2 - Design Guidance
2023-2024学年广西梧州人教版高考专题英语高考复习共20题(含答案解析)
1.填空题1.The money will be a________ （应用） to building up a library. （根据中英文提示填空）答案'pplied'解析根据所给汉语意思，用单词或短语完成下列英文句子。
2.（1）I ______（不同意）with Jack about what we ought to do.答案'（1）disagree/disagreed'解析（1）disagree/disagreed 考查动词。
句意：我不同意杰克关于我们应该做什么的看法。
不同意“disagree”此处可以一般现在时和一般过去时均符合句意。
故填disagree/disagreed。
2.（2）A ______（直的）line is the shortest distance between two points.答案'（2）straight'解析（2）straight 考查形容词。
句意：直线是两点之间最短的距离。
设空后为名词line，用形容词直的“straight”修饰，故填straight。
2.（3）John is very ______（可信赖的）—if he promises to do something he'll do it.答案'（3）reliable'解析（3）reliable 考查形容词。
句意：约翰很可靠，如果他答应做某事，他就会去做。
根据句中is，可知该句为主系表结构，应填形容词reliable符合句意。
故填reliable。
2.（4）The army organized teams to dig out those who were trapped and to ______（埋藏）the dead.答案'（4）bury'解析（4）bury 考查动词。
句意：军队组织各队把挖出被困者并埋葬死者。
毕业设计指导情况记录表15篇
毕业设计指导情况记录表15篇英文回答：Graduation Design Guidance Record Sheet.Student Name:Major:Project Title:指导教师签名：日期：Guidance.Technical Guidance:Provide technical support and guidance on projectdesign, implementation, and analysis.Review and evaluate project documents, including proposals, reports, and presentations.Suggest relevant literature, resources, and tools.Methodology Guidance:Assist in developing and refining research methods and experimental design.Provide guidance on data collection, analysis, and interpretation.Ensure compliance with ethical guidelines and research standards.Writing and Presentation Guidance:Offer feedback on written documents, including proposals, reports, and research papers.Help students develop effective communication skills for oral presentations.Provide guidance on structuring, formatting, and delivering presentations.Progress Monitoring:Regularly monitor student progress through scheduled meetings and progress reports.Provide timely feedback and guidance to ensure timely completion of project milestones.Identify potential roadblocks and assist in developing solutions.Publication and Dissemination:Encourage students to publish their research findings in relevant journals or conferences.Assist in preparing and submitting publication materials.Provide guidance on presenting research at academic conferences.中文回答：毕业设计指导情况记录表。
2012-EMA-DDI-Guidance
Guideline on the Investigation of Drug Interactions
Final
Discussion in the Efficacy Working Party (EWP)
5.1. Effects of food intake on the pharmacokinetics of the investigational drug ................... 7 5.2. Effects of other medicinal products on the pharmacokinetics of the investigational drug 8 5.2.1. Absorption ........................................................................................................ 8 5.2.2. Distribution ....................................................................................................... 9 5.2.3. Metabolism ..................................................................................................... 10 5.2.4. Active uptake and secretion in drug elimination ................................................... 13 5.2.5. Special populations .......................................................................................... 14 5.3. Effects of the investigational drug on the pharmacokinetics of other drugs ................ 15 5.3.1. Absorption ...................................................................................................... 15 5.3.2. Distribution ..................................................................................................... 16 5.3.3. Metabolism ..................................................................................................... 16 5.3.4. Transport ....................................................................................................... 26 5.4. Design of in vivo studies ..................................................................................... 27 5.4.1. Study population ............................................................................................. 27 5.4.2. Probe drugs and cocktail studies ........................................................................ 28 5.4.3. Dose, formulation and time of administration ...................................................... 29 5.4.4. Time dependencies .......................................................................................... 30 5.4.5. Active metabolites ........................................................................................... 31 5.4.6. Pharmacokinetic parameters ............................................................................. 31 5.4.7. Population pharmacokinetic analysis .................................................................. 32 5.5. PBPK modelling and simulation ............................................................................ 33 5.6. Presentation of in vivo study results in the study report .......................................... 33 5.7. Translation into treatment recommendations ......................................................... 34 5.7.1. In vitro data ................................................................................................... 34 5.7.2. In vivo effects of other drugs on the investigational drug ...................................... 34 5.7.3. In vivo effects of the investigational drug on other drugs ...................................... 36 5.7.4. Food effects .................................................................................................... 36
FDA：Guidance for Industry
Guidance for Industry工业界指南Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice 无菌工艺生产的灭菌药品CGMPU.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Office of Regulatory Affairs (ORA)2004年9月制药 CGMPsGuidance for Industry工业界指南Sterile Drug Products Produced by Aseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing Practice 无菌工艺生产的灭菌药品-CGMPAdditional copies are available from:Office of Training and CommunicationDivision of Drug Information, HFD-240Center for Drug Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration5600 Fishers LaneRockville, MD 20857(Tel) 301-827-4573/cder/guidance/index.htmorOffice of Communication, Training andManufacturers Assistance, HFM-40Center for Biologics Evaluation and ResearchFood and Drug Administration1401 Rockville Pike, Rockville, MD 20852-1448/cber/guidelines.htm.(Tel) Voice Information System at 800-835-4709 or 301-827-1800U.S. Department of Health and Human ServicesFood and Drug AdministrationCenter for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER)Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER)Office of Regulatory affairs (ORA)TABLE OF CONTENTS 目录I. INTRODUCTION 引言 (5)II. BACKGROUND 背景 (6)A.Regulatory Framework 规范框架 (6)B.Technical Framework 技术框架 (7)III. SCOPE 范围 (8)IV. BUILDINGS AND FACILITIES 建筑物和设施 (9)A. Critical Area – Class 100 (ISO 5) 关键区域 – 100级（ISO 5） (11)B. Supporting Clean Areas 辅助洁净区域 (13)C. Clean Area Separation洁净区域的分割 (13)D. Air Filtration空气的过滤 (15)1.Membrane 膜 (15)2.High-Efficiency Particulate Air (HEPA) 高效过滤器 (15)E. Design 设计 (18)V. PERSONNEL TRAINING, QUALIFICATION, & MONITORING 人员的培训，资格和监测 (21)A.Personnel 人员 (23)boratory Personnel 实验室人员 (25)C.Monitoring Program 监测计划 (25)VI. COMPONENTS AND CONTAINER/CLOSURES 物料和容器/盖塞 (27)ponents组份 (27)B.Containers/Closures容器/盖塞 (29)1.Preparation 制备 (29)2.Inspection of Container Closure System 容器盖塞系统的检查 (31)VII. ENDOTOXIN CONTROL 内毒素控制 (32)VIII. TIME LIMITATIONS 时间限制 (33)IX. VALIDATION OF ASEPTIC PROCESSING AND STERILIZATION 无菌工艺和灭菌消毒的验证 (34)A. Process Simulations 工艺模拟 (34)1.Study Design 研究设计 (35)2.Frequency and Number of Runs 运行的频度和次数 (36)3.Duration of Runs 运转的持续时间 (37)4.Size of Runs 运转的大小规模 (38)5.Line Speed 生产线的速度 (39)6.Environmental Conditions 环境条件 (39)7.Media 介质 (39)B. Filtration Efficacy 过滤效率 (44)C. Sterilization of Equipment, Containers, and Closures设备，容器和盖塞的灭菌 (47)1.Qualification and Validation 确认和验证 (47)2.Equipment Controls and Instrument Calibration 设备管理和仪器校准 (49)X. LABORATORY CONTROLS 实验室的控制 (51)A. Environmental Monitoring 环境监测 (53)1.General Written Program 通用的程序计划 (53)2.Establishing Levels and a Trending Program 确立指标和趋势监测计划 (54)3.Disinfection Efficacy 消毒灭菌的效率 (55)4.Monitoring Methods 监测方法 (56)B. Microbiological Media and Identification 微生物介质和鉴定 (57)C. Prefiltration Bioburden 微生物载荷的预过滤 (58)D. Alternate Microbiological Test Methods 备用的微生物测试方法 (59)E. Particle Monitoring 颗粒监测 (59)XI. STERILITY TESTING 灭菌测试 (59)A.Microbiological Laboratory Controls 微生物实验室的控制管理管理 (61)B.Sampling and Incubation 采样和培养 (62)C.Investigation of Sterility Positives 无菌阳性的调查 (62)XII. BATCH RECORD REVIEW: PROCESS CONTROL DOCUMENTATION批次记录的审阅：工艺控制文件 (66)Guidance for Industry1Sterile Drug Products Produced byAseptic Processing — Current Good Manufacturing PracticeThis guidance represents the Food and Drug Administration's (FDA's) current thinking on this topic. It does not create or confer any rights for or on any person and does not operate to bind FDA or the public. You can use an alternative approach if the approach satisfies the requirements of the applicable statutes and regulations. If you want to discuss an alternative approach, contact the FDA staff responsible for implementing this guidance. If you cannot identify the appropriate FDA staff, call the appropriate number listed on the title page of this guidance.本指南代表了目前FDA对本课题的思考。
当代公路设计指南在牛津郡的应用说明书
“Good design is about what humans actually feel and relate to”Street Design for All (SDA)– An update of national advice and good practice (2014) Aims1.The aim of this Position Statement is to clarify the approach to be taken by Oxfordshire County Council(OCC) to current highways design guidance, for the purposes of development control. As such, the Position Statement supports sustainable growth in Oxfordshire.2.Oxfordshire is a County of contrasts, with urban Oxford at the centre, surrounded by a number oftowns, set in a predominantly rural environment.3.This Position Statement applies for the period during, which the County C ouncil’s Residential RoadDesign Guide guidance is being updated. This guidance is published on the OCC website: Transport for new developments1 (OCC Residential Road Design Guide). It will be superseded by the publication of a revised Street & Road Design Guide.Scope4.OCC is responsible for all non-trunk roads (Strategic Road Network) in Oxfordshire. This includes allroads in Oxfordshire with the exception of:a.A34b.A43c.M40d.Private RoadsExisting National & Local Guidance5.The existing guidance, applying to non-trunk roads is contained within2:a.Manual for Streets (2007)b.Manual for Streets 2: Wider Application of the Principles (2010)6.The Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (DMRB) is a maintained document providing contemporaryengineering guidance, ordinarily for the design of trunk roads, and was in place prior to the introduction of Manual for Streets (M f S). The DMRB was influential on the standards, within the OCC Residential Road Design Guide(2003) however, the principles and ‘person centred’ design philosophy which informed M f S also had an influence on it. The OCC Residential Road Design Guide, for example, embraced ‘Homezones’ and ‘people before cars’ matters subsumed into the M f S.District Design Guidance7.The Districts have all produced detailed Design Guides, which should be referred to for thedistinctiveness they seek to promote:a.Vale of White Horse DC Design Guide (March 2014)b.South Oxfordshire DC Design Guide (July 2008)c.Design and Conservation Strategy for Cherwell (2012‐2015)d.West Oxfordshire DC Design Guide (December 2013)e.Oxford Design Review Panel & Oxford City Centre Street Scene ManualGeometric Requirements8.Some of the geometric requirements contained in the OCC Residential Road Design Guide are inexcess of those in the M f S. However, the special circumstances of Oxfordshire (See §2, above - especially rural locations) dictate that in some circumstances, the standards of the DMRB may be more appropriate than those of the M f S.9.Visibility splay requirements are one such example, for which three standards apply depending onhighway speed (see M f S §2.2 for definition of ‘Streets’ and ‘Roads’):1https:///cms/content/transport-new-developments2https:///government/publications/manual-for-streetsa.Manual for Streets (2007): Cht 7 – for ‘Streets’ under 60kph;b.Manual for Streets 2: Wider Application of the Principles (2010): Cht. 10 – for ‘Streets’ over 60kph;c.The DMRB influenced OCC Residential Road Design Guide: Chapter 6 –‘Roads’.10.Especially with regard to visibility splays, it is emphasised that both volumes of the M f S, are guidancedocuments only and that local interpretation is encouraged within M f S. Both volumes of M f S were produced before the adoption of the National Planning Policy Framework(NPPF - 2012), and therefore, it is emphasised that the policy contained within NPPF takes precedence over the guidance of the M f S.11.Appropriate visibility splays are calculated according to the physics of stopping sight distances and safevehicular retardation. Different design guides make differing assumptions regarding the parameters appropriate for this. It is, hereby, emphasised that these recommendations are based on engineering criteria with an objective base relating to performance of car and driver. They are not arbitrary recommendations, therefore, and are highly sensitive to prevailing highway speeds as identified above.Objections12.Under the NPPF, the basis for a highways based objection to a planning application is wheredevelopment is considered: (i) ‘unsustainable’and / or where (ii)residual cumulative impacts of development are ‘severe’. OCC will interpret ‘unsustainable’ and ‘severe’ in the local context according to the advice contained in this document. Where appropriate, sustainability and geometric requirements are not met; objections will be made on the basis of the NPPF criteria.Street Design for All (SDA)13.The approach of M f S, is summarised in the recently published: Street Design for All (SDA) - An updateof national advice and good practice (2014). This document will be taken as the primary source of approach to development by OCC, produced as it was, following the NPPF and presenting the philosophy of the M f S. Discretion will be used by the Highway Authority where inconsistencies between SDA and OCC Residential Road Design Guide occur.14.To be clear, developers are encouraged to be innovative and obtain advice from both volumes of theM f S 1 & 2 but for the purposes of our consultation responses on planning applications the locally interpreted guidance will be used and the approach of the SDA rather than to the letter of the M f S, although it will be mindful of the M f S.15.For example, the new thinking on street corner geometry (pp. 19 SDA) is appropriate for urban areas inOxfordshire but such a design may be inappropriate for rural roads. Another reason for maintaining the standards the OCC Residential Road Design Guide in such rural locales is that the safe stopping sight distances for freight and public transport are often in excess of those for cars and recommended in M f S.16.Both volumes of M f S will be considered as playing a supporting to SDA, in terms of the more detailedadvice they provide. In this respect it should be noted that the M f S does not encourage an approach, which is slavish to the letter but one, which is within its spirit. The M f S approach is summarised within SDA. The M f S approach can briefly be characterised as encouraging designers being to incorporate a ‘sense of place’ into street-scapes and that ‘movement’ and ‘place’ functions should be optimised to context, taking into account the needs of all street users.17.SDA encourages a collaborative approach to the street scene, involving as many professional and publicvoices as possible to influence street design. Such a consultative approach is encouraged in Oxfordshire, especially if initiated at the stage when pre-application advice is being sought.Pre-application procedure18.Engagement by developers and their agents, with the pre-application procedure is encouraged by OCC.A Pre-application procedure exists to obtain wide-ranging advice from the Districts but independentlyhighways advice can be obtained. The HA substantive response will consist of a comment on the principle of development. A schedule of charges exists for further more detailed pre-application highways advice [See /newdevelopments].Road Hierarchies19. A hierarchical approach to road design is discouraged in SDA, drawing only a distinction between‘streets’ and ‘roads’ with differing degrees of ‘place’ and ‘movement’ characteristics’. For the purposes of certain transport movement functions, such as, public transport and the needs of freight, distributor-style roads may be appropriate.20.In other locations it may be appropriate that the ‘place’ function predominates and traffic speedsconducive to this should be encouraged through the use of the psychological and physical calming methods contained in M f S.Parking Standards21.SDA encourages an approach to provision of parking levels for residential developments that isadequate to serve the aspirations of residents. The NPPF, Other Planning Policies - 3 also requires that parking be adequate to meet perceived needs.22.The OCC parking standards, adopted in December 20114 are maximum parking standards. The positionthat will be adopted in the future is to consider these as indicative of expected parking levels only (See Residential Road Design Guide). Parking levels that should be provided will be considered on their individual merits and optimal parking levels may be higher or lower than those suggested in the current parking standards.23.Optimisation of parking level determination will be justified through the transport assessment process.According to scale of development this exercise may be expected to be contained within a: Design & Access Statement, Transport Statement or a Transport Assessment, as explained below.Transportation Assessment24.Thresholds for the appropriate type of supporting documentation, an application should be accompaniedby, are recommended in: ‘Travel plans, transport assessments and statements in decision-taking’5. The pre-application process will lead to scoping of the appropriate level of transport assessment.Future-proofing, Travel Planning & Sustainable Transport25.The needs of the future should be considered for any development in Oxfordshire. Oxfordshire isundergoing unprecedented levels of development. Where technological solutions and ‘smart thinking’can overcome the need for residents to concentrate on car-borne traffic then innovative means of achieving this will be encouraged, especially where they are backed with developer contributions. An example, of such an innovation might be car clubs or the provision of real time public transport information to assist with the delivery of a Travel Plan.26.Walkable neighbourhoods designed around the convenience of the pedestrian and cyclist can help fulfilthe ends of sustainable transport.27. A further example is that estate roads will be expected to be laid out such that the needs of futuredevelopment are taken into account and evidence based with swept-path analysis. One way of doing this is through the use of turning heads in locations where roads may be extended.3/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-statement/Commons/2015-03-25/HCWS488/4https:///cms/sites/default/files/folders/documents/roadsandtransport/transportpoliciesandplans/newdevelopments/parkingstanda rdsfornewresidentialdevelopments.pdf5/blog/guidance/travel-plans-transport-assessments-and-statements-in-decision-taking/。
毕业设计用英语怎么说
毕业设计用英语怎么说毕业设计是教学过程的最后阶段采用的一种总结性的实践教学环节。
仅对大专以上学校要求在毕业前根据专业的不同进行毕业设计，对中等专业学校的学生不作要求。
那么你知道毕业设计用英语怎么说吗?下面店铺为大家带来毕业设计的英语说法，欢迎各位同学们学习!毕业设计的英语说法：graduation project毕业设计相关英语表达：毕业设计大赛 Graduation Design Competition毕业设计作品 Graduation Design Works毕业设计指导 graduation-project guidance毕业设计论文质量 qualities of graduation design毕业设计模式 graduate design modes毕业设计的英语例句：1. This article introduced the customer system management system realization method.本文介绍了客户管理毕业设计的实现方法.2. Andworked at an insurance company my graduation field work.我在家保险公司进行我毕业设计.3. This project is my graduation design. a sub - item of my tutor's.此项目为本人的毕业设计. 是导师项目下的子项目.4. This graduation design is about project management's new critical chain method. "本毕业设计是对项目进度管理新技术关键链法的研究.5. This graduation project's topic is on - line auto sale management system management system.本次毕业设计的题目就是网上汽车销售管理系统.6. The traveling website construction is faces the realistic demand an utility system.旅游网站建设是面向现实需求的一个实用毕业设计.7. The whole design procedure consists of the architectural and the structural design.此次毕业设计包括两部分:建筑设计,结构设计.8. This graduation project's topic is on - line books management system management system.本次毕业设计的题目就是网络订餐系统.9. During a metalworking and machine tool plant internships, courses and graduate design.其间进行了金工及机床厂实习, 课程及毕业设计.10. This project belongs to reseachful new task, and is of a assignment.本毕业设计是一个属于研究型的新课题, 工程浩大.11. The study are the design of the logistics and transport systems.本毕业设计的研究内容是物流运输的系统.12. My graduation project is about the origin and regulation of stem cells.我的毕业设计是关于干细胞调节的起源的.13. After the graduation project and found a lot of accumulated several more.毕业设计做完了,发现好多,积累了好更.14. Ninety percent of my class is already working on the final project.我们班百分之九十的同学都已经开始做毕业设计了.15. This paper analyzes the Web - based e - commerce platform -- Automobile Sales Management System.本文研究分析了基于的电子商务的平台开发汽车销售管理毕业设计.。
设计总监岗位职责
设计总监岗位职责Design Director Job Responsibilities:1.XXX department。
including planning。
assigning work。
XXX.2.XXX' nal abilities。
and XXX.3.XXX.4.XXX are for management。
not leadership。
As a leader。
XXX。
as this could lead to a loss of credibility.5.Evaluate the performance。
attitude。
and potential of department XXX.6.Develop and XXX should be given to the most outstanding employees。
and as a leader。
do not try to take credit for theirXXX should be given when necessary。
but as a department leader。
you also have an XXX。
you must also bear some XXX approach will make team members XXX leadership。
provide a great n to the company's upper management and the trust of the boss。
and win the hearts of team members.7.To manage the design department。
you must learn to integrate。
harmonize。
XXX of a design team。
avoid the arrogant style of state-owned or state-owned nal XXX。
IEC61400-1-2005风电机组设计要求标准英汉对照
需要什么文档直接在我的文档里搜索比直接在网站大海捞针要容易的多也准确省时的多
INTERNATIONAL STANrbines – Part 1:
Design requirements
Publication numbering As from 1 January 1997 all IEC publications are issued with a designation in the 60000 series. For example, IEC 34-1 is now referred to as IEC 60034-1.
Further information on IEC publications The technical content of IEC publications is kept under constant review by the IEC, thus ensuring that the content reflects current technology. Information relating to this publication, including its validity, is available in the IEC Catalogue of publications (see below) in addition to new editions, amendments and corrigenda. Information on the subjects under consideration and work in progress undertaken by the technical committee which has prepared this publication, as well as the list of publications issued,is also available from the following: IEC Web Site (www.iec.ch) Catalogue of IEC publications The on-line catalogue on the IEC web site (www.iec.ch/searchpub) enables you to search by a variety of criteria including text searches,technical committees and date of publication. Online information is also available on recently issued publications, withdrawn and replaced publications, as well as corrigenda. IEC Just Published This summary of recently issued publications (www.iec.ch/online_news/justpub) is also available by email. Please contact the Customer Service Centre (see below) for further information. Customer Service Centre If you have any questions regarding this publication or need further assistance, please contact the Customer Service Centre: Email: custserv@iec.ch Tel: +41 22 919 02 11 Fax: +41 22 919 03 00 .
勘察设计的质量保证措施、安全保证措施
勘察设计的质量保证措施、安全保证措施在设计前，对项目进行充分的调研和分析，制定详细的设计方案，明确设计目标和要求。
2、初步设计：根据设计方案，进行初步的设计，包括平面布置、结构形式、设备选型等。
3、施工图设计：在初步设计的基础上，进行详细的施工图设计，包括构造、材料、尺寸等。
4、设计审核：设计人员对设计成果进行审核，确保设计符合要求，无误差、无疏漏。
5、设计变更：在设计过程中，如有必要进行设计变更，必须经过严格的审核和批准程序。
通过以上管理措施，我们将确保设计关键工序的质量和准确性，最大程度地满足客户的需求。
2安全保证措施2.1安全目标安全方针是：安全第一，预防为主，综合治理，不断改进。
安全目标是：全员安全意识高度，安全生产责任到人，安全管理科学规范，安全生产环境优良，确保安全生产目标的实现。
2.2安全保证措施1、在勘察、设计、技术咨询等项目中，必须严格执行国家和行业的安全生产法规和标准，确保项目的安全性。
2、在勘察、设计、技术咨询等项目中，必须明确安全责任，落实安全生产责任制，确保项目的安全生产。
3、在施工中，必须严格执行安全技术措施，确保施工人员的安全，防止事故的发生。
4、在施工中，必须严格执行现场管理制度，确保施工现场的安全和秩序。
5、在施工中，必须加强对施工人员的安全教育和培训，提高施工人员的安全意识和技能。
通过以上安全保证措施，我们将确保勘察、设计、技术咨询等项目的安全性和施工人员的安全，最大程度地减少事故的发生，保障人员的生命财产安全。
Design planning involves issuing design task orders and design technical guidance。
XXX。
and preparing design work plans。
The task order specifies the task content。
and the designwork plan XXX activities。
美国城市设计导则介述
城 市 设 计 Ｕ ｒ ｂ ａ ｎ Ｄ ｅ ｓ ｉ ｇ ｎ
构 对设计意向的展示和说明 对设想 的最终形态提出评价标准和引导手段
在城市设计过程中 设计导则是实 现城市设计目标和概念的具体操作手 段 它如同一个纲领性文件 指导城市 设计思想的贯彻实施 １．２ 城市建设管理与导则
美国的城市设计导则是特定的经济 和行政体制下的产物 它所包含的内容 与特征是由现行的城市建设管理手段和 控制体系决定的
在美国 区划法（ｚｏｎｉｎｇ）是对城市 建设的土地使用和设计控制的基本手段 对设计的控制主要有容积率 建筑高度 退后 建筑体块和停车位等几个方面 目 的是保护个人财产的利益 社区稳定 促 进房地产开发
有奖区划法（ｉｎｃｅｎｔｉｖｅ ｚｏｎｉｎｇ）出现 以后 设计导则作为对区划法的辅助手 段之一在设计控制中变得越来越重要 主要是对城市设计概念和不可度量标准 的说明或规定 也作为公众参与和设计 评审的标准之一 开发商若想得到某些 奖励（ｂｏｎｕｓｅｓ） 如增加建筑高度或密度 其开发设计方案必须以符合设计导则的 要求为前提
图 ３ 旧金山居住区设计导则控制要求
控制要求 如标志标牌 街道家具 植 被标准和铺装等
表 １ 对美国几个主要城市的设计导 则进行了比较 从表 １ 可以看出 美国 城市设计中设计导则大多是与城市设计 方案不能分离的一部分 大多设计导则 都是区段性的 针对不同地段编制不同 的设计导则 使导则的内容具有针对 性 不同的地段有不同的控制重点 保 证了城市形态丰富多彩 此外 设计导 则在操作形式上既是区划法的一部分 又是城市设计成果的一部分 在实施管 理上具有法律效力
全天对公众开放
表 ３ 圣地亚哥市总体城市设计导则中的 ２ 个主题
城 市 整 体 意 象 目标 加强对人与环境之间视觉和感知关系的综合开发 导则和标准
guidance-technical-documentation-and-design-dossiers
Whereas the term “Technical Documentation” or “Technical File“ is used for medical devices of class I, class IIa, andclass IIb, the term “Design Dossier“ is used for class III products.术语“技术文档”或“技术文件”用于医疗设备的I类，IIA类和IIB类，术语“设计档案”用于第三类产品。
Technical Documentation is retained in the premises of the manufacturer or the Authorized Representative for potential review of Competent Authorities and Notified Bodies.技术文件保留在制造商或授权代表处，以备主管部门和公告机构审查。
Part B of the Technical File may be available at the manufacturer only, whereas Design Dossiers have to be submitted to the Notified Body for review prior to CE marking of the product技术文件的B部分可能仅在制造商提供，然而在产品标识"CE"之前，设计档案材料必须提交给认证机构(use form MDD Application for CE Conformity Assessment MED_F_03.15; http://www.tuev-sued.de/industry-and-consumer- products/download-center/applications).（使用MDD应用程序MED_F_03.15进行CE合格评估）We will assign a project coordinator who will entrust one or more further experts with the review of particular modules.我们将指派一个项目协调员，他将委托一个或多个进一步的专家对特定的模块进行评审。
广告公司各职位英文简称大全
AAD〔Associated Account Director〕——副客户总监AAD〔Associated Art Director〕——副美术指导ACD〔Associated Creative Director〕——副创作总监AD 〔Account Director〕——客户服务总监、业务指导AD〔Art Director〕——美术指导（在创作部可以独挡一面执行美术指导工作的美术监督）AE〔Account Executive〕——客户执行、客户服务、客户主任；预算执行者，负责广告代理商和广告主之间的一切有关业务，观念，预算，广告表现之联系AM 〔Account Manager〕——客户经理AP〔Account Planner〕——客户企划（分策略企划和业务企划两种）〔Artist〕——正稿员ASM〔Area Sale Manager〕——大区销售经理CD〔Creative Director〕——创作总监、创意总监、创意指导（CD的前身，不是撰稿人便是美术设计，因为积累了丰富的经验，并有优异的创作成绩而成为督导）〔Copy Director〕——文案指导CGH〔Creative Group Head 〕——创意组长〔Computer Visualizer〕——计算机绘图员CW〔Copywriter〕——撰稿人DCS〔Director of Client Service〕——客户主管ECD〔Executive Creative Director〕——执行创意总监FA〔Finish Artist〕——完稿、画师〔Finish Artist Group Head〕——完稿组长GAD〔Group Account Director〕——客户群总监GCD〔Group Creative Director〕——创意群总监GMD〔General Managing Director〕——总经理MD〔Media Director〕——媒体指导、媒介部经理〔Media Supervisor〕——媒介主任、媒介总监〔Media Planner〕——媒介策划〔Planning Director〕——企划指导〔Planning Supervisor〕——企划总监〔Print Production Manager〕——平面制作经理〔Production Manager〕——制作经理〔Research Supervisor〕——调查总监SAD〔Senior Art Director〕——高级美术指导SCW〔Senior Copywriter〕——高级文案〔Studio Manager〕——画房经理、作业室经理〔Traffic Control Specialist（简称Traffic）〕——制管人员〔Traffic Coordinator〕——平面制作统筹〔TV Producer〕——制片〔Visualizer〕——插图家、插画师、绘图员、视觉设计Advertising the positions in short Daquan 2007-09-19 16:58 AAD〕〔Associated Account Director - Associate Account DirectorAAD〕〔Associated Art Director - art director, deputyACD〕〔Associated Creative Director - Associate Creative DirectorAD〕〔Account Director - Director of Customer Service, business guideAD〕〔Art Director - Art Direction (in the creative department to guide the work of art can be Dudangyimian the implementation of the art monitoring)AE〕〔Account Executive - Client execution, customer service, customer officer; budget execution who is responsible for between advertising agencies and advertisers of all relevant business, ideas, budgets, advertising the performance of the contactAM 〔〕Account Manager - Account ManagerAP〕〔Account Planner - Customer Planning (sub-strategic planning and business planning two kinds)Artist 〔〕- Following is the member ofASM〕〔Area Sale Manager - Region Sales ManagerCD〕〔Creative Director - creative director, creative director, creative director (CD's predecessor, not the writer is the art design, because it has accumulated rich experience and outstanding creative achievements have become supervisors) 〔〕Copy Director - Copywriter guideCGH〕〔Creative Group Head - Creative Head〔〕Computer Visualizer - computer graphics staffCW〕〔Copywriter - WriterDCS〕〔Director of Client Service - Account ExecutiveECD〕〔Executive Creative Director - Executive Creative DirectorFA〕〔Finish Artist - finalized, painter〔〕Finish Artist Group Head - finalized Leader精选文档GAD〕〔Group Account Director - Director of customer baseGCD〕〔Group Creative Director - Creative Group DirectorGMD〕〔General Managing Director - General ManagerMD〕〔Media Director - media guide, media manager〔〕Media Supervisor - Media Director, Media Director,〔〕Media Planner - Media Planning〔〕Planning Director - Planning guidance〔〕Planning Supervisor - Planning Director〔〕Print Production Manager - Print Production Manager〔〕Production Manager - Production Manager〕〔Research Supervisor - Investigation DirectorSAD〕〔Senior Art Director - Senior Art DirectorSCW〕〔Senior Copywriter - Senior Copywriter〔〕Studio Manager - painting room manager, operations manager of 〔Traffic Control Specialist (referred to as Traffic)〕- System Controllers〔〕Traffic Coordinator - Print Production Co-ordination〔〕TV Producer - Producer〔〕Visualizer - illustrator, illustrator, draftsman, visual design外企中的英文职位简称GM(General Manager)总经理VP(Vice President)副总裁FVP(First Vice President)第一副总裁精选文档AVP(Assistant Vice President)副总裁助理CEO(Chief Executive Officer)首席执行官COO(Chief Operations Officer)首席运营官CFO(Chief Financial Officer)首席财务官CIO(Chief Information Officer)首席信息官HRD(Human Resource Director)人力资源总监OD(Operations Director)运营总监MD(Marketing Director)市场总监OM(Operations Manager)运作经理PM(Production Manager)生产经理(Product Manager)产品经理=============从A到Z的外企职位详解==================CAO: Art 艺术总监CBO: Business 商务总监CCO: Content 内容总监CDO: Development 开发总监CEO: Executive 首席执行官CFO: Finance 财务总监CGO: Gonverment 政府关系CHO: Human resource 人事总监CIO: Information 技术总监CJO: Jet 把营运指标都加一个或多个零使公司市值像火箭般上升的人精选文档CKO: Knowledge 知识总监CLO: Labour 工会主席CMO: Marketing 市场总监CNO: Negotiation 首席谈判代表COO: Operation 首席营运官CPO: Public relation 公关总监CQO: Quality control 质控总监CRO: Research 研究总监CSO: Sales 销售总监CTO: T echnology 首席技术官CUO: User 客户总监CVO: Valuation 评估总监CWO: Women 妇联主席CXO: 什么都可以管的不管部部长CYO: Yes 什么都点头的老好人CZO: 现在排最后，等待接班的太子4A广告公司中英文部门架构与岗位职称综合性代理广告公司部门架构与岗位职称Management/Administration管理/行政部门Chief Executive Officer 首席行政长官（常用简称：CEO）Managing Director 董事总经理（常用简称：MD）General Manager 总经理（常用简称：GM）HI & Admin Manager 人事/行政经理HI Supervisor 人事督导Admin Assistant 行政助理Information Technology 信息技术部门Information Technology Manager 信息技术经理Information Technology Administrator信息技术管理员Information Technology Support信息技术支持Account Management客户服务部门Director of Client Services 客户服务部总监Group Account Director客户事务群总监（常用简称：GAD）Senior Account Director高级客户总监（常用简称：SAD）Account Director客户总监（常用简称：AD）Associate Account Director助理客户总监（常用简称：AAD）Account Manager客户经理（常用简称：AM）Account Manager-Freelance 兼职客户经理Senior Account Executive 高级客户执行（常用简称：SAE）Account Executive 客户执行（常用简称：AE）Associate Account Executive 助理客户执行（常用简称：AAE）Strategic Planning策略策划部门Planning Director 策略策划总监Senior Account Director 高级客户总监Strategic Planning Assistant策略策划助理Creative创意部门Chief Creative Officer 首席创意总监（常用简称：CCO）Group Executive Creative Director 执行创意群总监（常用简称：GECD）Executive Creative Director执行创意总监（常用简称：ECD）Group Director （Group Creative Director）创意群总监（常用简称：GCD）Senior Creative Director资深创意总监（常用简称：SCD）Creative Director创意总监（常用简称：CD）Associate Creative Director 助理创意总监（常用简称：ACD）Senior Art Director 资深美术指导（常用简称：SART或SAD）Art Director 美术指导（常用简称：ART或ADA）Group Head 创意组长（常用简称：GH）Senior Copywriter 资深文案（常用简称：SCW）Copywriter 文案（常用简称：CW）Copywriter-Freelance 兼职文案Senior Designer-Integrated 资深设计师Designer-Integrated 设计师Creative Service Supervisor 创意服务监督Creative Support创意支持部门Head of Creative Service 创意服务总监Studio Manager 制作经理Production Coordinator 制作协调Designer 设计师Computer Artist 美工Visualizer 画师Traffic 流程控制部门Traffic Manager 流程控制经理Senior Traffic Coordinator 资深流程控制协调员Traffic Coordinator 流程控制协调员T.V. Production 影视制作部门Head of TV Production 影视制作总监Senior Producer 资深制作人Producer 制作人Producer-Freelance 兼职制作人Assistant Producer 助理制作人Assistant Producer-Freelance 兼职助理制作人2、GH、CD、GCD、ECD的关系GH（创意组长）是国际4A公司里某个项目团队的小头目，CD（创意总监）是GH的直属上司和领导。
CTSO-C145e 《使用星基增强系统(SBAS)增强全球定位系统的机载导航传感器》英文翻译版
Number：CTSO-C145eApproved by：Xu ChaoqunChina Civil Aviation Technical Standard OrderAirborne Navigation Sensors Using The Global Positioning SystemAugmented By The Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS)1. Purpose.This China Civil Aviation Technical Standard Order (CTSO) is for manufacturers applying for airborne navigation sensors using the global positioning system (GPS) augmented by the satellite based augmentation system (SBAS) CTSO authorization (CTSOA). This CTSO prescribes the minimum performance standards(MPS) that airborne navigation sensors using the GPS augmented by the SBAS must first meet for approval and identification with the applicable CTSO marking.2. Applicability.This CTSO affects new application submitted after its effective date.Major design changes to article approved under this CTSO will require a new authorization in accordance with section 21.353 of CCAR-21R4.3. RequirementsNew models of airborne navigation sensors using the GPS augmented by the SBAS identified and manufactured on or after the effective date of this CTSO must meet the MPS qualification and documentation requirements for functional equipment Class Beta in RTCA, Inc. document RTCA/DO-229E, Minimum Operational Performance Standards for Global Positioning System/Satellite-Based Augmentation System Airborne Equipment dated December 15, 2016, Section 2.1. Class Beta equipment is defined in RTCA/DO-229E, Section 1.4 and Appendix 2 adds a new section 1.8.3.Note: Manufacturers have the option to use the RTCA/DO-229E change described in Appendix 3. The change is based on a past commonly granted deviation.a. An alternate method for applicants is to apply for CTSO-C145e using their existing approved design data plus additional substantiation data showing compliance with the changes in RTCA/DO-229E. The three areas where requirements changed are: 1) expanding the SBAS pseudorandom noise (PRN) codes (i.e., PRN range of 120 thru 158); 2) ensuring a graceful degradation to GPS-only operations; and, 3) prohibiting use of the broadcast Navigation Message Correction Table.Note 1: It is not necessary for applicants to re-submit previously approved deviations. Previously approved deviations, and any limitations,will apply to the CTSO-C145e CTSOA.Note 2: Applicants with Class 1 and 2, revision ‘b’ equipment must not have claimed the 3db broadband intrasystem noise credit.b. CTSO-C145e applicants have the option to use a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA functional sensor. Applicants choosing to use a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA can take certification compliance credit by virtue of the CTSO-C204a CTSOA for:z Meeting the MPS section 2.1 requirements;z The hardware/software qualification;z The failure condition classification; and,z MPS section 2.5 performance testing (functional qualification) except those specified in Appendix 1 of this CTSO.c. The CTSO-C145e applicant using a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA functional sensor shall perform the testing described in Appendix 1 and satisfy the remaining paragraphs in this CTSO not covered by the bullets above to receive a CTSO-C145e CTSOA.Note: The end-use manufacturer using a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA functional sensor as part of their CTSO-C145e application assumes full responsibility for the design and function under their CTSO-C145e authorization.d. Functionality.This CTSO’s standards apply to equipment intended to provideposition, velocity, time information for a navigation management unit application that outputs deviation commands keyed to a desired flight path, or a non-navigation application such as automatic dependent surveillance-broadcast (ADS-B) or terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS). In navigation applications, pilots or autopilots will use the deviations output by the navigation management unit to guide the aircraft. In non-navigation applications, the position, velocity, time outputs will provide the necessary input for the end-use equipment. These TSO standards do not address integration issues with other avionics.e. Failure Condition Classifications.(1) Failure of the function defined in paragraph 3.d resulting in misleading information for en route, terminal, approach lateral navigation (LNA V), and approach LNA V/vertical navigation (VNA V) position data is a Major failure condition.(2) Failure of the function defined in paragraph 3.d resulting in misleading information for approach localizer performance without vertical guidance (LP), and approach localizer performance with vertical guidance (LPV) position data is a Hazardous failure condition.(3) Loss of the function defined in paragraph 3.d for enroute through approach LP/LPV position data is a Major failure condition.(4) Design the system to at least these failure condition classifications.f. Functional Qualification.(1) Demonstrate the required functional performance under the test conditions specified in RTCA/DO-229E, Section 2.5, or(2) When using a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA functional sensor, demonstrate the required performance under the test conditions in appendix 1 of this CTSO.g. Environmental Qualification.Demonstrate the required performance under the test conditions specified in RTCA/DO-229E, Section 2.4 using standard environmental conditions and test procedures appropriate for airborne equipment. RTCA/DO-229E requires the use of RTCA/DO-160E, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment, dated December 9, 2004, Sections 4.0 through 8.0 and 10.0 through 25.0. You may use a different standard environmental condition and test procedure than RTCA/DO-160E, provided the standard is appropriate for the SBAS sensor.Note1: The use of RTCA/DO-160D (with Changes 1 and 2 only, incorporated) or earlier versions is generally not considered appropriate and will require substantiation via the deviation process as discussed in paragraph 3.k of this CTSO.Note 2: Applicants using a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA sensor must perform the environmental qualification with the SBAS CCA in theend-use equipment.h. Software Qualification.If the article includes software, develop the software according to RTCA/DO-178C, Software Considerations in Airborne Systems and Equipment Certification, dated December 13, 2011, including referenced supplements as applicable, to at least the software level consistent with the failure condition classification defined in paragraph 3.e of this CTSO. The applicant may also develop the software according to RTCA/DO-178B, dated December 1, 1992.(2) Applicants using a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA sensor may use CTSO-C204a as substantiation for the software qualification.i. Electronic Hardware Qualification.If the article includes complex custom airborne electronic hardware, develop the component according to RTCA/DO-254, dated April 19, 2000, Design Assurance Guidance for Airborne Electronic Hardware, to at least the design assurance level consistent with the failure condition classification defined in paragraph 3.e of this CTSO. For custom airborne electronic hardware determined to be simple, RTCA/DO-254, paragraph1.6 applies.(2) Applicants using a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA sensor may use CTSO-C204a as substantiation for the hardware qualification.j. Barometric-aided Fault Detection and Exclusion (FDE).If the equipment uses barometric-aiding to enhance FDE availability, then the equipment must meet the requirements in RTCA/DO-229E, appendix G.k. Deviations.For using alternative or equivalent means of compliance to the criteria in this CTSO, the applicant must show that the equipment maintains an equivalent level of safety. Apply for a deviation under the provision of 21.368(a) in CCAR-21R4.4. Marking.a. Mark at least one major component permanently and legibly with all the information in 21.423(b) of CCAR-21R4. The marking must include the serial number.b. Also, mark the following permanently and legibly, with at least the manufacturer’s name, subassembly part number, and the CTSO number:(1) Each component that is easily removable (without hand tools); and,(2) Each subassembly of the article that manufacturer determined may be interchangeable.c. If the article includes software and/or airborne electronic hardware, then the article part numbering scheme must identify the software andairborne electronic hardware configuration. The part numbering scheme can use separate, unique part numbers for software, hardware, and airborne electronic hardware.d. The applicant may use electronic part marking to identify software or airborne electronic hardware components by embedding the identification within the hardware component itself (using software) rather than marking it on the equipment nameplate. If electronic marking is used, it must be readily accessible without the use of special tools or equipment.e. At least one major component must be permanently and legibly marked with the operational equipment class (for example, Class 2) as defined in RTCA/DO-229E, Section 1.4.2.5. Application Data Requirements.The applicant must furnish the responsible certification personnel with the related data to support design and production approval. The application data include a statement of conformance as specified in section 21.353(a)(1) in CCAR-21R4 and one copy each of the following technical data:a. A Manual(s) containing the following:(1) Operating instructions and equipment limitations sufficient to describe the equipment’s operational capability.(2) Describe in detail any deviations.(3) Installation procedures and limitations sufficient to ensure that the SBAS sensor, when installed according to the installation or operational procedures, still meets this CTSO’s requirements. Limitations must identify any unique aspects of the installation. The limitations must include a note with the following statement:“This article meets the minimum performance and quality control standards required by a CTSO. Installation of this article requires separate approval.”(4) For each unique configuration of software and airborne electronic hardware, reference the following:(a) Software part number including revision and design assurance level;(b) Airborne electronic hardware part number including revision and design assurance level;(c) Functional description.(5) A summary of the test conditions used for environmental qualifications for each component of the article. For example, a form as described in RTCA/DO-160G, Environmental Conditions and Test Procedures for Airborne Equipment, Appendix A.(6) Schematic drawings, wiring diagrams, and any other documentation necessary for installation of the SBAS sensor.(7) List of replaceable components, by part number, that makes up the SBAS sensor. Include vendor part number cross-references, when applicable.(a) If the equipment can satisfy the requirements of RTCA/DO-229E only when used with a particular antenna, make the use of that antenna (by part number) a requirement on the installation. Include this requirement in the installation manual (IM) as a limitation.(b) If the equipment is installed with a standard antenna, include maximum tolerable currents and voltages into the antenna port. See CTSO-C144a, Passive Airborne Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Antenna, applicable only to operational Class 1 equipment, or CTSO-C190, Active Airborne Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) Antenna, applicable to all equipment operational classes.b. Instructions covering periodic maintenance, calibration, and repair, for the continued airworthiness of the SBAS sensor. Include recommended inspection intervals and service life, as appropriate.c. If not using a CTSO-C204a SBAS functional sensor and the article includes software: a plan for software aspects of certification (PSAC), software configuration index, and software accomplishment summary.d. If not using a CTSO-C204a SBAS functional sensor and the article includes simple or complex custom airborne electronic hardware: aplan for hardware aspects of certification (PHAC), hardware verification plan, top-level drawing, and hardware accomplishment summary (or similar document, as applicable).e. A drawing depicting how the article will be marked with the information required by paragraph 4 of this CTSO.f. Adequate specifics on the interface between the SBAS sensor and other systems to ensure proper functioning of the integrated system. If the equipment depends on any external inputs (like baro-aided FDE) to satisfy the requirements of RTCA/DO-229E, make those inputs a requirement in the installation. Include this requirement in the IM as a limitation.g. If the software qualification limits eligibility of the equipment to certain aircraft types, identify the qualification level, and that the equipment is not eligible for all aircraft types. For example, RTCA/DO-178B (or RTCA/DO-178C) Level C software may be associated with a hazardous failure condition for certain aircraft types. Identify other limitations applicable to the failure condition classification, for example, that two installed units are necessary.h. If the equipment has not been demonstrated as compatible with satellite communications (SatCom) record in the limitations section that the equipment should not be installed in SatCom equipped aircraft.i. Identify functionality or performance contained in the article notevaluated under paragraph 3 of this CTSO (that is, non-CTSO functions). Non-CTSO functions are accepted in parallel with the CTSO authorization. For those non-CTSO functions to be accepted, you must declare these functions and include the following information with your CTSO application:(1) Description of the non-CTSO function(s), such as performance specifications, failure condition classifications, software, hardware, and environmental qualification levels. Include a statement confirming that the non-CTSO function(s) do not interfere with the article’s compliance with the requirements of paragraph 3.(2) Installation procedures and limitations sufficient to ensure that the non-CTSO function(s) meets the declared functions and performance specification(s) described in paragraph 5.i.(1).(3) Instructions for continued performance applicable to the non-CTSO function(s) described in paragraph 5.i.(1).(4) Interface requirements and applicable installation test procedures to ensure compliance with the performance data defined in paragraph 5.i.(1).(5) Test plans, analysis and results, as appropriate, to verify that performance of the hosting CTSO article is not affected by the non-CTSO function(s).(6) Test plans, analysis and results, as appropriate, to verify thefunction and performance of the non-CTSO function(s) as described in paragraph 5.i.(1).(7) Alternatively, identify non-CTSO functionality or performance contained in the article not evaluated under paragraph 3 and submit previously accepted data for the non-CTSO function for acceptance in parallel with this CTSO application.j. The quality system description required by section 21.358 of CCAR-21R4, including functional test specifications. The quality system should ensure that it will detect any change to the approved design that could adversely affect compliance with the CTSO MPS, and reject the article accordingly.k. Material and process specifications list.l. List of all drawings and processes (including revision level) that define the article’s design.m. Manufacturer’s CTSO qualification report showing results of testing accomplished according to paragraph 3.f of this CTSO.6. Manufacturer Data Requirements.Besides the data given directly to the authorities, have the following technical data available for review by the authorities:a. Functional qualification specifications for qualifying each production article to ensure compliance with this CTSO.b. Equipment calibration procedures.c. Schematic drawings.d. Wiring diagrams.e. Material and process specifications.f. The results of the environmental qualification tests conducted according to paragraph 3.g of this CTSO.g. If the article includes software, the appropriate documentation defined in the version of RTCA/DO-178 or RTCA/DO-178C specified by paragraph 3.h of this CTSO, including all data supporting the applicable objectives in Annex A, Process Objectives and Outputs by Software Level.h. If the article includes complex custom airborne electronic hardware, the appropriate hardware life cycle data in combination with design assurance level, as defined in RTCA/DO-254, Appendix A, Table A-l. For simple custom airborne electronic hardware, the following data: test cases or procedures, test results, test coverage analysis, tool assessment and qualification data, and configuration management records, including problem reports.i. If not using CTSO-C204a, all the data necessary to evaluate the geo stationary (GEO) satellite bias as defined in RTCA/DO-229E, Section 2.1.4.1.5.j. If the article contains non-CTSO function(s), the applicant mustalso make available items 6.a through 6.h as they pertain to the non-CTSO function(s).7. Furnished Data Requirements.a. If furnishing one or more articles manufactured under this CTSO to one entity (such as an operator or repair station), provide one copy or technical data and information specified in paragraphs 5.a and 5.b of this CTSO. Add any data needed for the proper installation, certification, use, or for continued compliance with the CTSO, of the SBAS sensor.b. If the article contains declared non-CTSO function(s), include one copy of the data in paragraphs 5.i.(1) through 5.i.(4).8. Availability of Referenced Documents.Order RTCA documents from:Radio Technical Commission for Aeronautics, Inc.1150 18th Street NW, Suite 910, Washington D.C. 20036You may also order them online from the RTCA Internet website at: .APPENDIX 1. END-USE EQUIPMENT MANUFACTURER TESTS FOR SBAS CCA FUNCTIONAL POSITION, VELOCITY, TIME (PVT) SENSORS USED FOR NA VIGATION AND NON-NA VIGATION APPLICATIONS1. Scope.This appendix describes the required supplementary equipment level testing, in addition to the environmental testing of RTCA/DO-229E, section 2.4, required by the end-use equipment manufacturer to receive a CTSO-C145e Class Beta authorization when using a CTSO-C204a SBAS CCA functional sensor. These test procedures are intended to streamline and simplify the CTSO-C145e authorization process for the end-use equipment manufacturer by allowing credit for the design and selected testing done at the SBAS CCA functional sensor level. However, the end-use equipment manufacturer retains full responsibility for the design and control of the article per their CTSO-C145e CTSOA.2. General Principles.(a) Testing methods for GPS/SBAS equipment have been standardized by RTCA/DO-229E and serve as the basis for CTSO-C145e. RTCA/DO-229E was written with the perspective of equipment that canbe installed on aircraft. Section 2.4 specifically addresses the issues of the environment in which the equipment operates and provides approved test methods to validate performance in this environment. Section 2.4represents RTCA consensus in identifying which RTCA/DO-229E requirements are sensitive to environmental effects. These requirements are listed in the environmental tables referenced in section 2.4.1.(b) The determination that a MOPS requirement is susceptible to the environment does not depend on whether or not the implementation is a CCA within some host equipment. This is the same concept as an equipment enclosure designed to protect against a benign environment compared to one designed for a severe environment; the identification of susceptible requirements is the same.(c) Therefore this appendix uses the tables of RTCA/DO-229E, section 2.4.1 to identify the MOPS requirements susceptible to environmental affects for an SBAS CCA functional sensor in the end-use equipment. The focus is on the change in environment seen by the SBAS CCA functional sensor as a result of its installation in the end-use equipment. For example, other components inside the end-use equipment may radiate RF energy that could interfere with the GPS functions; therefore the ambient testing done at CCA level is not equivalent to tests done in the end-use equipment. This is the basis for defining the RTCA/DO-229E, section 2.5 performance tests that need to be repeated by the end-use equipment manufacturer.(d) The Class Beta environmental table referenced in RTCA/DO-229E, section 2.4.1 are the prime source to determine theMOPS performance requirements susceptible to environmental conditions. Based on the table, the susceptible requirements can be grouped in two categories: those susceptible to most types of environmental conditions (described in section 3) and those susceptible to just a few (described in section 4).Note: The Tables for Class Beta-1, -2, and -3 equipment identify similar requirements susceptible to the installed environment. The only difference is the applicable MOPS requirements consistent with the operational class (i.e., class -1, - 2, or -3).3. Performance Requirements Susceptible to Most Environmental Conditions.The RTCA/DO-229E requirements for Accuracy (2.1.3.1, 2.1.4.1, and 2.1.5.1) and Sensitivity and Dynamic Range (2.1.1.10) are sensitive to most environmental conditions. However, these requirements are linked to the message loss rate requirement in 2.1.1.3.2. Section 3.1 and 3.2 below identifies the testing end-use equipment manufacturers are required to repeat to demonstrate the SBAS CCA functional sensor continues to meet the Accuracy, Dynamic Range, and Message Loss Rate performance requirements after installation in the end-use equipment. All tests will be run under conditions where the end-use equipment functions are fully enabled to create the worst-case environment.3.1 RTCA/DO-229E, 2.5.8 Accuracy Test.(a) The accuracy test described in section 2.5.8 is actually a joint test covering both accuracy, and sensitivity and dynamic range. This joint testing also applies under environment as stated in section 2.4.1.1.5 with environmental adaptation as described in section 2.4.1.1.1.(b) The demonstration of accuracy is done in accordance with section 2.5.8.1 only for the test case with a broadband external interference noise. This test must be repeated when the CCA is installed in the end-use equipment and it is sufficient to perform it using broadband interference.(1) The environmental testing is limited to broadband interference as it represents the worst case signal to noise condition which is the most sensitive to environmental effects. This applies equally to the environment for the CCA created by the end-use equipment.(2) Section 2.5.8 contains a measurement accuracy test in 2.5.8.1 with the detailed test procedure in 2.5.8.2. The 2.5.8.1 test must be run under the worst case environment identified in the “Additional considerations for internal interference sources” section below. The measurement accuracy testing can be combined with the message loss rate testing in 2.5.2.1.(3) Section 2.5.8.3 is a 24-Hour actual satellite accuracy test. The section 2.5.8.3 test exposes the equipment to a variety of signal conditions and data processing conditions over varying satellite geometrythat will increase confidence that no unforeseen interactions between components within the end-use equipment and the SBAS CCA functional sensor goes undetected. The 24 hr testing in 2.5.8.3 can be combined with the 24 hr message loss rate testing in 2.5.2.4 (see Additional Considerations for Internal Interference Sources section).(4) Section 2.5.8.4 (SBAS Tracking Bias) is an analysis of the GPS hardware and is therefore not necessary to repeat at the end-use equipment level as long as no extra RF components that affect the RF filtering response are inserted in the RF path. Otherwise the end-use equipment manufacturer must repeat the SBAS Tracking Bias test as well.(c) The test threshold is relaxed from 110% to 125% as specified in table 2-25 of the 2.5.8.2.1 test procedure to shorten test time. However, Section 2.5.8 testing (excluding the SBAS Tracking Bias test in 2.5.8.4) for the CCA in the end-use equipment shall be under ambient conditions per section 2.5 with the 110% test pass threshold for maximum test sensitivity.(d) The Section 2.5.8 testing (excluding the SBAS Tracking Bias test in 2.5.8.4) will be repeated against the accuracy requirement consistent with the desired operational class (i.e., 2.1.3.1, 2.1.4.1, and 2.1.5.1 accuracy requirements as appropriate).(e) Only the broadband external interference noise test case usingminimum satellite power will be executed in most cases to shorten test time. Section 2.5.8.1 testing will be repeated for both minimum and maximum satellite power for the worst case environment only.3.2 RTCA/DO-229E, 2.5.2 Message Loss Rate Test.(a) Section 2.5.2 specifies the message loss rate test for the 2.1.1.3.2 message loss rate requirement. This test is conducted in conjunction with the 2.5.8 accuracy testing. Section 2.5.2.2 defines the test procedure to collect data verifying the SBAS message loss rate in the presence of interference using the test cases where the SBAS satellite is at minimum power. Section 2.5.2.3 defines the pass/fail criteria.(b) The test in section 2.5.2.2 will be performed during the measurement accuracy broadband interference test case described in paragraph 3.1.(c) The test procedure in section 2.5.2.4.1 is run in conjunction with the 2.5.8.3 24-hour accuracy test. Section 2.5.2.4.2 defines the pass/fail criteria for the test case described in paragraph 3.1(b)(3).4. Performance Requirements Partially Susceptible to Environmental Conditions.(a) The class Beta tables (tables 2-14, 2-16, and 2-18) in section2.4.1 of RTCA/DO-229E indicates the requirements for Initial Acquisition Time (2.1.1.7) and Satellite Reacquisition Time (2.1.1.9) are sensitive to four environmental conditions: Icing, Lightning InducedTransient Susceptibility, Lightning Direct Effects, and Normal/Abnormal Operating Conditions. The requirements for Loss of Navigation (2.1.1.13.2, 2.1.4.12.2, and 2.1.5.12.2) and Loss of Integrity (2.1.1.13.1, 2.1.4.12.1, and 2.1.5.12.1) are sensitive to low and high operating temperature.(b) The Lightning Induced Transient Susceptibility, Lightning Direct Effects, or Icing environmental conditions are not pertinent to the environment created by the end-use equipment relative to the SBAS CCA functional sensor. However, the end-use equipment manufacturer remains responsible for meeting the overall environmental qualification at the end-use equipment level.(c) Loss of navigation and loss of integrity indications are limited to temperature testing and the information in RTCA/DO-229E, sections 2.4.1.1.2 and 2.4.1.1.3 is appropriate. The purpose is to ensure that the interface used to indicate the loss of navigation is functional under environmental conditions after the SBAS CCA functional sensor is installed in the end-use equipment. Sections 2.4.1.1.2 and 2.4.1.1.3 indicate that any source that generates the indication can be used since it is the interface and not the detection mechanism that is verified. The temperature testing done at the end-use equipment level is the worst-case scenario. It is not necessary to repeat the CCA level test at room temperature in the end-use equipment since the environmentalqualification adequately addresses testing for these requirements.(d) RTCA/DO-160E section 16 relates to aircraft power supply (refer to TSO paragraph 3.g for environmental qualification requirements). Sections 16.5.1.2 and 16.6.1.2 are for supply voltage modulation (ac) /ripple (dc). Given the potential susceptibility of the SBAS CCA functional sensor to power supply noise, it is prudent to repeat tests at the end-use equipment level on this basis.(e) Sections 4.1 and 4.2 identify the testing end-use equipment manufacturers are required to repeat to demonstrate the SBAS CCA functional sensor continues to meet the Acquisition Time and Reacquisition Time performance requirements relative to Normal/Abnormal Operating Conditions after installation in the end-use equipment. All tests will be run under conditions where the end-use equipment functions are fully enabled to create the worst-case environment.4.1 2.5.4 Initial Acquisition Test Procedures.The information in RTCA/DO-229E, section 2.4.1.1.4 on the initial acquisition test in section 2.5.4 applies. The end-use equipment manufacturer shall repeat the initial acquisition testing described in RTCA/DO-229E, section 2.5.4.4.2 2.5.6 Satellite Reacquisition Time Test.The end-use equipment manufacturer is required to repeat the。
EEMCO Guidance for the in vivo Assessment
EEMCO Guidelines for the in vivo Assessment IntroductionThe European group for Efficacy Measurement of Cosmetics and Other Dermatological Products (EEMCO) has developed guidelines for the in vivo assessment of cosmetic products. These guidelines provide a standardized approach to assess the safety and efficacy of cosmetic products when applied to human skin. This document will provide an overview of the EEMCO guidance and its key components.PurposeThe EEMCO guidance aims to ensure that the evaluation of cosmetic products is conducted in a consistent and reliable manner. By following these guidelines, companies can demonstrate the safety and efficacy of their products, leading to greater consumer confidence and regulatory compliance.ScopeThe EEMCO guidance covers various aspects of in vivo assessment, including study design, test methods, and evaluation criteria. These guidelines apply to cosmetic products intended for topical use on human skin.Study DesignThe EEMCO guidance emphasizes the importance of a well-designed study to obtain valid and meaningful results. Thefollowing points should be considered when designing an in vivo assessment study:1.Objectives: Clearly define the objectives of the study,such as evaluating the safety, tolerance, and efficacy of the product.2.Study population: Select participants with relevantcharacteristics, such as age, gender, and skin types, toensure the study is representative of the target population.3.Sample size: Determine the appropriate sample sizeto achieve statistical significance and meaningful results.4.Control groups: Include control groups to comparethe effects of the test product against a placebo or areference product.5.Randomization: Randomize the allocation ofparticipants to different treatment groups to minimize bias and ensure a fair comparison.Test MethodsThe EEMCO guidance provides recommendations on various test methods that can be used to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cosmetic products. These methods include:Skin compatibility testsSkin compatibility tests assess the tolerance of a product by examining its effects on the skin. These tests may include patchtesting, repeated insult patch testing, or cumulative irritation testing.Hydration measurementsMeasurement of skin hydration is important to evaluate the moisturizing effects of cosmetic products. Techniques such as corneometry or the use of capacitance sensors can be employed to assess the hydration levels of the skin.Skin barrier functionThe integrity of the skin barrier is crucial for maintaining healthy skin. Methods such as transepidermal water loss (TEWL), tape stripping, or dye penetration tests are used to evaluate the barrier function of the skin.Clinical evaluationClinical evaluations involve the assessment of specific parameters such as erythema, scaling, or wrinkling. These evaluations may be conducted by trained dermatologists or using specialized instruments such as the Visia Complexion Analyzer.Evaluation CriteriaTo ensure consistency in the evaluation of cosmetic products, the EEMCO guidance suggests the use of standardized evaluation criteria. These criteria may vary depending on the objectives of the study but should be well-defined, measurable, and reproducible.Some common evaluation criteria include:1.Tolerance: Assess the occurrence and severity ofadverse reactions, including irritations or allergic reactions.2.Efficacy: Evaluate the effectiveness of the cosmeticproduct in delivering the desired benefits, such asmoisturization, wrinkle reduction, or skin lightening.3.Safety: Determine the absence of potential hazardsor risks associated with the use of the product.ConclusionThe EEMCO guidance for the in vivo assessment of cosmetic products provides a comprehensive framework for conducting studies to evaluate the safety and efficacy of cosmetic products. By following these guidelines, companies can ensure that their products meet regulatory requirements and provide consumers with safe and effective cosmetic solutions.。
igc code规则英文版
igc code规则英文版The International Code for the Construction and Equipment of Ships Carrying Dangerous Chemicals in Bulk (IBC Code) is a set of rules and regulations developed bythe International Maritime Organization (IMO) to ensure the safe transportation of dangerous chemicals in bulk by ships. The IBC Code provides guidance on the design, construction, equipment, and operation of such ships.The IBC Code is divided into several chapters, each addressing different aspects of the safe transportation of dangerous chemicals. Here is a brief overview of the chapters:Chapter 1: General provisions This chapter provides an introduction to the IBC Code, its applicability,definitions of terms used, and general requirements for chemical tankers.Chapter 2: Design and construction This chapter coversthe design and construction requirements for chemical tankers, including structural considerations, cargo containment systems, and stability requirements.Chapter 3: Subdivision and stability This chapter focuses on the subdivision and stability requirements for chemical tankers, including criteria for intact and damage stability.Chapter 4: Equipment This chapter provides guidance on the equipment required on board chemical tankers, including cargo handling systems, pumps, pipelines, and venting arrangements.Chapter 5: Operations This chapter addresses operational considerations for chemical tankers, including cargo transfer procedures, tank cleaning, and personnel training.Chapter 6: Pollution prevention This chapter deals with measures to prevent pollution from chemical tankers, including requirements for cargo containment and dischargeprocedures.Chapter 7: Fire protection This chapter provides guidelines for fire protection on chemical tankers, including fire detection and extinguishing systems, as well as firefighting equipment.Chapter 8: Safety of personnel This chapter focuses on the safety of personnel on board chemical tankers,including requirements for access, ventilation, and personal protective equipment.Chapter 9: Physical hazards This chapter addresses the identification and handling of physical hazards associated with the transport of dangerous chemicals, such as flammable and explosive substances.Chapter 10: Chemical hazards This chapter provides guidance on the identification and handling of chemical hazards, including toxic and corrosive substances.Chapter 11: Ship type 1 This chapter containsadditional requirements specific to chemical tankers carrying certain types of dangerous chemicals.Chapter 12: Ship type 2 Similar to Chapter 11, this chapter contains additional requirements for chemical tankers carrying other types of dangerous chemicals.Chapter 13: Ship type 3 This chapter includesadditional requirements for chemical tankers carrying liquefied gases.Chapter 14: Ship type 4 This chapter providesadditional requirements for chemical tankers carrying bulk liquids that are not covered by other ship types.The IBC Code is regularly updated by the IMO to incorporate new technologies and advancements in the field of chemical tanker transportation. It serves as a crucial reference for ship designers, shipbuilders, ship operators, and regulatory authorities to ensure the safe and environmentally responsible transport of dangerous chemicals at sea.。
AISC Design Guides_steelwise
It also discusses floor load capacity enhancement, shored vs. unshored con-struction, and underfloor duct systems. Design Guide 6:Load and Resistance Factor Design of W-Shapes Encased in ConcreteDesign Guide 6contains more than 300 pages of LRFD composite beam-column design strength values. In addition, a thorough discussion of the use and design of composite columns is pre-sented, covering practical design consid-erations, fire resistance, longitudinal rein-forcing bar arrangement, ties, longitudinal reinforcing bar splices, con-nection of steel beams to encased wide-flange columns, shear connectors, base plates, erection, and temporary wind bracing during composite frame con-struction.Design Guide 7:Industrial Buildings, Roofs to Column AnchorageDesign Guide 7addresses all facets of industrial building design and includes a comprehensive section on crane runway design. Part I covers owner-established design criteria, roof systems, roof trusses, wall systems, framing schemes, bracing systems, column anchorage, and service-ability criteria. Part II concentrates on the complete design of industrial buildings with cranes and addresses fatigue, roof, wall, framing and bracing systems, crane runway girder design, crane runway fab-rication/erection tolerances, and column design. Stepped column design is also discussed. A second edition of Design Guide 7will be published later in 2005. Design Guide 8:Partially Restrained Composite ConnectionsBased on extensive research domesti-cally and abroad, Design Guide 8intro-duces design criteria for designing with PR-CC connections. This approach affords the designer the ability to econo-mize beam sizes for gravity loading or to resist lateral loads in unbraced frames. The guide contains several sections, including an introduction to PR-CC con-nections, covers analysis, moment-rota-tion curves, design procedures, and examples. As a bonus, the appendix con-tains a short but detailed discussion of story sway calculations.Design Guide 9:Torsional Analysis of Structural Steel MembersAn excellent introduction to the con-cepts of torsion in open and closed cross-sections, this design guide facilitates calcu-lations of torsional stresses and establishes abasis for design. For open-sections such asW-shapes, the normal and shear stressesdue to both pure and warping torsion canbe calculated using the guide. In addition,channel and Z-shaped open cross-sectionsare addressed, as well as closed cross-sec-tions such as rectangular and round HSSand steel pipe. Several examples and designcurves are included in the guide.Design Guide 10:Erection Bracing of Low-RiseStructural Steel BuildingsDesign Guide 10addresses both per-manent and temporary erection bracing,including an important chapter on con-struction phase loads. Topics addressedinclude column and column base (withextensive discussions of potential failuremodes, including fracture of fillet weldsbetween the two, bending failure of baseplates, anchor rod rupture, buckling,pull, push-through, and push-out), dis-cussions of tie members, beam to columnconnections, and diaphragms. In addi-tion, wire rope diagonal bracing and con-nections are covered, as well as design ofdeadmen.Design Guide 11:Floor Vibrations Due to Human ActivityDid you know that people in officesand residences do not like distinctly per-ceptible vibration, whereas people takingpart in an activity will accept vibrationsapproximately 10 times greater? DesignGuide 11has an entire chapter devoted tohuman response to floor motion, andaddresses both walking and rhythmicexcitations. There is also a chapter thataddresses design for the effects of vibra-tion on sensitive equipment. Special con-sideration for determining the naturalfrequency of open-web steel joists andjoist girders is included. Several designexamples are given, including interioroffice bays, footbridges, and mezzanines.Remedial measures are discussed indetail.Design Guide 12:Modification of Existing Welded SteelMoment Frames Connections forSeismic DesignWhere would you look to find infor-mation for upgrading existing seismicmoment connections? Simple. FEMA351/352 and Design Guide 12. This designguide discusses strategies and solutionsfor the upgrade of existing pre-Northridgemoment connections, including retrofitsolutions with a welded haunch, boltedbracket, or reduced beam section (RBS).Based on experimental results, recommen-dations for modification of pre-N orth-ridge moment connections are presentedand discussed in detail. In addition, theguide discusses practical considerationsfor remedial work, such as removal andrestoration of building finishes.Design Guide 13:Stiffening of Wide-Flange Columns atMoment Connections: Wind andSeismic ApplicationsDo you need guidance in designingcolumn stiffening for strong- and weak-axis moment connections? Design Guide13contains this information and muchmore. The guide offers multiple exam-ples for the proper design of transversestiffeners, web doubler plates and diago-nal stiffeners. Detailed discussions areincluded on topics such as unreinforcedcolumns, stiffness considerations, forcetransfer and the economical selection ofcolumns. Also covered are detailing rec-ommendations for special cases, such ascolumn stiffening for beams of differingdepth and beam framing over columns.The appendix includes design recom-mendations for weak-axis moment con-nections, including research findings.Design Guide 14:Staggered Truss Framing SystemsOriginally developed in the 1960s,staggered truss framing continues to be acompetitive framing configuration formid-rise structures. Topics addressed inDesign Guide 14include diaphragmaction using hollow-core precast plankfloor slabs and the design of truss mem-bers and connections in wind and low-seismic applications (R = 3). Specialtopics such as mechanical design consid-erations, plank leveling, erection, coordi-nation with subcontractors, foundationoverturning and sliding, and balconydesign are also covered.Design Guide 15:AISC Rehabilitation and Retrofit GuideIf you periodically work in retrofittingold structural steel buildings, then youdefinitely need Design Guide 15and itsincluded CD companion, the Shapes Data-base v3.1H. Design Guide 15contains over300 pages of historical information,including dimensional and geometricalproperties of structural steel andwrought iron sections. The yield and ten-sile strengths of structural steels, includ-ing ASTM A7 and A9, are tabulated over the past 100 years. Allowable stress infor-mation for bolts, rivets, and welds over the past several decades are tabulated There are chapters dedicated to the eval-uation and enhancement of existing structural systems and an appendix that outlines historical changes to the AISC specifications since their inception. Design Guide 16:Flush and Extended Multiple-Row Moment End-Plate ConnectionsThis design guide covers two- and four-bolted flush unstiffened, and four-bolt stiffened moment end-plate connec-tions. This design guide includes design examples for multiple row ½ and 1/3 extended unstiffened moment end-plate connections, as well as the 1/3stiffened ver-sion. For pre-engineered metal buildings, there is a chapter dedicated to gable-frame panel-zone design. In addition, design procedures for using snug-tightened and pretensioned bolts are addressed. Design Guide 17:High Strength Bolts – A Primer for Structural EngineersA must-have design guide on struc-tural bolting, this primer assists engi-neers in understanding the basis of the requirements in the RCSC Specification for Structural Joints Using ASTM A325 or A490 Bolts. The guide also includes a chapter dedicated to the static strength of rivets, which can be invaluable for retro-fit work. The guide addresses bolt instal-lation, inspection, behavior, and design. In addition, specialized topics are cov-ered, including the proper use of wash-ers, galvanized bolts, reuse of high-strength bolts, joints with combined bolts and weld, and surface coatings. Design Guide 18:Steel-Framed Open-Deck Parking StructuresDesign Guide 18addresses the design of steel parking structures using five unique types of deck systems: cast-in-place reinforced concrete, cast-in-place post-tensioned slabs, precast double tees, filigree systems, and hollow-core plank. Deck system design parameters and framing systems are discussed in detail, including design examples in LRFD and ASD. In addition, there are several chap-ters that examine mixed-use structures, fire protection requirements, barriers and facades, stairs and elevators, and corro-sion protection for exposed steel in open-deck parking structures.Design Guide 19:Fire Resistance of Structural Steel FramingHave you ever been confused by fire protection requirements and systems? This new design guide covers all facets of structural steel fire resistance, including building code requirements, thermal restraint, rated designs, the standard fire test and fire protection materials. There is ample fire design information for steel columns and associated fire protection systems and enclosures. In addition, steel roof and floor systems, including steel trusses, are discussed and examples given for determining the required thick-ness of protection coatings. There is also a chapter on spray-applied fire resistive material testing and inspection, as well as one on engineered fire protection. ★Sergio Z oruba is a senior engineer in AISC’s Steel Solutions Center in Chicago.。
《红领巾真好》教学设计(The teaching design of red scarf is good)
---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------《红领巾真好》教学设计（The teaching design ofred scarf is good）《红领巾真好》教学设计（The teaching design of red scarf is good）《红领巾真好》教学设计（The teaching design of red scarf is good） The teaching design of red scarf is good You can now place teaching program teaching experimental version on the second grade The teaching design of red scarf is good Hunan province Changsha Furong district Rongyuan primary school Wang Yingbin [teaching requirements] 1, know 8 words.2. Read the text correctly, fluently and emotionally. Recite the text. Experience the bird’s liveliness and the harmony between man and nature. 3, have the love bird to protect bird’s consciousness, feels to do loves the bird to protect bird small guard the joy and the pride. [key points and difficulties] 1, feel the bird’s lovely, set up the consciousness of protecting birds. 2, understand why it is good to say red scarf. [teaching preparation] Multimedia courseware. [teaching process] First, create situations and import subjects Teacher: children, today, the teacher will take you to a beautiful place. Along with us, there are a group of red scarf. Write their names with the teacher. The teacher1 / 4writes the red scarf on the blackboard, and the students are empty Let’s call them their names affectiona tely, and read red scarf together. Who is the red scarf? Asking questions and presenting courseware to help understand Student: red scarf is a young pioneer wearing a red scarf. Teacher: Well, today we will let birds do our guide, walk into the beautiful woods, learn the twenty-sixth lesson: red scarf is good. Two, learn new words 1, students freely read: Teacher: the first step in the study of the text is to learn new words, what can we use to learn new words? (find tag word, vocabulary, reading vocabulary) 2, about the memory of words: Teacher: you are how to memorize new words? 3, literacy game: Test you. Teacher: the sun shines on us through the leaves. The birds are up. They want to test everybody. Look! (look with new character cards birds) 4, mutual student words: Teacher: kids, please use the method of cooperation together to remember these words. Three. Learn the text 1. Read the text first: Teacher: there’s a naughty little bird saying hello to us. Let’s hear what it says (courseware shows three questions) The name read, read a question. The freedom to read the text and find out the answer to the question: Teacher: the bird raised three questions, and the answer was in the text. Let’s read the text---------------------------------------------------------------最新资料推荐------------------------------------------------------ freely and find out the answer. 2, reading comprehension: Section by side guidance: The first day of learning: Who can answer the first question?. (it’s a cute little bird) Where can we feel the loveliness of birds? (twitter) bouncing and bouncing Third, the courseware plays the call of the birds in the forest, and the sound of the bird sounds clear and melodious. Practice talking about the words of AABB. Instruction reading. Teacher: birds are so cute, let’s read this verse with a smile in our hearts. Read by yourself, read by name, cooperate with your teacher The second day study: Teacher: who is the most active in the morning? (clever bird) The head - what do you mean? Let the birds think for us. (courseware shows birdie flapping wings to help understand) The teacher: edge in words should be read l ng, we also learn the bird flapping - wings, read the word. The bird flapping - flapping wings in busy what? (catching pests, protecting green trees) Instruction reading. Teacher: Yes, the clever birds are flying around to catch the pests. Let’s read this section more lively and read the birds’ ingenuity. (teacher reading, student cooperation, reading by name) The third day study: Teacher: in the morning, the happiest and most active is the little bird. Who comes earliest?3 / 4(red scarf) What does red scarf come to the woods? (send the bird’s nest, inserted, bird protection) Teacher: with a new home, with the protection of young pioneers, if you are a small bird, what will your mood be? Guiding reading aloud. Teacher: the bir ds have a new home. How happy it is! Let’s read the festival in a tone of praise and joy. Four. Read the full text and guide the recitation 1. Read with music: Teacher: This text is really beautiful. Let’s read it with emotion. 2. Guiding recitation: See if this little poem has a similar place, find the rules and recite it. Five, practical activities 1, read public service ads: birds also have a home, I want to cherish it. 2, try to think about this slogan in groups. Teacher: protect birds from our own, let us also to become little bird bird protection guards. 3. Talk about student freedom. Six, end Teacher: the students have bird division of our human’s good friends, they can for the forest trees for field seedling doctor, healing, let us act, to love the bird red scarf, to take care of these cute little creatures!。
EPC项目的设计指导和执行方案英文版
EPC项目的设计指导和执行方案英文版Design Guidelines and Execution Plan for EPC ProjectsIntroductionThis document aims to provide guidance on the design and execution of Engineering, Procurement, and Construction (EPC) projects.Project ScopeThe scope of an EPC project includes the design, procurement, and construction of a facility or infrastructure. It is crucial to define the project scope clearly at the outset to ensure all stakeholders are aligned.Design ConsiderationsWhen designing an EPC project, factors such as budget, timeline, and quality must be taken into account. Utilizing experienced engineers and design professionals can help ensure the project meets all requirements.Procurement StrategyDeveloping a procurement strategy involves identifying key suppliers, negotiating contracts, and managing the supply chain. It is essential to have a robust procurement plan in place to avoid delays and cost overruns.Construction ManagementEffective construction management is critical to the success of an EPC project. This involves coordinating various contractors, monitoring progress, and implementing quality control measures.Risk ManagementIdentifying and mitigating risks is a key aspect of project management. Implementing a risk management plan can help minimize potential disruptions and ensure the project stays on track.Health and SafetyEnsuring the health and safety of all workers on the project site is a top priority. Compliance with all relevant regulations and standards is essential to maintain a safe working environment.Quality AssuranceMaintaining high-quality standards throughout the project is essential to meet client expectations. Implementing a quality assurance program can help ensure all deliverables meet the required specifications.Project Execution PlanDeveloping a detailed project execution plan is essential to keep the project on schedule and within budget. This plan should outline key milestones, responsibilities, and timelines for each phase of the project.ConclusionIn conclusion, successful execution of an EPC project requires careful planning, coordination, and management. By following the design guidelines and execution plan outlined in this document, project teams can achieve their goals efficiently and effectively.。
建筑方案部门英文
建筑方案部门英文The Architecture Design Department is an integral part of any architectural firm. It is responsible for creating and developing design concepts, producing architectural drawings, and coordinating with other departments to ensure the successful completion of a project.One of the primary roles of the Architecture Design Department is to generate design concepts for various types of buildings. This involves brainstorming ideas, conducting research, and creating sketches and renderings to convey the proposed designs. The department collaborates closely with clients to understand their requirements and preferences, and incorporate them into the design process.Once a design concept is approved, the Architecture Design Department is responsible for producing architectural drawings. These drawings include floor plans, elevations, sections, and details, and they serve as a guide for the construction teams. The department uses computer-aided design (CAD) software to create accurate and detailed drawings, ensuring that all aspects of the design are properly represented.In addition to creating architectural drawings, the Architecture Design Department also coordinates with other departments within the firm. This includes the Structural Engineering Department, which provides structural analysis and design, and the MEP (Mechanical, Electrical, and Plumbing) Department, which designs the mechanical, electrical, and plumbing systems of a building. The coordination between these departments is essential to ensurethat the design is structurally sound and meets the functional requirements of the building.Furthermore, the Architecture Design Department plays a crucial role in project management. It works closely with the Project Management Department to ensure that the design is executed within the agreed-upon timeline and budget. The department is responsible for monitoring the progress of the design phase, identifying and resolving any issues that may arise, and providing support and guidance to the project team.Another important aspect of the Architecture Design Department's work is staying up-to-date with the latest trends and technologiesin the field of architecture. This includes attending conferences and seminars, conducting research, and staying informed about new materials and design strategies. By staying current with industry advancements, the department is able to integrate innovative ideas and techniques into their designs, keeping their work fresh and relevant.In summary, the Architecture Design Department is responsible for creating and developing design concepts, producing architectural drawings, coordinating with other departments, managing projects, and keeping up-to-date with industry trends. Its contribution is vital in ensuring the successful completion of architectural projects, and its expertise and creativity are essential in creating buildings that are functional, aesthetically pleasing, and sustainable.。