.习惯是件有趣的事情。
我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。
“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉•华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。
在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel synaptic paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks. But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits; once those ruts of procedure are worn into the hippocampus, they’re there to stay. Instead, the new habits we deliberately ingrain into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。
考研英语2009年 TEXT2 阅读翻译
It is a wise father that knows his own child, but today a man can boost his paternal (fatherly) wisdom——or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad. All he needs to do is shell out $30 for paternity testing kit (PTK) at his local drugstore——and another $120 to get the results.再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子，但是如今男人可以提升其为人之父的智慧，至少可以确认他是孩子的父亲。
他所要做的就是在当地药店里支付30美元买一个父子关系测试包（PTK），然后另支付120美元以获得该测试的各项结果。
注：第一句话为什么这么翻译，请看：/s/blog_4982ed5c0100dumb.html More than 60,000 people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year, according to Doug Fog, chief operating officer of Identigene, which makes the over-the-counter kits. More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public, ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than $2500.Doug Fogg是Identigene (生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他说，自从去年PTK不需要处方就能购买以来，已经有超过6万人购买了该产品。
考研英语2009年 TEXT4 阅读翻译
The most thoroughly studied intellectuals in the history of the new world are the ministers and political leaders of seventeenth-century New England. According to the standard history of American philosophy, nowhere else in colonial America was “So much im portant attached to intellectual pursuits.” According to many books and articles, New England’s leaders established the basic themes and preoccupations of an unfolding, dominant Puritan tradition in American intellectual life.在新大陆的历史上，被研究的最彻底的学者是17世纪新英格兰的牧师和政治领袖们。
根据美国标准哲学史的记载，在美洲殖民地中，没有任何地方比新英格兰地区“更重视对学术的追求。
”据许多书籍及文章认为，新英格兰的领袖们在美国学术界中确立了正在发展、后来成为主流的清教传统的基本主题和关注点。
To take this approach to the New Englanders normally mean to start with the Puritans' theological innovations and their distinctive ideas about the church —— important subjects that we may not neglect. But in keeping with our examination of southern intellectual life, we may consider the original Puritans as carriers of European culture, adjusting to New world circumstances. The New England colonies were the scenes of important episodes in the pursuit of widely understood ideals of civility and virtuosity.通过这条途径来了解新英格兰人，通常意味着要首先研究清教徒的神学创新和对于教会的独特看法——这是我们不可忽略的重要课题。
2009考研英语阅读全文翻译
Text 1习惯是一件有趣的事。
我们是无意识地在进行我们的习惯，它们是我们的大脑进入自动航行模式，轻松的体会熟悉行为的无意识的舒适。
威廉姆·沃德华兹在19世纪说过：“我们毫无选择，但是习惯也主宰着无意识的兽群。
”在变化不断的21世纪，即使“习惯”这个词都有消极的含义。
所以当将谈论习惯有创造性和创新性的内涵时是恰恰是相反的。
但是大脑研究者已经发现当我们有意识的形成新的习惯的时候，我们创造了相似的突触路径甚至是全新的脑细胞，我们可以将我们的思考跳跃到完全新的不一样的路径。
但是不要麻烦去去除旧习惯；一旦这些程序的路径进入海马体，它们就会留在那里了。
我们刻意养成的习惯会形成类似的路径且能绕过旧路径。
“创新首先要对好奇着迷，”《开放性思维》的作者及专业思考合伙人的行政改革顾问当娜·马克沃说，“而我们却被教去‘决定’，我们的总统成他自己为‘决裁者’。
”然而她还说，“做决定是只留下一个可能而否定其他所有的。
一个好的创新性思维的人总是探索许多其他的可能性。
”她说，我们所有人有通过我们了解的方式解决问题。
19世纪70年代后期的研究者认为人类生来就有四种解决问题应对挑战的能力：分析，程序，关联和创新。
然而在青春期大脑会关闭一半的能力，只留下对我们前十来年左右用的思考模式。
现在的标准化考试的重点强调分析和程序，意味着我们几乎不会因其使用创新和关联的思考模式。
“这可能会打破美国信念体系中的主要规则——每个人能做所有事，”2006年的一本书《这些年，我将...》的作者M.J.Ryan以及马克沃小姐的工作伙伴解释说“这是一个们已经延续下去的谎言，这回培养平凡。
知道你自己的长处并且更多的去开发它将会创造卓越。
”这是培养习惯的由来。
6paragraphs（6个段落，以及每个段落的总结）解释习惯习惯的积极意义和习惯的作用机制新旧习惯的关系对好奇着迷是一种习惯，而我们被教育做决定，而不是创新性的思考，探索各种可能性人类有四种应对挑战的能力现在的教育注重于前两个能力。
考研英语2009年 TEXT3 阅读翻译
The relationship between formal education and economic growth in poor countries is widely misunderstood by economists and politicians alike. Progress in both areas is undoubtedly necessary for the social, political and intellectual development of these and all other societies; however, the conventional view that education should be one of the very highest priorities for promoting rapid economic development in poor countries is wrong. We are fortunate that it is, because building new educational systems there and putting enough people through them to improve economic performance would require two or three generations. The findings of a research institution have consistently shown that workers in all countries can be trained on the job to achieve radical higher productivity and, as a result, radically higher standards of living.贫穷国家中正规教育与经济发展之间的关系为经济学家及政治家们普遍误解。
2009年英语一真题翻译
2009年全国硕士研究生入学考试英语试题文章翻译Section I Use of English对动物智力的研究总是让我们思考人类到底有多聪明。
思考一下卡尔齐默周二发表在科学时代刊物上的文章所描述的果蝇实验。
有些果蝇比普通果蝇聪明，但是寿命较短。
这表明暗淡的灯泡使用时间更长，也表明不亮是灯泡的一个优点。
事实证明，智力是要付出昂贵的代价。
它需要更高的给养、消耗更多的燃料，因为智力依靠的是学习，而学习是一个循序渐进的过程，不是一种本能，所以离开起点时缓慢。
许多其他的物种也有学习能力，很显然他们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止。
有限的智力是否有适应值呢？这也是我感兴趣的该项研究的课题。
这个实验不是让我们急切地回顾那些被我们划为低智商的物种，而是含蓄在问我们自己智力的真正代价是什么。
这就是我们遇到每种动物时的想法。
对动物智力的研究也让我思考，如果动物有机会的话，他们会对人类作什么样的实验。
比如说，每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小型的操作性条件反射研究。
我们认为如果动物也能进行实验的话，他们会测定我们的忍耐度，忠诚度，以及对地形的记忆力。
他们会试图判定人类智力的实际用处，而不仅仅是判定人类智力的高低。
最重要的是他们希望研究一个最基本的问题：人类是否真正意识到了自己所生存的世界？对此，目前仍无定论。
Section II Reading ComprehensionPart AText 1习惯是一件有趣的现象。
我们在无意识的状态下就能形成，使我们的头脑处于自动导航，放松地进入一种无意识的惯性当中。
威廉·华兹华斯曾在19世纪说过“并非选择，但是习惯支配着没有思想的人”。
在千变万化的21世纪，“习惯”这个词却有着消极的含义。
因此在这种情况下把习惯谈作创造力和革新似乎是自相矛盾的。
但是大脑研究者发现人们有意识地培养新的习惯时，我们就创造出一种平行的轨道，甚至是全新的脑细胞，这可以使我们思绪的列车进入一个新的或者创新的轨道上。
2009年考研英语时文阅读及翻译之英语的消亡
学券计划孩⼦与⾳乐电⼦书报纸的消亡环境保护带薪请假制度英语的消亡 导读：怪异的短信语⾔是对语⾔的亵渎还是创新？是年轻⼀代⼈堕落的标志吗？语⾔学家得出了与中学教师和语⾔保守主义者不同的结论。
In an experiment, the more adept children were at text messaging, the better they did in spelling and writing. The most hotly contested controversy sparked by the text-messaging phenomenon of the past eight years is over truant letters. Textese(Text(⼿机短信)+ ese(⽤语))组成, a newly born dialect of English that subverts letters and numbers to produce ultra-concise words and sentiments, is horrifying language loyalists and pedagogues. And their fears are stoked by some staggering numbers: this year the world is on track to produce 2.3 trillion messages——a nearly 20 percent increase from 2007 and almost 150 percent from 2000. The accompanying revenue for telephone companies is growing nearly as fast——to an estimated $ 60 billion this year. In the English-speaking world, Britain alone generates well over 6 billion messages every month. People are communicating more and faster than ever, but some worry that, as textese drops consonants, vowels and punctuation and makes no distinction between letters and numbers, people will no longer know how we were really supposed to communicate. Will text messaging produce generations of illiterates? Could this——OMG(Oh my God)——be the death of English language? Those raising the alarm aren't linguist. They are teachers who have had to red-pen some ridiculous practices in high-school papers and concerned citizens who believe it their moral duty to write grammar books. The latter can be quite prominent, like John Humphrys, a television broadcaster and household name in Britain, for whom texting is vandalism and Lynne Truss, author of Eats, Shoots and Leaves, who actually enjoys texting so much she never abbreviates. Britain, one of the first countries where texting became a national habit, has also produced some of the most bitter anti-texting vitriol, textese wrote John Sutherland in The Guardian, masks dyslexia. But linguists, if anyone is paying attention, have kept quiet on this score——until now. In a new book, Britain's most prolific linguist finally sets a few things straight. David Crystal's Txtng: the Gr 8 Db8 (Oxford) makes two general points: that the language of texting is hardly as deviant as people think, and that texting actually makes young people better communicators, not worse. Crystal spells out the first point by marshalling real linguistic evidence. He breaks down the distinctive elements of texting language——pictograms, initialisms, or acronyms； contractions and others——and points out similar examples in linguistic practice from the ancient Egyptians to 20th century broadcasting. Shakespeare freely used elisions, novel syntax and several thousand made-up words (his own name was signed in six different ways)。
考研英语2009年 TEXT1 翻译
Habits are a funny thing. We reach for them mindlessly, setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine. “Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,” William Wordsworth said in the 19th century. In the ever-changing 21st century, even the word “habit” carries a negative connotation.习惯是件有趣的事情。
我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。
“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。
在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation. But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits, we create parallel paths, and even entirely new brain cells, that can jump our trains of thought onto new, innovative tracks.因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
2009年考研试题翻译——完型部分
Section Ⅰ Use of English动物智力的研究总是让我们想知道人类到底哆聪明。
思考一下卡尔·齐默在《科学时报》发表的有关果蝇实验的描述吧。
那些训练得比普通果蝇更聪明的果蝇往往寿命较短。
这表明暗淡的灯泡更耐用，也表明暗淡是灯泡的一个优势。
事实表明，智力是一种代价高昂的选择。
它需要更多的维护，消耗更多的燃料，而且起步缓慢，因为智力依靠的是学习（一个循序渐进的过程）而不是一种本能。
许多其他的物种也有学习能力，很显然它们学到的东西之一就是知道何时停止。
有限的智力是否有适应值呢？这正是此项新研究试图解答的问题。
不要对那些在智力上已经被人类远远超越的物种投以怜悯的目光，而是含蓄地问我们拥有智力的真正代价是什么。
这是我们所遇到的每一个动物的头脑中都会有的问题。
动物智力的研究还使我们想知道，如果有机会，动物会对人类进行怎样的实验？例如，每只有主人的猫都在进行一个小型的操作性条件反射研究。
我们认为如果动物也能进行实验的话，他们会测定我们的忍耐度、忠诚度，以及地形的记忆力。
它们会设法确定人类智力的真正用途，而不仅仅是人类有多少智慧。
最重要的是，它们会希望研究一个最根本的问题：人类真正了解他们生活的这个世界吗？到目前为止，此问题尚无定论。
Section Ⅱ Reading ComprehensionText 1习惯是一个有趣的现象。
我们机械地按习惯办事，将大脑设定为自动导航，放松地进入常规惯例所带来的无意识的舒适状态。
威廉·华兹华斯在19世纪曾说道：“不是选择，而是习惯支配着那些不爱思考的人。
”在日新月异的21世纪，就连“习惯”这个词都带有一种贬义的色彩。
因此，把习惯与创造力、创新放在同一语境中讨论似乎与有些矛盾。
但是，大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新习惯时，我们就会创造出相似的通路，甚至生成全新的脑细胞，这些通路和脑细胞可以使我们的思路转入新的创新轨道上。
不要以习惯无法改变为由不去改变自己，相反，我们可以通过有意识地培养新习惯而主动做出改变。
2009年考研英语时文阅读及翻译之报纸的消亡
学券计划孩⼦与⾳乐电⼦书报纸的消亡环境保护带薪请假制度英语的消亡 In future, as newspaper fade and change, will politicians therefore burgle their opponents' offices with impunity, and corporate villains whoop as they trample over their victims？Journalism schools and think-tanks, especially in America, are worried about the effect of a crumbling Fourth Estate. Are today's news organizations up to the task of sustaining the informed citizenry on which democracy depends asked a recent report about newspapers from the Carnegie Corporation of New York, a charitable research foundation. Nobody should relish the demise of once-great titles. But the decline of newspapers will not be as harmful to society as some fear. Democracy, remember, has already survived the huge television-led decline in circulation since the 1950s. It has survived as readers have shunned papers and papers have shunned what was in stuffier times thought of as serious news. And it will surely survive the decline to come. That is partly because a few titles that invest in the kind of investigative stories which often benefit society the most are in a good position to survive, as long as their owners do a competent job of adjusting to changing circumstances. Publications like the New York Times and the Wall Street Journal should be able to put up the price of their journalism to compensate for advertising revenues lost to the internet——especially as they cater to a more global readership. As with many industries, it is those in the middle——neither highbrow, nor entertainingly populist——that are likeliest to fall by the wayside. The usefulness of the press goes much wider than investigating abuses or even spreading general news; it lies in holding governments to account——trying them in the court of public opinion. The internet has expanded this court. Anyone looking for information has never been better equipped. People no longer have to trust a handful of national papers or, worse, their local city paper. News-aggregation sites such as Google News draw together sources from around the world. The website of Britain's Guardian now has nearly half as many readers in America as it does at home. In addition, a new force of citizen journalists and bloggers is itching to hold politicians to account. The web has opened the closed world of professional editors and reporters to anyone with a keyboard and an internet connection. Several companies have been chastened by amateur postings——of flames erupting from Dell's laptops or of cable TV repairmen asleep on the sofa. Each blogger is capable of bias and slander, but, taken as a group, bloggers offer the searcher after truth boundless material to chew over. Of course, the internet panders to closed minds; but so has much of the press. For hard-news reporting——as opposed to comment——the result of net journalism have admittedly been limited. Most bloggers operate from their armchairs, not the frontline, and citizen journalist tend to stick to local matters. But it is still early days. New online models will spring up as papers retreat. One non-profit group, New , plans to combine the work of amateurs and professionals to produce investigative stories on the internet. Aptly, $10,000 of cash for the project has come from Craig Newmark, of Craigslist, a group of free classified-advertisement websites that has probably done more than anything to destroy newspapers' income. In future, argues Carnegie, some high-quality journalism will also be backed by non-profit organizations. Already, a few respected news organizations sustain themselves that way——including the Guardian, the Christian Science Monitor and National Public Radio. An elite group of serious newspapers available everywhere online, independent journalism backed by charities, thousands of fired-up bloggers and well-informed citizen journalists： there is every sign that Arthur Miller's national conversation will be louder than ever. 将来，随着报纸的消失和变化，政客们会撬窃对⼿的办公室⽽不受惩罚吗？公司恶棍会欢呼着践踏受害者的权益吗？尤其是在美国，各个新闻学院和智囊机构对报业新闻消亡带来的后果忧⼼忡忡。
20092009年考研英语真题翻译
例 1.虽然我们可以说衡量任何一个社会机 构价值的标准是其在丰富和完善人生方面 所起的作用,但这种作用并不是我们当初 的动机的组成部分.(2分) 例 2.有人说,对社会制度价值的衡量在于 扩大与提高人生经验上的效果,但这种效 果却不是该制度昀初想要实现的目的之一. (1.5分)
例 3. 对社会制度价值的衡量标准在于能够 扩展提高经验,但这种结果却不是当初的 想法. (1分) 例 4.有人说,制度价值能够扩展提高经验, 但不是当初的想法. (0.5分) 例 5.测量价值效果,提高经验,原始动机 的部分. (0分)
【考核知识点】倒装句的译法 【结构分析】本句是由 and连接的两个简单句,这 两个分句均是以 Only开头的倒装句, and表示并列. 在第一个句子中,主干部分为 the by product of the institution was noted,其中 only gradually是副 词,修饰 noted.在第二个句子中,主干部分为 this effect was considered,其中only more gradually 修饰considered, as a directive factor是主语 this effect的补足语, in the conduct of the institution是 介词短语作后置定语,修饰 directive factor.
Religious associations began, for example, in the desire to secure the favor of overruling powers and to ward off evil influences; family life in the desire to gratify appetites and secure family perpetuity; systematic labor, for the most part, because of enslavement to others, etc. (47) Only gradually was the by-product of the institution noted, and only more gradually still was this effect considered as a directive factor in the conduct of the institution. Even today, in our industrial life, apart from certain values of industriousness and thrift, the intellectual and emotional reaction of the forms of human association under which the world's work is carried on receives little attention as compared with physical output.
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2009年Text1Habits are a funny thing.We reach for them mindlessly,setting our brains on auto-pilot and relaxing into the unconscious comfort of familiar routine.“Not choice, but habit rules the unreflecting herd,”William Wordsworth said in the19th century.In the ever-changing21st century,even the word“habit”carries a negative connotation.习惯是件有趣的事情。
我们无意识间养成了一些习惯，我们的大脑是自动运转的，轻松进入熟知套路所带来的不自觉舒适状态。
“这并非选择，而是习惯控制了那些没有思想的人”，这是威廉·华兹华斯（William Wordsworth）19世纪时说的话。
在现在这个日新月异的21世纪，甚至习惯这个词本身也带有负面涵义。
So it seems paradoxical to talk about habits in the same context as creativity and innovation.But brain researchers have discovered that when we consciously develop new habits,we create parallel paths,and even entirely new brain cells,that can jump our trains of thought onto new,innovative tracks.因此，在创造和革新的背景下来谈论习惯，似乎显得有点矛盾。
但大脑研究人员发现，当我们有意识地培养新的习惯的时候，我们创建了平行路径，甚至是全新的脑细胞，可以让我们的思路跳转到新的创新轨道上来。
Rather than dismissing ourselves as unchangeable creatures of habit,we can instead direct our own change by consciously developing new habits.In fact,the more new things we try——the more we step outside our comfort zone——the more inherently creative we become,both in the workplace and in our personal lives.我们不要把自己看成是一成不变的习惯动物，相反，我们可以通过有意识的培养新的习惯来引导自身的改变。
事实上，我们对新事物尝试得越多——就会越远地走出自己的舒适地带——我们在工作场所及个人生活中就会变得越有创造性，But don’t bother trying to kill off old habits;once those ruts of procedure are worn into the brain,they’re there to stay.Instead,the new habits we deliberately press into ourselves create parallel pathways that can bypass those old roads.但是，不必费心试图摈弃各种旧习惯；一旦这些程序惯例融进大脑，它们就会留在那里。
相反，我们刻意培养的新习惯会创建平行路径能避开原来那些老路。
“The first thing needed for innovation is a fascination with wonder,”says Dawna Markova,author of The Open Mind.“But we are taught instead to‘decide,’just asour president calls himself‘the Decider.’”She adds,however,that“to decide is tokill off all possibilities but one.A good innovational thinker is always exploring the many other possibilities.”《开放思想》一书的作者Dawna Markova说：“革新所需要的第一样东西，就是一种对好奇的着迷。
然而我们被教导去做‘决定’，就像我们的总裁称呼自己为‘决策者’那样。
”她补充道，“但是，决定意味着否决一切可能性而只保留一种。
一个优秀的具有革新精神的思想者总是在探寻许多其它的可能。
”All of us work through problems in ways of which we're unaware,she says. Researchers in the late1960discovered that humans are born with the capacity to approach challenges in four primary ways:analytically,procedurally,relationally(or collaboratively)and innovatively.At the end of adolescence,however,the brain shuts down half of that capacity,preserving only those modes of thought that have seemed most valuable during the first decade or so of life.她说，我们都是通过一些自己没有意识到的方法解决问题的。
研究人员在20世纪60年代末发现人类天生主要用四种方法应对挑战。
这四种方法是分析法，程序法，关联（或合作）法和创新法。
但是在青春期结束的时候，大脑关闭一半的能力，仅仅保留了那些大约在生命最开始的十几年时间里似乎是最有价值的思维方式。
The current emphasis on standardized testing highlights analysis and procedure, meaning that few of us inherently use our innovative and collaborative modes of thought.“This breaks the major rule in the American belief system——that anyone can do anything,”explains M.J.Ryan,author of the2006book This Year I Will...and Ms.Markova's business partner.“That’s a lie that we have perpetuated,and it fosters commonness.Knowing what you’re good at and doing even more of it creates excellence.”This is where developing new habits comes in.目前标准化测试主要强调分析和程序的能力，也就是说，我们中很少有人会本能地使用创新和合作的思维方式。
M.J.Ryan是2006年出版的著作《今年我将......》一书的作者以及Markova女士的商业合作伙伴，她解释说：“这打破了美国信念体系里的主要规则——任何人都可以做任何事。
这是一个我们已经使之永恒的谎言，这造就了平庸。
了解你擅长什么并且多去实践就会成就卓越。
”这样才能培养出新习惯。
2009年Text21---It is a wise father that knows his own child,but today a man can boost his paternal(fatherly)wisdom——or at least confirm that he’s the kid’s dad.All he needs to do is shell out$30for paternity testing kit(PTK)at his local drugstore——and another$120to get the results.再聪明的父亲也未必了解自己的孩子，但是如今男人可以提升其为人之父的智慧，至少可以确认他是孩子的父亲。
他所要做的就是在当地药店里支付30美元买一个父子关系检测试剂盒（PTK），然后另支付120美元以获得该测试的各项结果。
注 1.第一句话为什么这么翻译，请看：/s/blog_4982ed5c0100dumb.html2.kit对于医学专业的习惯翻译是：试剂盒，这里加上“检测”是为了体现testing一词。
2---More than60,000people have purchased the PTKs since they first become available without prescriptions last year,according to Doug Fog,chief operating officer of Identigene,which makes the over-the-counter kits.More than two dozen companies sell DNA tests directly to the public,ranging in price from a few hundred dollars to more than$2500.Doug Fogg是Identigene(生产这种在药店可以出售的测试包的公司)的首席运营官，他说，自从去年PTK不需要处方就能购买以来，已经有超过6万人购买了该产品。
超过24家公司直接向公众提供DNA检测服务，价格从几百美元到2500多美元不等。
3---Among the most popular:paternity and kinship testing,which adopted children can use to find their biological relatives and families can use to track down kids put up for adoption.DNA testing is also the latest rage among passionate genealogists——and supports businesses that offer to search for a family’s geographic roots.其中最受欢迎的是父子和血缘关系检测，被收养的孩子可以利用它找到自己的有血缘关系的亲属，而家庭也可以用它来找到被人收养的孩子。