2014 中国农业科学 董和忠 棉花优化成铃栽培理论及其新发展

中国农业科学2014,47(3):441-451

Scientia Agricultura Sinica doi: 10.3864/j.issn.0578-1752.2014.03.004

棉花优化成铃栽培理论及其新发展

董合忠1, 毛树春2, 张旺锋3, 陈德华4

（1山东棉花研究中心，济南250100；2中国农业科学院棉花研究所，河南安阳455000；3石河子大学农学院，新疆石河子832003；4扬州大学农学院，

江苏扬州225001）

摘要：经过60多年的研究与实践，中国不仅建立了适合国情、特色鲜明并基于精耕细作的棉花栽培技术体系，也形成了相对完整的中国棉花栽培理论体系，为奠定世界第一产棉大国的地位做出了重要贡献。优化成铃理论是中国棉花高产优质栽培理论体系的核心。论文对棉花优化成铃理论的形成过程、主要内容和发展趋势作了综合评述。棉花产量和纤维品质是通过棉株结铃形成的，受结铃时间、棉铃所处空间部位以及棉株生理年龄的显著影响，优化成铃就是根据当地生态和生产条件，在最佳结铃期、最佳结铃部位和棉株生理状态稳健时多结铃。棉花集中成铃期是一生中的高光合效能期，使群体棉叶系统的高光合效能期、成铃高峰期和光热资源高能期相同步，可以更有效地优化成铃。为优化成铃，要按照高产棉花干物质积累与分配特点，协调品种、环境和栽培措施三者的关系，在增加生物学产量的基础上，稳定或提高经济系数；在增加单位面积总铃数的基础上，稳步提高铃重。

光合产物是棉花经济产量形成的物质基础，不同生育阶段的群体干物质积累量直接影响成铃，为优化成铃，结铃吐絮期要保持较高的干物质积累量和收获指数。为优化成铃，要主动而有预见性地控制棉花个体发育，培植理想株型，优化群体结构，使棉花群体多结铃、结优质铃。棉株吐絮成熟期的表现即为熟相，有正常成熟、早衰和贪青晚熟之分，库-源关系、根-冠关系失调常会引起根系合成并向上运输的细胞分裂素含量下降、脱落酸含量上升，并可能导致衰老相关基因提前或推迟表达，产生异常熟相（早衰或贪青晚熟），为优化成铃，要协调好库-源关系、根-冠关系，促进棉花正常成熟。棉花优化成铃理论的形成不仅促进了中国棉花栽培学的发展，也为中国棉花产业的健康发展提供了强有力的理论支撑。在可预期的未来优化成铃理论仍然是中国棉花高产优质栽培理论体系的核心，但随着棉花轻简化、机械化、可持续和绿色环保生产技术的发展，优化成铃理论也要随之变化和发展，以便更好地支撑中国棉花生产的发展。

关键词：棉花；优化成铃；产量；品质

On Boll-Setting Optimization Theory for Cotton

Cultivation and Its New Development

DONG He-zhong1, MAO Shu-chun2, ZHANG Wang-feng3, CHEN De-hua4

(1Cotton Research Center, Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Jinan 250100; 2Cotton Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Anyang 455000, Henan; 3College of Agronomy, Shihezi University, Shihezi 832003, Xijiang; 4Agricultural

College of Yangzhou University, Yangzhou 225001, Jiangsu)

Abstract: After 60 years of research and production practice, China not only has established an intensive farming based technology system of cotton cultivation with distinctive Chinese characteristics, but also has founded a relatively complete theoretical system for China cotton cultivation. Such a theoretical system of cotton cultivation has made important contributions to enable China to be the first major cotton producing country in the world. Boll-setting optimization theory is the core of the theoretical

收稿日期：2013-09-24；接受日期：2013-12-18

基金项目：国家棉花产业技术体系建设专项（CARS-18-21，CARS-18-17）

联系方式：董合忠，E-mail：donghz@

442 中国农业科学47卷

system for high-yielding and fine-quality cotton production in China. The establishment, main contents and prospects of the boll-setting optimization theory are reviewed in this paper. Fiber yield and quality are a function of boll setting, which is significantly affected by boll-setting period, spatial position of the bolls, and the physiological state of the cotton plant. Optimization of cotton fruiting can be realized through formation of more bolls at the best boll-setting period, and in the best spatial position in a cotton plant with the most healthy physiological state. Peak boll-setting period is a stage with high photosynthetic efficiency for a cotton plant. Cotton fruiting can be further improved by synchronizing the periods of high photosynthetic efficiency of leaf canopy, peak boll-setting and ample light and heat resources. To optimize cotton fruiting, it is necessary, on the one hand, to stabilize or increase both the biological yield and economic index and on the other hand, to simultaneously increase the number of bolls per unit area and boll size through coordinating cultivar, environment and cultivation measures based on the dry matter accumulation and distribution features of high-yielding cotton. Photosynthetic products are the material basis that determine cotton yield. Dry matter accumulation at different growth stages directly affects boll setting in cotton. Optimization of cotton fruiting requires the maintenance of a higher dry matter accumulation after full bloom throughout the boll opening stage and a relatively high harvest index. It also requires configuration of an ideal plant architecture and optimal crop population structure through proactive and anticipatory control of cotton ontogeny. Maturity performance is termed as senescence performance of a cotton plant during boll opening. It includes performances of normal maturity, late maturity and premature senescence performance, respectively. Disorders of sink and source, as well as root and canopy often decreased root-sourced cytokinin levels and increased abscisic acid content, which might lead to early or delayed senescence-associated gene expression, finally leading to the formation of abnormal maturity performance (late maturity and premature senescence). To optimize the boll setting, it is necessary to well coordinate the relationship between the sink and source, root and canopy to realize the normal maturation of cotton plants. The establishment of boll-setting optimization theory not only promotes the development of science and technology of cotton cultivation in China, but also provides a strong theoretical support for the healthy development of China's cotton industry. It is believed that boll-setting optimization theory will remain the core of China’s theoretical system for high yield and quality cotton cultivation in the future. However, with the adoption and development of simplification, mechanization, sustainable and green production technology, cotton fruiting optimization theory will also experience further changes and development to better support the development of China's cotton production.

Key words: cotton; optimization of boll-setting; high yield; fine fiber quality

基于人多地少的国情和原棉消费量不断增长的实际需要，以高产优质高效为目标，经过60多年的研究与实践，特别是近30年的努力，中国不仅建立了适合国情、特色鲜明的棉花栽培技术体系，也形成了相对完整的棉花栽培理论体系，为奠定世界第一产棉大国的地位做出了重要贡献。

中国棉花高产优质栽培理论体系的核心是优化成铃[1]。围绕优化成铃，中国棉花科技工作者自20世纪80年代以来，研究明确了优质铃的成铃规律和结铃模式，高产棉花株型特点、群体质量指标和调控途径[2]。在此基础上，形成了棉花优化成铃的栽培理论[1]。其主要内容是，棉花产量和品质是通过棉株结铃建成的，单位面积棉花产量及其构成因素和纤维品质受结铃时间、棉铃所处空间部位以及棉株生理年龄的显著影响，优化成铃就是根据当地生态和生产条件，通过对生长与发育的合理调控，在最佳结铃期、最佳结铃部位和棉株生理状态稳健时多结铃、结优质铃[3]；使棉叶系统的高光合效能期、成铃高峰期和当地光热资源高能期相同步，棉花正常成熟，可以更有效地优化成铃[4]。优化成铃栽培理论还包括株型栽培、群体质量等内容。

1 优化成铃栽培理论的形成过程

中国棉花栽培技术在20世纪70年代以前，主要是通过总结与推广农民和劳动模范的植棉经验形成的，没有明确的理论支撑[5]。之后10多年的时间里，研究总结出丰产棉花的产量结构、合理生育进程、长势长相的形态诊断指标等[6]，以及相应的一套促进与控制相结合的综合栽培技术，初步形成了中国棉花栽培的理论和技术体系[7]。其技术路线是，“壮苗早发、稳长多结、三桃齐结”，要求“带桃入伏、伏桃满腰、秋桃盖顶”。因为早发棉花伏前桃通常偏多，不仅会引起结铃盛期的营养供应跟不上，影响伏桃的数量，而且后期还易早衰，秋桃也难以盖顶，加之伏前桃还容易霉烂，直接影响棉花产量和品质的形成。这种现象在移栽棉和地膜棉上的表现更为突出。而晚发棉花常贪青晚熟，难有伏前桃，秋桃中的晚秋桃比例较大，后期遇到低温往往会出现铃轻子瘪的现象，纤维成熟度差，也不能达到优质高产[3]。