现代英语词汇学概论6 polysemy and homonymy
62 Homonymy同形同音异义关系 - 曲阜师范大学在线课程建设平台
1) Types of homonyms
Perfect/absolute homonyms完全同形同音异义词 Homographs同形异义词 Homophones同音异义词 Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：语义关系 制作人：张培成、寻阳 单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院
Chapter 6 Sense Relation
Objectivபைடு நூலகம்s:
– To discuss the main sense relations among words; – To explain semantic field.
Synchronic approach共时研究方法 Synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a historical period of time. 从 共时的角度看，在同一个历史时期，同一个 词可以拥有许多不同的意义。 The basic meaning of a word is called the central meaning 中心意义. The derived meanings are secondary in comparison.
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析汇报(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析
第一部分Chapter Ⅰ
英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)
Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）
一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据
词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ
英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )
Chapter 6 Semantics
A third way of attempting to establish polysemy rather than homonymy is to look for a central meaning or a core of meaning. “Sad” and “score” are polysemous, because they shared a central meaning: a harboured grievance.
Of course they can either be features of arguments or of predicates. Examples are the underlined parts in the following:
(a) (b) A man who was wearing a wig entered the room. He slept for three hours.
ex. (a)
6-13 Few men marry blonde heiresses.
(b) Some men marry blonde heiresses.
It is also a relation of implication because we can say that from Sentence (a) we can conclude Sentence (b). However, this is generally understood to be a relation of pragmatic implication, defined in terms of the speaker‟s and the hearer‟s assumptions and beliefs. 6.4 Semantic analysis 6.5.1 Componential analysis Componential analysis defines the meaning of a lexical element in terms of SEMANTIC COMPONENTS. Here are some examples:
chapter6SenseRelations
(3) Homophones （同音异形异义词） They are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning, e.g.
dear /diə/ n. a loved person deer /diə/ n. a kind of animal
The word ‘treacle’ is an illustrative example（WNWD): (1) wild beast 野兽 (2) remedy for bites of venomous beasts
（针对）野生动物的解毒药 (3) antidote for poison or remedy for poison 解药 (4) any effective remedy 任何有效药方 (5) (BrE) molasses 糖浆，糖蜜
(8) the functional and striking surface (of a tool, golf club, etc.) 用以打击、工作的面
(9) (Colloq) effrontery; audacity 厚脸皮，放肆
(10) what is shown by the language of a document, without explanation and addition （文件的）字面
英语词汇学第6章
Deed
action
Foe
exterior
• In this pattern, native, French, and Latin or Greek words co-exist.
Native
French
Latin/Greek
Begin
terror
trepidation
Rise
flame
interrogate
1) Radiation辐射型
➢Semantically, radiation is the process which the primary or central meaning stands at the center while secondary meanings radiate from it in every direction like rays. 从语义学上讲，辐射型是这样一种过程，
2) Origins of homonyms
➢Change in sound and spelling 读音和拼写演变的结果
➢Borrowing借入外来词的结果 ➢Shortening 词语缩略的结果
3) Differentiation of homonyms from polysemants
• 一般地说，多义词是一词多义，几个意义 之间有历史的或现实的联系，它们都是从 一个基本意义派生出来的，有“同源、同 族”的关系，而同形同音异义词则是同一 拼写或同一发音，但在意义上大多没有任 何历史的或现实的联系，它们非同出一源， 而只是读音和拼写上的偶合。在词典中， 同形同音词通常以独立项分立，而多义词 的各不同义项则全部列在同一词项下。
Polysemy
The Stylistic Value of Polysemy and Homonymy
——stylistically useful to achieve humor or irony, or to heighten dramatic effect
Two special types of words——Polysemy & Homonymy
Polysemy: words of several meanings
They’re often employed for stylistic purposes. Homonymy: different words of like form
(words are pronounced alike, or spelled alike, or both)
Polysemy--A single word having several or many meanings. The word "flight", for example, may mean “passing through the air”, “power of flying”, “air of journey”, etc.
Polysemic words of long standing are signs of an advanced culture. Polysemy is also an essential feature of a language’s economy and efficiency.
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析
第一部分Chapter Ⅰ
英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)
Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）
一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ
英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )
现代英语词汇学概论6polysemyandhomonymy
Βιβλιοθήκη Baidu要点三
Metaphor and simile
These figures of speech can赋予 一个词新义，leading to polysemy. For example, the word "guts" can mean the intestines, but also the courage or determination to face a challenge.
The importance of polysemy and homonymy in English: Polysemy and homonymy are common phenomena in English vocabulary, and understanding them is crucial for effective communication and language learning.
指两个或更多词具有相同发音但拼写 和意义不同的现象。如“bear”既指 “熊”也指“忍受”。
04
CATALOGUE
Homonymy
The definition of Homonymy
总结词
同音异义词
详细描述
同音异义词是指发音相同但意义不同的词。这些词在发音上完全相同，但在拼写和意义上却存在差异 。例如，“bear”和“bare”。
大学英语专业词汇学第六章
Chapter 6 Sense Relations
Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as their outer facet — orthographical form, is concerned. But semantically, these lexemes are all related in one way or another. A lexeme which is related to other lexemes is related to them in sense, hence sense relations. The subjects that have long held the interest and attention of semanticists in the field of sense relations are polysemy, homonymy, synonymy, antonymy and hyponymy. Naturally, this chapter will discuss these relations. Moreover, as part of the meaning study, the discussion will also cover semantic field, which is commonly felt to be an integral part of sense relations.
英语词汇学_Unit_06_Sense_relations
●Synonymy 同义关系
●synonym 同义词
●Antonymy 反义关系
●antonym 反义词
●Polysemy 多义关系
●polyseme 多义词
●Homonymy 同音(同形)异义关系
●homonym 同音同形异义词，homograph同形异义词，homophone 同音异义词
●Hyponymy 上下义关系
●superordinate 上义词, hyponym下义词
●Taxonymy 分类关系
●superordinate上类词, taxonym 分类词
●Meronymy 部分整体关系
●superordinate 总项词, meronym 分项词
幻灯片3
Synonymy
●Synonymy is a relationship of ‘sameness of meaning’that may hold between two words.
●Synonym: a word that means the same as another.
●Linguists make a distinction between ‘strict’or ‘absolute’synonymy and ‘loose’or
‘relative’synonymy.
幻灯片4
Strict synonymy
●Strict synonyms refer to two words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects. They are
interchangeable in all contexts.
第chapter 6
•
• Concatenation: Concatenation is a semantic
• •
• • • • •
process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts, like the links of a chain, until there is no connection between the sense that is finally developed and the primary meaning.
Polysemy and Homonymy
Polysemy
• Definition: Polysemy can be defined as a •
•
• • •
term used in semantic analysis to refer to a lexical item which has a range of different meanings. Polysemic words are signs of an advanced culture. It is also an essential feature of a language’s economy and efficiency.
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析
第一部分Chapter Ⅰ
英语词汇的概论(A general survey of English vocabulary)
Bloomfield 1933 中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ，my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体意义。另外，Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发展跟完善，人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》1984（上）375页，上海辞书出版社）
一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分Chapter Ⅱ到Chapter Ⅳ
英语词汇的形态结构和词的构词(Morphological structure of English words and word-formation )
英语专业-英语词汇学-笔记
1.What is polysemy?
Having multiple meanings that are related.
2.What are the two different ways of organising polysemous words?
Explain them
1)The diachronic approach begins with the primary meaning and
then arrange the other meanings (derived meanings) in the order
in which they developed.
2)The synchronic approach begins with the most popular meaning
(central meaning) and then arrange the other meanings
(marginal meanings) in order of popularity.
3.What are the two different ways in which polysemy develops? Explain
them
1)Radiation. Secondary meanings are independent from one
another and are derived directly from the primary meaning.
2)Concatenation. Secondary meanings are connected and derive
PolysemyandHomonymy
A Brief View on Polysemy and Homonymy
【Abstract】Polysemy and homonymy，as important conceps in lexical semantics，explore the relation between different senses.They are employed to achieve humor,irony and dramatic power．
【Key words】Polysemy；Homonymy；Distinction；Stylistic value
1 Introduction
The study of polysemy and homonymy has a long history on the philosophy of language，linguistics，psychology，and hterature，The complex relation between meanings and words were first noted by Stoics．They observed that one word could carry diferent meanings．Through the sttbsequent research into the issue of polysemy and homonymy，it is found that there exists an extensive grey area between them．How to distinguish the two is an important issue lying in front of the researchers．Th e paper here will analyze this problem from four angles．
Unit-7-Polysemy-and-homonymy
Page 3
The main sense relations in English vocabulary are shown as follows:
Polysemy: Give me a hand please. He is a new hand. Homonymy: On Sunday they pray for you, but on
Unit 7 Polysemy and homonymy
By Ivory
Words are arbitrary symbols and are independent identities so far as their outer facetspelling and pronunciation is concerned. But semantically, all words are related in one way or another. A word which is related to other words is related to them in sense, hence sense relations. We can even say that the senses of the word are prominent only when they are related in the system.
Monday they prey on you.
《现代英语词汇学概论》----解析(张韵斐)
张韵斐著《现代英语词汇学概论》——解析
第一部分Chapter Ⅰ
英语词汇的概论 (A general survey of English vocabulary)
Bloomfield 1933中对词的定义是，每个单词都是最小的自由词。然而这个定义不够全面，存在着缺陷。首先，不是所有的单词都可以独立出现，如the ，a ， my 这些单词单独出现则没有具体
意义。另外， Bloomfield的定义侧重在于语法（syntax ）却没有涉及到词的意义。随着词汇学的发
展跟完善。人们给词下了较为完整的定义。“词，今指语言组织中的基础单位，能独立运用，具有
声音、意义和语法功能。”（《辞海》 1984 （上） 375 页，上海辞书出版社）
一种语言中所有的单词汇集起来便构成了该语言的词库。纵观英语的发展历史，我们可以知道，
大多数的英语词汇都是外来词，它从拉丁语，法语和希腊语等语言中汲取词汇，不断的扩充自己，为己所用。特别是第二次世界大战之后，英语词汇得到了空前的发展。现代英语词汇快速发展的
原因主要有四方面。一是科学技术的快速发展，二是社会经济的全球化，三是英语国家的政治和
文化变化，最后是其他文化和语言对英语的强烈影响。
英语词汇是由各种不同类型的单词组成，而这些单词有着不同的分类标准。根据词的起源可以分为
本族语和外来语；根据使用水平可以分为普通词汇，文学词汇。口头词汇，俚语以及科学术语。基
础语库的基本特征是具有民族特征，稳定性，构词的能力和搭配能力。
第二部分 Chapter Ⅱ到 Chapter Ⅳ
(Morphological structure of English words and
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Three types of homonyms
2.1 Perfect homonyms完全同形同音异义词 2.2 Homophones同音异义词 2.3 homograph / heteronym同形异音异义
词
Of the three types, homophones constitute the largest number and are most common.
1.1 Polysemy
means that one single word has two or more senses at the same time.
Eg.
government:
治理国家； 政府
blanket:
羊毛毯；给……盖羊毛毯
“get”:
150 meanings
E.G:
capital; capitol dew; due die; dye dual; duel cheap; cheep …
在英语的同形异义词中,同音异义词数量最多。
More examples
Weak Way Wait Waist Vein Waive Wood Tail
Teaching focus
I. Polysemy II. Homonymy III. How to distinguish the two forms? IV. Context V. Ambiguity and vagueness
I. Polysemy一词多义
1.1 polysemy
2)
3)
4)
How to master the different meanings of a polysemic word?
relations between senses
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 原始意义vs.引申意义
a) 泛指“疾病” b) 特指“某种疾病”
More examples
Fish Fruit
1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning
E.g.
“envy”
a) He was filled with envy of me.
a)中,envy 有“妒嫉、羡慕”的抽象意义
Eg.
“mirror”
His diary is a mirror of the times he lived in.
“反映真象之物”
“fragrant”
fragrant flowers
“芳香的”
fragrant memories
“愉快的,甜蜜的”
II. Homonymy同形异义
Session 6
Chapter V Polysemy and Homonymy
Review chapter 4
I. Motivation of meaning
Onomatopoeic Motivation
Ducks quack.
Morphological motivation
Hopeful
E.g.
candidate：
1) white-roped
2) office seeker in white gowns
3) a person who seeks an office
4) a person proposed for a place, award, etc.
1)
1.2.2 universal meaning vs. specific meaning
E.g. “disease ”
a) The business of doctors is to prevent and cure disease.
b) Measles and flu are common diseases.
b) His splendid new car was the envy of all his friends.
b)中, envy 则指“羡慕的对象”这一具体意义
entry beauty Pride
“进入”
“入口”
“美丽”
“美人”
“骄傲” “一个使人引以为骄的人”
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Homonyms(同行异义词) are different words with the same form (spelling or pronunciation)
E.g.
light（光）light（轻的）； bark（吠） bark（树皮）； flower（花） flour（面粉）； vain（徒劳的）vein（静脉）vane（风向标）； tear（眼泪）tear（撕）； lead（率领）lead（铅）等。
six pence per head
the head of the school
a head of cabbage the head of a page at the head of a list
head
to lose one’s head use you head
six head of cattle
Semantic Motivation
Tabula(木板)---- table
Etymological motivation
Argus-eyed professor
Argus 百眼巨人 目光敏锐的
II. Components of meaning
grammatical meaning vs. lexical meaning
two processes of development
1.2 sense relations of polysemy
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning 1.2.2 universal meaning vs. particular meaning 1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning
Though all the secondary meanings are independent of one another, they can all be traced back to the primary meaning.
to discuss a question under five heads
Two heads are better than one.
b) Concatenation连锁型:
It is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its primary meaning in succession so that the present meaning seems to have no connection to the primary meaning.
1.2.1 original meaning vs. extended meaning
Etymology
original meaning: no practical use
extended meaning: in use
E.g.
Original
extended
Candidate 穿白衣服的人
Pen
羽毛
More examples:
climate 原始意义
引申意义
Greek “klimax”=slope
The Greeks thought that the earth sloped toward the north and that this affected the weather.
“cut”:
120 meanings
Two processes of development
a) Radiation辐射型：
It is the semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at the centre and the secondary meaning radiates out of it.
Ex.9 P.133
Lead-in
A man who was involved in a serious motorcycle accident was unable to speak when he first regained consciousness. Whishing to know how long he had been unconscious, he took a piece of paper and a pencil from the bedside and, after writing “date?” on it, gave it to his nurse. She handed it back to him after she had written the word “Married” on it.
connotative meaniFra Baidu bibliotekg
dragon, mother
stylistic meaning
brotherly, fraternal
affective meaning
famous, notorious
collocative meaning
The torch flashes. The stars twinkle. The sun shines.
4)．mean
mean ／mi:n／v．意指 mean／mi:n／a．卑鄙的 mean／mi:n／a．中间的
5)．tense
tense ／tens／n．时态 tense／tens／a．拉紧的
2.2 homophone
They are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning.
2.1 perfect homonym
They are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning.
E.g.
1)．pop
pop ／p p/n． 流行歌曲 pop／p p／n．爸爸 pop／p p／n．砰的一声
forget: forgets; forgot
conceptual meaning vs. associative meaning
home small, little begin, commence pretty, handsome
associative meaning
1.2.2 universal meaning vs. particular meaning 普遍意义vs.特殊意义
1.2.3 abstract meaning vs. concrete meaning 抽象意vs.特殊意义
1.2.4 literal meaning vs. figurative meaning 字面意义vs.比喻意义
2)．last
last ／la:st／a．最后的 last／la:st／v．持续 last／la:st／n．鞋楦头
3). scale
scale／skeil／n．鱼鳞 scale／skeil／n．天平 scale／skeil／n．标度 scale／skeil／v．攀登