Prospect of the QTL-qSB-9 Tq utilized in molecular breeding program of japonica rice against sh
Q Sepharose Fast Flow 产品说明书
Q1126pis Rev 01/221Product InformationQ Sepharose ® Fast FlowQ1126Product DescriptionQ Sepharose ® Fast Flow is an ion exchangechromatography resin with a quaternary amine (Q) functional group [-CH 2-N +(CH 3)3] attached to Sepharose ® Fast Flow. The Q group serves as astrong anion exchanger, which is completely ionized over a broad pH range. The terms “s trong" and"weak" in ion exchange chromatography refer to the extent of ionization with pH, and not to the binding strength of the functional group to the target species. The parent Sepharose ® Fast Flow is a cross-linked derivative of Sepharose ®. The particle size range is 45-165 µm. The average bead diameter is ~90 µm. The counterion in the product is sulfate (SO 4-2). Recommended cation buffers to use with Q Sepharose ® Fast Flow include alkylamines,ammonium, ethylenediamine, imidazole, pyridine, or Tris. In terms of pH, it is suggested to operate within 0.5 pH unit of the buffer's pK a . With proteins, it is suggested to operate at least 1 pH unit above the pI of the protein, to facilitate binding. Oxidizing agents, and anionic detergents and buffers, should not be used with Q Sepharose ® Fast Flow. Likewise,extended exposure of Q1126 to pH < 4 should be avoided. Several publications 1,2 and dissertations 3-5 cite use of product Q1126 in their research.ReagentQ Sepharose ® Fast Flow is offered as a suspension in 20% ethanol.Approximate Exclusion Limit: average molecular mass of ~4 × 106 DaltonsIonic Capacity: 0.18-0.24 mmol Cl -/mL gel Binding Capacity: ~42 mg BSA per mL gel pH Stability: 2-12Working temperature: 4-40 °CPrecautions and DisclaimerFor R&D use only. Not for drug, household, or other uses. Please consult the Safety Data Sheet for information regarding hazards and safe handling practices. General Resin Preparation Procedure1. Allow the ion exchange medium and ~10 columnvolumes (CV) of buffer to equilibrate to thetemperature chosen for the chromatographic run. 2. Mix the pre-swollen suspension with startingbuffer to form a moderately thick slurry, which consists of ~75% settled gel and 25% liquid. 3. Degas the gel under vacuum at the temperatureof column operation.4. Mount the column vertically on a suitable stand,out of the way of direct sunlight or drafts, which may cause temperature fluctuations.5. Pour a small amount of buffer into the emptycolumn. Allow the buffer to flow through spaces to eliminate air pockets.6. Pour the suspension of ion exchange mediumprepared in Step 3 into the column by allowing it to flow gently down the side of the tube, to avoid bubble formation.7. For consistent flow rates and reproducibleseparations, connect a pump to the column. 8. Fill the remainder of the column to the top withbuffer. Allow ~5 CV of buffer to drain through the bed at a flow rate at least 133% of the flow rate to be used in the procedure. The bed height should have settled to a constant height.9. Using a syringe or similar instrument, apply thesample dissolved in starting buffer to the column. For isocratic separations, the sample volumeshould range from 1-5% of the column volume. If the chromatographic run involves elution with a gradient, the applied sample mass is of much greater importance than the sample volume, and the sample should be applied in a low ionicstrength medium. Ion exchange is used both to concentrate and to fractionate the sample. 10. Elution:• If only unwanted substances in the sample areadsorbed, or if sample components aredifferentially retarded under isocratic conditions, the starting buffer can also be used as the eluent.The life science business of Merck operates as MilliporeSigma in the U.S. and Canada.Merck and Sigma-Aldrich are trademarks of Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany or its affiliates. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. Detailed information on trademarks is available via publicly accessible resources.© 2022 Merck KGaA, Darmstadt, Germany and/or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved. Q1126pis Rev 01/22 JJJ,MAM,GCY2•Normally, however, separation and elution are achieved by selectively decreasing the affinity of the molecules for the charged groups on the resin by changing the pH and/or ionic strength of the eluent. This procedure is termed gradient elution. 11. Regeneration: •Either (a) washing the column with a high ionic strength salt solution, such as 1 M NaCl, or (b) changing the pH to the tolerable low and high pH extremes, is usually sufficient to remove reversibly bound material.• When needed, lipids and precipitated proteins canbe removed by washing with 1 CV of 1-2 M NaCl, followed by 1 CV of 0.1 M NaOH in 0.5 M NaCl. • Rinse with several CV of water. Thenre-equilibrate the resin with starting buffer.• If base such as NaOH was used, adjust the pH ofthe resin to neutral before storing or using.12. Storage: Q Sepharose ® Fast Flow may be storedat 2-8 °C in water with 20% ethanol added as an antibacterial agent.General NotesCation versus Anion Exchanger• If sample components are most stable below their pI values, a cation exchanger should be used. • If sample components are most stable above their pI values, an anion exchanger should be used. •If stability is good over a wide pH range on both sides of the pI, either or both types of ion exchanger may be used.Strong versus Weak Ion Exchanger•Most proteins have pI values within the range 5.5-7.5, and can thus be separated on both strong and weak ion exchangers.•When maximum resolution occurs at an extreme pH and the molecules of interest are stable at that pH, a strong ion exchanger should be used. Choice of Buffer, pH, and Ionic Strength• The highest ionic strength which permits binding should normally be used.•The required buffer concentration varies fromsubstance to substance. Usually, an ionic strength of at least 10 mM is required to ensure adequate buffering capacity.•As salts (such as buffers) help to stabilize proteins in solution, their concentration should be highenough to prevent denaturation and precipitation.References1. López, G. et al ., Eukaryot. Cell , 14(6), 564-577(2015).2. Bhargava, V. et al ., Dev. Cell., 52(1), 38-52.e10(2020).3. Fu , Yinan, “Structure and dynamics ofPseudomonas aeruginosa ICP”. University ofGlasgow, Ph.D. dissertation, p. 126 (April 2009). 4. Redmond, Miranda , “The Role of N-TerminalAcidic Inserts on the Dynamics of the Tau Protein ”. University of Vermont, Ph.D. dissertation, p. 22 (May 2017).5. Taylor-Whiteley, Teresa Rachel , “RecapitulatingParkinson’s disease pathology in athree-dimensional neural cell culture mode ”. Sheffield Hallam University, Ph.D. dissertation, p. 58 (September 2019).NoticeWe provide information and advice to our customers on application technologies and regulatory matters to the best of our knowledge and ability, but without obligation or liability. Existing laws and regulations are to be observed in all cases by our customers. This also applies in respect to any rights of third parties. Our information and advice do not relieve ourcustomers of their own responsibility for checking the suitability of our products for the envisaged purpose. The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as acommitment by the manufacturing or selling entity, or an affiliate. 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Physics Results from SLD Using the CRID
a r X i v :h e p -e x /9901032v 1 22 J a n 1999SLAC-PUB-8046December 1998PHYSICS RESULTS FROM SLD USING THE CRID ∗David MullerRepresenting The SLD Collaboration ∗∗Stanford Linear Accelerator CenterStanford University,Stanford,CA 94309Abstract We review recent Z 0physics results from SLD that use the Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector for charged particle identification.The performance of the detector and likeli-hood method are described briefly.Several hadronization measurements are presented,in-cluding identified hadron production in events of different primary flavors,leading hadron production,and new correlation studies sensitive to details of both leading and nonleading hadron production.Identified K ±have been used in conjunction with precision vertexing to study charmless and doubly charmed B -hadron decays.This combination has also been used to tag b ,¯b ,c and ¯c jets,yielding precise measurements of B 0-¯B 0mixing and of the asymmetric couplings A b and A c .Identified K ±and Λ0/¯Λ0have been used to tag s and ¯s jets,yielding a measurement of A s .The clean identified particle samples provided efficiently by the CRID allow the purities of these tags to be measured from the data,an essential ingredient for precision physics.Presented at the 3rd International Workshop on Ring Imaging Cherenkov Detectors,15–20November 1998,Ein-Gedi,Israel.∗Work supported in part by Department of Energy contract DE-AC03-76SF00515.1.IntroductionThe SLD experiment[1]studies Z0bosons produced in e+e−annihilatons at the SLAC Linear Collider(SLC).A carrier of the electroweak interaction,the Z0boson decays into a fermion-antifermion(f¯f)pair with probability predicted by the Standard Model(SM) electroweak couplings of the Z0to fermion f.The parity violation in this decay leads to an asymmetric distribution of the polar angle between the outgoing f and the incoming e−,which depends strongly on the e+and e−polarizations.The SLC electron beam is longitudinally polarized to a magnitude of∼73%with a sign determined randomly for each beam pulse.A key aspect of the SLD physics program is the measurement of total and asymmetric couplings,R f and A f,for as many of the fundamental fermions f as possible.Measuring A f requires both identifying Z0→f¯f events and determining the direction of the outgoing f(as opposed to¯f),which is challenging for the quarks,f=u,d,s,c,b,as they appear as jets of particles.Z0→b¯b and c¯c events can be identified by modern vertex detectors, using the3(1)mm averageflight distance of the leading B(D)hadron in each b(c)jet. Quantities used to distinguish b(c)from¯b(¯c)jets include the total charge of vertices or jets,and the charge of identified leptons or reconstructed D mesons.Thefirst two methods suffer from low analyzing power,and the other two from low efficiency.The charge of identified kaons is foreseen as a powerful method in futureB physics experiments,and we have recently pioneered its use for both b and c jets using our Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector.The purity of aflavor tag can be measured from the data in e+e−annihilations using the anticorrelation between the f and¯f in the event.Lightflavor(u,d,s)jets are identifiable using their leading particles,and early work in this area is promising.We have used high-momentum strange particles to tag s and¯s jets,measured the tag purities from the data,and made a measurement of A s.We are studying ways to saparate u,¯u,d and¯d jets.The tagging of lightflavors would have a wide range of applications in high energy physics,from deep inelastic scattering,to jets from hadron-hadron collisions and studies of the decays of W-bosons,top quarks,Higgs bosons,and any new particle that is discovered.In addition,the hadronic event samples at the Z0are of unprecendented size and pu-rity,providing a unique opportunity to study the structure of hadronic jets and the decays of B and D hadrons in great detail.Jet formation is in the realm of non-perturbative QCD and is not understood quantitatively.The empirical understanding of jet structure is essential as jets are(will be)part of the signal for decays of W±bosons,t quarks(any undiscovered heavy objects),as well as the background for these and other processes. Isolated jets have been identified with partons in order to make a number of tests of perturbative QCD.QCD tests,searches for new physics,and conventional physics studies would be more sensitive if we could distinguish jets of different origins(gluons,quarks,an-tiquarks).Jet structure in terms of inclusive properties of charged tracks has been studied extensively,however more theoretical and experimental input is needed,especially in the area of identified and reconstructed particles.In particular,the study of leading particlesis needed for the development of light-flavor jet tags.Decays of B0and B+mesons have been studied extensively by experiments operating at theΥ(4S).The properties and mixture of B hadrons produced at the Z0differ consid-erably from those at theΥ(4S),providing a number of opportunities for complementary studies of B hadron decays[2],especially those involving identified particles for which the Υ(4S)experiments have limited momentum coverage.To study this wide range of physics,the SLD includes a Cherenkov Ring Imaging Detector(CRID)designed to identifyπ±,K±and p/¯p over most of the momentum range,and leptons at low momentum,complemeting the electromagnetic calorimeter and muon detectors.The CRID design and performance are summarized in sec.2.We then present a number of physics results in the areas of jet structure(sec.3)and physics withflavor-tagged jets(sec.4).Two unique studies[3]of B-hadron decays that benefit from SLD’s excellent vertexing and particle identification are described separately in these proceedings[2].2.SLD CRID PerformanceThe SLD CRID design and hardware performance are described in[4].Briefly,it is a large barrel detector covering the polar angle range|cosθ|<0.68,and comprising two radiator systems;liquid C6F14and gaseous C5F12+N2cover the lower and higher mo-mentum regions,respectively.Cherenkov photons from the liquid(gaseous)radiator are focussed by proximity(spherical mirrors)onto one of40quartz-windowed time projection chambers(TPCs)containing ethane with∼0.1%TMAE.Each single photoelectron drifts to a wire chamber where its conversion point is measured in three dimensions and used to reconstruct a Cherenkov angleθc with respect to each extrapolated track.The averageθc resolution for liquid(gas)photons was measured to be16(4.5)mrad, including errors on alignments and track extrapolation;the local resolution of13(3.8) mrad is consistent with the design value.The average number of detected photons per β=1track was16.1(10.0)inµ-pair events.In hadronic events,cuts to suppress spurious hits and cross-talk from saturating hits gave an average of12.8(9.2)accepted hits.The average reconstructedθc forβ=1tracks was675(58.6)mrad,independent of position within the CRID and¯θliq c was constant in time.Time variations in¯θgas c of up to±1.2 mrad were tracked with an online monitor and verified in the data.Tracks were identified using a likelihood technique[5].For each of the hypotheses i=e,µ,π,K,p,a likelihood L i was calculated based upon the number of detected photons and their measuredθc,the expected number and¯θc,and a background term. The background included overlapping Cherenkov radiation from other tracks in the event and a constant term normalized to the number of hits in the relevant TPC that were associated with no track.Cuts on differences between the logarithms of these likelihoods,L i=ln L i,are op-timized for each analysis.For example,in the analysis of charged hadrons(sec.3)weconsidered only the hypotheses i=π,K,p,and high purity was the primary considera-tion.We therefore applied a tight set of CRID quality cuts[6](accepting∼60%of the tracks with CRID information),and tracks with p<2.5(p>2.5)GeV/c were identified as species j if L j exceeded both of the other log-likelihoods by at least5(3)units.The matrix E of identification efficiencies is shown infig.1.The elements Eπj and E p j were determined from the data using tracks from selected K0s,τandΛ0decays.The E Kj were related to the measured elements using a detailed detector simulation.The bands infig.1 encompass the systematic errors on the efficiencies,determined from the statistics of the data test samples.The discontinuities correspond to Cherenkov thresholds in the gaseous radiator.The identification efficiencies peak near or above0.9and the pion coverage is continuous over∼0.3–35GeV/c.There is a gap in the kaon-proton separation,∼7–10 GeV/c,and the proton coverage extends to the beam momentum.Misidentification rates are typically less than0.03,with peak values of up to0.06.Many analyses required identifying K±with high efficiency and reasonable purity.A looser track selection was made(∼95%of CRID tracks)and a moderate cut,typically L K−Lπ>3,made against pions and leptons,along with a loose cut against protons, typically L K−L p>−1.The efficiency for identifying true kaons is∼70%for1<p<30 GeV/c;the pion(proton)misidentification rate depends strongly on momentum and can be as large as12%(70%).K±samples of70–90%purity are achieved.The power of this loose identification for reconstructing strange and charmed mesons is illustrated infigs.2 and3.The CRID has also been used in the identification of leptons.Alone,it provides effi-cient e-πseparation for p<4GeV/c,and combined with the electromagnetic calorimeter gave improved e±identification for p<8GeV/c.For e±from B hadron decays,adding the CRID information resulted in a doubling of the efficiency of an optimized algorithm for a given purity.Forµ±,the CRID rejectsπ±for2<p<4GeV/c,and K±,a substan-tial source of punchthrough,at all momenta.Reoptimizing the muon selection including CRID information increased the efficiency by∼10%at all p,and the purity by∼40%for 2<p<4GeV/c and5–30%at higher momenta.110110Momentum (GeV/c)1100.2True πE f f i c i e n c y t o I d e n t i f y a s :4–988400A210.40.60.81.000.040.080πpK 00.040.080.120.040.080.1200.20.40.60.800.040.080.040.080True p True K 000.20.40.60.80.040.08Figure 1:Calibrated identification efficiencies for tracks used in the charged hadronanalysis.0200040006000800010000120000.751 1.25 1.5 1.75E n t r i e s /20 M e V /c 20501001502002503003504004500.951 1.05 1.1 KK Mass GeV/c 2Kpi Mass GeV/c 2 1.15E n t r i e s /4 M e V /c 2Figure 2:Distributions of invariant mass using loosely identified kaons (see text)showing signals for the K ∗0(890)and φ(1020).1.522.5m(K π)010203040506070801.7 1.8 1.92 2.12.2m(KK π)E n t r i e s /40 M e V /c2Figure 3:Invariant mass distributions for tracks forming secondary vertices (dots)show-ing signals for the D 0,including the satellite peak,and D s mesons.The simulated (back-ground)distributions are shown as (hatched)histograms.3.Hadronization PhysicsInclusive properties of the charged tracks and photons in jets have been studied extensively in e+e−annihilations.Studies of specific identified particles at lower energies had low statistics and incomplete momentum coverage,but were able to observe the production of baryons,vector mesons and strange mesons and baryons,and to study mechanisms for strangeness and baryon number conservation through correlations.The large samples at the Z0have allowed much more detailed studies[7],including the recent observations of tensor mesons and orbitally excited baryons.We have studied the production of seven identified particle species in hadronic Z0 decays[6].Chargedπ±,K±and p/¯p identified as described in sec.2were counted as a function of momentum and these counts unfolded using the inverse of the identification efficiency matrix(fig.1)to yield production cross sections as a function of momentum. The neutral strange vector mesons K∗0andφwere reconstructed in their K+π−and K+K−modes,respectively,using the loose kaon selection(sec.2).Production cross sections were extracted fromfits to the invariant mass distributions(seefig.2).These cross sections,along with similar measurements for K0andΛ0/¯Λ0[6],are shown infig.4.These measurements cover a wide momentum range with good precision.Similar inclusive measurements have been made[7]at the Z0by DELPHI using RICH particle identification,and by ALEPH and OPAL using d E/d x.The measurements are consistent, have comparable precision and,between the two methods,cover the entire momentum range.The clean samples available from the CRID compensate for the much higher statistics at LEP,and also allow smaller systematic errors in some cases,most notably the K∗0,for which the background is high and contains large contributions from reflections of resonances decaying intoπ+π−.The CRID efficiency and purity are especially useful when the data are divided into smaller samples and additional levels of unfolding are required.We divided the hadronic events into b-,c-and light-flavor(u,d,s)samples[6],repeated the above analyses on each, and unfolded the results to yield production cross sections in these threeflavor categories. Substantial differences are observed,as expected from the known production and decay properties of the leading heavy hadrons.The results for the light-flavor sample are shown infig.5,where coverage and precision comparable to that of theflavor-inclusive sample are evident.This measurement provides a more pure way of looking at hadronization at a fundamental level.We have found these results to be consistent with the limited predictions of perturbative QCD[6],and compared them with the predictions of three hadronization models(seefig.5).All describe the data qualitatively;differences in detail include:all models are high for low-momentum kaons;the JETSET model is high for the vector mesons and protons at all momenta;the HERWIG model and,to a lesser extent, the UCLA model show excess structure at high momentum for all particle species;no model is able to reproduce the∼10%difference between K±and K0production.These discrepancies have been observed previously[7],however our measurement demonstrates unambiguously that they are in the hadronization part of the model and not in the simula-0.110.0110–310–410–110010110210–2x p 1/N d n /d x pFigure 4:Differential production cross sections per hadronic Z 0decay per unit x p for all charged particles and seven identified hadron species.0.010.1110–310–410–110–2x p 1/N d n /d x p 10101102103Figure 5:Differential production cross sections per light-flavor hadronic Z 0decay,com-pared with the predictions of three hadronization models.tion of heavy hadron production and decay.We have found additional minor discrepancies in the heavyflavor events[6].The events in the lightflavor sample can be divided further into quark hemispheres and antiquark hemispheres using the electron beam polarization,providing a unique study of leading particle effects[8,6].For events with thrust axis|cosθ|>0.2,the forward(back-ward)thrust hemisphere is tagged as the quark jet if the beam is left-(right-)polarized, and the opposite hemisphere tagged as the antiquark jet.The SM predicts a quark purity of73%.The set of hadrons in quark jets plus their respective antihadrons in antiquark jets were analyzed to yield cross sectionsσh for hadrons in light quark jets.Similarly, the remaining hadrons yielded antihadron cross sectionsσ¯h.The corrected normalized production differences D h=(σh−σ¯h)/(σh+σ¯h)are shown infig.6.At low momentum,hadron and antihadron production are consistent.At higher mo-mentum there is an excess of baryons over antibaryons,as expected from leading baryon production(a baryon contains valence quarks,not antiquarks).The large excess of pseu-doscalar and vector antikaons over kaons at high momentum is evidence both for leading kaon production,and for the dominance of s¯s events in producing leading kaons.No significant leading particle signature is visible for pions.CRID type particle identification greatly enhances studies of pairs of hadrons in the same event.We have analyzed[9]correlations in rapidity y=0.5ln((E+p )/(E−p )), where E(p )is the energy(momentum projection onto the thrust axis)of the hadron, between pairs of identifiedπ±,K±and p/¯p in light-flavor events.We compared the distribution of∆y=|y1−y2|for identified K+K−pairs with that for K+K+and K−K−pairs.The latter are expected to be uncorrelated,and the difference between the two distributions illuminates strangeness production in the hadronization process.We observe [9]a large difference at low values of∆y;this‘short range’correlation indicates that the conservation of strangeness is‘local’,that is,a strange and an antistrange particle are produced close to each other in the phase space of the jet.Similar effects for p¯p and π+π−pairs indicate local conservation of baryon number and isospin,respectively.Such effects have been observed previously,however the CRID has allowed the study of the shape and range of the correlations in detail and at many momenta,in particular we have verified the scale-invariance of the range.We have also observed short-range correlations between opposite-chargeπK,πp and K p pairs;they are relatively weak,and high purity is required to separate them from the largeππbackground.They suggest charge-ordering of all particle types along the q¯q axis and provide new tests of fragmentation models.We also expect correlations at long range due to leading particles,e.g.an s¯s event may have a leading K−in the s jet and a leading K+in the¯s jet that have a large ∆y.We have studied pairs of identified hadrons that both have p>9GeV/c.Their∆y distributions are shown infig.7;the p cut separates each distribution into two parts, one(∆y<2)comprising pairs in the same jet and the other(∆y>3)comprising pairs in opposite jets of the event.Strong K+K−correlations are seen at both short and long range,as expected.For baryon and pion pairs,any long-range correlation will be diluted by the short-range correlation–a high-momentum leading baryon will always be0.20.40.60.800.51.0xpN o r m a l i z e d D i f f e r e n c e D h0.51.01.01.0000.50.51.00.5Figure 6:Normalized differences between hadron and antihadron production in uds jets;the predictions of the three fragmentation models.0500100015002000π+π−π+π+, π−π−0100200300400500K +K −K +K +, K −K−04008001200E n t r i e sπ+K −, π−K +π+K +, π−K−050100150200K +p, K −p K +p, K −p02468| y 1 − y 2 |100200300400π+p, π−p π+p, π−p0246810| y 1 − y 2 |50100150200pp pp, ppSLD Preliminary_______Figure 7:|∆y |distributions for opposite-(histograms)and same-charge (dashed his-tograms)pairs in which both tracks have p >9GeV/c.accompanied by a subleading antibaryon,also with high momentum.We do not observe a long-range correlation for p¯p pairs,however we do observe a significant correlation forπ+π−pairs,providing direct evidence for leading pion production.There are also significant correlations forπK and K p pairs,but not forπp pairs.These cross terms provide new information on leading particle production in jets of differentflavors,which will eventually allow the use of high momentum identified particles to separate u¯u,d¯d and s¯s events from each other.Using the beam polarization to select the quark hemisphere in each event,we have performed a new study[9]of rapidities signed such that y>0(y<0)corresponds to the (anti)quark direction.A pair of identified hadrons can then be ordered,for example by charge to form the ordered rapidity difference∆y+−=y+−y−.A positive value of∆y+−indicates that the positively charged hadron is more in the direction of the primary quark than the negatively charged hadron.The distribution of∆y+−can be studied in terms of the difference between its positive and negative sides.We observe a large difference for K+K−pairs at long range due to leading kaon production in s¯s events.A significant difference at short range for p¯p pairs at all p is direct evidence that the proton in a correlated p¯p pair prefers the quark direction over the antiquark direction.4.Quark Flavor Tagging and Electroweak Physics The identification of theflavor of the quark that initiated a hadronic jet is required for a wide variety of physics.The development of precision vertex detectors has enabled the pure and efficient tagging of b/¯b and c/¯c jets,leading to a number of precise measurements infixed-target and e+e−annihilation experiments and the understanding of top quark production at hadron colliders.For many measurements it is also necessary to distinguish b from¯b or c from¯c jets.The use of charged kaons is envisioned for this purpose in several future B physics experiments, and has recently been pioneered by SLD.We present examples of its use for both b and c physics,which rely on the CRID for high efficiency and purity that is measurable from the data.The identification of lightflavor jets is afield in its infancy.The three lightflavors can be separated from b/¯b and c/¯c jets by the absence of a secondary vertex in the jet;the only known way to distinguish them from each other is by identifying the leading particle in the jet cleanly.Little experimental information on leading particle production in light flavor jets exists(much of which appears in sec.3above),making the measurement of tagging purities and analyzing powers from the data essential.We present a measurement of A s and discuss prospects for light-flavor tagging in general.Proper Time (ps)0.20.30.40.50.60246810M i x e d F r a c t i o nFigure 8:Mixed fraction as a function of proper decay time for tagged B decay vertices.A.B 0-¯B0Mixing To measure the time dependence of B 0-¯B0mixing,one must tag neutral B hadrons and determine their flavor (B or ¯B)at both production and decay time.We first selected a sample of high-mass secondary vertices [10](98%B -purity,∼40%B 0d )and reconstructed the proper decay time τof each.The flavor at production was determined by a combi-nation of the beam polarization and the charges of the tracks,identified K ±,e ±and µ±in the opposite hemisphere,with a correct-sign fraction of 88%.The flavor at decay time was determined from the charge of any identified K ±attached to the secondary vertex,with a correct-sign probability P corr =77%.The fraction of events classified as mixed (different flavors at production and decay)is shown as a function of τin fig.8.A clear increase with time is evident,whichis the signal for B 0d -¯B 0d mixing.A fit to the data yielded a 6%measurement of the mass difference ∆m d .There are several other measurements of ∆m d on the market with similar precision,including three from SLD,however this is the only one using the K ±tag,providing valuable complementarity.There is considerable interest in B 0s -¯B 0s mixing,for which there are currently onlyRel.Corr.Frac.Error on A c Method Fraction b/c Now Now1.0model-dep.0.035–Id’d K±∼0.75/0.900.1380.0500.1stat.ltd.0.0440.070 Rec’d D(∗)∼0.85/1.00–0.072cos θb 020406080100120140160180200T a g g e d E v e n t scos θbFigure 9:Distributions of the b -quark polar angle for events produced with negatively (left)and positively (right)polarized electron beams.a sign to every taggedb ¯b event,but P corr is low,averaging ∼60%,and depends on |Q |.P corr can be measured in the data under some model-dependent assumptions,but the method will reach a systematic limit of a few percent.We have recently demonstrated the use of identified K ±to measure both A b [12]and A c [13].A K ±was identified in ∼40%of the tagged B hadron vertices with P corr =73%,asmaller value than in sec.4.1since B 0-¯B0mixing is now a dilution.This method provides a nice balance between efficiency and purity,yields the cos θb distributions in fig.9,and P corr can be measured unambigusouly in the data.The precision of the P corr measurement depends on the square of the efficiency and is also quite sensitive to background,so that CRID type K ±identification is essential.Currently this measurement is statistics limited,as we have analyzed less than one-sixth of our data sample;we expect to measure P corrto±2%,a valuable result in itself for future B physics experiments,and to achieve one of the best precisions on A b.Furthermore,this is a unique method complementary to those used so far,which give a world average value of A b that differs from the SM prediction by3σ.The situation is even better for charm.A K±was found in∼40%of low mass vertices with zero net charge,and gave P corr>90%.In charged vertices the vertex charge was combined with that of any identified K±to give an average P corr=91%for all charm vertices,and the cosθc distributions shown infig.10.This P corr can be estimated reliably from known charmed hadron branching ratios,and with one-half of our data analyzed, we have the world’s best measurement of A c.A measurement of P corr from the data is feasible and will be required to reach1%precision.C.Light Flavor AsymmetriesIn contrast to the situation with leptons or heavyflavors,there are published measure-ments of Z0couplings to light-flavor quarks(u,d and s)only from DELPHI[14]and OPAL[15],with rather poor precision.The challenge is to separate theseflavors not only from the heavyflavors but also from each other.Leading particles at high momentum can be used to determine the eventflavor,and,if they carry the appropriate quantum number,the direction of the quark.However,the lack of experimental measurements of leading particle effects for theseflavors leads to the choice of relying on a hadronization model to predict sample purities and P corr,or trying to measure these in the data.We have taken the approach of applying hardflavor selection cuts to reduce back-grounds,increase the P corr and therefore reduce the associated systematic errors.A hadronization model was used to predict these,but key quantities were measured in the data,the predictions adjusted accordingly,and the data statistics used to estimate the systematic errors.To measure A s[16],we used the lightflavor sample and tagged s(¯s)hemispheres using identified K−(K+)with p>9GeV/c and reconstructedΛ0→pπ−(¯Λ0→¯pπ+) with p>5GeV/c and the(anti)proton identified in the CRID.Requiring either an s-tag in one hemisphere and an¯s-tag in the other,or an s-or¯s-tag in one hemisphere and a reconstructed K0s→π+π−with p>5GeV/c in the other,yielded an event sample with69%s¯s purity and an average P corr=82%.The distributions of cosθs are shown in fig.11.The heavy-flavor background is substantial but understood,and the associated sys-tematic errors are small.P corr for s¯s events was measured in the data by counting hemi-spheres in which we identified three K±or K0s,since hemispheres with three true kaons are the dominant source of wrong signs.Similarly,the level and asymmetry of the u¯u/d¯d background were measured by counting hemispheres with two identified kaons,and events with an s-tag(or¯s-tag)in both hemispheres.The simulation was used to relate these counts to the relevant quantities,and was checked against our measured KK correlations (sec.3).。
Detection-of-QTLs-with-Additive-Effects
Agricultural Sciences in China 2009, 8(9): 1039-1045September 2009© 2009, CAAS. All rights reserved. Published by Elsevier Ltd.Detection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation Value Using a Doubled Haploid Population in Cultivated WheatZHAO Liang, LIU Bin, ZHANG Kun-pu, TIAN Ji-chun and DENG Zhi-yingState Key Laboratory of Crop Biology, Group of Quality Wheat Breeding, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an 271018, P.R.ChinaAbstractIn order to understand the genetic basis for Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) of wheat, a doubled haploid (DH) population Huapei 3×Yumai 57 (Yumai 57 is superior to Huapei 3 for ZSV), and a linkage map consisting of 323 marker loci were used to search QTLs for ZSV. This program was based on mixed linear models and allowed simultaneous mapping of additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QTL×environment interactions (QEs). The DH population and the parents were evaluated for ZSV in three field trials. Mapping analysis produced a total of 8 QTLs and 2 QEs for ZSV with a single QTL explaining 0.64-14.39% of phenotypic variations. Four additive QTLs, 4 pairs of epistatic QTLs, and two QEs collectively explained 46.11% of the phenotypic variation (PVE). This study provided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated as Qzsv-1D. The information obtained in this study should be useful for manipulating the QTLs for ZSV by marker assisted selection (MAS) in wheat breeding programs.Key words: doubled haploid population, Zeleny sedimentation value, quantitative trait loci (QTLs), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)INTRODUCTIONThe Zeleny sedimentation value (ZSV) has been provento be useful in wheat breeding programs for the esti-mation of wheat eating and cooking quality (Mesdag1964; Kne et al. 1993; Liu et al. 2003; He et al.2004; Zhang et al. 2005; Özberk et al. 2006; Ozturket al. 2008). There is a positive correlation betweensedimentation volume and gluten strength or loaf volume.The ZSV method is often used as a screening test inwheat breeding. Mesdag (1964) showed that the valueof ZSV is a measure for the quantity and quality of thegluten. Because the baking value of wheat flour is largelydetermined by these components, the ZSV is also con-sidered as a useful predictor for the baking value. LiuReceived 3 December, 2008 Accepted 9 April, 2009Correspondence TIAN Ji-chun, Professor, Tel/Fax: +86-538-8242040, E-mail: jctian9666@et al. (2003) detected that the associations betweenZSV and DWCN’s (dry white Chinese noodle) appear-ance and taste also fit quadratic regression modelsignificantly. The gluten quality-related parameter ofsedimentation value was significantly associated withpan bread quality score (He et al. 2004). Özberk et al.(2006) found that the only quality analyses showingsignificant correlations with market price were Zelenysedimentation value and hectolitre weights (kg hL-1).Ozturk et al. (2008) reported that the cookie diametergave highly significant correlations with ZSV.The advent and utilization of molecular markers hasprovided powerful tools for elucidating the genetic ba-sis of quantitatively inherited traits. However, only afew studies have reported genetic loci that influenceZSV in wheat (Rousset et al. 2001; Kunert et al. 2007;1040ZHAO Liang et al.Sun et al. 2008). Rousset et al. (2001) reported that one strong QTL for ZSV was mapped on the long arm of chromosome 1A around Glu-A1. A distally located QTL for ZSV was mapped on chromosome arm 1BS, centered on the Gli-B1/Glu-B3 region. And a major QTL for ZSV, clearly corresponding to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosome arm 1DL. Kunert et al. (2007) found four putative QTLs for ZSV. Sun et al. (2008) identified three QTLs for ZSV in a F14 RIL derived from the cross between Chuan 35050 and Shannong 483.Additive effect QTLs were first identified and epi-static interactions among these additive effect QTLs were then estimated (Zanetti et al. 2001). However, this approach usually leaves out many QTLs that may have no additive effects but influence the trait only through epistatic interactions or QTL×environment in-teractions (QEs) (Ma et al. 2005, 2007; Rebetzke et al. 2007). Additive effect QTLs, epistatic QTLs, and QEs were detected using two-locus analyses in both the populations (Kulwal et al. 2005). Sometimes QTLs involved in such interactions contribute substantially to the total variation of a quantitative trait, and therefore should not be ignored. Further experimentation is needed to clarify whether the traits are also affected by epistatic and environment, and to dissect the genotype ×environment interaction effects at the molecular level. In this study, QTLs for ZSV were investigated based on the mixed linear model in a DH population across environments. The objective of this study was to com-prehensively characterize the genetic basis for ZSV of wheat in order to facilitate the future breeding of high-quality wheat varieties.MATERIALS AND METHODSMaterialsA population of 168 DH lines was produced from the cross between two Chinese wheat cultivars Huapei 3 (Hp3)/Yumai 57 (Ym57) and was used for the con-struction of a linkage map. The DH population and parents were kindly provided by Professor Yanhai, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, China. Hp3 and Ym57 were registered by Henan Prov-ince of China in 2006 (Hai and Kang 2007) and by the state (China) in 2003 (Guo et al. 2004), respectively. The parents, planted over a large area in the Huang-Huai wheat region in China, differ in several agronomi-cally important traits as well as baking quality traits (Guo et al. 2004; Hai and Kang 2007).The field trials were conducted in three environments, at Tai’an (36.18°N, 117.13°E), Shandong Province, China, in 2005 and 2006, and at Suzhou (31.32°N, 120.62°E), Anhui Province, China, in 2006. The ex-perimental design followed a completely randomized block design with two replications at each location. In autumn 2005, all lines and parental lines were grown in 2 m long by three-row plots (25 cm apart); in autumn 2006, the lines were grown in 2 m long by four-row plots (25 cm apart). Suzhou and Tai’an differ in cli-mate and soil conditions. In Tai’an, there were differ-ences in temperature and soil conditions between the years 2005 and 2006. During the growing season, man-agement was in accordance with the local practice. The lines were harvested individually at maturity to prevent yield loss from over-ripening. Harvested grain samples were cleaned prior to conditioning and flour milling was performed in a mill (Quadrumat Senior, Brabender, Germany) to flour extraction rates of around 70%. Prior to milling, the hard, medium hard (mixtures of hard and soft wheat) and soft wheats were tempered to around 14, 15, and 16% moisture contents, respectively.Measurements of ZSVZeleny sedimentation volume was determined using AACC method 56-61A.Construction of the genetic linkage mapA genetic linkage map of DH population with 323 markers, including 284 SSR, 37 ESTs loci, 1 ISSR loci and 1 HMW-GS loci, was constructed. This linkage map covered a total length of 2485.7 cM with an aver-age distance of 7.67 cM between adjacent markers. Thirteen markers remained unlinked. These markers formed 24 linkage groups at LOD 4.0. The chromo-somal locations and the orders of the markers in the map were in accordance with the one reported for Triti-cum aestivum L. (Somers et al. 2004). The recom-mended map distance for genome wide QTL scanningDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation1041 was an interval length less than 10 cM (Doerge 2002).Thus the map was suitable for genome-wide QTL scan-ning in this study.Statistical analysisAnalysis of variance (ANOVA) was carried out usingSPSS ver. 13.0 (SPSS, Chicago, USA). QTLs withadditive effects and epistatic effects as well as QEs inthe DH population were mapped by the softwareQTLNetwork ver. 2.0 (Yang and Zhu 2005) based on amixed linear model (Wang et al. 1999). Composite in-terval analysis was undertaken using forward-backwardstepwise multiple linear regression with a probabilityinto and out of the model of 0.05 and window size setat 10 cM. Significant thresholds for QTL detectionwere calculated for each data set using 1000 permuta-tions and a genome-wide error rate of 0.10 (suggestive)and 0.05 (significant). The final genetic model incor-porated significant additive effects and epistatic effectsas well as their environmental interactions.RESULTSPhenotypic variation for DH lines and parentsAs is shown in Fig.1, ZSV of Ym57 showed highervalues than ZSV of Hp3; the means of the ZSV fellbetween the two parent’s values. It expressed the ex-istence of the large transgressive segregation. ZSV seg-regated continuously and approximately fit normal dis-tributions with absolute values of both skewness andkurtosis less than 1.0, indicating that this trait was suit-able for QTL mapping.QTLs with additive effects and additive×environment (AE) interactionsFour QTLs with significant additive effects were iden-tified on chromosomes 1B, 1D, 5A, and 5D (Table 1and Fig.2). These QTLs explained from 2.66 to14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Qzsv-1B had the most significant effect, accounting for 14.39% of the phenotypic variance. The Ym57 alleles at three loci, Qzsv-1B,Qzsv-1D, and Qzsv-5D, increased Fig. 1 Frequency distributions of ZSV in 168 DH lines derived from a cross of Hp3×Ym57 evaluated at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasons. The means of trait values for the DH lines and both parents are indicated by arrows. Several statistics for the traits in the DH lines are shown on the right of each plot.Zeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in SuzhouZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2006 in Tai’anZeleny sedimentation volume (mL)2005 in Tai’anMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153 252015105No.ofDHlinesDH linesYm57Hp315.0020.0025.0030.0035.0040.00DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.0050.0060.00252015105No.ofDHlines30DH linesYm57Hp320.0030.0040.002015105No.ofDHlinesMean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.153Mean: 24.39SD: 5.45Range: 12.00-39.00Skewness: 0.171Kurtosis: -0.1531042ZHAO Liang et al.Table 1 Estimated additive effects and additive ×environment (AE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsQTL Flanking-marker 1)Position (cM)2)F -value P A 3)H 2 (A, %)4)AE 1H 2 (AE 1, %)5)AE 2H 2 (AE 2, %)AE 3H 2 (AE 3, %)Qzsv -1B Xwmc412.2-Xcfe023.236.425.220.000-2.5214.39------Qzsv -1D Xwmc93-GluD161.915.910.000-1.988.93------Qzsv -5A Xbarc358.2-Xgwm18638.18.100.000 1.08 2.66------Qzsv -5DXcfd101-Xbarc32060.612.690.000-1.203.25---1.042.44--1)Flanking marker, the interval of F peak value for QTL. The same as below.2)Position, the location of F peak value for QTL in “Flanking marker”. The same as below.3)Additive effects, a positive value indicates that the allele from Hp3 increased ZSV, a negative value indicates that the allele from Ym57 increased ZSV.4)H 2(A, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative additive QTL.5)H 2(AE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by additive QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.Fig. 2 A genetic linkage map of wheat showing mapping QTLs with additive effects, epistatic effects, AE, and AAE for ZSV.1A 1B 1D 2A 3A5A 5D 7A 7DLocus involved in AELocus involved in additive effects Locus involved in epistasisLocus involved in AAEDetection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL ×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation 1043ZSV by 2.52, 1.98, and 1.20 mL, respectively, owing to additive effects. The Hp3 allele increased ZSV at the Qzsv -5A by 1.08 mL, accounting for 2.66% of the phe-notypic variance. This suggested that alleles, which increased ZSV, were dispersed within the two parents,resulting in small differences of phenotypic values be-tween the parents and transgressive segregants among the DH population. The total additive QTLs detected for ZSV accounted for 29.23% of the phenotypic variance.One additive effect was involved in AE interactions (Table 1 and Fig.2). The Ym57 alleles at one locus,Qzsv -5D , increased the ZSV by 1.04 mL with corre-spondingly contributing 2.44% of the phenotypic variance.QTLs with epistasis effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactionsFour pairs of epistatic QTLs were identified for ZSV,and were located on chromosomes 1A, 2A, 3A, 7A and 7D (Table 2 and Fig.2). These QTLs had correspond-ing contributions ranging from 0.64 to 6.79%. One pair of epistasis, occurring between the loci Qzsv -2A /Qzsv -7A , had the largest effect, which contributed ZSV of 1.73 mL and accounted for 6.79% of the phenotypic variance. The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance. All the epistatic effects were non-main-effect QTLs.One pair of epistatic QTL was detected in AAE in-teractions for ZSV (Table 2 and Fig.2). The AAE ef-fects explained 2.33% of the phenotypic variance and this QTL, Qzsv3A.2/Qzsv7D.1, increased ZSV by 1.01mL owing to AAE effects, simultaneously the positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect.DISCUSSIONEpistatic effects and QTL ×environment interactions were important genetic basis for ZSV in wheatEpistasis, as an important genetic basis for complex traits, has been well demonstrated in recent QTL map-ping studies (Cao et al . 2001; Fan et al . 2005; Ma et al .2005, 2007). Ma et al . (2005) provided a strong evi-dence for the presence of epistatic effects on dough rheological properties in a wheat DH population. In the present study, four pairs of QTLs with epistatic ef-fects were detected for ZSV in three environments (Table 2 and Fig.2). The four pairs of epistatic QTLs explained 12.11% of the phenotypic variance.ZSV was predominantly influenced by the effects of genotype (Zhang et al . 2004, 2005), and in the present study, only one AE interaction and one AAE interaction were found. It is suggested that QTL ×environment interactions just play a minor role, but QTL ×environment interactions should not be ignored.ZSV and subunits of high molecular weight gluteninsSubunits of high molecular weight glutenins strongly influence wheat bread making quality. This study pro-vided a precise location of ZSV gene within the Xwmc 93 and GluD1 interval, which was designated Qzsv -1D and was located in the central region of a 2 cM interval.Also Rousset et al . (2001) detected a major QTL for sedimentation volume on 1DL, clearly corresponding to the Glu -D1 locus. Kunert et al . (2007) found that the SSR marker Xgwm642 on 1DL identified a QTLTable 2 Estimated epistatic effects and epistasis ×environment (AAE) interactions of QTLs for ZSV at three environments in the 2005 and 2006 cropping seasonsPosition Position H 2H 2H 2H 2(cM)(cM)(AA, %)2)(AAE 1, %)3)(AAE 2, %)(AAE 3, %)Qzsv -1A Xwmc278-Xbarc120.156.3Qzsv -3A.1Xbarc1177-Xbarc276.2196.3-0.94 1.99------Qzsv -2A Xgwm636-Xcfe6729.1Qzsv -7A Xbarc259-Xwmc59653.7-1.73 6.79------Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.1Xcfd175-Xwmc14181.5-1.09 2.69 1.01 2.33----Qzsv -3A.2Xcfa2193-Xgwm155152.7Qzsv -7D.2Xgdm67-Xwmc634161.5-0.530.64------1)The epistatic effect. A positive value means that the parent-type effect is greater than the recombinant-type effect, and the negative value means that the parent-type effect is less than the recombinant-type effect.2)H 2 (AA, %) indicates the contribution explained by putative epistatic QTL.3)H 2 (AAE 1, %) indicates the contribution explained by epistatic QTL ×environment 1 interaction. E 1, Tai’an 2005; E 2, Tai’an 2006; E 3, Suzhou 2006.QTL Flanking-marker QTL Flanking-markerAA 1)AAE 1AAE 2AAE 31044ZHAO Liang et al. for ZSV. The position indicates an influence of theGlu-D1 locus. And a major QTL, clearly correspond-ing to the Glu-D1 locus, was detected on chromosomearm 1DL. Correlation coefficient between Glu-1 scoreand sedimentation values was significant (r=0.553).There were significant correlations between sedimen-tation values and Glu-lAa,Glu-1Ac,Glu-Ba, and Glu-1Bcalleles, respectively (Kne et al. 1993). Thesedimentation values showed statistically significantassociations with the status of the Glu-A1 locus(Witkowski et al. 2008).In this study, the Qzsv-1D increased ZSV by 1.98mL, correspondingly contributing 8.93% of the pheno-typic variance. Barro et al. (2003) found that HMW-GS 1Ax1 increased the sedimentation value. In contrast,HMW-GS 1Dx5 drastically decreased in sedimentationvalue.In summary, four additive QTLs, four pairs of epi-static QTLs, and two QEs were detected for ZSV in168 DH lines derived from a cross Hp3×Ym57. Onemajor QTL,Qzsv-1B, was closely linked to Xwmc412.20.2cM and could account for 14.39% of the phenotypicvariation without any influence from the environment.Therefore, the Qzsv-1B could be used in MAS in wheatbreeding programs. The results showed that both ad-ditive and epistatic effects were important as a geneticbasis for ZSV, and were also sometimes subject to en-vironmental modifications.AcknowledgementsThis work was supported by the National Basic Re-search Program of China (2009CB118301), the NationalHigh-Tech Research and Development (863) Programof China (2006AA100101 and 2006AA10Z1E9), andthe Doctor Foundation of Shandong AgriculturalUniversity, China (23023). Thanks Prof. Chuck Walker,University of Kansas State University, USA, for hiskindly constructive advice on the language editing ofthe manuscript.ReferencesBarro F, Barceló P, Lazzeri P A, Shewry P R, Ballesteros J,Martín A. 2003. Functional properties of flours from fieldgrown transgenic wheat lines expressing the HMW gluteninsubunit 1Ax1 and 1Dx5 genes. Molecular Breeding,12,223-229.Cao G, Zhu J, He C, Gao Y, Yan J, Wu P. 2001. Impact ofepistasis and QTL×environment interaction on thedevelopmental behavior of plant height in rice (Oryza sativaL.). Theoretical and Applied Genetics,103, 153-160.Doerge R W. 2002. Multifactorial genetics: Mapping and analysisof quantitative trait loci in experimental populations. NatureReviews,3, 43-52.Fan C C, Yu X Q, Xing Y Z, Xu C G, Luo L J, Zhang Q F. 2005.The main effects, epistatic effects and environmentalinteractions of QTLs on the cooking and eating quality ofrice in a doubled-haploid line population. Theoretical andApplied Genetics,110, 1445-1452.Guo C Q, Bai Z A, Liao P A, Jin W K. 2004. New high qualityand yield wheat variety Yumai 57. China Seed Industry,4, 54(in Chinese)Hai Y, Kang M H. 2007. Breeding of a new wheat vatiety Huapei 3with high yield and early maturing. Henan AgriculturalSciences, 5, 36-37. (in Chinese)He Z H, Yang J, Zhang Y, Quail K J, Peña R J. 2004. Pan breadand dry white Chinese noodle quality in Chinese winterwheats.Euphytica,139, 257-267.,G, D. 1993. Allelic variationat Glu-1 loci in some Yugoslav wheat cultivars. Euphytica,69,89-94.Kulwal P, Kumar N, Kumar A, Balyan H S, Gupta P K. 2005.Gene networks in hexaploid wheat: interacting quantitativetrait loci for grain protein content. Functional & IntegrativeGenomics,5, 254-259.Kunert A, Naz A A, Oliver D, Pillen K, Léon J. 2007. AB-QTLanalysis in winter wheat: I. Synthetic hexaploid wheat(T.turgidum ssp. dicoccoides × T. tauschii) as a source offavourable alleles for milling and baking quality traits.Theoretical and Applied Genetics,115, 683-695.Liu J J, He Z H, Zhao Z D, Peña R J, Rajaram S. 2003. Wheatquality traits and quality parameters of cooked dry whiteChinese noodles. Euphytica,131, 147-154.Ma W, Appels R, Bekes F, Larroque O, Morell M K, Gale K R.2005. Genetic characterisation of dough rheological propertiesin a wheat doubled haploid population: additive genetic effectsand epistatic interactions. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,111, 410-422.Ma X Q, Tang J H, Teng W T, Yan J B, Meng Y J, Li J S. 2007.Epistatic interaction is an important genetic basis of grainyield and its components in maize. Molecular Breeding,20,41-51.Mesdag J. 1964. in the protein content of wheat and its influenceon the sedimentation value and the baking quality. Euphytica,13, 250-261.Özberk I, Kýlýç H, Atlý A, Özberk F, Karlý B. 2006. Selectionof wheat based on economic returns per unit area. Euphytica,Detection of QTLs with Additive Effects, Epistatic Effects, and QTL×Environment Interactions for Zeleny Sedimentation1045152, 235-245.Ozturk S, Kahraman K, Tiftik B, Koksel H. 2008. Predicting the cookie quality of flours by using Mixolab. 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Theoretical and Applied Genetics,99, 1255-1264.Witkowski E, Waga J, Witkowska K, Rapacz M, Gut M, Bielawska A, Luber H, Lukaszewski A J. 2008. Association between frost tolerance and the alleles of high molecular weight glutenin subunits present in Polish winter wheats. Euphytica, 159,377-384.Yang J, Zhu J. 2005. Methods for predicting superior genotypes in multiple environments based on QTL effects. Theoretical and Applied Genetics,110, 1268-1274.Zanetti S, Winzeler M, Feuillet C, Keller B, Messmer M. 2001.Genetic analysis of bread-making quality in wheat and spelt.Plant Breeding,120, 13-19.Zhang Y, He Z H, Guo Y Y, Zhang A M, Maarten V G.2004.Effect of environment and genotype on bread-making quality of spring-sown spring wheat cultivars in China. Euphytica, 139, 75-83.Zhang Y, Zhang Y, He Z H, Ye G Y. 2005. Milling quality and protein properties of autumn-sown Chinese wheats evaluated through multi-location trials. Euphytica,143,209-222.(Edited by ZHANG Yi-min)。
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+ 17] Clark SJ, Bishop PN. The eye as a complement dysregulation hotspot + J ] . Semin Immunopathol, 2018,40 " 1 ) : 65 - 74. DOI: 10. 1007/ s00281-017-0649-6-
9-2 EDQM对欧盟GMP的要求和原料药厂商检查-2 英文
EU GMP requirements q and inspections p of API manufacturers organized by EDQMShanghai, Shanghai , 29 June 2012Florence BenoitFl Benoit B it-Guyod, G d EDQM Inspector I t Certification of Substances Division, EDQMOverview O e e• • • • • The EU GMP for APIs International API inspection programme What’s new ? Main deficiencies Statistics: activity review, compliance trends dDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 2Responsibility p y of the marketing g authorisation holder (MAH) of the medicine• APIs must be produced according to EU GMP(Directives 2001/83/EC and 2001/82/EC)• It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to ensure EU GMP compliance of the active substance manufacturer • Declaration D l ti of f th the Q Qualified lifi d P Person (QP) of f the th manufacturer in the marketing application (andsubsequent b t variation) i ti )Dr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 3Role of the National Competent Authority in EU• The Competent Authority may inspect an API manufacturer in order to ensure that the manufacturing authorisation holder of a product has fulfilled its obligations g medicinal punder Article 46 (f) and/or Article 50 (f) of the below mentioned Directives (Article 111 of Directive2001/83/EC and Article 80 of Directive 2001/82/EC)• NB NB: in i contrast t t to t medicines, di i i inspections ti are not t carried out systematicallyDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 4Responsibility of the manufacturer•I In the th CEP procedure d th the API manufacturer has to declare: - Compliance to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) - Willingness to be inspectedDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 5Conditions for an inspection• Wh When requested t d by b a member b St State, t EMA (European medicines agency), European Commission or EDQM (if thereare g grounds for suspicion of non-compliance, need to verify data submitted)• When requested by the manufacturer itselfDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 6European AuthoritiesEUROPEAN UNION, EUROPEAN COMMISSION, DG EUROPEAN DIRECTORATE FOR THE QUALITY OF MEDICINES (EDQM) EUROPEAN MEDICINES AGENCY (EMA)GMP INSPECTORATESNATIONAL LICENSING AUTHORITIESDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 7GMP / GDP I Inspectors t Working W ki Group G• Takes place at EMA, London • Gathers EEA member states representatives • Provides input and recommendations on all matters relating to a u ac u g Practice ac ce (G (GMP) ) - Good Manufacturing - Good Distribution Practice (GDP)Dr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 8GMP / GDP Inspectors Working Group: main i activities ti iti relating l ti to t GMP– – – – – – – – – Discussions of EU Legislation EudraGMP database GMP for Medicinal Products ( (Part I, , Annexures) ) GMP for Active Substances (Part II, Annexures) GDP Product defects & inspections under centralised procedure Management of MRA in the field of GMP ICH Q8, Q9 and Q10 implementation Management of the Community ProceduresDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 9Role of EMA: Compilation of Procedures• EMA is i responsible ibl f for maintaining i t i i and d publishing bli hi on behalf of EC Commission • Collection of GMP inspection-related procedures and forms (Quality System for GMP Inspectorates) agreed by all member states • To facilitate:– Collaboration – Harmonisation – Exchange of InformationDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 10Role of EMA: Compilation of procedures EMA/INS/459921/2010Sharing of information-API program Sharing of information-API programSharing of information API program Sharing of information-API programSharing of information-API programEDQM Inspection programme EDQM Inspection programmeAim: to verify the compliance withAim:EDQM Inspection Program EDQM Inspection ProgramEDQM Inspection Program EDQM Inspection Programof the sites Selection of the sitesRisk Based Selection of the Sites s ased Se ect o o t e S tes Request from the assessors: inconsistencies Reinspection: dependingAPI related criteria: physico-chemicalCompany related criteria: information fromRequests from Assessors Requests from AssessorsSterile Grade Suspicion Potential weak points: Potential weak •Inspection isroutinely performedfor any sterileb tp regarding the dossier •Inconsistencies p process-related or specification-related •Starting material close points: site-related •Suspicion of low substance •Preferably priorgranting the CEPDraw attention to ain the data •Suspicion of fake data to the final step is not prepared by the manufacturer itself + lack of information Suspicion of low awareness and knowledge of the GMP principles S i i f i k f •Draw attention to a specific point; e.g.tray lyophilisation lack of information •Complex or badly explained process steps•Subcontracting some•Suspicion of risk of cross-contaminationsteps of manufacturingprocessHow the System Works How the System WorksimmediatelyRole of inspectors, observers,pinterpretersParticipation of Inspectorates Participation of Inspectorates EEA:MRA partners:Other partners:Inspection Outcome Inspection OutcomeInspection follow-up Inspection follow-upPositive Outcome Positive OutcomeNegative Outcome gNegative Outcome Negative OutcomeSuspension of the CEPs Suspension of the CEPsSuspension vs withdrawal: what’s the difference?h t’th diff?What’s What s new ? SMF• Th The « EDQM questionnaire ti i » is i now replaced by a Site Master File (SMF) based on the PIC/S template • EU has also a similar SMF • Rationale: having a document potentially recognised by numerous inspectorates in the worldDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 31What’s What s new ? GPS/DUNS• GPS coordinates and DUNS number requested q for any CEP application (as well as prior to an inspection) • EDQM specific requirements:• GPS is mandatory, DUNS is optional • System: WGS 84 (World Geodetic System 1984) g minutes seconds • Unit: degree DDD,DDDDD or DDD MM,MMM or DDD MM SS • Recorded at the entrance of the site– Also requested in the EU and PIC/S SMFDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 32New requirement for GPS/DUNS: how the forms look like–T To be b recorded d d with ith a GPS device d i or by b using i appropriate softwares (eg Google Earth or other equivalent application)Dr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 33GPS/DUNS: why ?• Experience p with CEP applications pp showed that the addresses may be incomplete or inconstant:– Addresses with a street or road name without a number – Street/road name or number has changed for urban b or administrative d i i t ti reason – Reorganization by the local authorities• Need to better identify the location of the manufacturing sitesDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 342011 main GMP deficienciesCompliance C li to CEP dossier & EP 29 4%Quality related matters (1,3,6, 12 12, ,13 13, ,1 5,16); 16); 278 278; ; 36% 36 %Laboratory controls (11) ; 120; 16%Production & IPC Rejection & IPC, reuse of materials (8, 14) 57 7% Buildings & facilities (4) ; 77; 10% Quality related matters: Qualitymanagement, Personnel, Documentation, Validation, Change control, Complaints and recalls, Contract manufacturersProcess equipment ( (5 5) 92 12% 12 %Materials management, Storage, distri bution, Packag ing i (7,10, 10, 9, 17 17); ); 113; 113 ; 15 15% %Dr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 35Main GMP deficiencies• Quality related matters– Quality review: not a quality tool for companies – Change control / Deviation management: not a deep-rooted practice, deviations are underreported – Validation of p processes: CPP not based on scientific rationale, micronisation not addressed – Cleaning validation poor – Qualification of equipment: lack of appropriate user requirement specification, weakness of water y systemsDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 36Main GMP deficiencies• Process equipment / Buildings and facilities– Design – CleanlinessCleanliness Maintenance• Laboratory controls– Qualification of equipment – Chemical reference standards• Materials management– Traceability – Key y starting g material vendor approval pp – StorageDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 372011 QC deficienciesValidation/Qualifi Monitoring, 5% cation, 4% OOS, 2% Documentation (general aspects), 15 15% % Inconsequency to EP, 13% Stability, 6% Reference standards, 8% Tests & Results, 9%Chemicals, Solve nts, Media etc 13 etc, 13% % Sampling & Retained Samples, 13 13% %Equipment & Premises, 13%Dr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 38Statistics 2004-2011: Locations100% 80%0 3 01 2 00 1 00 5 31 2 30 2 11 1 5460%9 13 13 16 142 2 1101040%920%106139101370%IndiaChinaAsia otherEEAElsewhereDr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 39Inspection figures in 2011• 22 sites covered by EDQM inspections • 25 sites covered by exchange of information (i (inspections ti by b EEA inspectorates) i t t )– 3 sites refused to be inspected (suspension of CEPs)• CEPs suspended: 16 • CEPs withdrawn : 8Dr Florence Benoit-Guyod © 2012 EDQM, Council of Europe, All rights reserved 40General Compliance General Compliance TrendsPerspectivespConclusions from the companies’ sideConclusions from the Conclusions from the inspectorates’ sideWebsite: www.edqm.eu: www.edqm.eu WebsiteWebsite::www edqm eu。
UPLC法同时测定复方龙胆碳酸氢钠片中10_种大黄蒽醌类成分及土大黄苷的含量
UPLC 法同时测定复方龙胆碳酸氢钠片中10种大黄蒽醌类成分及土大黄苷的含量Δ陈学艳 1， 2， 3＊，魏文芝 1， 2， 3 #，张敏娟 1， 2， 3，张耀元 1， 2， 3，阿玉梅 1， 2， 3，彭双 1， 2， 3[1.青海省药品检验检测院，西宁 810016；2.国家药品监督管理局中药（藏药）质量控制重点实验室，西宁 810016；3.青海省中藏药现代化研究重点实验室，西宁 810016]中图分类号 R 917 文献标志码 A 文章编号 1001-0408（2023）21-2595-06DOI 10.6039/j.issn.1001-0408.2023.21.05摘要 目的 建立同时测定复方龙胆碳酸氢钠片中10种大黄蒽醌类成分和伪品特征成分土大黄苷含量的方法，用于含大黄复方制剂的质量评价。
方法 采用超高效液相色谱（UPLC ）法对8个生产企业40批次复方龙胆碳酸氢钠片中10种大黄蒽醌类成分（芦荟大黄素-8-O-葡萄糖苷、大黄酸-8-O-β-D -葡萄糖苷、大黄酚-8-O-β-D -葡萄糖苷、大黄素-8-O-葡萄糖苷、大黄素甲醚-8-O-β-D -葡萄糖苷、芦荟大黄素、大黄酸、大黄素、大黄酚、大黄素甲醚）和土大黄苷的含量进行测定。
色谱柱为Agilent Eclipse Plus C 18，流动相为乙腈-0.1%磷酸溶液（梯度洗脱），流速为0.3 mL/min ，柱温为30 ℃，进样量为5 μL 。
结合主成分分析与聚类分析对含量测定结果进行综合分析，并对不同企业样品进行质量评价。
结果 上述11种成分在各自检测质量浓度范围内线性关系均良好（r ≥0.999 3），精密度、重复性、稳定性试验的RSD 均小于3%（n 均为6），平均加样回收率为96.82%～98.92%（RSD ≤1.74%，n ＝6）；含量分别为0.011 7～0.252 0、0～0.323 3、0.131 3～1.236 6、0.081 1～1.056 2、0.015 2～0.189 8、0.001 8～0.152 3、0～0.255 2、0.001 9～0.223 4、0.054 3～0.303 0、0.022 7～0.172 2、0～2.835 9 mg/g 。
完备区间作图法定位大豆含油量QTL及标记辅助选择
2010年9月2010,32(3):369-373中国油料作物学报Ch inese journal of o il crop sc iences完备区间作图法定位大豆含油量QTL 及标记辅助选择姚 丹,王丕武*,闫 伟,张 扬,曲 静,张 君(吉林农业大学,吉林长春130118)摘要:以高油大豆吉农18和高蛋白大豆吉育47杂交后获得的F 2及F 2 3衍生群体为材料,采用QTL Ici-M app i ng v2.2完备区间作图法在F 2及F 3群体中共检测到7个高含油量QTL ,分布于4个遗传连锁群,可解释3.60%~20.98%的遗传变异。
Sa tt636在10份大豆材料中的标记辅助选择检测,发现其符合度最高为83.33%。
关键词:大豆;油分含量;QTL 定位;标记辅助选择中图分类号:S565.103 文献标识码:A 文章编号:1007-9084(2010)03-0369-07M arker assistant selection and soybean oil content by QTL locationusing inclusive co m posite i n tervalm appingYAO D an ,WANG Pi-wu *,YAN W e,i Z HANG Y ang ,QU Jing ,Z HANG Jun(J ili n Agricultural University,Changchun 130118,China)Abst ract :The F 2and F 2 3soybean seg regating populati o ns deri v ed fr o m a cross ,wh ich w as Ji n ong18w ith high o il con tent and Jiyu47w ith high pr o te i n conten,t w ere used forQTLs m arkers for o il trai.t Seven high o il con tentQTLs w ere se lected by usi n g i n cl u sive co m posite i n terval m app i n g m ethod .They distributed into four genetic li n kage groups and could exp lain 3.60%to 20.98%genetic variations .I n 10soybean lines ,m arker satt636had a testi n g confor m ance as h i g h as 83.33%and had po tentia l in m o lec u lar m arker assisted breed i n g .K ey w ords :Soybean ;O il conten;t QTL l o cation ;M ar ker assistan t selecti o n 收稿日期:2010 03 22基金项目:吉林省科技厅重大项目(20060202);吉林农业大学校内青年启动基金(2009-2011)作者简介:姚 丹(1977-),女,吉林长春人,讲师,博士研究生,主要研究大豆遗传转化及分子育种*通讯作者:王丕武(1958-),男,吉林长春人,教授,博士生导师,主要从事大豆遗传育种研究,E -m ai:l p ei w uw@yahoo 大豆和其它农作物一样,大部分重要的经济性状如蛋白、油分、产量等都是由多基因控制的数量性状,易受环境条件影响。
高速铁路有砟轨道运营阶段TQI分析及维护技术研究
DOI：10.16661/ki.1672-3791.2303-5042-1722高速铁路有砟轨道运营阶段TQI分析及维护技术研究常逢福 董楠 王瑶(中国铁路西安局集团有限公司西安高铁基础设施段 陕西西安 710016)摘要：高速铁路有砟轨道的轨道质量指数（Track Quality Index,TQI）直接关系到列车运行的平稳与安全。
通过对银西高铁有砟轨道TQI值变化规律进行分析，发现温度降低时梁端变化的数量增多，峰值变大。
有砟线路整体TQI变化主要由高低TQI变化造成。
据此提出了大机数字化捣固方案，捣固后进行了静态和动态效果分析，作业后静态平均TQI由4.07下降至2.4，降幅41%；动态平均TQI由3.88下降至2.58，降幅达33%。
研究结果表明大机捣固能够有效降低高低短波不平顺引起的TQI值，提升高速铁路有砟轨道线路平顺性。
关键词：高速铁路 有砟轨道 TQI 维护中图分类号：U216.42文献标识码：A 文章编号：1672-3791(2023)12-0137-04TQI Analysis and Maintenance Technology Research of the Operation Section of the Ballasted Track of theHigh-speed RailwayCHANG Fengfu DONG Nan WANG Yao(Xi'an High-Speed Railway Infrastructure Section, China Railway Xi'an Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, Shaanxi Province,710016 China)Abstract: The track quality index (TQI) of the ballasted track of the high-speed railway is directly related to the stability and safety of train operation. Through analyzing the variation rule of the TQI value of the ballasted track of the Yinchuang-Xi'an High-Speed Railway, it is found that the number of beam end deformation increases and the peak value increases when temperature decreases. The overall TQI changes of the ballasted track are mainly caused by the high and low changes of TQI, and a digital large-machine tamping scheme is proposed according to this.After tamping, static and dynamic effects are analyzed. After operation, the static average TQI decreases from 4.07 to2.4 with a decrease of 41%, and the dynamic average TQI decreases from3.88 to 2.58 with a decrease of 33%. Theresearch results show that large-machine tamping can effectively reduce the TQI value caused by the irregularity of high and low short waves, and improve the regularity of the ballasted track of the high-speed railway.Key Words: High-speed railway; Ballasted track; TQI; Maintenance作者简介： 常逢福（1990—），男，本科，助理工程师，研究方向为铁路运营维护。
Quantum Dynamics for the Control of Atomic State by a Quantized Optical Ring Cavity
a r X i v :h e p -t h /9409086v 1 15 S e p 1994ITP-NENU 94-11Quantum Dynamics for the Control of Atomic State by aQuantized Optical Ring CavityChang-Pu Sun Institute of Theoretical Physics,Northeast Normal University,Changchun 130024,P.R.China Abstract A generalized approach of the Born-Oppenheimer approximation is developed to ana-lytically deal with the influence exercised by the spatial motion of atom’s mass-center on a two-level atom in an optical ring cavity with a quantized single-mode electro-magnetic field.The explicit expressions of tunneling rate are obtained for various cases,such as that with initial coherent state and thermal equilibrium state at finite temperature.Therefore,the studies for Doppler and recoil effects of the spatial mo-tion on the scheme controlling atomic tunneling should be reconsidered in terms of the initial momentum of atom’s mass center.PACS numbers:42.50.Vk,32.80.t,03.65.Ge11.IntroductionMany new developments in both the experimental and theoretical aspects of the so-called cavity quantum electrodynamics[1,2]have shown the possibility controlling the coherent tunneling of atomic states by a quantized or classical cavityfield[3-7]. By immersing an atom into a cavityfield with a proper strength and frequency,the tunneling rate can be enhanced or reduced to the values several orders of magnitude higher than the rate for the“bare”atom.To understand the essence in the mechanism governing the control of atomic tun-neling,we draw an obvious analogy in the basic quantum mechanics,the coherent tunneling phenomenon in a one-dimensional double well potential.It is well-known that the two lowest-energy states with afinite split of energy in this potential well possess even and odd parities respectively.Their symmetric and antisymmetric su-perpositions approximately represent the localizations of particle in the right and left wells separately.Due to the energy split,one of the two superposition states can evolve into another and then back to the original one.Such a coherent tunneling with a period determined by the energy split enjoys the general feature of quantum mechanics,but the phenomenon of localization does not appear in the usual case that the system is isolated as a closed system.To change the tunneling rate,a pos-sible way is to immerse the system in a certain environment as an open system,but the control for a given goal can not be realized in this sense because of the random elements such as the Brownian motion exercised by the environment[8].However, in the above-mentioned studies about the control of atomic tunneling,the random environment is replaced by the cavityfield,which can be prepared in advance for a specific purpose to enhance or reduce the tunneling rate.Notice that all the investi-gations about atomic tunneling control have not concerned the motion of mass-center to our best knowledge.In this paper,based on the generalized Born-Oppenheimer(BO)approximation developed by this author to separate the fast and slow dynamical variables for the spin-precession in an inhomogeneous magneticfield[9,10],we present a delicate2study to analyse the influence of the motion of atomic mass-center on the tunneling and localization of atomic states in a cavityfield.In fact,the spatial motion of atom(strictly speaking,its mass-center)plays a crucial role in many fashionable problems in so-called atom-optics,such as the diffraction and splitter of atom beam by a standing wave cavityfield in connection with atom interferometer[11-15],the quantum nondemolition measurement by an optical ring cavity[16]and trapping and colling atoms with an adiabatically-decaying cavity mode[17,18].In the limit of strongfield,the dressed atomic eigenstates are obtained in accord with the generalized BO approximation.It is then proved that the higher order approximations mix them to cause the tunneling from one to another among them.The explicit expressions of tunneling rates are given to manifest the crucial role of the Doppler effect of spatial motion of atomic mass center in a locally-inhomogeneous cavityfield.2.The modelConsider the most simple case that a two-level atom moves along the optical axis x in an optical ring cavity with a single-mode quantized electromagneticfieldE∼a†e−ikˆx+ae ikˆx(1)where a†and a are the creation and annihilation operators for the cavity mode respectively;ˆx denotes the position operator conjugate to the momentum operator ˆp;|1>and|2>are the ground and excited states within the atom.According to Sleator and Wilkens[16],one write the Hamiltonian for the atom-cavity system with spatial motionˆH=ˆp22(|1><1|−|2><2|)+ωa†a+g(a†e−ikx+ae ikx)(|1><2|+|2><1|)(2)where g is the atom-cavity coupling constant depending on the mode-volume and the atomic dipole matrix elements.For simplicity,we only consider the effect of the spatial motion of lower orders caused by the long-period cavityfield with small k.3As pointed out in refs.[7],the rotation-wave approximation is only adequate to analyse the case of Jaynes-Cummings atom[19,20]close to resonance and weak cou-pling,but the control of atomic tunneling requires the case far away from resonance with a proper coupling.Thus,it is necessary to develop an adaptable approximation method,which can work well in the present situation.Fortunately,the generalized BO approximation developed about four years ago for the induced gauge structure and Berry’s phase[9,10]can be extended here as a systematically-analytical method to deal with the problem of the control for atomic tunneling.The present approach also recovers the adiabatic variational principle used in ref.[7]as its lowest order approximate result.By invoking an unitary transformation similar to that in ref.[6]ˆW(x)=exp(−ikxa†a)(3) one obtains an approximate effective Hamiltonian H e=W†HW:ˆH e =ˆp22(|2><2|−|1><1|)+Ω(ˆp)a†a+g(a+a†)(|1><2|+|2><1|)(4)with momentum-dependent frequencyˆΩ=Ω(ˆp)=ω−kˆpMand the nonlin-ear term k2(a†a)2appearing as the Kerr-like interaction has been neglected for the consideration of large-period cavityfield.3.Generalized BO approximationTo describe the tunneling and localization of the symmetric and antisymmetric superpositions of two atomic eigenstates|±>=12(|1>±|2>)we make an ansatz|ψ>=φ+|+>+φ−|−>(6)4for the eigenstate of the atom-cavity system by drawing an analogy to the original BO approximate expansion [9,10].Here,the vector-valued coefficients φ±depend on both Fock space of the cavity field and the spatial variable of the atomic mass-center.They are imagined as the collective degree of freedom in the original BOapproximation.Substituting |ψ>into the eigenvalue equation ˆHe |ψ>=E |ψ>,one can obtain an operator-valued matrix equationH Φ+V Φ=E Φ(7)with the definitionsH = ˆH +00ˆH −,V =12M +12(E n −E m )∆Φ[0]β(m,p ),γ=β=±(10)from the first order onesΦ[0]+(n,p )= |η+(n )>0 ⊗|p >,Φ[0]−(n,p )= 0|η−(n )> ⊗|p >,(11)with eigenvalues E ±,n =E n =p2Ω(p )(12)Here,|η±(n )>are determined by the Hamiltonian (9)as the solutions|η±(n )>=|η±(n,α)=D (∓α)|n >.(13)of the eigen-equationsˆH ±|η±(n )>⊗|p >=E n |η±(n )>⊗|p >;5andD(z)=exp[za†−z∗a](14) is the displace-operator of coherent state|z>=D(z)|0>;|p>is a momentum eigenstate such thatˆp|p>=p|p>;|n>is the Fock state.It has to be pointed out that the stationary states|η±(n)>were even obtained with the adiabatic variational principle in ref.[7],However,all the results in ref.[7]are only of the the special case for the general ones in present studies,which,in fact,are offirst order in comparison with that in present studies.With the help of straightforward substitutions of eq.(11)into eq.(10),it is not difficult to calculate the coefficientφ±to be of second order|φ[1]±(n,p)>=[|η±(n)>⊗|±>+ m=n∆±mn(p)|η∓(m)>⊗|∓>]⊗|p>(15) where∆±mn(p)=∆m−n=∆·F(m,n) m!n!M)Min(m,n)l=0e−|α|2(∓2α)m+n−2l|ω−pkthe direction of spatial motion of atomic mass-center.Therefore,as shown in next section,the spatial motion of the atomic mass-center must exercise an observableeffect-the Doppler effects on the tunneling and localization of atomic state.4.Control of atomic tunneling at zero temperatureRecently,Plata and Gomez Lorent showed that the existence of cavityfield under certain conditions may decrease the effective energy-difference between the dressed states of|1>and|2>so that they approach degeneracy in presence of the cavityfield [7].In the present sense,the dressed states of|1>and|2>are modified by the spatial variable of atom besides the cavity mode and then can also approach degeneracy onlyfor the suitable momentum state of the atom’s mass center.Therefore,they evolve according to Schrodinger equation with the approximately-equal phases to realize the localization for the tunneling between the dressed states|+>and|−>in presenceof certain quantized cavity.During this process,the dressed localization states are approximately stationary.Indeed,the discussion in the section3demonstrates thatthefirst order dressed states|n,α,±,p>=|η±(n)>⊗|±>⊗|p>like the approximate eigenstates offirst order for H e possess the approximately-equal energies for the effective Hamiltonian(4).To analyse dynamics quantitatively for the problems mentioned above,the solu-tions(15)are transformed back to the original representation|ψ[1]±(n,p)>=ˆW(x)|φ[1]±(n,p)>=|ψ[0]±(n,p)>+ m=n∆±mn(p)|ψ[0]±(n,p]>(18) where|ψ[0]±(n,p)>=ˆW|n,α,±,p>=|η±(n,αe ikx)>⊗|±>⊗|p+nk>.(19)The above expression manifests that,under thefirst order approximation,the approximately-7stationary states are|ψ[0]±(n,p)>.Unlike those for the case without spatial motion effect,the above stationary states are not only dressed by the cavityfield,but also ac-companied with the momentum shifts for the different components to|n>.Imaging |ψ[0]±(n,p)>as the right and left localization states in one-dimensional double-wellpotential,one can consider the tunneling problem between|±>and|∓>.Let us now focus on the simplest case that the atom is initially in the“left”dressed state|ψ[0]+(n,p)>,in which the cavity is in the displace Fock state|η+(n,αe ikx)> while the atom in the“left”state with the momentum shift p+nk.Under the second approximation,the wavefunction of cavity-atom system at t is|Ψn(t)>=ˆW(x){exp(−iˆp2t+iα2Ωt][e−inωt|ψ[0]+(n,p)>2M+ m=n∆+mn(p+ka†a)[e−inωt−e−imωt]|ψ[0]−(m,p)>](20) which gives the probability of the transition from|ψ[0]+(n,p)>to|−>P n= m=n4|∆+mn|2sin2[1(m−n)ωt].(21)(ω−kp2Obviously,if one ignores the second term proportional to∆±m,n in eq.(20),the atomic state|+>is approximately stationary forn,p|<ψ[0]−n,p|Ψm(t)>|2∼0It is also observed that the tunneling rate from a dressed state of|+>to|−> can be controlled by using the cavityfield with suitable frequencyωand preparing the atom with a proper initial momentum.If the atom moves along the direction opposite to the wave vector k in high frequency cavityfield,the tunneling rate(21) tends to be very small and then the atomic dressed state|ψ[0]±(p)>tends to be well localized in|+>.Preparing different initial state,e.g.,the lower frequency cavity8and the atomic momentum along k ,the localization will be broken and the tunneling process will be enhanced.To complete a dynamical description of the tunneling control,one must also specify the different initial conditions for the problem.Since various initial conditions for the single-mode field have become experimentally realizable,it is useful to obtain the different formulas of the corresponding tunneling rates.For a general pure-state distribution of the cavity field|c >=C n |η+(n )>,(22)the tunneling rate is a superposition of those oscillations with different frequencies (m −n )ωP = n m =n |C n |2∆2·F (m,n )2M)2(m −n )2sin 2[ω(m −n )2α(z −z ∗)e −1√n !m !2|α|2αn +m −2l ;(25)5.The cases with finite temperatureIn this section,we turn to discuss the influence of the temperature T of the cavity on the dynamics of tunneling control.In this sense,the cavity is supposed in thermal equilibrium and then the corresponding mixed state described by Bose-Einstein photon number distributionρc (0)=∞ n =01whereβ=1Ωe−nβωC′m,n C′∗m,′n|ψ[0]+(m,p−mk)><ψ[0]+(m′,p−m′k¯h)|(27)where C′m,n=C m,n(αe ikx)is defined by eq.(25)and the initial state of atomic mass-center is chosen as|+>⊗|p>.Then,one can write the density matrix for the atom-cavity system at time t.ρ(t)=U(t)ρ(0)U(t)†=∞n=0 m′,m=n1Ωe−βnωP n(t)(29)whereP n(t)=T r(<−|U(t)|n,+,p><n,+,p|U(t)|−>)= m,m′C′m,n C′∗m′,n T r(<−|Ψ′m(t)><Ψ′m′(t)|−>= l=0| m=l C′m,n∆+lk(p−mk)[e−imωt−e−ilωt]|2(30) is the transition probability for n’th channel switched on by the existence of the thermal cavityfield where|n,+,p>=|n>⊗|+>⊗|p>Obviously,if we have many identical atoms in the cavity with single-mode radia-tion in thermal equilibrium with the wells at temperature T,the tunneling rate will10increase as T becomes higher and then the thermal perturbation must enhances the tunneling.Conversely,at the lower temperature,the tunneling rate is suppressed and then the localization of state|φ+(p)>is easily realized.Therefore,the experiment to control tunneling and localization should be well carried out at lower temperature. This is a trivial but very useful observation.AcknowledgementThe author is much grateful to Professor C.N.Yang for many encouragements and drawing his attention to the newfield in modern atomic physics-the cavity-quantum electrodynamics.This work is partially supported by the NSF of China and the Fok Yin-Tung Education Foundation.11References[1]P.Meystre,Phys.Rep,219(1992),2435[2]S.Haroches,D.Kleppner,Phys.Today1989,24[3]W.A.Lin,L.E.Ballentine,Phys.Rev.Lett.65(1990),2927[4]F.Grossnann,T.Dittrich,P.Jung,P.Haggi,Phys.Rev.Lett.67(1991),516[5]R.Bavli,H.Metiu,Phys.Rev.Lett.69(1992),1986[6]H.Holthaus,Phys.Rev.Lett.69(1992),1596[7]J.Plata,J.M.Gomez Lorente,Phys.Rev.A.48(1993),782ibd.45(1992)R6958.[8]L.H.Yu,C.P.Sun,Phys.Rev.A,49(1994),592and refs therein[9]C.P.Sun.M.L.Ge.Phys.Rev.D.,38(1990),1349[10]C.P.Sun.M.L.Ge.Q.Xiao Commun.Theor.Phys.13(1990),63[11]E.Arimondo,A.Bambini,S.Stenholm,mn.37(1981),103[12]S.Glasgow,P.Meystre,M.Wilkens,E.M.Wright,Phys.Rev.A.43(1991),2455[13]M.Lindberg,Appl.Phys.B.54(1992),476[14]T.Sleator,T.Pfau,V.Balykin,O Carnal,J.Mlynek,Phys.Rev.Lett.68(1992),1996[15]D.W.Keith, C.R.Ekstrom,Q.A.Turchette, D.E.Prichard,Phys.Rev.lett.66(1991),2693[16]T.Sleator,M.Wilkens,Phys.Rev.A.48(1993),3286[17]M.Kasevich,S.Chu,Phys.Rev.Lett.67(1991),181[18]T.Zaugg,M.Wilkens,P.Meystre,G.Lents,mun.97(1993),189[19]E.T.Jaynes,mings,Proc.IEEE,51(1963),89[20]B.W.Shore,P.L.Knight,J.Mod.Opt.,40(1993),119512。
QTL作图中的问题和对策
QTL作图中的问题和对策
中国农科院作科所 王建康 E-mail: wangjk@
1
QTL作图中的遗传学概念
Locus, Allele, Gene, Chromosome Genotype, Phenotype, Haplotype Population stratification Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium Effective population size Linkage phase Linkage disequilibrium Additive, dominance, and epistasis Genotype by environment interaction
上图: 2个等位基因频率的比值 下图: 奇异分离的显著性概率
25
问题13：什么是缺失数据?
标记数据缺失
根据连锁关系补齐
表型数据确实
群体平均数替代 删除不用
26
大麦DH作图群体中的标记缺失
（空白处为缺失标记）
27
问题14：标记缺失对QTL作图的影响？
(First simulated F2 population from QTL distribution model I and population size 500) 无标记缺失 5%标记缺失
Distortion segregation P1 (AA) X P2 (aa)无选择
P1BC1: AA:Aa=1:1 P2BC1: Aa:aa=1:1 F2: AA:Aa:aa=1:2:1 DH, RIL: AA:aa=1:1
奇异分离的原因:
随机飘变 配子/合子的生活力不同 (自然选择)
ICH发布统一的Q培训材料
• Introduced concepts of Quality by Design QbD and
provided examples of QbD development approaches and design space
© ICH, November 2010
Outline
• Workshop Goals and Objectives
• ICH Q8, Q9 & Q10
• How the guidelines are working together throughout
the product life cycle
• Utility of ICH Q8, Q9 & Q10
control, communication and review of quality risks
• Applies over product lifecycle: development,
manufacturing and distribution
• Includes principles, methodologies and examples of
- Track and trend product quality - Maintain and update models as needed - Internally verify that process changes are successful
© ICH, November 2010
slide 10
and perform risk assessment
Design Space • Develop a design space optional and not required
开启片剂完整性的窗户(中英文对照)
开启片剂完整性的窗户日本东芝公司，剑桥大学摘要：由日本东芝公司和剑桥大学合作成立的公司向《医药技术》解释了FDA支持的技术如何在不损坏片剂的情况下测定其完整性。
太赫脉冲成像的一个应用是检查肠溶制剂的完整性，以确保它们在到达肠溶之前不会溶解。
关键词：片剂完整性，太赫脉冲成像。
能够检测片剂的结构完整性和化学成分而无需将它们打碎的一种技术，已经通过了概念验证阶段，正在进行法规申请。
由英国私募Teraview公司研发并且以太赫光（介于无线电波和光波之间）为基础。
该成像技术为配方研发和质量控制中的湿溶出试验提供了一个更好的选择。
该技术还可以缩短新产品的研发时间，并且根据厂商的情况，随时间推移甚至可能发展成为一个用于制药生产线的实时片剂检测系统。
TPI技术通过发射太赫射线绘制出片剂和涂层厚度的三维差异图谱，在有结构或化学变化时太赫射线被反射回。
反射脉冲的时间延迟累加成该片剂的三维图像。
该系统使用太赫发射极，采用一个机器臂捡起片剂并且使其通过太赫光束，用一个扫描仪收集反射光并且建成三维图像(见图)。
技术研发太赫技术发源于二十世纪九十年代中期13本东芝公司位于英国的东芝欧洲研究中心，该中心与剑桥大学的物理学系有着密切的联系。
日本东芝公司当时正在研究新一代的半导体，研究的副产品是发现了这些半导体实际上是太赫光非常好的发射源和检测器。
二十世纪九十年代后期，日本东芝公司授权研究小组寻求该技术可能的应用，包括成像和化学传感光谱学，并与葛兰素史克和辉瑞以及其它公司建立了关系，以探讨其在制药业的应用。
虽然早期的结果表明该技术有前景，但日本东芝公司却不愿深入研究下去，原因是此应用与日本东芝公司在消费电子行业的任何业务兴趣都没有交叉。
这一决定的结果是研究中心的首席执行官DonArnone和剑桥桥大学物理学系的教授Michael Pepper先生于2001年成立了Teraview公司一作为研究中心的子公司。
TPI imaga 2000是第一个商品化太赫成像系统，该系统经优化用于成品片剂及其核心完整性和性能的无破坏检测。
布鲁克携最新SCION_TM TQ气质联用仪(GC-MS)应用资料参加中国国际食品安全与质量控制会议
布鲁克携最新SCION_TM TQ气质联用仪(GC-MS)应用资料参加中国国际食品安全与质量控制会议作者：暂无来源：《食品安全导刊》 2011年第11期布鲁克携最新SCION 气质联用仪（GC-MS）应用资料参加中国国际食品安全与质量控制会议本刊讯（供稿人兰瞳光）11月2～3日在中国北京举办的第五届中国国际食品与质量控制会议(CFISQ)上，布鲁克公司展示了SCIONTMTQ三重四极杆气质联用系统(GC-MS TQ)在食品安全方面的应用成果。
来自加州Fremont市的布鲁克化学与应用市场部门专家参加本次会议并分享他们在食品安全与质量保证领域的经验。
“布鲁克在这次北京CIFSQ上推出的全新GC-MS方法将极大地简化方法开发和数据分析步骤，显著提高食品分析实验室的工作效率。
”布鲁克化学和应用市场部门总经理Rohan Thakur博士介绍道。
据了解，布鲁克全新SCI ONTMTQ系统独特的基于化合物的筛查技术（CBS），是一项创新的专利技术，能提高对复杂体系的分析效率。
除了CBS技术，SCION气质联用系统对硬件也做了全面革新，使其更加适用于复杂食品基质中的多种残留物分析。
通过对南瓜提取物中49种农药的定量分析结果表明，该系统的测试数据具有良好的重复性、稳定性和线性。
SCION系统操作方便，流程简单，数据处理流畅迅速，能够显著提高分析效率，特别适合于任务繁重的分析实验室。
会展三大食品贸易推动中食展强劲发展本刊讯（记者申海鹏）2012年5月9日，第十三届中国国际食品和饮料展览会（SIAL China 2012）将在上海新国际博览中心再度隆重登台。
中食展由法国高美爱博展览集团和（中国）商业发展中心共同主办，于2000年移植国内，发展迅速。
尤其近几年来，中食展依托国外和国内两个大市场，以全面“推进进口贸易、出口贸易和国内贸易”为着力点，在金融危机的大背景下，保持了强劲的增长势头，发展成亚洲地区最为重要的食品商贸展览。
吡咯喹啉醌对植烟土壤和烤烟生长的影响
14--耕作栽培·生理生化 引用格式：李 震，张清壮，唐艺欣，等. 吡咯喹啉醌对植烟土壤和烤烟生长的影响[J]. 湖南农业科学，2020（9）：14-18. DOI:10.16498/ki.hnnykx.2020.009.005吡咯喹啉醌（pyrroloquinoline quinone ），简称PQQ ，是目前发现的第3种氧化还原酶的新有机辅酶，PQQ 具有高度的水溶性和热稳定性，稳定的化学结构和较高的氧化还原电势使其成为迄今为止催化氧化还原反应能力最强的生物活性分子。
PQQ 不仅可作为辅酶参与部分还原酶类的催化作用，还可对植物和微生物的生长发育有一定的促进作用，且广泛存在于植物、动物及人体组织内[1-5]。
目前，关于PQQ 在作物生产上的应用进行了有关研究，刘卫群等[6-7]研究发现，PQQ 能够促进烟草种子萌发，PQQ 喷洒烟草幼苗叶片并做灌根处理，能够显著提高烟草幼苗中吲哚乙酸、玉米素和玉米核苷的含量，从而促进植物生长发育，调节代谢和增强细胞内新陈代谢。
ChoiO 等[8]研究表明荧光假单胞菌 B16（野生型根杆菌可产生 PQQ ）能够明显提高番茄的植株高度、开花数、坐果数和总果重，而未产生 PQQ 的菌株均未促进番茄的生长。
朱云集等[9]研究表明，在冬小麦的孕穗期对叶面喷施 PQQ ，叶片中叶绿素含量明显提高，而且增 吡咯喹啉醌对植烟土壤和烤烟生长的影响 李 震1，罗 杰1，张清壮2, 3，许石剑1，罗富方1，刘胜传1，宋莉丹4，李 鑫2,3 （1. 贵州省烟草公司黔西南州公司，贵州 兴义 562400；2. 湖南省农业科学院，湖南 长沙 410125；3. 湖南省蔬菜研究所，湖南 长沙 410125；4. 湖南省科学技术事务中心，湖南 长沙 410013）摘 要：为探究施用吡咯喹啉醌（PQQ）对植烟土壤和烤烟生长的影响，采用田间小区试验研究了不同浓度（0、200、500、 1 000 nmol/L）水平下以及喷施、灌根2种施用方式下PQQ 对植烟土壤和微生物数量以及烟株农艺性状、根系性状、经济性状的影响。
蜂胶软胶囊中总黄酮测定方法的改进
分析检测蜂胶软胶囊中总黄酮测定方法的改进周 璐1,2，黄 婷1,2，董 耀1,2（1.江苏省生产力促进中心，江苏南京 210001；2.江苏省理化测试中心，江苏南京 210001）摘 要：蜂胶中富含大量总黄酮类化合物，黄酮类化合物具有丰富的药理作用。
对蜂胶软胶囊参照GB/T 20574—2006检测时，加入显色剂用水定容后，溶液变浑浊，影响分光光度计吸光度测定的稳定性，本文对其前处理条件、定容溶液、显色时间进行优化，并对方法标准曲线、重复性、加标回收率进行验证。
结果表明，在415 nm处，以芦丁为标准品，在含量为0.2～1.2 mg时呈现良好的线性关系，线性回归方程为y=0.734 1x-0.005 6（R=0.999 8），相对标准偏差为0.9%，加标回收率为92.0%～97.0%。
关键词：蜂胶软胶囊；总黄酮；分光光度法Improvement of the Determination Method for TotalFlavonoids in Propolis Soft CapsulesZHOU Lu1,2, HUANG Ting1,2, DONG Yao1,2(1.Jiangsu Provincial Productivity Promotion Center, Nanjing 210001, China;2.Jiangsu Provincial Physical and Chemical Testing Center, Nanjing 210001, China)Abstract: Propolis is rich in a large amount of total f l avonoids, which have rich pharmacological effects. When testing propolis soft capsules with reference to GB/T 20574—2006, the solution became turbid after adding a colorimetric agent to a constant volume of water, which affected the stability of the spectrophotometer absorbance measurement. The pre-treatment conditions, constant volume solution, and colorimetric time were improved, and the method standard curve, detection limit, repeatability, and spiked recovery rate were verified. The results showed that at 415 nm, the content of rutin was 0.2～1.2 mg, and the linear regression equation was y= 0.734 1x-0.005 6 (R= 0.999 8), the relative standard deviation was 0.9%. The recoveries were 92.0% ~ 97.0%.Keywords: propolis soft capsules; total flavonoids; spectrophotometry蜂胶是由蜜蜂，特别是工蜂，从植物的树胶、树脂中采集，并与上颚腺、蜡腺等分泌物混合形成的具有黏性的固体胶状物[1]。
量子计算机 ABC
Basic requirements for a qubit
• • A two-level system Demonstration of level quantization: escape mechanism differenf from thermal activation; transitions between levels (spectroscopy); Rabi oscillation Long coherence time Many interacting qubits (entanglement) Quantum gates
Factoring (quantum computer)
• N=15 • Pick a random number a<N, say a=7 • Define f(x)=7x mod 15, where x is an integer. This function raises 7 to the x-th power, divides it by 15, and takes the remainder. • F(x) is periodic, and its period r can be related to the factor of N. For example, if we take x=0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7……, then we have f(x)=1,7,4,13,1,7,4,13……, the period of f(x) is r=4. • Evaluate the greatest common divisor of N and r / 2 1 . In our example this is the common divisor of 15 and 7 4 / 2 1 i.e., that , of 15 and 50, or 15 and 48 which gives 5 or 3. They are exactly the factor of 15.
癌症患者体力活动测定量表EPIC-PAQ中文版的信效度评定
癌症患者体力活动测定量表EPIC-PAQ中文版的信效度评定亢东琴;刘玉芬;薛冬群;柳琪;李玉;陈志琦;岳树锦【摘要】目的对欧洲营养与肿瘤前瞻性队列研究组织开发的癌症患者体力活动测定量表(EPIC Physical Activity Questionnaire,EPIC-PAQ)进行汉化,并在大肠癌患者中检验其信效度.方法在征得原作者同意后,取得英文版量表,通过翻译汉化形成中文版癌症患者体力活动测定量表,采用中文版癌症患者体力活动测定量表对64例大肠癌患者进行调查,并检验量表的信效度.结果中文版癌症患者体力活动测定量表重测信度为0.818;内容效度指数为0.900;效标效度为0.417;判别效度检验显示,非大肠癌患者的体力活动水平明显高于大肠癌患者的体力活动水平(Z=2.868,P=0.004).结论中文版癌症患者体力活动测定量表具有良好的信效度,可用于对大肠癌患者体力活动的测评.%Objective To translate the EPIC physical activity questionnaire (EPIC-PAQ) into Chinese and to test its reliability and validity in colorectal cancer patients. Methods We obtained the English version of EPIC-PAQ with the consent of the author. Then, the Chinese version of EPIC-PAQ was developed by translation and localization. Totally 64 colorectal cancer patients were recruited and investigated by the questionnaire then the reliability and validity of the questionnaire were tested. Results The test-retest reliability of the Chinese version of EPIC-PAQ was 0.818; the scale-level CVI 0.900, the criterion-related validity0.417. The test of discriminatory validity showed that physical activity scores in non-colorectal cancer patients were higher than colorectal patients(Z=2.868,P=0.004). Conclusion The Chinese version of EPIC-PAQ isa reliable and valid tool and can be used as an assessment tool for physical activity of Chinese colorectal cancer patients.【期刊名称】《护理学报》【年(卷),期】2017(024)024【总页数】4页(P1-4)【关键词】体力活动;大肠癌;癌症患者体力活动测定量表;信度;效度【作者】亢东琴;刘玉芬;薛冬群;柳琪;李玉;陈志琦;岳树锦【作者单位】北京中医药大学护理学院,北京 102488;中日友好医院胃肠外科,北京100029;北京中医药大学护理学院,北京 102488;北京中医药大学护理学院,北京102488;北京中医药大学护理学院,北京 102488;北京中医药大学护理学院,北京102488;北京中医药大学护理学院,北京 102488【正文语种】中文【中图分类】R473.73体力活动（physical activity）是指任何由骨骼肌运动导致能量消耗的身体活动[1]。