4.3Chapter3&4

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MAX300系列NanoMax 3-Axis Flexure Stage 用户手册说明书

MAX300 Series NanoMax 3-Axis Flexure StageUser GuideContentsChapter 1 Safety (3)1.1Safety Information (3)1.2General Warnings (3)Chapter 2 Introduction (4)2.1Description of the NanoMax TS 3-Axis Flexure Stage (4)2.2Component Identification (4)Chapter 3 Operation (8)3.1Manual Differential Drives and Differential Micrometer Drives (8)3.2NanoStep Motor Drives (8)3.3Piezo Actuators (9)Chapter 4 Installation (10)4.1Unpacking (10)4.2Attaching to a Work Surface (10)4.3Calibration of Motor Drives (10)4.4Fitting and Removal of Drives (11)4.5Orienting the Moving Platform (12)4.6Mounting Equipment. (13)4.7Transportation. (13)4.8Dimensions (14)Chapter 5 Specifications (17)Chapter 6 Parts and Consumables (18)6.1Parts List (18)Chapter 7 Regulatory (19)7.1Declarations Of Conformity (19)7.2Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive (20)Chapter 8 Thorlabs Worldwide Contacts (23)2HA0094T Rev 11 April 20113Chapter 1Safety1.1Safety InformationFor the continuing safety of the operators of this equipment, and the protection of the equipment itself, the operator should take note of the Warnings, Cautions and Notes throughout this handbook and, where visible, on the product itself.The following safety symbols may be used throughout the handbook and on the equipment itself.1.2General WarningsGiven when there is a risk of injury from electrical shock.Given when there is a risk of injury to users.Given when there is a risk of damage to the product.Clarification of an instruction or additional information.If this equipment is used in a manner not specified by the manufacturer, the protection provided by the equipment may be impaired. In particular,excessive moisture may impair operation.Spillage of fluid, such as sample solutions, should be avoided. If spillage does occur, clean up immediately using absorbant tissue. Do not allow spilled fluidto enter the internal mechanism.Chapter 2Introduction2.1Description of the NanoMax TS 3-Axis Flexure StageThe NanoMax 3 axis flexure stage has been designed to integrate seemlessly into the Thorlabs Modular Electronic System and provide nanometric positioning on three orthogonal axes. It is suited to the alignment of optical fibres, waveguides, optoelectronic packages and any other high resolution alignment or positioning application including general purpose laboratory tasks. The innovative flexure design, combined with the system of modular drives, offers exceptional performance and flexibility.Three types of drive are available, the DRV001 stepper motor drive, the DRV3 differential micrometer and the DRV004 thumbscrew. Also available are two external piezo actuators which increase the piezo travel to 40 µm or 100 µm.2.2Component Identification2.2.1NanoMax StageThe NanoMax-TS 3 axis flexure stage is available in three versions; piezo-actuated with feedback on all axes, piezo-actuated without feedback and without piezo actuation, as shown in Fig. 2.1 to Fig. 2.4.Fig. 2.1 MAX301 NanoMax piezo-actuated stage with feedback on all axes45MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure StagesFig. 2.2 MAX302 NanoMax piezo-actuated stage without feedbackThe piezo-actuated models deliver 20 microns of travel, each piezo channel has a coaxial SMC connector (see Fig. 2.1 and Fig. 2.2). In addition, the NanoMax 301 has a 7-pin LEMO connector for each feedback channel (see Fig. 2.1). A corresponding number of leads for connection to the Thorlabs piezoelectric controllers are also supplied.The piezo-actuated models deliver 30 microns of travel, with a coaxial SMC connector for each piezo channel.Fig. 2.3 Feedback Lemo connector pin functionsPin Description1+15 V2Oscillator +30 V4Sig Out -5Sig Out +6-15 V7TravelSMC connectorsChapter 2Fig. 2.4 MAX303 NanoMax without piezo-actuation The NanoMax 303 has no electrical connections.2.2.2Drives and ActuatorsThere are three types of drive available for the NanoMax, a motorized drive as shown in Fig. 2.5. and two manual drives as shown in Fig. 2.6. In addition, external piezoNoteThe DRV001 stepper motor drive must be used in conjunction with the BSC benchtop driver or the MST601 control module. It cannot be driven by theTST001 T-Cube driver.Fig. 2.5 DRV001 NanoStep motor drive6HA0094T Rev 11 April 2011MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure StagesChapter 3Operation3.1Manual Differential Drives and Differential Micrometer Drives3.1.1Adjusting Micrometer DrivesTurn the coarse adjustment clockwise until the platform of the NanoMax begins to move. By use of the fine adjustment, sub-micron resolution is now achievable.MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure StagesTable 3.1 Standard configurations for motor drivesParameter ValueMaximum Velocity 2.5 mm s-1Minimum Velocity1mm s-1Slope 1 mm s-2Backlash control1Backlash distance–0.01 mmMode LinearMicrosteps to units40000Offset 3 mmMinimum position0.00 mmMaximum position 4.00 mmThe NanoStep modular drives have no +ve limit switch. The drive reachesa mechanical stop at a position dependent on the axis to which it isattached. The design is such that occasional driving into the stop will notcause any damage.If the axis is driven towards the –ve limit switch, at a certain position theplatform stops moving while the drive itself continues to move until thelimit switch is reached. The drive must then be moved positively by acertain distance before the platform begins to move. This distance is justless than the offset.When creating a program to control the NanoMax, it is preferable to avoidrunning into the +ve limit.3.3Piezo ActuatorsPiezo actuators are used to give nanometric positioning of the top platform over a range of 20 microns (40 µm or 100 µm if external piezo actuators are used). They can also modulate the position of the platform at high frequency.On a piezo-actuated NanoMax, position feedback may be incorporated on the linear axes to enhance the repeatability and linearity of piezo motion.The piezo-actuated NanoMax should be used together with one of the Thorlabs piezoelectric controllers – see the handbook for the relevant piezoelectric controller.The NanoMax monitors the ambient temperature using thermistors and applies small movements to the stage to compensate for the expansion and contraction of metals within the stage. Note that this compensation is active only when the associated piezo controller is set to ‘closed loop’ (feedback on) mode – see the relevant piezo controller handbook for more details on the operation of piezo actuators.910Chapter 4Installation4.1Unpacking 4.2Attaching to a Work SurfaceThe base of the NanoMax is provided with a number of fixing holes and slots for attachment to metric or inch optical tables, as supplied by Thorlabs and other manufacturers. Bolting the unit down minimizes the risk of damage from dropping.When mounting the NanoMax close to other equipment, ensure that the travel of the moving platform is not obstructed. If the moving platform is driven against a solid object, damage to the internal flexures could occur. The range of travel on each axis is 4 mm total, that is ± 2 mm about the nominal position.4.3Calibration of Motor DrivesCalibration enables the server to correct for any mechanical errors inherent in the system. Mechanical components, such as the leadscrew and linkages, can be machined only within a certain tolerance, e.g. the leadscrew may be nominally 1mm but actually 1.0005mm, giving a 0.5 micron error. In practice, these errors accumulate from a number of sources, however they are repeatable and therefore, can be compensated.During calibration, the total positional error is measured at a large number of points and these errors are stored as a look up table (LUT). The LUT is saved as a calibration file, one file for each axis on a particular stage. These files are then linked to the appropriate axis as part of the Stage association process performed using the APT Config utility. Whenever the stage is moved, the LUT is consulted to ascertain the precise movement required to achieve the demanded position.Retain the packing in which the unit was shipped, for use in futuretransportation.Once removed from its packaging, the NanoMax is easily damaged by mishandling. The unit should only be handled by its base, not by the topplatform or any attachments to the top platform.This section is applicable only to motor drives when a calibration hasbeen requested.MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure Stages When the stage is calibrated at the factory, the stepper motor controller, channel number, motor, stage and axis are configured in a certain manner. For the calibration to be effective, it is important to re-assemble the stage with the motors fitted to the same axis for which they were calibrated. This information is contained in the table below.Furthermore, the correct calibration files must be associated with the correct stage axis. In this regard, it is important to confirm what stage axes are connected to particular channels on particular motor units. It is then a simple task to use the APT Config utility to associate the correct calibration file with a particular serial numbered hardware unit and channel.The use of a calibration file is optional. Without it, the repeatability and resolution of the stage are unaffected, but no compensations are made to enhance the accuracy Details on assigning a calibration file are contained in the APTConfig On Line Helpfile.Table 4.1 Calibration detailsNanoMax serial numberAxis Motor Serial number Calibration File RemarksXYZ4.4Fitting and Removal of DrivesThis section is applicable only to Part Numbers MAX301, MAX302 and MAX303.The following procedure details how to fit a drive to the NanoMax 300 stage. A micrometer drive is shown for illustration purposes but the procedure is equally applicable to motor or thumbscrew actuators.1)For manual drives, rotate the coarse adjuster counter-clockwise a few turns toretract the drive rod. For motor drives, retract the drive rod by turning the manual adjuster clockwise.Then, referring to Fig. 4.1 on the next page...2)Insert the drive into the mounting bush.3)Tighten the knurled locking ring until finger tight.To remove a drive reverse the above procedure.When removing a motor drive, rotate only the locking ring, do not rotatethe motor body.11Chapter 4Fig. 4.1 Micrometer drive inserted into mounting bush4.5Orienting the Moving PlatformThe stage is normally oriented such that the X axis is the optical axis. If it is necessary to change the orientation for left or right-handed use, the Y axis becomes the optical axis as shown in Fig. 4.2 (The Z axis is always vertical).Fig. 4.2 Platform orientation12HA0094T Rev 11 April 201113MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure Stages4.6Mounting Equipment.Thorlabs manufacture a variety of fibre chucks, holders and fixtures to fit the NanoMax stage. However, custom hardware can be designed using a tongue-in-groove arrangement and the cleats provided, see Fig. 4.3 for a typical fixture.Fig. 4.3 Typical fixture, view along X-axis, length as required4.7Transportation.When attaching accessories (e.g. fiber holders) to the top platform or angle brackets (e.g. AMA007 and AMA009) to the side of the unit, do not use long bolts which protrude into the internal mechanism as this couldcause damage to the internal flexures.The weight attached to the moving platform must not exceed 1 kg.Do not apply excessive forces to the moving platform.CautionThe drives should be removed before transporting the NanoMax.When packing the unit for shipping, use the original packing. If this is not available, use a strong box and surround the NanoMax with at least 100mm of shock absorbent material.all dimensions in mmChapter 44.8DimensionsFig. 4.4 Dimensions – top platform14HA0094T Rev 11 April 2011MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure Stages 4.8.2Fig. 4.5 External piezo actuatorsFig. 4.6 Dimensions – modular drives15Chapter 44.8.4NanoMax 3-Axis StageFig. 4.7 Dimensions – NanoMax 3-axis stage16HA0094T Rev 11 April 201117MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure StagesChapter 5Specifications. .ParameterValueWeight (without drives):800 g Load capacity: 1 kgTravelManual (coarse) and motor4 mmManual (fine)300µm Piezo20 micronResolutionManual (coarse)0.5mm per revolutionManual (fine)50µm per revolution Motor0.06 µm min incremental movementPiezo (without feedback)20 nm Piezo (with feedback)5 nmArcuate displacement (maximum):80 micronThe resolution of a manual drive corresponds to a 0.5 degree adjustment of the thimble; the actual resolution obtained depends on the skill of zthe user. The resolution of the motor drives is the smallest step that can be executed (i.e. 1 microstep). The resolutions of the piezo actuators arethose typically obtained using Thorlabs controllers.Power supplyPiezoactuated NanoMax Nominal maximum input voltage:75 V Absolute maximum input voltage:100 V Stepper MotorMaximum input voltage:24 VThe NanoMax should only be used in conjunction with the appropriateThorlabs Piezoelectric Controllers.Chapter 6Parts and Consumables6.1Parts ListPart Number DescriptionMAX316D and MAX316D/M NanoMax stage with differential micrometer drives MAX315D and MAX315D/M NanoMax stage with piezo actuator and differentialmicrometer drivesMAX314D and MAX314D/M NanoMax stage with feedback piezo actuator anddifferential micrometer drives.MAX343 and MAX343/M NanoMax stage with stepper motor drives.MAX342 and MAX342/M NanoMax stage with piezo actuator and stepper motordrives.MAX341 and MAX341/M NanoMax stage with feedback piezo actuator andstepper motor drives.MAX303 and MAX303/M NanoMax stage onlyMAX302 and MAX302/M NanoMax stage with piezo actuatorMAX301 and MAX301/M NanoMax stage with feedback piezo actuator. 166038SMC connector lead134667LEMO connector lead131030Mounting cleat120992Cable clampha0094T Handbook18Chapter 7Regulatory7.1Declarations Of Conformity7.1.1For Customers in EuropeThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the EC Directives89/336/EEC ‘EMC Directive’ and 73/23/EEC ‘Low Voltage Directive’ as amended by 93/68/EEC.Compliance was demonstrated by conformance to the following specifications which have been listed in the Official Journal of the European Communities:Safety EN61010: 2001 Installation Category II, Polution Degree II.EMC EN61326: 19977.1.2For Customers In The USAThis equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class A digital device, persuant to part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications.Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense.Changes or modifications not expressly approved by the company could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment.19Chapter 77.2Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive7.2.1ComplianceAs required by the Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Directive of the European Community and the corresponding national laws, we offer all end users in the EC the possibility to return "end of life" units without incurring disposal charges.This offer is valid for electrical and electronic equipment•sold after August 13th 2005•marked correspondingly with the crossed out "wheelie bin" logo (see Fig. 1)•sold to a company or institute within the EC•currently owned by a company or institute within the EC•still complete, not disassembled and not contaminatedFig. 7.1 Crossed out "wheelie bin" symbolAs the WEEE directive applies to self contained operational electrical and electronic products, this "end of life" take back service does not refer to other products, such as •pure OEM products, that means assemblies to be built into a unit by the user (e. g.OEM laser driver cards)•components•mechanics and optics•left over parts of units disassembled by the user (PCB's, housings etc.).If you wish to return a unit for waste recovery, please contact Thorlabs or your nearest dealer for further information.7.2.2Waste treatment on your own responsibilityIf you do not return an "end of life" unit to the company, you must hand it to a companyspecialized in waste recovery. Do not dispose of the unit in a litter bin or at a publicwaste disposal site.20HA0094T Rev 11 April 2011MAX300 Series 3-Axis Flexure Stages 7.2.3Ecological backgroundIt is well known that WEEE pollutes the environment by releasing toxic products during decomposition. The aim of the European RoHS directive is to reduce the content of toxic substances in electronic products in the future.The intent of the WEEE directive is to enforce the recycling of WEEE. A controlled recycling of end of life products will thereby avoid negative impacts on the environment.2122Chapter 8Thorlabs Worldwide ContactsUSA, Canada, and South America Thorlabs, Inc.435 Route 206Newton, NJ 07860USATel: 973-579-7227Fax: 973-300-3600 (West Coast) email:********************* Support:************************ EuropeThorlabs GmbHHans-Böckler-Str. 685221 DachauGermanyTel: +49-(0)8131-5956-0Fax: +49-(0)8131-5956-99www.thorlabs.deemail:*******************UK and IrelandThorlabs Ltd.1 Saint Thomas Place, Ely Cambridgeshire CB7 4EXGreat BritainTel: +44 (0)1353-654440Fax: +44 (0)1353-654444www.thorlabs.deemail:*****************.com Support:*************************** FranceThorlabs SAS109, rue des Côtes78600 Maisons-LaffitteFranceTel: +33 (0) 970 444 844Fax: +33 (0) 811 381 748www.thorlabs.deemail:*********************ScandinaviaThorlabs Sweden ABBox 141 94400 20 GöteborgSwedenTel: +46-31-733-30-00Fax: +46-31-703-40-45www.thorlabs.deemail:************************ JapanThorlabs Japan Inc.Higashi IkebukuroQ Building 1st Floor 2-23-2Toshima-ku, Tokyo 170-0013JapanTel: +81-3-5979-8889Fax: +81-3-5979-7285www.thorlabs.jpemail:*****************ChinaThorlabs ChinaOasis Middlering Centre3 Building 712 Room915 Zhen Bei RoadShanghaiChinaTel: +86 (0)21-32513486Fax: +86 (0)21-32513480email:***********************2324Thorlabs Ltd.Saint Thomas Place, Ely Cambridgeshire CB7 4EX, UKTel:+44 (0) 1353 654440Fax:+44 (0) 1353 Thorlabs Inc.435 Route 206 North Newton, NJ07860USATel:+1 973 579 7227Fax:+1 973 300 。

VDA标准名称

序号标准名称版本1 VDA1质量证据－质量要求的文件化和存档指南2008年10月第3版2 VDA2 供方选择、质量保证协议、生产过程和产品放行(PPF)、批量生产中的质量绩效、成分申报(I M D S)2004年第4版11V D A4(章节6/C h a p t e r6)质量功能展开(Q F D)2003年12V D A4(章节7/C h a p t e r7)过程能力2005年13V D A4(章节8/C h a p t e r8)过程的经济设计2004年14V D A4.3开发过程–项目策划1998年15V D A5测量系统分析(测量不确定度)2003年第1版16V D A6质量审核的基本标准2008年第5版17V D A6.1质量体系审核：有形产品2003，第4次修订18V D A6.2质量体系审核：无形产品2004年，第2版27V DA11成功实施V DA6.1,I S O/T S169492003年，第1版28V D A12过程导向2002年，第1版29V D A13开发软件控制系统2004年，第1版30 VDA14过程管理中的预防性质量管理方法2008年5月，第1版31V D A16装饰表面处理2008年，第2版32V D A17物流过程分析（O d e t t e）1999年9月，第2.1版33V D A18汽车行业卓越管理（A E）2003年，第2版34V D A18.1E F Q M模式2000年，第1版42 VDA18.10汽车行业卓越管理（AE）案例研究评估手册2005年，第1版43V D A19颗粒清洁技术标准2004年，第1版44 汽车零件产品建议书VDA标准样板(SOW) 2007年11月，第1版45 供应链中共同的质量管理体系–新零件的成熟度保障(CDP) 2006年11月，第1版46稳健生产过程（R P P）2007年11月，第1版。

Chapter 3 Self-Diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Group III Metals

(References, see page 145)
(11) (12) Figure Reference
(1)
(2a)
(2b)
(3)XD Q (eV Nhomakorabea and D(Tm) T-range (K) (10À4 m2 sÀ1) (kJ moleÀ1) (10À12 m2 sÀ1) ðT =T m Þ
0
Self-Diffusion and Impurity Diffusion in Group III Metals
Sc b hcp 1,608 1,812 0.453 0.331 0.527 1.59
Y a hcp 1,752 1,803 0.363 0.575 1.58 b fcc
La g bcc 1,134 1,193 0.531
Al fcc 933 0.404
In fct 430 0.458 0.494 1.07 a hcp
123
124
Table 3.2
(4) T-range (K) ðT =T m Þ No. of data points 5 5 sc61 1 example
91
Self-diffusion and impurity diffusion in a-yttrium
(5) Material, purity Experimental method Remarks on the pp Further remarks Also studied (6) (7) (8) (9) (10) (11)
Tl b bcc 507 577 0.345 0.387 0.551 1.60
Table 3.1 Impurity diffusion in scandium

Chapter_3收购、兼并和重组课后题目解析

Jimmy Johnson
—
Exhibit 1: Course Layout: Mergers, Acquisitions, and Other Restructuring Activities
Part I: M&A Environment
Part II: M&A Process
Part III: M&A Valuation and Modeling
Ch. 6: M&A Postclosing Integration
Ch. 9: Financial Modeling Techniques
Ch. 13: Financing the Deal
Ch. 17: Bankruptcy and Liquidation
Ch. 10: Private Company Valuation
Factors Affecting Corporate Governance: Market Model Perspective
External to Firm Legislation: 1933-34 Securities Acts Dodd-Frank Act of 2010 Sherman Anti-Trust Act External to Firm Regulators: SEC Justice Department FTC Internal to Firm Board of Directors Management Internal Controls Incentive Systems Corporate Culture & Values Takeover Defenses Bond Covenants External to Firm Institutional Activism: Pension Funds (Calpers) Mutual Funds Hedge Funds External to Firm Market for Corporate Control: Proxy Contests Hostile Takeovers

《分镜头设计》课程标准

《分镜头设计》课程标准1.概述“分镜头设计”是动漫制作技术专业的岗位技能课程,也是学生从事动画制作的素质技能强化课程.本课程主要介绍分镜头设计的基本知识,如镜头的概念、镜头的运动、景别的类型、动画片的赏析等；并强化学生对镜头的认知能力，进行镜头设计的实训与理论相配合，最后通过学生自主构思的项目进行分镜头的设计与表现进行考核.1.1课程的性质本课程属动画制作技术专业的必修课程。

其目的是让学生了解镜头组接所产生的视觉效果,研究规律性的组合方法,从大量观摩中学习前人分镜头方法的同时，培养学生用绘画的方式,并应用导演分镜头的基本元素进行摩片和命题分镜头的学习，熟悉和掌握动画分镜头设计方法以及表现方法的基础知识,达到具备从事动画前期分镜设计与表现的能力。

1。

2课程设计理念本课程以职业能力培养为主要目标,坚持以能力为本位的设计原则,以岗位需求为依据,以工作过程为导向,以产学结合为基本途径、以培养一线技术应用人才为目的,制定了本课程的课程目标、课程内容、学习情境等课程要素。

本课程是以二维、三维动画设计与制作岗位群为导向，以真实的绘制项目为主要教学载体，在行业专家的指导下，对相关岗位进行任务与职业能力分析，以设计、制作岗位的“工作需求”和“岗位需求”为主线，按高职学生的认知特点，以工作过程和工作任务为依据来设计活动项目，以真实的项目案例分析组织教学，倡导学生在项目活动中学会动画分镜设计的相关知识。

本课程从实用的角度出发，由浅入深，对学生进行系统的分镜设计与表现能力的教育。

1.3课程开发思路在课程建设中,根据人才培养目标及职业岗位群对本课程的需求,确定了课程目标，并明确了课程培养目标的定位，分析课程性质、确定课程内容等，并坚持以真实项目和虚拟项目相结合以及工作过程导向为依据，整合教学内容。

在教学过程中，根据教学内容的不同，采取与之对应的教学方法和手段，对最终的教学效果进行检测和评价，以考核是否达到了课程的预期目标。

佳能5D Mark 数码单反摄影从入门到精通

CHAPTER 3曝光三要素
CHAPTER 5如何准确对焦
3.1什么是曝光？曝光量是由什么因素决定的 3.2光圈——控制光线的闸门 3.3快门——控制光线照射的时间 3.4感光度——控制感光元件成像所需要的曝光量 3.5常见的曝光组合
4.1什么情况下使用光圈优先（Av） 4.2什么情况下使用快门优先（Tv） 4.3什么情况下使用手动曝光（M） 4.4什么情况下使用B门曝光 4.5针对不同场景如何选择测光模式 4.6什么情况下需要设置曝光补偿 4.7为什么要使用包围曝光
佳能5D Mark Ⅳ 数码单反摄影从入门到精通
读书笔记模板
01 思维导图
03 读书笔记 05 精彩摘录
目录
02 内容摘要 04 目录分析 06 作者介绍
思维导图
本书关键字分析思维导图
金奖
摄影
专业
畅销书
主体
场景
曝光量
数码单反
图书奖
大学生
光线
视角
佳能
技法
曝光
拍摄
佳能
摄影”团队拥有国内多位顶-级摄影家、知名职业摄影师和活跃于国内各大专业摄影战的专业版主的鼎力支持。其出版的《数码单反摄影从入门到精通》（共3卷），连续获得“全国优-秀畅销书金奖”、“大学生 zui喜爱图书奖”和“优-秀图书版权输出奖”
5.1了解对焦 5.2焦距和视角的关系 5.3如何理解景深
镜头与配件篇
6.1镜头的基础知识 6.2镜头的选购 6.3常用配件 6.4滤镜的种类
CHAPTER 8认识色彩
CHAPTER 7如何有效构图
CHAPTER 9如何运用光线
7.1如何理解构图 7.2通过布局突出重点 7.3通过对角线来突出主体 7.4通过曲线来突出主体 7.5通过汇聚线来突出主体 7.6通过放射线来突出主体 7.7通过透视引导线来突出主体 7.8通过框架来突出主体 7.9通过三角形均衡画面

Chapter4：气体的制冷与液化循环

ha h1
− −
hd hf
⎟⎟⎠⎞
单位质量主气流需用压缩功
−W qm
= [T1 (s1
− s2 )− (h1 − h2 )]+
qmr qm
[Ta (sa
− sb ) − (ha
− hb )]
11
Chapter 4.1节流循环
二次节流循环（林德双压循环）
液化率比简单林德循环稍小，但单位液体功耗低
这种低压循环所以能实现，是因为采用了绝热效率高的透平膨胀机，通常可达 0.8~0.82，以及采用了高效的蓄冷器(或可逆式换热器) 进行换热，并同时清除空气中的水分和二氧化碳。
18
Chapter 4.3 等焓膨胀和等熵膨胀的组合循环
双压克劳特循环
通过节流阀的气流从低压压缩到高压；进入膨胀机的气流压缩至中压，减少了单位液化气体的需用功。对于氮液化系统，当进入膨胀机的气体为总气量的75％时，氮气从 0.101MPa 压缩到 3.5MPa 时可获得最佳性能。当采用克劳特循环时，其液化率较之林德双压循环可成倍增加，单位质量的功耗可减半。
23
课堂小测验（4）
• 有一台空-空热泵空调以热力膨胀阀作为节流元件，并一直在气温0℃下运行，试分析当气温从 0℃上升到5℃时，以下参数如何变化？（室温保持20℃不变） 1）房间得热量； 2）冷凝温度； 3）通过膨胀阀的制冷剂流量； 4）压缩机电功率； 5）系统运行COP。
24
T-s图
一次节流循环(简单林德循环) 液化循环时，对换热器、节流阀和贮液槽进行能量平衡
( ) qmh2 = qm − qmf h1 + qmf hf
液化率
y = qmf = h1 − h2 qm h1 − h f

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

2024年下水道疏通方案范文(三篇)

2024年下水道疏通方案范文____年下水道疏通方案一、背景介绍随着城市化进程的推进，城市规模不断扩大，人口数量逐渐增加，城市下水道系统的运营面临着越来越大的挑战。

下水道疏通工作是城市基础设施维护和环境保护的重要组成部分，对于保障城市污水的顺利排放和城市环境的改善具有重要意义。

为了提高城市下水道疏通工作的效率和质量，制定____年下水道疏通方案，对疏通工作进行全面的规划和组织安排，是必不可少的。

二、目标和原则1.目标：提高城市下水道疏通工作的效率和质量，确保城市污水的顺利排放，维护城市环境的卫生和美观。

2.原则：科学合理、分工明确、综合施策、创新发展。

三、工作内容1.完善疏通工作机制建立健全城市下水道疏通工作的组织机构和运行机制，制定并完善相应的工作流程和操作规范。

加强对下水道疏通工作的统筹协调，提高资源的利用效率和工作的协同性。

2.加强疏通设备的配置和更新加大投入力度，引进先进的下水道疏通设备，提高疏通技术和设备的水平。

定期检修和维护设备，确保设备的正常运行，提高工作效率和质量。

3.加强对下水道的巡查和监测加强对城市下水道的巡查和监测工作，及时发现和解决下水道存在的问题。

建立健全巡查和监测记录制度，对巡查和监测结果进行分析和评估，为疏通工作提供科学依据。

4.加强疏通工作的宣传和教育通过宣传和教育的方式，增强广大市民对下水道疏通工作的认识和支持。

加强对市民的环保意识培养，提高市民在使用下水道时的环保意识和自觉性，减少下水道堵塞的发生。

5.加强与相关单位的协作和合作加强与环保部门、水务部门、城管部门等相关单位的协作和合作，共同推进城市下水道疏通工作的开展。

加强信息共享和资源整合，优化工作流程和资源配置，提高工作效率和质量。

四、工作计划1.确定工作目标和任务根据城市下水道的实际情况，确定____年下水道疏通工作的目标和任务。

具体包括：疏通里程数、堵塞点位数、处理时间等。

2.制定工作方案根据工作目标和任务，制定详细的工作方案。

剪力和弯矩讲义-英文

Prevents translation in vertical direction but not in the horizontal direction, free to rotation. 1 restrain, 2 degrees of freedom.
14
4.2 Types of Beams, Loads, and Reaction
Statically determinate beams ：The number of unknown reaction forces is equal to available equations of statical equilibrium. Statically indeterminate beams ： The number of unknown reaction forces is more than available equations of statical equilibrium.
19
P B
RB
M P
RB
4.3 Shear Forces and Bending Moments
16
Chapter 4 Shear Forces and Bending Moments
New terms and phrases 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Types of Beams, Loads, and Reaction 4.3 Shear Forces and Bending Moments 4.4 Shear-Force and Bending-Moment Diagrams 4.5 Relationships Between Loads, Shear Forces, and Bending moments 4.6 Bending-Moment Diagrams Using Superposition Principle

计算机专业英语目录

目录Chapter1 Computer Fundamentals (1)1.1 Four Kinds of Computers (1)1.1.1 Reading Material (4)1.1.2 正文参考译文 (6)1.2 Computer Hardware (7)1.2.1 Reading Material 1 (12)1.2.2 Reading Material 2 (13)1.2.3 正文参考译文 (14)1.3 System Software (16)1.3.1 Reading Material 1 (20)1.3.2 Reading Material 2 (21)1.3.3 正文参考译文 (22)1.4 Application Software (24)1.4.1 Reading Material (28)1.4.2 正文参考译文 (29)Chapter 2 Computer Network (31)2.1 Introduction to Computer Network (31)2.1.1 Reading Material 1 (35)2.1.2 Reading Material 2 (37)2.1.3 正文参考译文 (38)2.2 Data Communications Channels (39)2.2.1 Reading Material (43)2.2.2 正文参考译文 (45)2.3 Main FactorsAffecting Data Transmission (46)2.3.1 Reading Material (50)2.3.2 正文参考译文 (53)2.4 Network Architecture (54)2.4.1 Reading Material (59)2.4.2 正文参考译文 (60)Chapter 3 Internet andE-commerce (62)3.1 Browsers and Communications (62)3.1.1 Reading Material 1 (67)3.1.2 Reading Material 2 (69)3.1.3 正文参考译文 (70)3.2 Search Tools (72)3.2.1 Reading Material 1 (76)3.2.2 Reading Material 2 (81)3.2.3 正文参考译文 (83)3.3 Definitions and Contentof the Electronic Commerce (84)3.3.1 Reading Material 1 (88)3.3.2 Reading Material 2 (93)3.3.3 正文参考译文 (93)3.4 Value Chains in E-commerce (95)3.4.1 Reading Material 1 (99)3.4.2 Reading Material 2 (101)3.4.3 正文参考译文 (102)Chapter 4 Database Fundamentals (104)4.1 Introduction to DBMS (104)4.1.1 Reading Material (109)4.1.2 正文参考译文 (111)4.2 Structure of the Relational Database (113)4.2.1 Reading Material (120)4.2.2 正文参考译文 (122)4.3 Brief Introduction of SQl (126)4.3.1 Reading Material (132)4.3.2 正文参考译文 (133)4.4 Applications of Database (137)4.4.1 Reading Material (140)4.4.2 正文参考译文 (142)Chapter 5 Programming Language (144)5.1 Algorithms and Flowcharts (144)5.1.1 Reading Material 1 (147)5.1.2 Reading Material 2 (148)5.1.3 正文参考译文 (151)计算机专业英语教程VIII5.2 Introduction ofProgramming Languages (152)5.2.1 Reading Material 1 (157)5.2.2 Reading Material 2 (158)5.2.3 正文参考译文 (159)5.3 Object-Oriented Programming (161)5.3.1 Reading Material 1 (164)5.3.2 Reading Material 2 (167)5.3.3 正文参考译文 (169)5.4 Program Debuggingand Program Maintenance (170)5.4.1 Reading Material (174)5.4.2 正文参考译文 (177)Chapter 6 Information Security (179)6.1 Concept of Information Security (179)6.1.1 Reading Material 1 (182)6.1.2 Reading Material 2 (184)6.1.3 正文参考译文 (186)6.2 Computer Viruses (187)6.2.1 Reading Material 1 (192)6.2.2 Reading Material 2 (193)6.2.3 正文参考译文 (194)6.3 Internet Security (195)6.3.1 Reading Material 1 (199)6.3.2 Reading Material 2 (200)6.3.3 正文参考译文 (201)6.4 Secure Networks and Policies (202)6.4.1 Reading Material 1 (205)6.4.2 Reading Material 2 (206)6.4.3 正文参考译文 (208)Chapter 7 Image Processing (209)7.1 Concept of Graphics and Images (209)7.1.1 Reading Material 1 (212)7.1.2 Reading Material 2 (214)7.1.3 正文参考译文 (215)7.2 Introduction to DigitalImage Processing (215)7.2.1 Reading Material 1 (220)7.2.2 Reading Material 2 (222)7.2.3 正文参考译文 (223)7.3 Image Compression (224)7.3.1 Reading Material (227)7.3.2 正文参考译文 (230)7.4 Application of DigitalImage Processing (231)7.4.1 Reading Material 1 (236)7.4.2 Reading Material 2 (237)7.4.3 正文参考译文 (238)参考文献 (239)。

英文文献的方法部分-Methodology

used and also shows that care was taken. • It is better to give slightly too much information than too little. Sentence 5: continues to describe what was done in detail,
Sophie
Materials & Methods
4
4.1 Introduction to Methodology Section
4.1.2 Why explain how you obtained your results? The method affects the results. There are different methods that we can use. The methods is consistent with accepted practice in the field of
• Give details and nothing more
Sentence 9: mentions a possible difficulty in the methodology.
• But how can I talk about problems in my work without looking like a
Sophie
Materials & Methods
study. The research methods must be appropriate to the objectives of the
study. The methodology should also discuss the problems and the ways

高等数学教材答案下册英语

高等数学教材答案下册英语Unit 1: Functions and Their GraphsChapter 1: Linear Functions1.1 Functions and Their Representations1.2 Domain and Range1.3 Linear Functions and EquationsChapter 2: Quadratic Functions2.1 Graphs of Quadratic Functions2.2 Solving Quadratic Equations2.3 Quadratic Functions and Their Transformations Chapter 3: Exponential and Logarithmic Functions3.1 Exponential Functions and Their Graphs3.2 Logarithmic Functions and Their Graphs3.3 Exponential and Logarithmic EquationsUnit 2: Limits and ContinuityChapter 4: Limits and Continuity4.1 Limits and Their Properties4.2 Continuity and Its Properties4.3 Computing LimitsChapter 5: Derivatives5.1 The Derivative and its Interpretation5.2 Differentiation Techniques5.3 Applications of DerivativesChapter 6: Higher-Order Derivatives6.1 Higher-Order Derivatives and Their Interpretations 6.2 The Chain Rule6.3 Implicit DifferentiationUnit 3: IntegrationChapter 7: Antiderivatives and Indefinite Integrals 7.1 Antiderivatives and Their Properties7.2 Indefinite Integrals7.3 Substitution MethodChapter 8: Definite Integrals and Their Applications 8.1 Definite Integrals and Their Properties8.2 Applications of Definite Integrals8.3 Numerical IntegrationChapter 9: Techniques of Integration9.1 Integration by Parts9.2 Trigonometric Integrals9.3 Trigonometric SubstitutionUnit 4: Differential Equations and Applications Chapter 10: First-Order Differential Equations 10.1 Separable Differential Equations10.2 Linear Differential Equations10.3 Applications of Differential Equations Chapter 11: Applications of Differential Calculus 11.1 Optimization11.2 Related Rates11.3 Newton's MethodChapter 12: Sequences and Series12.1 Sequences and Their Limits12.2 Infinite Series12.3 Convergence TestsUnit 5: Multivariable CalculusChapter 13: Functions of Several Variables 13.1 Functions of Two or More Variables13.2 Partial Derivatives13.3 Optimization of Functions of Two VariablesChapter 14: Multiple Integrals14.1 Double Integrals14.2 Triple Integrals14.3 Applications of Multiple IntegralsChapter 15: Vector Calculus15.1 Vector Fields15.2 Line Integrals15.3 Green's TheoremChapter 16: Differential Calculus of Vector Fields16.1 Gradient Fields and Potential Functions16.2 Divergence and Curl16.3 Stokes' TheoremI hope the above chapters and sections provide a comprehensive overview of the answers to the exercises and problems in the textbook. Remember to utilize this answer key as a useful tool to check your understanding and progress in studying advanced mathematics.。

群表示与不可约表示

χ (C2′ ) = 1
χ (C2′ ) = −1
上标′ —— χ (σ ) = 1 h
上标〞 —— χ (σ h ) = −1
15
下标g —— χ (i) = 1
下标u —— χ (i) = −1
Chapter 4 分子的对称性与群论基础
4.3 群表示和不可约表示
3. 广义正交定理（矩阵元正交定理）
则由群表示的定义： A = X−1BX
所以：
且： XX −1 = E
χ ( Aˆ) = χ (Bˆ)
（相似变换不改变矩阵的迹）
9
Chapter 4 分子的对称性与
群论基础
4.3 群表示和不可约表示
2. 可约与不可约表示
1)、矩阵的直和例：
− 1
3 0
2
2
C3
=
−
3 2
−1 2
0
0
0
1
R(Γ2 ) = P ( −1R Γ1 )P
C3 (Γ2 ) = P−1C3 (Γ1 )P
1 2 0 − 1 2 P= 0 1 0
1 2 0 1 2
1 0 1
P −1
=
0
1 0
− 1 0 1
1 4
− 3 4 3 4
32 −1 2 − 32
3 4 1 0 1 −1 2 3 2 01 2 0 −1 2
4.3 群表示和不可约表示
1. 群表示
矩阵的迹（对角元之和）： ∑ Tr A = Aii
i
相似变换不改变矩阵的迹（对角元素之和）
等价表示的相应矩阵的迹相同。即：
若： A′ = P−1AP, B' = P−1BP,
.......

英语语言学复习资料

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(iii) Arbitrariness( ) The Swiss linguist de Saussure regarded the linguistic sign as composed of sound image and referent.(iv) Displacement( ) Modern linguistics is prescriptive rather than descriptive.( ) Language can be used to refer to things real or imagined, past, present or future.(v) Cultural transmission(vi) Interchangeability(vii) Reflexivity1.3 Functions of language(i) The ideational function(ii) The interpersonal function(iii) The textual functionWhich of the following does not belong to the language metafunctions illustrated byM.A.K. Halliday?A.Ideational functionB. Interpersonal functionC．Textual function. D. Logical function1.4 Types of language( ) Chinese is an agglutinating language.1.5 The myth of language: language origin1.6 Linguistics: the scientific study of language1.6.1 Linguistics as a science1.6.2 Branches of linguistics(i) Intra-disciplinary divisions(ii) Inter-disciplinary divisions1.6.3 Features of modern linguisticsChapter 2 Phonetics: The Study of Speech Sounds2.1 The study of speech soundsThe study of speech sounds is called ________.A. PhoneticsB. Articulatory phoneticsC. PhonologyD. Acoustic Phonetics2.2 The sound-producing mechanism2.3 Phonetic transcription of speech sounds2.3.1 Unit of representation2.3.2 Phonetic symbols2.4 Description of English consonants2.5 Description of English vowels( ) Not all vowels are voiced.2.6 Phonetic features and natural classesI. Write the phonetic symbol that corresponds to the articulatory description. (10%) Example: vowel front high [i:]1．bilabial nasal2．voiced labiovelar glide3．literal liquid4．voiced bilabial stop5．front high laxII. Transcribe the sound represented by the underlined letter(s) in the words and then describe it. (10%)Example: heat [i:] vowel front high1．write2．actor3．city4．worry1．yesChapter 3 Phonology: The Study of Sound Systems and Patterns3.1 The study of sound systems and patterns( ) The study of speech sounds is called Phonology.3.2 Phonemes and allophones3.3 Discovering phonemes3.3.1 Contrastive distributionSip and zip, tip and dip, map and nap, etc, are all ______.A. minimal pairsB. minimal setsC. allophonesD. phomes3.3.2 Complimentary distribution( ) The voiceless bilabial stop in pin and the one in spin are in complementary distribution.Pronounce the words key and core, ski and score, paying attention to the phoneme /k/. What difference do you notice between the first pair and the second pair in terms of the phonetic features of the voiceless velar stop? (10%)3.3.3 Free Variation( ) If segments appear in the same position but the mutual substitution does not result in change of meaning, they are said to be in free variation.3.3.4 The discovery procedure3.4 Distinctive features and non-distinctive features3.5 Phonological rules3.6 Syllable structureEvery syllable has a(n) _______, which is usually a vowel.A. onsetB. nucleusC. codaD. rhyme3.7 Sequence of phonemes3.8 Features above segments3.8.1 Stress3.8.2 Intonation3.8.3 Tone( ) Tone is the variation of pitch to distinguish utterance meaning.Which of the following does not belong to suprasegmental features?B.Stress B. IntonationC. ToneD. Syllable3.8.4 The functioning of stress and intonation in EnglishI.How would you read the phrases in the two columns? What does each of them mean? (10%)Column I Column IIa. a bluebird a blue birdb. a lighthouse keeper a light housekeeperII.Explain the ambiguity of the following sentences. (10%)1. Those who went there quickly made a fortune.2. A woman murdererChapter 4 Morphology: The Study of Word Structure4.1 Words and word structure1.________ is defined as the study of the internal structure and the formation of words.A. MorphologyB. SyntaxC. LexiconD. Morpheme4.2 Morpheme: the minimal meaningful unit of language4.3 Classification of morphemes4.3.1 Free and bound morphemes( ) In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain only onemorpheme.In the phrases a herd of cattle, a flock of sheep, both cattle and sheep contain _____ morphemes.A. oneB. twoC. threeD. four4.3.2. Inflectional and derivational morphemes4.4 Formation of English words4.4.1 Derivation4.4.2 Compounding( ) The meaning of compounds is always the sum of meaning of the compounds. ( ) A greenbottle is a type of bottle.( ) Compounding, the combination of free morphemes, is a common way to form words.4.4.3 Other types of English word formationTell the process of word formation illustrated by the example and find as many words as you can that are formed in the same way. (10%)a) flub) OPECc) Nobeld)televisee) better (v.)_____ is a process that puts an existing word of one class into another class.A. ClippingB. BlendingC. EponymD. ConversionChapter 5 Syntax: the Analysis of Sentence Structure5.1 Grammaticality5.2 Knowledge of sentence structure5.3 Different approaches to syntax5.4 Transformational-generative grammar5.4.1 The goal of a TG grammar5.4.2 Syntactic categories5.4.3 Phrase structure rules5.4.4 Tree diagramsDraw two tree diagrams of the following ambiguous sentence. (10%)Pat found a book on Wall Street.5.4.5 Recursion and the infinitude of language5.4.6 Subcategorization of the lexicon5.4.7 Transformational rules5.5 Systemic-functional grammar5.5.1 Two perspectives of syntactic analysis: chain and choice5.5.2 The three metafunctions5.5.3 Transitivity: syntactic structure as representation of experienceMaterial processesRelational processesMental processesVerbal processesBehavioral processesExistential processesIdentify the type of transitivity process in each of the following sentences. (10%)1. John washed the car.2. John likes the car.5.5.4 Mood and modality: syntactic structure as representation of interaction5.5.5 Theme and rheme: syntactic structure as organization of message Chapter 6 Semantics: the Analysis of Meaning6.1 The study of meaning6.2 Reference and sense6.2.1 Reference6.2.2 Sense6.3 Classification of lexical meaningsBoth pretty and handsome mean good-looking but they differ in ________ meaning.A. collocativeB. socialC. affectiveD. reflected6.3.1 Referential meaning and associative meaning6.3.2 Types of associative meaning6.4 Lexical sense relations6.4.1 Synonymy6.4.2 Antonymy6.4.3 Homonymy6.4.4 Polysemy6.4.5 HyponymyExplain the relation between bank1(the side of a river) and bank2(the financial institute). (5%)6.5. Describing lexical meaning: componential analysis6.6 Words and concepts6.6.1 Categorization6.6.2 Prototypes6.6.3 Hierarchies6.7 Semantic relations of sentencesTell the semantic relation within the given sentence and that between the two sentences.(15%)a)My uncle is male.b)The spinster is married.c)Jim is an orphan. Jim lives with his parents.d)Sam is the husband of Sally. Sally is the wife of Sam.e)He has gone to London. He has gone to England.6.8 Metaphors6.8.1 From rhetorical device to cognitive device6.8.2 The components of metaphors6.8.3 Features of metaphorsChapter 7 Pragmatics: Analysis of Meaning in Context7.1 The pragmatic analysis of meaning7.2 Deixis and reference7.3 Speech ActsWhat are the three dimensions that a speech act consists of?7.4 Cooperation and implicatureWhat are the four maxims of the Cooperative Principle?7.5 The politeness principle7.6 The principle of relevance7.7 Conversational structure______ refers to having the right to speak by turns.A．Adjacency pairs B. Turn-talkingC．Preferred second parts D. Insertion sequencesChapter 8 Language in Social Contexts8.1 Sociolinguistic study of languageHow do sociolinguists classify the varieties of English?8.2 Varieties of a language1. ______ is a term widely used in sociolinguistics to refer to “varieties according to use.”A. RegisterB. FieldC. ModeD. Tenor2. British English and American English are ______ varieties of the English language.A. functionalB. socialC. regionalD. standard8.3 Grades of formality8.4 Languages in contactHow do you distinguish pidgin from Creole?8.5 Taboos and euphemisms8.6 Language and culture8.7. Communicative competenceChapter 9 Second Language Acquisition9.1 What is second language acquisition?In _____ stage, children use single words to represent various meanings.A. telegraphicB. two-wordC. holophrasticD. babbling9.2 Factors affecting SLA9.3 Analyzing learners' language_____ is the approximate language system that the learner constructs for use in communication through the target language.A. MetalanguageB. InterlanguageC. SignD. Esperanto9.4 Explaining second language acquisitionChapter 10 Linguistics and Foreign Language Teaching10.1 Foreign language teaching as a system10.2 Contribution of linguistics: applications and implications10.3 Linguistic underpinning of syllabus design10.4 Method as integration of theory and practice10.5 Linguistics in the professional development of language teachers[文档可能无法思考全面，请浏览后下载，另外祝您生活愉快，工作顺利，万事如意!]。

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2：中华人民共和国道路运输条例：对车辆行驶及运输过程中的各项规定进行了详细说明。

3：机动车维修管理规定：由交通运输部颁布，对机动车维修过程中的管理要求进行了规定。

HyperLynx_入门指南

HyperLynx_入门指南HyperLynx_入门指南欢迎使用HyperLynx_入门指南文档！本文档将帮助您快速上手并了解如何使用HyperLynx进行设计和分析。

Chapter 1、HyperLynx简介1.1 HyperLynx概述1.2 HyperLynx的主要功能1.3 HyperLynx的应用领域1.4 系统要求Chapter 2、安装与设置2.1 与安装HyperLynx2.2 注册HyperLynx许可证2.3 设置仿真环境2.4 创建工程文件Chapter 3、布局与布线3.1 设计规则检查（DRC）3.2 线路走线指导3.3 线长匹配和信号完整性Chapter 4、信号完整性分析4.1 信号传导模型4.2 时域分析4.3 频域分析4.4 噪声分析Chapter 5、电磁兼容性分析5.1 电磁辐射分析5.2 电磁干扰分析5.3 电源噪声分析Chapter 6、性能优化与验证6.1 信号时延优化6.2 电源噪声抑制6.3 电路参数优化6.4 分析结果验证Chapter 7、结果解读与报告7.1 结果解读7.2 报告与导出附件：本文档涉及的附件包括示例工程文件、图片和附加教学材料等。

请查阅附件文件夹获取相关内容。

法律名词及注释：1.HyperLynx: HyperLynx是一款由Mentor Graphics开发的高速电路设计和分析工具。

2.仿真环境: 仿真环境指创建和配置仿真所需的软件和硬件环境。

3.设计规则检查（DRC）: DRC是用于确保PCB设计符合规范的自动化检验工具。

4.信号完整性: 信号完整性指信号在传输过程中是否受到噪声、时延等因素的影响。

5.时域分析: 时域分析是对信号随时间变化的特性进行分析。

6.频域分析: 频域分析是对信号在频率域上的特性进行分析。

7.电磁辐射分析: 电磁辐射分析是评估电路或设备产生的电磁辐射水平的过程。

8.电磁干扰分析: 电磁干扰分析是评估电磁场对电路或设备性能产生的干扰影响的过程。

cyclone IV 主要参数

1. Cyclone IV Device Datasheet
October 2014 CYIV-53001-1.9 CYIV-53001-1.9
This chapter describes the electrical and switching characteristics for Cyclone IV devices. Electrical characteristics include operating conditions and power consumption. Switching characteristics include transceiver specifications, core, and periphery performance. This chapter also describes I/O timing, including programmable I/O element (IOE) delay and programmable output buffer delay. This chapter includes the following sections:
Note to Table 1–1:
(1) Supply voltage specifications apply to voltage readings taken at the device pins with respect to ground, not at timum Allowed Overshoot or Undershoot Voltage
During transitions, input signals may overshoot to the voltage shown in Table 1–2 and undershoot to –2.0 V for a magnitude of currents less than 100 mA and for periods shorter than 20 ns. Table 1–2 lists the maximum allowed input overshoot voltage and the duration of the overshoot voltage as a percentage over the lifetime of the device. The maximum allowed overshoot duration is specified as a percentage of high-time over the lifetime of the device.

babysister

babysister《Babysitter: A Guide to Nurturing and Caring for Children》Introduction:Being a babysitter is an important responsibility that involves nurturing and caring for children in their absence of their parents or guardians. It requires patience, dedication, and a genuine love for children. In this guide, we will explore the various aspects of being a babysitter and provide helpful tips and advice for ensuring a positive and rewarding experience for both the sitter and the children.Chapter 1: Understanding the Role of a Babysitter1.1 Responsibilities and Duties1.2 Building Trust with Parents and Children1.3 Setting Expectations and BoundariesChapter 2: Safety First2.1 Creating a Safe Environment2.2 First Aid and Emergency Preparedness2.3 Supervising Children at All TimesChapter 3: Age-Appropriate Activities3.1 Engaging and Stimulating Infants3.2 Fun and Educational Activities for Toddlers3.3 Entertaining and Engaging School-Age ChildrenChapter 4: Nurturing and Communicating with Children 4.1 Building Positive Relationships4.2 Active Listening and Effective Communication4.3 Encouraging Good Behavior and Disciplining AppropriatelyChapter 5: Handling Challenging Situations5.1 Dealing with Separation Anxiety5.2 Handling Emotional Upset or Temper Tantrums 5.3 Addressing Sibling RivalryChapter 6: Nutritional Needs and Meal Preparation 6.1 Understanding Dietary Restrictions and Allergies 6.2 Meal Preparation Tips and Healthy Snack Ideas6.3 Promoting Healthy Eating HabitsChapter 7: Bedtime Routines and Sleep Issues7.1 Establishing Consistent Bedtime Routines7.2 Dealing with Sleep Challenges7.3 Promoting Relaxation TechniquesChapter 8: Maintaining Professionalism and Respect 8.1 Punctuality and Reliability8.2 Respecting Confidentiality8.3 Resolving Conflicts AmicablyChapter 9: Fun Outings and Field Trips9.1 Planning Engaging and Safe Outings9.2 Local Parks and Playgrounds9.3 Educational Trips to Museums and LibrariesChapter 10: Parting Thoughts and Closing Remarks 10.1 Reflections on Personal Growth as a Babysitter 10.2 Continuing Education and Resources for Babysitters10.3 Gratitude towards Sitter Families for OpportunitiesConclusion:Being a babysitter is a rewarding experience that allows individuals to make a positive impact on children's lives. By following the guidelines and advice provided in this guide, babysitters can cultivate nurturing and loving relationships with the children they care for, ensuring a safe and enjoyable experience for all parties involved. Remember, being a great babysitter requires patience, understanding, and a commitment to the well-being of the children entrusted to your care.。