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Geoffrey_Chaucer_(杰弗里·乔叟)(1)

6.The Tales
The famous ones are the story of : 1) the wife of Bath（巴斯夫人）, 2) the Knight（骑士）, 3) the Pardoner（卖赎罪卷者）, 4) the Nun’s Priest（尼姑的教士）, 5) the Prologue（序诗）.
5.The Outline and the Prologue
Outline of the Story
Tabard (泰巴客店) 29 (30) pilgrims, to Canterbury 24 stories written All major types of medieval literature
• The skill---it contains practically all the major types of medieval literature--romances of Knights and ladies, folk tales, moral and merry; Fable etc. some are exalted or full of fun, others plain and tiresome,（平淡无味） still others coarse and vulgar.(粗陋俚俗）he raised the language to a higher literary level by writing in it with polish and ease.(文笔精练优美，流畅自然)
III. The Canterbury Tales
1. It has 24 stories. 2.It is the description of the pilgrims （朝圣者）who tell stories. 3. It is about the life of ordinary people. 4. It gives vivid characters, with humor and satire.

Geoffrey Chaucer乔叟自制完整

Italian Period (up to 1387)
• Italy brought him with the new tendency趋向，趋势 of the Renaissance文艺复兴 in Italian literature. • during this time his works were modeled primarily on Dante(但丁) and Boccaccio(薄伽丘)
• By 1366 he had married Philippa Roet, who was probably the sister of John of Gaunt's third wife; she was a lady-in-waiting to Edward III's A woman who looks after and serves a queen or princess queen. • During the years 1370 to 1378, Chaucer was frequently employed on diplomatic(外交的) missions(使命) to the Continent, visiting Italy in 1372-73 and in 1378.
• The official date of Chaucer‘s death is Oct. 25, 1400. He was the first to be buried in the Westminster Abbey斯敏斯特(西敏寺)大教堂. • the Poet’s Corner (诗人角)
The heroic couplet
• A couplet对句;双韵 of rhyming iambic pentameters 抑扬五音步 often forming a distinct独特的 rhetorical修辞学的 as well as metrical韵律的unit. • A couplet is two consecutive(连续不断的) lines of poetry that rhyme. • Iambic pentameters -- an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed one. • Iambic[诗]短长格, 抑扬格, 抑扬格诗 • Pentameters五音步诗行;五音步之诗

Chaucer and Renaissance (shakespeare)

Metical rhythm of “The Canterbury Tales ”

As soon as April pieces to the root - / - / / / - / The drought of March, and bathes each bud and shoot / - / - / - / - / Through every vein of sap with gentle showers / / - / - / / From whose engendering liquor spring the flowers / - // / - /
the function of the Prologue to The Canterbury Tales
The Prologue provides a framework for the tales. It contains a
group of vivid sketches of typical medieval figures. All classes of the English feudal society, except the royalty and the poorest peasant, are represented by these thirty pilgrims. It is no exaggeration to say that the Prologue supplies a miniature of the English society of Chaucer’s time. Looking at his word-pictures, we know at once how people lived in that era. That is why Chaucer has been called “the founder of English realism”. On the other hand , there is also an intimate connection between the tales and the Prologue, both complement each other.

A brief introduction of Geoffrey Chaucer

A brief introduction of Geoffrey ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer(1342year - 1400), a famous English writer , was born in London , a rich family of a wine merchant . Little was known about his childhood and his education experience . but after he became the royal court attendant , his colorful life began.In 1359 to 1360, Chaucer joined the war along with the English army , whose destination was France. Unfortunately , he was captured by the army and resaved next year by the former English king ,Edward the third . we can conclude that he was closely connected with the royal . In the following five years ,there was no detail information recorded about his life . it was said that he was trained in the Association of legal science. After he married with a female officer of the Queen chambers , he paid visits to Europe countries, such as France ,Italy and so on . those diplomatic and commercial missions offered him opportunities to meet with Giovanni Boccaccio and Francesco Petrarca ,who influenced him very much . Between 1385 and 1389 , he was promoted as different officers several times. But later ,the main political situation changed ,he lost his shelter and fell intopoverty . He was the buried in the Poet's Corner after he died in 1400 . he was also the first poet buried there .Though his life is neither too short nor long , he left some very excellent works which also can be our spiritual food . his writing career can divide into three periods apparently ,the first was the French influence period . ( 1360 ~ 1372 ):he translated and imitated French poets’ works . at this time ,he wrote " his Duchess " ( The Book of the Duchess ( 1369) )and he translated French Medieval epic poem " Rose legend " into the London dialect. the second time was the Italy influence period. ( 1372 ~ 1386 ):Chaucer contacted bourgeois humanism idea His works become more reality ,such as “he Parliament of Fowles”, “The legend of Good Women”and “Troilus and Criseyde”. the third was the Mature period. His most widely known work , “the”,was created in his last five years .the last “creation”come to the top both in the content and the skill The heroic couplets He firstly pioneered are used on a large scale by later English poets . And he was known as " the father of English poetry ".The Canterbury tales are a collection of stories . Chaucer used the tales and descriptions of the characters to paint an ironic and critical portrait of English society at thetime and particularly of the church.There is a sentence once Chaucer said , ”For chattels lost may yet recovered be , but time lost ruins us for aye ”.we should encourage each other with it .。

Chaucer

At 19, he went with the king on one of the many expeditions of the Hundred Years’ War, and here he saw chivalry and all the peasantry of medieval war at the height of their outward splendor. Taken prisoner at the unsuccessful besiege of Rheins, he is said to have been ransomed by money out of the royal purse.
The Oxford Clerk
Summoner
The Miller
Chaucer
Artistry of Form
Despite being unfinished, clear indications of a plan Chaucer was writing and collecting whatever occurred to him, but it was likely to find a more firmly constructed structure as it neared completion.
The Nun’s Priest’s The Physician’s Tale Tale The Wife of Bath’s The Pardoner’s Tale Tale T’s Tale The Canon’s Yeoman’s Tale The Manciple’sTale The Parson’s Tale
Geoffrey Chaucer (1340—1400)

Chaucer - the Canterbury tales

Duties to countrymen and fellow Christians: this contains virtues such as mercy, courage, valour, fairness, protection of the weak and the poor. This also brings with it the idea of being willing to give one’s life for another’s; whether he would be giving his life for a poor man or his lord. Duties to God: this includes being faithful to God, protecting the innocent, being faithful to the church, being the champion of good against evil, being generous and obeying God above the feudal lord. Duties to women: This contains what is often called Courtly love, the idea that the knight is meant to serve a lady and after her all other ladies. Most especially in this category is a general gentleness and graciousness to all women.
Till it fil ones, in a morwe of May, That Emelye, that fairer was to sene Than is the lylie upon his stalke grene, And fressher than the May with floures neweFor with the rose colour stroof hir hewe, I noot which was the fairer of hem two-

cha-2-3Geoffrey Chaucer

Chaucer’ Chaucer’s literary career
Chaucer’ Chaucer’s literary career may be divided roughly into three periods: periods: The first period stretching from the 1360s to about 1372 during which time he fell chiefly under the influence of French poetry of the Middle Ages,. The second period extending from 1372 to 1385-6 1385when the poet wrote under the spell/charm of the great literary geniuses of early Renaissance Italy: Dante and Petrarch and Boccaccio. The third and last period covering the last fifteen years of the poet’s life(1386-1400) when he produced poet’ life(1386his works of full maturity free from any dominant foreign influence.
Canterbury tales and The Decameron
The Canterbury Tales are written in Middle English. The tales are considered to be his magnum opus, influenced by the structure of The Decameron, which , Chaucer is said to have read in an earlier visit to Italy, but Chaucer peopled his tales with ' folk' rather than Boccaccio's fleeing nobles.

Chaucer's contribution to English literature

What's Chaucer's contribution to English literature Geoffrey Chaucer,the first great write in English, was born in London in about 1340, he is called the father of English literature by many scholars.Chaucer’s literary career may be devided roughly into three periods.The period of French influence, the period of Italian influence, the period of maturity.And it was the third period that Chaucer wrote his famous work--- The Canterbury Tales.Chaucer played an important role in the development of English literature.Chaucer is the father of English poetry, and he presented to us a comprehensive realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life in his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales, it is the first time in English literature.Chaucer is also considered as a great master of the English language. When Chaucer was born, French and Lantin were the most powerful ntin was used in the Church and French was the language of the royal court, English, although it was used every day by the majority of the people ,was a second-class language.Chaucer realised the importance of creating literature in the vernacular, in the languate of the people. He decided to make theeveryday English of south-east England and London the language of literature ,Chaucer greatly increased the prestige of English as a literary language and extended the range of its poetic vocabulary and meters.Besides, Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the old English alliterative verse.In a word, what Chauceer had done makes a big difference to English literature.。

Geoffrey_Chaucer

A Tragic Symbol of War’s Effects
Chaucer's sympathy with Criseyde shows itself in the way he meticulously details the considerations that drive her into Troilus's arms: since her father's defection to the Greeks she is alone in a hostile city; flattered by the attentions of a Prince, she feels the stars are ordaining that she fall to him; she is pestered by her cousin Pandarus, who acts as pimp for his friend Troilus. From being the prototype of the faithless woman, as she is in much of medieval literature, Chaucer transforms Criseyde into the tragic symbol of war's effects on human relationships and fates.
In December 1376 he was sent abroad on the king's service; in February 1377 he was sent to Paris and Montreuil in connection probably with the peace negotiations between England and France. It is a bit strange that later he still leant poverty personally at times, but it accounts for why he maintained contacts ranged from the highest to the lowest. he died on Oct. 25, 1340. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, and his tomb became the nucleus of what is now known as Poets' Corner.

Geoffrey-Chaucer

Geoffrey Chaucer, the founder of English poetry, was born, about 1340, in London.Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of iambic pentametre(to be called later the "heroic couplet"to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.Though drawing influences from French, Italian and Latin models, he is the first great poet who wrote in the current English language. His production of so much excellent poetry was an important factor in establishing English as the literary language of the country. The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making the dialect of London the foundation for modern English speech.《Journal of Yanshan University》2001-03Add to Favorite Get Latest UpdateOn the Subjective Female Consciousness inShakespeare 's ComediesCAO Xiao-qing(The Department of Chinese Literature and Language, Xiangtan Teachers'College,Xiangtan,Hunan, 411201)Shakespeare, in the process of creating his comedies, through the woman characters' pursuit forlove, freedom, equality and their dignity and rights, extols their courage, wisdom and virtue, expoundingthe br and-new aesthetic criterion of the female. This paper also comes to discuss the historical causes of theinf erior position of the female from the aesthetic point of view. Finally under review are the conceptual im pli-cation and the historical significance of the subjective female consciousness.【Key Words】：the subjective female consciousness aesthetic subjectivity objectivity equality【CateGory Index】：I106.3【DOI】：CNKI:SUN:YSDS.0.2001-03-003Download(CAJ format) Download(PDF format)CAJViewer7.0 supports all the CNKI ; AdobeReaderGeoffrey Chaucer (born 1340/44, died 1400) is remembered as the author of The Canterbury Tales, which ranks as one of the greatest epic works of world literature. Chaucer made a crucial contribution to English literature in using English at a time when much court poetry was still written in Anglo-Norman or Latin.Geoffrey Chaucer was born in London. He was the son of a prosperous winemerchant and deputy to the king's butler, and his wife Agnes. Little is known of his early education, but his works show that he could read French, Latin, and Italian.In 1359-1360 Chaucer went to France with Edward III's army during the Hundred Years' War. He was captured in the Ardennes and returned to England after the treaty of Brétigny in 1360. There is no certain information of his life from 1361 until c.1366, when he perhaps married Philippa Roet, the sister of John Gaunt's future wife. Philippa died in 1387 and Chaucer enjoyed Gaunt's patronage throughout his life.Between 1367 and 1378 Chaucer made several journeys abroad on diplomatic and commercial missions. In 1385 he lost his employment and rent-free home, and moved to Kent where he was appointed asjustice of the peace. He was also elected to Parliament. This was a period of great creativity for Chaucer, during which he produced most of his best poetry, among others Troilus and Cressida (c. 1385), based on a love story by Boccaccio.Chaucer took his narrative inspiration for his works from several sources but still remained an entirely individual poet, gradually developing his personal style and techniques. His first narrative poem, The Book of the Duchess, was probably written shortly after the death of Blanche, Duchess of Lancaster, first wife of John Gaunt, in September 1369. His next important work, The House of Fame, was written between 1374 and 1385. Soon afterward Chaucer translated The Consolation of Philosophy by Boethius, and wrote the poem The Parliament of Birds.Chaucer did not begin working on The Canterbury Tales until he was in his early 40s. The book, which was left unfinished when the author died, depicts a pilgrimage by some 30 people, who are going on a spring day in April to the shrine of the martyr, St. Thomas Becket. On the way they amuse themselves by telling stories. Among the band of pilgrims are a knight, a monk, a prioress, a plowman, a miller, a merchant, a clerk, and an oft-widowed wife from Bath. The stories are interlinked with interludes in which the characters talk with each other, revealing much about themselves.According to tradition, Chaucer died in London on October 25, 1400. He was buried in Westminster Abbey, in the part of the church, which afterwards came to be called Poet's Corner. A monument waserected to him in 1555The drama actress Portia, the play is the most brilliant sunshine characters. She is Baer, true master, she is beautiful, smart, humble, kind, is the embodiment of humanistic thoughts. She is bold pursuit of love of life, a kinsman of the emperor celebrated Prince Prince and other suitors a contemptuous disregard, and the courage to participate in social affairs, successfully solved the problems his and Antonio's " a pound of flesh. ".They are the conflicts of two opposite ideas, identification, convention and religions.Bassanio although is a noble, actually he is a declining aristocrat. He has squandered his money at different meeting, gathering and on woman. Not to speak so tactful, he is a playboy who never plans to get a job or doing some business. Instead, he would like to life his head from a profitable marriage. When he borrows money from Antonio as chip to pursuing Portia. Antonio says:I pray you, good Bassanio, let me know it;And if it stand, as you yourself still do,Within the eye of honour, be assuredMy purse, my person, my extremest means,Lie all unlockt to your occasion②(ActⅠsceneⅠ,P12,135-140)And when his boats wreck on sea, he has had to obey the contract, and he says:Sweet Bassanio, my ships have all miscarried, my creditors grow crule, my estate is very low, my bond to the Jew is forfeit; and since in paying it, it is impossible I should live, all debates are cleared between you and I. if I might but see you at my death. Notwithstanding, use your pleasure; if your love do not persuade you to come, let not my letter. ②(Act ⅢScene ⅡP132,315-321)From these words, we can confirm Antonio is the best friend of Bassanio. He always helps other not to ask for reward, even sacrifice his life. When Bassanio hears the news that Antonio will lose his life for him. He returns immediately and gives his lover’s ring back to the clerk to show his thanks. Their friendship has been proved so perfect.ConclusionThe period that Shakespeare created the Merchant of Venice was the reign of Elizabeth Ⅰ. What was the name of that period called “the First Flowering Period of English Literature” and the greatest change began with drama. Shakespeare was the representative at that time. In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth. The Merchant of Venice, in which he has created tension, ambiguity, a self-consciousness and self-delighting artifice that, is at once intellectually exciting and emotionally engaging.There are two comic characters exists in the Merchant of Venice. The first one is comedy united with mock. As we see, what the center place this story happened is a city full of the smell of commercialize and capitalism. Different race, identification, religion, law and some ideas about fair and unfair are all showed out. In this play, Jew Shylock performs great greed for money. When he is resulted and treated unfair, he is brewing a strongly dissatisfaction to revenge the Christian and graceful gentleman and appealing for equal treatment. In fact, Shylock’s characteristic has many as pects. He is a usurer. He is avaricious and stingy. But he also has the pity point: being lost daughter; being humiliated by Antonio; being treated unfair in Christian society, and his endless miss for his wife. All of his role action has surpassed the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, and the propagation of Christian by Portia. So in the thesis, the author argues Shylock not only as a curt, greedy and sly person, but also as a sympathetic figure.The second distinguishing feature is comedy united with the ideal of humanism. One critic says that Shakespeare’s comedies and romances tend to focus on daughters whose age and rank make them desirable spouses for men seeking to improve their social standing. There is no exception ofShakespeare’s comedies t akes love as the theme. And the most used expression to describe the lover’s relationship in debate. They match with intelligent, minds and sentiments. Woman always emerges the victor. They are not only chaste, beautiful, young and more sensible。

英国文学Chapter III Geoffrey Chaucer

• Romance is any imaginative literature that is set in an idealized world and that deals with heroic adventures and battles between good characters and villains or monsters.
7
British Literature I
Geoffrey Chaucer’ life experiences (1343—1400)
● He was born in a wine merchant family, a
page to Elizabeth, countess of Ulster
● He contributed importantly in the second half
of the 14th century to the management of public affairs as courtier, diplomat, and civil servant.
British Literature I
● In that career he was trusted and aided by three successive kings—Edward III, Richard II, and Henry IV. But it is his hobby—the writing of poetry—for which he is remembered.
● He was influenced by French and Italian literature.
His literary career
British Literature I

英美文学Part III Geoffrey Chaucer

Part III George ChaucerGeoffrey Chaucer (c.1340-1400) is the greatest writer of the period. He is considered as the founder of English poetry.These tales give a picture of English society in the 14th century.Most notable is what has been known as the "marriage group".Troilus and Criseyde is a long poem taken from Boccaccio, the famous Italian writer.Chaucer's contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types, especially the rhymed couplet if iambic pentameter (to be called later the 'heroic couplet') to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse. In The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer employed the heroic couplet with true ease and charm for the first time in the history of English literature.Chaucer’s literary career can be divided into three stages:French works translated from French: Romaunt of the RoseItalian works adopted from Italian (after Dante Divine Comedy, Petrarch and Boccaccio, Decameron)The House of Fame, The Legend of Good Women, Troylus and Criseyde) British(1386-1400) works written purely in English: The Canterbury Tales The Canterbury Tales:The story: 29 pilgrims, and the poet on the way to Canterbury, stopped at an inn. At the proposal of the host of the Tabard Inn each was to tell 4 stories on the way to and back from Cant. The host was the judge of the contest, and the best teller should be treated with a free supper at the general expense upon their return to the inn. According Chaucer’s plan, 120 stories should be told, but only 24 were completed and preserved, 2 incomplete, 2 unfinished.Theme: Chaucer is influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, and he believes in man’s right to pursue earthly happiness. He is anxious to see man freed from superstitions and a blind belief in fate. He is always keen to praises man’s energy, adroitness, intellect, quick wit and love of life. He exposes and satirizes the social evils, esp. the religious abuses.The Prologue provides a framework for the tale, and it includes all classes except the royalty and the poorest peasant.t he 3 famous tales:A. the Wife of Bath’s tale of an Arthurian knightB. the Oxford clerk’s of a patient young ladyC. the Franklin小地主’s about a wife’s full submi ssion to her husband。

Geoffrey Chaucer 4

Geoffrey Chaucer (1340?―1400): The founder of English poetryLife/ Literary career/Masterpiece/ContributionI. LifeIn 1340, Chaucer was born in a wine-merchant’s family in London. He became a court page from the early age. He went to France at 19 and jo ined the Hundred Year’s War. Several times he was sent to the Continent on diplomatic missions, two of which took him to Italy. Then he was appointed controller of Customs at London. But with these positions, he was still poor. He died in 1400 and was buried in Westminster Abbey, thus founding the “Poet’s Corner”.II. Literary CareerChaucer’s literary career can be divided into three periods corresponding with the stages of his life. 1. The first period:the 1360s―about 1372.He was influenced by the French poetry of the Middle Ages and he translated works from French. The Romaunt (Romance) of the Rose2. The second period:1372―1385-6.He was influenced by the great literary figures of early Renaissance in Italy, such as Dante. Troilus and Criseyde: the longest complete poem3. The Third Period:(1386-1400)He produced his works full maturity free from any dominant foreign influence.The Canterbury Tales: masterpieceIII. The Canterbury Tales1. Brief Introduction:On day in April, the poet comes to the Tabard Inn in the southern suburb of London. By nightfall, 29 pilgrims arrive at the inn and they get ready to go to Canterbury. Harry Bailey, the host of the inn, proposes that each pilgrim should tell two stories on the way and two more on the way back. The best story-teller is to be given a free supper, at the cost of all the rest. The host offers to go with them as their judge and guide. According to the plan, there should be 120 stories, but actually 24 tales are preserved (20 complete stories and 4 fragments).2. Writing technique:1) Unlike The Decameron whose stories are loosely connected and there is no relation between the story and the story teller, in The Canterbury Tales, stories are cleverly woven together by links between the stories through two ways:A: “Prologue”: prologue provides a framework for the tales. It creates a gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life, excepting the very highest (the king and top nobility) and the lowest (the very poor labouring folk); then assigns to each of them appropriate tales that shed light on the respective narrator’s distinctive personality.B: The host: Harry Bailey: He is a hearty and boisterous man. He draws the shy ones out, smoothes over the differences, and keeps the company generally in good spirits.2) Chaucer’s humor through gentle satire and mild ironyIV. Contribution:1. Chaucer greatly contributes to the founding of the English literary language. He is the first great poet who wrote in the English language. He proved that the English language is a beautiful language and can be easily handled to express different moods. His language is now called Middle English. He does much in making the dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.2. Chaucer introduces heroic couplet （英雄双韵体）from France to English poetry, instead of alliterative verse.3. Chaucer is the forerunner of Humanism. be influenced by the early Italian Renaissance, he affirms man’s right to pursue earthly happiness and opposes asceticism; praises man’s energy, intellect, and love of life; exposes and satirizes the social evils, esp. the religious abusesSUPPLEMENTThe wife of Bath: She is the owner of a cloth factory, light-hearted, merry, somewhat vulgar, and exceedingly talkative. She tells the story about her married life. She has married five husbands and she expects one or two more. She has tried to master her husband and rule the family. There was but one husband whom she could not easily master. But she got the better of him by provoking him to beat her and then pretending to be dead. By this trick she succeeded in getting all the property into her hand.Metrical PatternI.Word stress:1. A. Words of one syllableB. Words of two syllablesC. Words of three syllables: main stress; secondary stress'John is a 'student.Uni'versities be'came 'famous.We 'ate the 'meat 'hungrily.The 'train had 'arrived at the 'station.Stress of the words does depend on the context.When stress is organized to form regular rhythms, the term used for it is metre.II. Metre (格律/韵律)The analysis of the metre of a poem usually consists of two steps:A. To examine the type of foot.B. To see how many feet there are in a line.What is foot?（音步）The foot is the unit of stressed and unstressed syllables which is repeated to form a metrical pattern. 1. Four major types of foot:(1). Iambic foot 抑扬格(2). Trochaic foot 扬抑格(3). Anapaestic foot 抑抑扬格(4). Dactylic foot 扬抑抑格(1). Iambic foot:(抑扬格)⏹ˇIn 'eve |ˇry 'cry |ˇof 'eve |ˇry 'manˇIn 'eve | ˇry 'in | ˇfant’s 'cry |ˇof 'fear (Blake: London)Definition: Iambic foot has a pattern of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with an unstressed syllable.(2). Trochaic foot （扬抑格）⏹'Men ˇof |'Engˇland, |'whereˇfore |'plough'For ˇthe |'Lords ˇwho |'lay ˇye |'low? Shelly: Song to the men of England Definition: Trochaic foot has a pattern of alternating stressed and unstressed syllables beginning with a stressed syllable.(3). Anapaestic foot （抑抑扬）ˇWithˇout 'cause |ˇbe ˇhe 'pleased,ˇWithˇout 'cause |ˇbe ˇhe 'cross.Definition: Anapaestic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, but beginning with the two unstressed syllables.(4). Dactylic foot （扬抑抑）⏹'Take ˇher ˇup | 'tenˇderˇly,' Lift ˇher ˇwith | ' care;Definition:Dactylic foot is a pattern in which one stressed syllable alternates with two unstressed syllables, but beginning with the stressed syllable.2.Classifications of footMonometer: one foot 单音步Dimeter: two feet 两音步Trimeter: three feet 三音步Tetrameter: four feet 四音步Pentameter: five feet 五音步Hexameter: six feet 六音步Heptameter: seven feet 七音步Octameter: eight feet 八音步III. RhymeRhyme refers specifically to two words having the same final vowel and consonant sound. In other words, a rhyme occurs when the two final sounds in a syllable are identical. We use a, b, c…to record the rhyme scheme of a poem, we use the same letter to mark the lines with the same rhyme.1. End rhymeWhen shall we three meet againIn thunder lightning or in rain?When the hurley burley’s doneWhen the battle’s lost and won2.Internal rhymeAnd all is seared with trade, bleared, smeared with toil,The words seared, bleared, smeared all rhyme within a single line; this is called internal rhyme.3. Masculine Rhymes:One syllable rhymesShe walks in beauty, like the nightOf cloudless climes and starry skiesAnd all that’s best of dark and brightMeet in her aspect and her eyes:Thus mellowed to that tender lightWhich heaven to gaudy day denies.4. Feminine Rhymes: two-syllable rhymesCandyIs dandyBut liquorIs quicker.5. Polysyllabic RhymeTake her up tenderly,Lift her with care,Fashion’d so s lenderly,Young, and so fair!The rhyme scheme of The Canterbury Tales is Heroic coupletDefinition: Lines of iambic pentameter rhymed in pairs: aa, bb, cc, and so on. This verse form was introduced into English poetry by Chaucer, and has been in constant use ever since.。

关于文学史人物的作文

关于文学史人物的作文英文回答：Chaucer's Contribution to English Literature:Geoffrey Chaucer is widely regarded as the father of English literature. His masterpiece, "The Canterbury Tales," is a collection of 24 stories told by pilgrims on their journey to Canterbury Cathedral. Chaucer's work was groundbreaking for its use of vernacular English, contributing to the standardization of the language and elevating it to a literary medium.Through his characters and stories, Chaucer provides a rich and nuanced portrayal of late medieval society. His pilgrims represent a cross-section of classes, occupations, and personalities, offering insights into diverse perspectives and the social dynamics of the time. His writing is characterized by wit, humor, and a keen eye for observation, creating memorable and relatable characters.Chaucer's work played a pivotal role in shaping the development of English literature. Its influence can be seen in subsequent writers, who borrowed from his narrative techniques, characters, and themes. Chaucer's legacy as a literary innovator ensures his enduring importance in the history of English language and literature.Shakespeare's Transformative Impact on English Drama:William Shakespeare is universally acclaimed as one of the greatest playwrights of all time. His works have left an indelible mark on English drama, revolutionizing storytelling, characterization, and theatrical conventions. Shakespeare's plays explore timeless themes of love, ambition, power, and betrayal, resonating with audiences centuries after their creation.Through characters such as Hamlet, Macbeth, and Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare created complex and multifaceted individuals whose struggles and triumphs mirror the human condition. His use of poetic language, vivid imagery, andpsychological insights elevate his plays beyond mere entertainment, making them literary masterpieces that continue to inspire and challenge.Shakespeare's influence on English literature is immeasurable. His theatrical innovations, such as the soliloquy and the use of blank verse, have shaped the language and form of drama. His characters and stories have become cultural icons, referenced and reimagined in countless works of art and literature. Shakespeare's enduring relevance and literary genius ensure his enduring status as a transformative force in English literature.The Brontë Sisters' Pioneering Contribution to Romantic Literature:The Brontë sisters—Charlotte, Emily, and Anne—were groundbreaking figures in the Romantic era. Their novels, written under male pseudonyms, challenged societal norms and explored themes of female experience, passion, and social injustice.Charlotte Brontë's "Jane Eyre" is a powerful feminist novel that follows the journey of a young governess seeking independence and self-respect. Emily Brontë's "Wuthering Heights" is a passionate and haunting tale of love, revenge, and the destructive nature of obsession. Anne Brontë's "The Tenant of Wildfell Hall" addresses issues of domestic violence and female autonomy.The Brontë sisters' work was both controversial and influential. Their bold exploration of female sexuality, psychological complexity, and social inequality pushed the boundaries of Victorian literature. Their novels are still widely read and admired for their literary merit and their contribution to feminist thought.中文回答：乔叟对英国文学的贡献：杰弗里·乔叟被广泛认为是英国文学之父。

Chaucer and his canterbury tales,

Why Canterbury?
Canterbury is home to some of the most important religious icons of the Middle Ages. There's the cathedral itself -- a monument to the huge gaping gulf between the lives of ordinary people and the immense wealth of the Church.
Considered a martyr and later made a saint His blood was held to contain great curative qualities,
restoring health to the sick

1 Whan that Aprille, with hise shoures soote, 2 The droghte of March hath perced to the roote 3 And bathed every veyne in swich licour, 4 Of which vertu engendred is the flour; 5 Whan Zephirus eek with his swete breeth 6 Inspired hath in every holt and heeth 7 The tendre croppes, and the yonge sonne 8 Hath in the Ram his halfe cours yronne, 9 And smale foweles maken melodye, 10 That slepen al the nyght with open eye11 So priketh hem Nature in hir corages12 Thanne longen folk to goon on pilgrimages 13 And palmeres for to seken straunge strondes 14 To ferne halwes, kowthe in sondry londes; 15 And specially, from every shires ende 16 Of Engelond, to Caunturbury they wende, 17 The hooly blisful martir for the seke 18 That hem hath holpen, whan that they were seeke.

Geoffrey Chaucer

Troilus and Criseyde
influenced by The Consolation of Philosophy, written by the Roman philosopher Boethius in the early sixth century and translated into English by Chaucer. Chaucer took the plot of Troilus from Boccaccio's Filostrato. This eight thousand line poem recounts the love story of Troilus, son of the Trojan king Priam, and Criseyde, widowed daughter of the deserter priest Calkas, against the background of the Trojan War.
Background Knowledge
Chaucer lived in 14th century England, a tumultuous place and time. It was an era of war, of economic turmoil, and of social upheaval resulting in large part from several devastating episodes of bubonic plague. During this time the old order of things still held. Europe was a Christian (Catholic, preReformation) continent; the church had the most power of any social institution.

英美文学作品：GeoffreyChaucer

英美文学作品：GeoffreyChaucer英美文学作品：Geoffrey ChaucerBritish LiteratureGeoffrey ChaucerThe Canterbury TalesWilliam ShakespeareFrancis Bacon John Milton Daniel Defoe Hamlet The Merchant of Venice King Lear Othello Macbeth The Midsummer Night’s Dream Sonnet 18 Sonnet 29 Sonnet 106 Of Truth Of Studies Paradise Lost (book I) Sonnet: On His Blindness Sonnet: On His Deceased WifeRobinson CrusoeHenry FieldingThe History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingThomas Gray William Blake Robert BurnsWilliam Wordsworth Byron ShelleyJohn Keats Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard London The Tiger The Chimney Sweeper A Red, Red Rose My Heart’s in the Highlands I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud When We Two Parted She Walks in Beauty To a Sky-LarkOde to a NightingaleTo AutumnJane AustenPride and PrejudiceCharles DickensOliver TwistDavid CopperfieldWilliam Makepeace ThackerayVanity FairCharlotte BronteJane EyreWuthering HeightsAlfred Lord TennysonBreak, Break, BreakRobert BrownMy Last DutchessThomas HardyTess of the D’UrbervillesJohn GalsworthyThe Man of PropertyOscar WildeThe Importance of Being EarnestGeorge Bernard ShawMrs. Warren’s ProfessionJoseph ConradHeart of DarknessWilliam Butler YeatsWhen You Are OldVirginia WoolfD. H. LawrenceAmerican literature Benjamin Franklin Philip FreneauNathaniel Hawthorne Henry David Thoreau Herman Melville Walt Whitman Mrs. Dalloway Sons and Lovers Poor Richard’s Almanack The Autobiography The Wild Honey Suckle The Scarlet letter Walden Moby-DickSong of MyselfMark Twain Theodore Dreiser Jack London Robert Frost Ezra PoundF.Scott Fitzgerald William Faulkner Ernest Hemingway JohnSteinbeck Toni Morrison The Adventure of Huckleberry Finn Sister Carrie The Call of the Wild The Road Not Taken Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening In a Station of the Metro The Great Gatsby A Rose for Emily The Old Man and the Sea Of Mice and Men The Grapes of Wrath。