Air Systems
压缩空气的汽化潜热表
压缩空气的汽化潜热表英文回答：The enthalpy of vaporization, also known as the heat of vaporization, is the amount of energy required to convert a liquid into a gas at a constant temperature. When it comes to compressing air, understanding the vaporization enthalpy is crucial as it helps in determining the amount of energy needed to compress the air and the subsequent effects of this process.The vaporization enthalpy table for compressing air provides a comprehensive overview of the energy requirements at different pressure and temperature levels. This table is essential for engineers and technicians working in the field of compressed air systems as it allows them to calculate the energy consumption and efficiency of air compression processes. By referring to the vaporization enthalpy table, professionals can make informed decisions about the design and operation of air compression systemsto optimize energy usage and performance.In addition, the vaporization enthalpy table also aids in understanding the behavior of compressed air under various conditions. It provides valuable insights into the thermodynamic properties of air and how they change during the compression process. This knowledge is instrumental in ensuring the safe and effective operation of compressed air systems, as well as in troubleshooting any issues that may arise during operation.Overall, the vaporization enthalpy table for compressing air is a critical tool for professionals working with compressed air systems. It not only helps in determining energy requirements and system efficiency but also provides valuable insights into the thermodynamic behavior of compressed air.中文回答：压缩空气的汽化潜热表是指在不同压力和温度条件下，将液体转化为气体所需的能量的综合表格。
compressed air systems-cn
5. Water vapor condenses at the?
水蒸气的压缩比例是多少？ 水蒸气的压缩比例是多少？
6. Air tools operate at?
气动工具运行时的压力是多少？ 气动工具运行时的压力是多少？
PRESSURE
气 压
主要线路 接收器 冷却器
1/2°斜度
自动排水器
压缩机 自动排 水器
TOOL DROP:
连到 空气 系统 从三连件来的空气
正确的尺寸完全流通
连接件 连到气动工具 过滤器 润滑器 调压器
有规律排水
长度8‘到10’正确尺寸的软管
RESTRICTIONS
限制性 • Slows down air flow 减缓气流 • Robs performance from tool 降低工具性能 • Things that restrict air flow其他限制气流的有：
• Contamination 污染物
– Dust and dirt 灰尘和污垢 – Pipe scale and rust 管垢和锈迹 – Air compressor lube 空压机润滑
AIR SYSTEM COMPONENTS
空气系统零部件
1/2°斜度
管道中的低点
液化装置 自动排水器 第一阶段液化装置
干燥和充分的or Tools
工具的能源出处
• Good Air System = Dependable Tool Performance 好的空气系统=可靠的工具 好的空气系统= • Poor Air System = Inconsistent Tool Performance 差的空气系统=操作不协调的工具 差的空气系统=
制冷与空调专业英语5-4
All-air system provides complete sensible and latent cooling, preheating, and humidification capacity in the air supplied by the system. No additional cooling or humidification is required at the zone, except in the case of certain industrial systems. Heating may be accomplished by the some airstream, either in the central system or at a particular zone.1
Single-duct systems, which contain the main heating and cooling coils in a series flow air path; a common duct distribution system at a common air temperature feeds all terminal apparatus.
温度调节装置的
terminal n. blend vt. ；n. damper n. virtually adv. exclusively adv.
终点站, 终端, 接线端 混和 混和 节气闸, 断音装置 事实上, 实质上 排外地, 专有地
maintenance n.
维护, 保持, 生活费用, 扶养
Lesson 20 All-Air Systems
New Words & Expressions Text Notes to the Text Exercise
DIAGNOSIS OF LEAKAGES IN COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS,
专利名称：DIAGNOSIS OF LEAKAGES IN COMPRESSED AIR SYSTEMS, PARTICULARLY IN UTILITYVEHICLES发明人：KOKES, Michael,SCHMIDT, Arthur,VONQUERFURTH, Arno申请号：EP2008002359申请日：20080326公开号：WO08/148436P1公开日：20081211专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：The invention relates to leakage recognition of compressed air systems, particularly in utility vehicles. The diagnosis is carried out on parked and shut-down utility vehicles. In order to recognize impermissible leakages in the compressed air system of the vehicle, the switching behavior of a multi-circuit safety valve and the specific subsiding behavior of individual compressed air circuits are mapped in a model. The system pressures are checked by a pressure monitoring device at predetermined sample rates, and any deviations from the expected model behavior are determined by means of calculations. Taking into account the chronological switching behavior and the volume of the various pressure reservoirs, the leakage may be localized to an individual compressed air circuit. Using additional filter operations, proper system-conditional compressed air losses are filtered out in order to avoid error diagnoses as much as possible.申请人：KOKES, Michael,SCHMIDT, Arthur,VON QUERFURTH, Arno地址：DE,DE,DE,DE国籍：DE,DE,DE,DE代理机构：ESCHBACH, Arnold 更多信息请下载全文后查看。
Compressor and compressed air systems
Isothermal power (kW) = P1 x Q1 x loger / 36.7
P1 = Absolute intake pressure kg / cm2 Q1 = Free air delivered m3 / hr r = Pressure ratio P2/P1
16 © UNEP 2006
Training Session on Energy Equipment
Compressors & Compressed Air Systems
Presentation from the “Energy Efficiency Guide for Industry in Asia”
6 © UNEP 2006
Types of Compressors Two Basic Compressor Types
Type of compressor
Positive displacement
Dynamic
Reciprocating
Rotary
Centrifugal
Axial
7 © UNEP 2006
System leakage (m3/minute) = Q × T / (T + t)
20
© UNEP 2006
Assessment of Compressors
Types of Compressors
Reciprocating Compressor
• • Used for air and refrigerant compression Works like a bicycle pump: cylinder volume reduces while pressure increases, with pulsating output
建筑环境与能源应用工程专业英语12
Filter &mix box
Mixing plenums/filter Vertical installation
Plant 80000?
Reuse
2024/7/19
Good good study,day day up!
6
Topic Three: Configuration and typical variants of Central-
These systems are actually combination unitary-central-station systems.
2024/7/19
Good good study,day day up!
9
Topic Three: Configuration and typical variants of unitary
2024/7/19
Good good study,day day up!
10
Topic Three: Configuration and typical variants of unitary
system-Classification
2 The duct-tthis type system are commonly referred to as convectors. The convector has no fan and may not have heating or cooling coils, although some types have reheat coils as local boosters for winter operation. There is a plenum chamber in the bottom of the unit which is supplied by a conventional duct from a central-station air conditioning system. Completely conditioned air enters the plenum both winter and summer. This air is called the primary air. It exits upward from the plenum through a series of nozzles, attaining a rather high velocity as it flows upward through the venturi-shaped throat of the convector. The Bernoulli effect created produces an area of low pressure into which room air is drawn through a grille in the front of the unit.
ATA47惰性气体系统 吴维
CSAS热交换器的主要目的是为了降低热引气的温度； 旁通活门作用主要是调节下游的出口温度，在一个合适的范围；由一个作 动筒作动的步进马达组成，蝶形阀控制打开和关闭位。 CSAS计算机根据IGGS系统的需求，控制隔离活门的进气量。
油箱含氧量与不可燃状态的关系：
1.当飞机海平面高度在3048m(10000.18 ft.) 的高度时，氧气浓度低于12%时才能保持不 可燃状态；
2.飞机高度在3048 m (10000.18 ft.)—— 12192 m (40000.73 ft.)，氧气浓度的比重可 以允许从12%上升到14.5%以下，并呈现线 性关系；
CSAS给IGGS提供正常温度、压力和流量 的空气流，以保证IGGS中ASM的效率。 IGGS从空气流中清除氧气，并且产生富氮 空气Nitrogen Enriched Air (NEA) 和富氧空 气Oxygen Enriched Air (OEA) 。
ATA47惰性气体系统概述
CSAS系统介绍： 该系统主要在21章的AMM21-58-00;系统原理图如下：
ATA47惰性气体系统概述
目的：设计该系统的主要目的是为了除去 空气中的臭氧，因为臭氧会对ASM（空气 分离模块）里面的纤维造成损坏。其次将 热空气引气降低温度至60摄氏度左右满足 IGGS系统的工作的温度和压力要求； CSAS系统只工作在飞机飞行期间，在地面 上不工作。CSAS计算机是控制该系统的主 要计算机；该计算机通过控制活门，感受 度和压力来提供需要的空气流量到惰性 气体发生系统。
ATA47惰性气体系统概述
工作原理：
CSAS系统将热引气通过一个隔离活门，再进入一个臭氧转化炉。该隔离 活门控制整个系统的空气流量； 当没有引气压力和断电时候，CSAS隔离活门自动关闭，该系统不工作。 从臭氧转化炉流出来的空气通过一个管道，到一个温度控制模块（TCM)， 该模块位于空气热交换器进口处；
英文-空调设计
Review of research on air-conditioning systems and indoor air quality control for human healthB.F.Yu a,*, Z.B.Hu a, M.Liu a, H.L.Yang b, Q.X.Kong b, Y.H.Liu ba School of Energy and Power Engineering, Xi’an Jiaotong University,28 Xian ning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049,Chinab School of Human Settlement and Civil Engineering, Xi’an Jiao tong University,28 Xianning West Road, Xi’an, Shaanxi 710049,China3.Air-conditioning systems3.1.Air-conditioning systemsMany kinds of AC systems are used to improve indoor thermal comfort and IAQ. Recent research is focused on dedicated outdoor air system (DOAS),independent control of temperature and humidity system(ICTHS),and cooling ceiling and displacement ventilation systems(CC/DV).3.1.1. Dedicated outdoor air system(DOAS)With the occurrence of SARS, avian flu and anthracnose in some countries, the safety of AC systems becomes more important. DOAS, an effective measure to realize ‘‘immune building’’,has gradually been appreciated by international AC industry(Mumma,2001).The reason why DOAS is called ”new concept’’ AC system is that the techniques used in DOAS have widely been applied but are subtly combined to show its broad prospect. DOAS results in a significant revolution in air-conditioning industry. Typical DOAS, shown in Fig.1,consists of the following several parts(Yin and Mumma,2003): Cold source: As the outlet air temperature of the outdoor air producer is required to be no more than 7 ℃, its inlet water temperature should be no more than 4 ℃. Though the conventional chiller could be used as the cold source of DOAS, the out-let water temperature of the chiller should be no more than 5 C. So the chiller should be redesigned. The optimal cold source will be the ice-storage system.Outdoor air processor: To ensure that indoor terminal de-vices run in dry condition, outdoor air heat load, total latent heat load and partial sensible heat load are removed by am of typical DOAS. and to enhance the compatibility among different parts of DOAS.3.1.2. Independent control of temperature and humidity system(ICTHS) Conventional AC systems firstly cool air below the dew-point temperature in order to condense moisture out, and then reheat it to the supply comfortable temperature before delivering it to the occupied spaces. This leads to low evaporating temperature, a poor COP value for the chiller, and higher energy consumption. Moreover , the FCU may become the hot-bed of many kinds of mildew due to theexistence of condensing water, which will deteriorate IAQ. The reason for all these problems is that the cooling process and the dehumidifying process are in the same unit and at the same time, but there is an essential difference between the two processes( Chenet al.,2004).ICTHS can realize the independent control of temperature and humidity, and resolve the problems above.An ICTHS is shown in Fig.2 (Liu et al.,2006).The ICTHS consists of a liquid desiccant system and a cooling/heating grid system. The liquid desiccant system is composed of out-door air processors (serving as dehumidifier in summer and humidifier in winter),a regenerator, and a desiccant storage tank. LiBr solution is used as liquid desiccant in the system, and the regeneration temperature is about 60 ℃. The cooling/heating grid system is composed of the power driven refrigerator, the heat grid, and the FCU or radiant ceiling. In summer operations, valves A and C are turned on and valve B is turned off, and the ICTHS performs dehumidification and cooling of the air. Chilled water with temperature of 15–18 ℃flows from the refrigerator into the outdoor air processors and the indoor terminal devices. The outdoor air processors remove the total latent load and a portion of sensible load of the occupied space, while the indoor terminal devices deal with the remained sensible load.IAQ is greatly improved because of the following two main reasons:(i) indoor terminal devices operate in dry condition, and no condensing water will be produced on the surfaces of the AC system;(ii)the liquid desiccant can remove a number of pollutants from the air stream. In winter operations, valves A and C are turned off and valve B is turned on, and the ICTHS performs humidification and heating of the air. Hot water from the heat grid flows into the outdoor air processors and indoor terminal devices. The operating principle of the out-door air processor is shown in Fig.3.The outdoor air processor consists of two parts. The left of the broken line is a three- stage total heat recovery device using liquid desiccant, and the right of the broken line is a single-stage spray unit (Li et al., 2003).The ICTHS can not only improve IAQ but reduce energy consumption and operation cost. In summer, when the latent load of the building covers from 10%to 50%, the primary energy consumption of the ICTHS is 76–80%and the operation cost is about 75%of that of the conventional AC systems. In winter, when latent load of the building are 5%,10%and 15%,the primary energy consumption of the ICTHS is 77%, 62%and 45%,respectively,and the operation cost is 75%, 57%and 42%,respectively,compared with that of a conventional AC systems(Liu et al.,2006).If solar energy or waste heat is used to regenerate desiccant, and ground water is used to cool indoor air, more energy and operation cost would be saved. However, the FCU in ICTHS is only used to cool in-door air and is different from the FCU in conventional AC systems. So the FCU in ICTHS needs to be redesigned.3.1.3. Cooling ceiling and displacement ventilation systems(CC/DV)DV system performs well on eliminating indoor pollutants and improving IAQ, but it sometimes is incapable of meeting indoor cooling load due to the limitation of temperature and velocity of air distribution, which may lower the indoor thermal system performs well on indoor thermal comfort, but it cannot improveIAQ due to its configuration. So it can be found that DV system and CC system can offset the disadvantages each other. In combined CC/DV systems, the CC panels remove part of sensible cooling load by convection and radiation, while DV system removes indoor pollutants, latent cooling load and the other part of sensible cooling load. For combined CC/DV systems, the vertical temperature gradient should exist because it indicates stratified airflow pattern and vertical stratification of pollutants. On the other hand, the temperature gradient should be small for an acceptable thermal comfort. Table 1 presents the vertical temperature gradient in the occupied zone(0.1–1.1m above the floor)obtained from several studies. The temperature gradient in the occupied zone varies from 0 to 2 K /m,which implies that it is almost completely uncertain. These differences are due to different experimental thermal conditions and fluid flow conditions, such as cooling loads, ventilation rates, supply air temperatures and CC panel temperatures. Velocity is another important thermal comfort parameter. Love day et al.(1998)reported that a low CC temperature, which increased the CC cooling capacity, could in-crease air velocities in the occupied zone. The increase in velocity was due to the downward airflow motion caused bythe negative buoyancy force from the CC. For a cooling load of 62 W/m2and CC temperature in range from 21 to 14 ℃, Love day et al.(1998)measured maximum air velocity of 0.11 m s1in the occupied zone. Behne(1995)measured the air velocity of 0.11–0.16 m/s for the same cooling load. In both studies, the velocities were far below the velocity that can cause draft. According to Behne (1995)and Fitzner (1996),there was no risk from draft caused by CC if the total cooling load in a space was less than 100 W/m2(floor area). Downward convection below CC, downward convection near cold walls and upward thermal plumes from heat sources have important effects on the height of the stratification boundary, and the air quality in occupied zone in a room with CC/DV(Fig.4).The downward convection below CC may reduce the height of the stratification boundary in CC/DV systems. According to Loveday et al.(1998),the stratification boundary appeared at a height of about 2.0 m regardless of cooling load(from 25 to 52 W m2)in his experiments. How-ever, when CC system was on, the boundary layer was suppressed to 1.5 m above the floor for a cooling load of 62 W/m2.The downward motion from CC might suppress the stratification boundary into the occupied zone, especially in room sections without heat sources . This causes unexpected reverse effects on the air quality. Fitzner (1996) analyzed the influence of heat source and upward convection on local air quality, and found that sitting person might have remarkable improvement of the inhaled air quality due to the buoyancy which drives the transport of fresh air from the layer near the floor to th e person’s nose(Fig.4). Alamdari (1998) reported that, for a cooling load of 60 W/m2, upward convection was dominant in the vicinity of the occupants even with the strong downward air motion from the cooling panels. This study also showed that the downward convection near the sidewalls with low wall temperatures could cause a transport of pollutants from the upper mixed zone directly into the air supply layer with clean air.The occurrence of condensing water is not allowed absolutely on the surfaces of CC panels, so it is necessary to develop accurate control technique to preventcondensation.In addition, the ratio of the cooling load removed by DV to the cooling load removed by CC has significant effects on thermal comfort and IAQ, which deserves further study.3.2. Air supply modesProminent airflow distribution as well as outstanding AC systems is necessary in order to achieve a comfortable and healthy environment in occupied zone. Air supply mode is the main influence factor of airflow distribution. Recent research is mainly focused on displacement ventilation (DV), personalized ventilation(PV)and under-floor air distribution (UFAD).3.2.1. Displacement ventilation (DV)DV is a new type of air supply mode, and it only improves the environment in occupied zone and not all the spaces. Hence. DV not only saves much energy but keeps better IAQ. Indoor airflow pattern and distribution profiles of temperature and contaminant concentration are shown in Fig.5.Air temperature is rather uniform at horizontal level except in the region near the air supply diffusers. Vertical temperature gradients always exist in the space with DV system and they are not linear in all the space height. DV, compared with mixing ventilation (MV),has higher ventilation efficiency and IAQ due to its piston flow effect and temperature stratification.However, DV may not provide better IAQ than MV if the contaminant sources are not associated with heat sources, such as VOCs from building materials (Lin et al.,2005;Cheonget al.,2006).Additionally, DV system is not suitable for removing ground level contaminants, or where the main contaminants are emitted at the ground level, because the contaminants would simply be displaced into the breathing zone. For gaseous contaminants, the displacement effect of DV system is probably dependant on the molecular weight of contaminants. Since VOCs have greater mass, the displacement effect is significantly less than that for CO2.There are many factors that affect the design and the performance of DV system. The door and window have significant effects on the displacement effectiveness of DV system (Lin et al., 2007).The displacement effectiveness for CO2 and VOCs are significantly reduced by the door opening due to the change in airflow pattern. The added momentum from the incoming air causes pollutants to be displaced into the breathing zone. The lateral displacement of the air due to the window heat transmission may result in disruption of the displacement effect, which reduces the effectiveness of DV system in removing contaminants. The influence of furniture is related to the location and distribution. Furniture has minimal impact on thermal comfort and IAQ when they do not obstruct the airflow from diffusers (Lau and Chen, 2007).Stratification boundary is the interface between the upper mixing zone and the lower zone with unidirectional flow. The air of occupied zone will be sanitary only when the height of the stratification boundary is above the occupied zone. There-fore, theheight of the stratification boundary is a very important parameter in DV system. Lee and Lam(2007)calculated the height by simulation and found that with a room height of 2.4 m and design room temperature of 25.5 C(defined at 1.1 m above floor level),under the normal load to airflow ratio of 12,000 W m3s and minimum supply temperature of 18 C, the height was 2.2 m, and was above normal breathing level. There are many factors that affect the height. The height decreased as the room load increased, but the height in- creased as the room load increased further when the room load was greater than about 45 W/m2(Xing and Awbi,2002).The height increased as the flow rate increased for a given heat source at a fixed surface temperature. For a fixed flow rate and a given heat source diameter, the height decreased as the heat source temperature increased (Bouzinaoui et al.,2005).DV system is quite suitable for large size room due to its stratification characteristics. Future research could explore the possibility to apply DV system in ordinary rooms.3.2.2. Personalized ventilation(PV)PV is a special DV system, and it really embodies the central status of occupants. PV is able to provide occupants with improved IAQ, thermal comfort and individual control of the micro-environment. Through adjusting the personalized airflow rate, direction, temperature and turbulence intensity, occupants can achieve their preferred individual micro-environment, which is impossible in conventional air-conditioning systems.There are many types of PV system. For the desk-edge-mounted PV system, it was possible to obtain an air change effectiveness of approximately 1.5 when the supply flow rate was 3.5–6.5 l s1, which represented a 50%increase in effective ventilation rate at the breathing zone (Faulkner et al.,2004). Niu et al.(2007)proposed a chair-based PV system (Fig.6),and the position of the fresh air supply nozzle can be adjusted by the seated user. The experimental results showed that up to 80%of the inhaled air could be composed of fresh personalized air with a supply flow rate of less than 3.0 l s1.Perceived air quality was improved greatly by the chair-based PV system. Zhao and Guan (2007)investigated the dispersion characteristics of particles with aerodynamic diameter of 0.5–10 mm in a room ventilated by a PV system by computational fluid dynamics(CFD).The results showed that PV was effective to remove particles smaller than 2 mm, and that PV might not be the best ventilation mode for particles bigger than 7.5 mm due to resulting obvious particle accumulation on the floor.Compared with total volume ventilation, PV is advantageous for many practical applications. Research is needed on exploring the potential of PV and ensuring its optimal performance. Some of this research is outlined as follows (Melikov,2004): Impact of airflow temperature and velocity on thermal comfort and perceived air quality , and occupants’compromise between thermal comfort and perceived air quality. Airborne transmission of infectious agents , and dispersion of large-droplet aerosols exhaled by occupants. Development of the supply air terminal devices (ATD)with high efficiency and of the technical solutions to installationof PV in practice. Development of PV systems with high performance for usein crowded spaces such as theaters and cinemas.3.2.3.Under-floor air distribution(UFAD)UFAD system is a new type of air supply mode with the advantages of better flexibility, energy saving and improvement of IAQ(Webster et al.,2002).Its operating principle is shown in Fig.7.Now it has been applied in Europe, Hong Kong, Japan, South Africa and America. At present, the studies on UFAD are focused on its airflow characteristics, IAQ , thermal comfort, thermal characteristics of under-floor plenum, and system energy consumption. Since the airflow characteristics are significantly affected by the diffusers, different types of diffusers have been the research focus of many investigators. Lian et al.(2004)experimentally compared swirl diffusers with cylinder diffusers, and found that with less quantity of swirl diffusers(about 0.4 m2),the airflow in room would be more uniform. However, Webster et al.(2002)pointed out that airflow characteristics in room were more affected by swirl diffusers than by grille diffusers.PMV(Predicted Mean Vote),PPD(Predicted Percentage of Dissatisfied)and PD(Predicted Dissatisfied), presented by Fanger at Copenhagen University in Denmark, are still used as the main standard in the studies of thermal comfort. When the rate of ventilation was 6 h1, the maxi-mum velocities at the head of occupant and on the top of computer were 0.25 m s1and 0.45 m s1,respectively, which still satisfied the thermal comfort demand. Zagreus et al. (2004) developed a web-based survey and accompanying online reporting tools to gather the information about users’evaluation of UFAD. The results showed that about 95%of the surveyed people showed their satisfaction towards UFAD, and nearly 2/3 of them indicated a preference for UFAD over conventional overhead air distribution. Under-floor plenum is one of the most important parts of UFAD. Linden et al.(2004)suggested that the flow in the plenum be regarded as 2-dimension flow for plenum with small ratio of height to length. Further studies of thermal characteristics of under-floor plenum were carried out by Hui et al.(2006) and Daly(2002).Daly(2002)suggested that the use of ventilation pipe be avoided, that the air leakage be reduced, and that the variable air volume system be used in under-floor plenum. CBE (Center for Building and Environment) (2006)reported that for adiabatic floor about 20–30%heat load entered under-floor plenum, while for un-adiabatic floor it would be about 30–40%,and the value would be larger with higher vertical temperature gradient. The thermal decay in under-floor plenum has disadvantageous effects on UFAD system: The useless heat load from sub-floor increases the cooling load and the energy consumption of air-conditioning system. The thermal decay results in non-uniform temperature distribution of air in under-floor plenum, and temperature difference of supply air from different diffusers. The rise of supply air temperature weakens the temperaturestratification and pollutant concentration stratification of indoor air, which could increase the energy consumption of air-conditioning system and badly affect the improvement of air quality in occupied zone. Therefore the thermal decay in under-floor plenum should be reduced or avoided. The introduction of flexible and adaptive UFAD systems in office buildings was approaching 10%of the newconstruction market, and would continue to grow because of performance gains, including equal or lower first costs, thermal comfort and indoor air quality gains, and 20–35%energy savings (Hartkopf and Loftness,1999;Hartkopfet al.,2002;Loftness et al.,2002). UFAD needs to be researched further in several aspects: individual control of thermal comfort, thermal characteristics of under-floor plenum, development of new types of diffusers, impact of radiation on thermal comfort and indoor airflow characteristics, load calculation, and system control.。
机械通风及空调调节系统英语
机械通风及空调调节系统英语Mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems are essential in modern buildings, ensuring a comfortable indoor environment. They regulate temperature, humidity, and airflow to provide a healthy atmosphere for occupants.When it's hot outside, the air conditioning system kicks in, cooling down the space and making it feel refreshing. You can set the desired temperature, and the system will do its job, adjusting the cooling as needed.It's like having a personal climate control center in your home or office.On the other hand, mechanical ventilation is crucialfor bringing in fresh air and removing stale air from enclosed spaces. It ensures proper air circulation, reducing the risk of mold and other indoor air quality issues. You might not notice it's working, but you'll definitely feel the difference when it's not.One thing I love about modern ventilation systems is their quietness. You barely hear them running, even though they're constantly at work. They're like the unsung heroes of indoor comfort, silently ensuring we have clean, breathable air.Maintaining these systems is important too. Regular check-ups and maintenance can catch any potential issues early on, saving you from bigger problems later. It's like taking your car for a tune-up; it keeps things running smoothly and efficiently.So whether you're looking for a cozy winter evening indoors or a refreshing summer day, remember to appreciate the hard work of your mechanical ventilation and air conditioning systems. They're the reason you can enjoy your space, no matter what the weather's like outside.。
航空英文缩写
AA&E Architectural and Engineering 建筑和工程BPSK Aviation-Biphase Shift Keying 航空两相相移键控QPSK Aviation-Quadriphase Shift Keying 航空四相相移键控A/G Air-to-Ground 空对地AAC Aeronautical Administrative Communication 航空行政通信AAC Airline Administrative Control 航空公司行政管理AAC Aeronautical Advisory Council 航空咨询委员会AAIM Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitor 飞机自治完好性监控AARS Automatic Altitude Reporting System 自动高度报告系统AAS Advanced Automated System 先进自动化系统AAS Aeronautical Advisory Station 航空咨询电台AAS Airborne Antenna System 机载天线系统AASR Airport and Airways Surveillance Radar 机场和航路监视雷达AA TS Advanced Automation Training System 先进自动化培训系统AAD Assigned Altitude Deviation 指定高度偏差ABE ARINC 429 Bus Emulator ARINC 429 总线仿真器ABI Advanced Boundary Information Message 高级边界信息报文ABPS airborne beacon processing system 机载信标信息处理系统ABPSK Aeronautical Binary Phase Shift Keying 航空双相移键控A/C Aircraft 飞机AC Advisory Circular 咨询通报ACA Aeronautical Communication Architecture 航空通信结构ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System 飞机通信寻址和报告系统ACARS ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System ARINC通信寻址和报告系统ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System 机载（避）防撞系统ACC Area Control Center 区域管制中心ACCC Area Control Computer Complex 区域管制计算机网ACCTS Aviation Coordinating Committee for Telecommunication Services 航空电信服务协调委员会ACF Area Control Facility 区域管制设施ACID Aircraft Identification 飞行器识别标志ACK Acknowledgment 认可ACLS Automatic Control and Landing System 自动控制和着陆系统ACMF Airplane Condition Monitoring Function 飞机状态监视功能ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring System 飞机状态监控系统ACNSS Advanced Communication/Naviga- tion/Surveillance system 先进的通信导航监视系统ACS aircraft call sign 飞机呼号ACS Attitude Control System 姿态控制系统ACSE Access Control and Signaling Equipment 接续控制与信令设备ACSG Aeronautical Communication Sub-Group 航空通信分组ACU Aerodrome Control Unit 机场控制单位（室）ACU Autopilot Control Unit 自动驾驶控制单元ACU Antenna Control Unit 天线控制组件ADA computer programming language 一种计算机编程语言ADAS AWOS Data Acquisition System 自动气象观察系统数据采集系统ADC airborne data computer 机载数据计算机ADDI Automated Digital Data Interchange 自动化数字数据交换ADEP Airport of Departure 起飞机场ADES Airport of Destination 目标机场ADFE Automatic Direction-Finding Equipment 自动定向仪设备ADI Aggregate Demand Indicator 综合指令指示器ADI Attitude Direction Indicator 姿态方向指示器ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准单元ADIS-B Automatic Data Interchange System, service B 自动数据交换系统,B类服务ADLOC ARINC Data Link Operations Center ARINC数据链运行中心ADLP Airborne Data Link Processor 机载数据链处理器ADM Air Data Module 大气数据模块ADMS Airline Data Management System 航空公司数据管理系统ADNS ARINC Data Network Service ARINC数据网服务ADP Automated Data Processing 自动数据处理ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation 自适应差分脉码调制ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance 自动相关监视ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADS Satellite ADS via AMSS 一种通过航空移动卫星系统运行的ADSADS-I ADS capability provided by the combination of FANS 1 avionics and ground automation 采用FANS-I 机载设备和地面自动化系统组合提供的ADS能力ADS－A Automatic Dependent Surveillance Addressing 选址式自动相关监视ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Mode 广播式自动相关监视ADS-B Mode S ADS-Broadcast based on Mode S Squitter 基于S模式应答机随机自发报告的广播式自动相关监视ADS-B VHF ADS-Broadcast based on VHF datalink 基于VHF数据链的自动化相关监视广播ADSEL Address Selective 寻址ADSF Automatic Dependent Surveillance Function 自动相关监视功能ADSP (ICAO) Automatic Dependent Surveillance Panel (国际民航组织)自动相关监视专家组ADSU ADS Study Group (ICAO) （国际民航组织）自动相关监视研究组ADSU Automatic Dependent Surveillance Unit or ADS Unit 自动相关监视单元AECU Audio Electronic Control Unit 音频电子控制单元AEEC Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee 航空公司电子工程委员会AEL Aircraft Equipment List 飞机装备清单AERA Automated En Route Air Traffic 自动化航路空中交通管制AES Aircraft Earth Station 飞机地球站AF Airway Facilities 航路设施AFC ATC Frequency Change service 空中交通管制改（换）频服务AFCAS Automatic Flight Control Augmentation System 自动飞行控制增强系统AFCS Automatic Flight Control System 自动飞行控制系统AFDC Autopilot Flight Director Computer 自动驾驶飞行指示计算机AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System 自动驾驶飞行指示系统AFEPS ACARS Front End Processing System ACARS前端处理系统AFIS Aerodrome Flight Information Service 机场航行情报服务AFIS Airborne Flight Information System 机载飞行情报系统AFL Actual Flight Level 实际飞行高度AFLS Automated Flight Inspection System 自动飞行检查系统AFN ATS Facilities Notification 空中交通服务设备通告AFS Aeronautical Fixed Service 航空固定通信业务AFSS Automated Flight Service Station 自动化飞行服务站AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network 航空固定电信网AFTRCC Aerospace and Flight Test Radio Coordinating Council 宇航和飞行测试无线电协调委员会AGCS Air Ground Communication System 空地通信系统AGDLS Air-Ground Data Link System 空地数据链系统AGL Above Ground Level 离地高度AGMCS Airport Ground Movement Control System 机场地面交通管制系统AGSS ACARS Ground System Standard(AEEC) ACARS 地面系统标准（AEEC）AGSVP A/G Service Planning 空地（通信）业务规划AGVS Air Ground VHF Subnetwork 空地VHF子网AI Artificial Intelligence 人工智能AI Alternative Interrogator 可选择询问器AI Aeronautical Information 航空情报AIC Aeronautical Information Circular 航空情报通报AIDC ATC Interfacility Data Communications 空中交通管制设施间数据通信AIDS airborne integrated data system 机载综合数据系统AIDS airborne integrated display system 机载综合显示系统AIED Aeronautical Industry Engineering and Development 航空工业工程和开发AIEE American Institute Electrical Engineers 美国电气工程师学会AIEM Airlines International Electronic Meeting 航空公司国际电子会议AILAS Automatic Instrument Landing Approach System 自动仪表着陆进近系统AIM-FANS Airbus Interoperable Modular FANS 空中客车FANS可运行模块（空中客车公司设计的一种FANS系统结构模块）AIMS Aircraft Information Management System 飞机信息管理系统AIP Aeronautical Information Publication 航行资料汇编AIP Airport Improvement Program 航空港改进计划AIRCOM digital air/ground communications services provided by SITA 由SITA提供的数字空地通信服务AIRAC Aeronautical Information Regulation And Control 航行资料规划和管制，定期制航行通告AIREP Air Report 空中报告AIRMET Airmen's Meteorological information 飞行员的气象资料AIS Aeronautical Information Service(s) 航空情报服务AKN Acknowledgment 认可A/L Autoland 自动着陆AL Alerting Service 告警服务ALC Asynchronous Link Control 异步链路控制ALS Automatic Landing System 自动着陆系统ALSF Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing lights 顺序闪光的进近灯光系统ALSIP Approach Light System Improvement Program 进近灯光系统改进计划ALT Airborne Link Terminal 机载链路终端ALT Altitude 高度ALTS Altitude Select 高度选择AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMC Avionics Maintenance Conference 机载电子设备维护维修大会AME Amplitude Modulation Equivalent 等效调幅AMCP (ICAO) Aeronautical Mobile Communications Panel (国际民航组织)航空移动通信专家组AMJ Advisory Material-Joint 联合咨询资料AMP ARINC Message Processor(ADNS) ARINC报文处理器AMS Aeronautical Mobile Service 航空移动服务AMSS Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service 航空移动卫星业务AMSSP （ICAO）Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service Panel （国际民航组织）航空移动卫星业务专家组AMTS Aeronautical Message Transfer Service 航空报文移交业务AMU Audio Management Unit 话音管理单元AMUX Audio Multiplexer 音频复用器A/N Alphanumeric 按字母顺序ANC ICAO Air Navigation Commission 国际民航组织航行委员会ANICS ALASKAN NAS Interfacility Communication System 阿拉斯加美国国家空域系统设施间通信系统ANLP ARINC Network Layer Protocol ARINC网络层规程ANP Air Navigation Plan 空中航行规划ANP Actual Navigation Performance 实际导航性能ANS Air Navigation System 空中航行系统ANS Area Navigation System 区域导航系统ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会AOA Aerodrome Owners Association 机场企业主协会AOC Aeronautical Operational Control 航空运营管理AOC Aerodrome obstacle chart 机场障碍物图AOC Aircraft Operational Center 飞行运行中心AOC Airline Operational Communications System 航空公司运营通信系统AOCI Airport Operators Council International 机场经营与国际协会AOP Aerodrome Operations 机场运营AOPA Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 航空器企业主与驾驶员协会AOR Atlantic Ocean Region 大西洋区域AORE Atlantic Ocean Region East 东大西洋区域AORW Atlantic Ocean Region West 西大西洋区域A/P Autopilot 自动驾驶APANPIRG ASIA/PAC Air Navigation Planning and Implementation Regional Group 亚太地区航行规划和实施小组APC Autopilot Computer 自动驾驶计算机APC Aeronautical Passenger Communications 航空旅客通信APC Aeronautical Public Correspondence 航空公用通信APIRG AFI Planning and Implementation Regional Group 非洲地区规划和实施小组APIWP Approach Intercept Waypoint 进近切入点APL Abbreviated Flight Plan 简略飞行计划APP Approach Control 进近管制APP（APPR）Approach 进近APS Airway Planning Standard 航路设计标准APSR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达AQP Avionics Qualification Policy 机载电子设备资格QPSK Aeronautical Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 航空四相相移键控AR Arrival Route 到达航路ARCW ADS Route Conformance Warning 自动相关监视航路一致性警告ARF Airport Reservation Function 航空港预定功能ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc. 航空无线电公司ARP Aerodrome reference point 机场基准点ARR Arrival message 到达信息ARS Automated Radar Summary chart 自动雷达综合图ARSA Airport Radar Service Area 机场雷达服务区ARSR Air Route Surveillance Radar 航路监视雷达ARTAS ATC Radar Tracker and Server 空中交通管制雷达跟踪和服务器ARTCCS Air Route Traffic Control Centers 航路交通管制中心ARTS Automated Radar Terminal System 自动化雷达终端系统AS Autonomy Sensor 自主式机载传感器ASCPC Air Supply and Cabin Pressure Controllers 空气供给和机舱压力控制器ASCII America standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准码ASD Aircraft Situation Display 飞机状态显示器ASDE Airport Surface Detection Equipment 机场场面探测设备ASDL Aeronautical Satellite Data Link 航空卫星数据链ASECNA Agency for the Security of Aerial Navigation in Africa and Madagascar 非洲和马达加斯加航行安全局ASG ARINC Signal Gateway ARINC信号网关ASI Avionics System Integration 航空电子仪表系统集成ASK Amplitude Shift Keying 振幅移位键控AM（ASM）Airspace Management 空域管理SMGCS Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System 先进场面活动引导和控制系统ASOS Automated Surface Observing System 自动场面观测系统ASP Arrival Sequencing Program 进场顺序计划ASP Aeronautical communication Service Processor 航空通信业务处理器ASPP （ICAO）Aeronautical Fixed Service (AFS) System Planning for Data Interchange Panel (国际民航组织)航空固定电信业务系统数据交换规划专家组ASR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达ASRS Aviation Safety Reporting System 航空安全报告系统ASTERIX All- purpose Structured Eurocontrol Radar Information ExchangeASTA Airport Surface Traffic Automation 机场场面交通自动化A/T Auto throttlt 自动油门AT Air Traffic 空中交通AT&T American Telephone and Telegraph 美国电话电报公司ATA Air Transport Association of American 美国航空运输协会ATAG Air Transport Action Group 航空运输行动小组ATAR Automatic Air Reporting 航空自动报告ATAR Automatic Air Reporting Study Group 航空自动报告研究组ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATCC Air Traffic Control Center 空中交通管制中心ATCBI Air Traffic Control Beacon Interrogator 空中交通管制信标询问器ATCComm Air Traffic Control Communications System(Hardware & Software) 空中交通管制通信系统(硬件和软件)ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 空中交通管制雷达信标系统ATCS Air Traffic Control Services 空中交通管制服务ATCT Airport Traffic Control Tower 机场交通管制塔台ATCU ATC unit 空中交通管制单位ATD Along-Track Distance 沿航线距离ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management 空中交通流量管理ATIS Air Traffic Information Service 空中交通信息服务ATIS Airport Terminal Information Service 机场终端信息服务ATIS Automated(automatic) Terminal Information Service 自动终端情报服务ATM Air Traffic Management 空中交通管理ATN Aeronautical Telecommunications Network 航空电信网ATNP （ICAO）Aeronautical Telecommunication Network Panel （国际民航组织）航空电信网专家组ATO Actual Time Over 实际经过时间ATRK Along-Track Error 沿航线误差ATS Air Traffic Services 空中交通服务ATSC Air Traffic Services Communication 空中交通服务通信ATT Attitude 姿态AUSSAT Australian Satellite 澳大利亚卫星AUTODIN Automated Digital Network 自动化数字网络AUTOVON Automatic V oice Network 自动化话音网络AUX Auxiliary 辅助A VOL Aerodrome Visibility Operational Level 机场能见度运行等级A VPAC Aviation VHF Packet Communications 航空甚高频分组通信A VS Aviation Standards 航空标准AW ANS Aviation Weather And NOTAM System 航空气象和航行通告系统AWOP （ICAO）All Weather Operations Panel （国际民航组织）全天候运行专家组AWOS Automated Weather Observing System 自动化气象观测系统AWP Aviation Weather Processor 航空气象处理器AWS Aviation Weather Service 航空气象服务AZ Azimuth transmitter 方位台BBARO Barometric 气压BAZ Back Azimuth 后方位，背航道BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则BER Bit Error Rate 误码率BIT Built-In-Test 机内测试BITE Built-In-Test Equipment 机内测试设备BOP Bit Oriented Protocol 面向位的协议BPS bits per second 每秒传送位数；每秒比特数BPSK Biphase Shift Keying 两相相移键控BRITE Bright Radar Indicator Tower Equipment 塔台高亮度雷达显示设备BRL Bearing Range Line 方位距离线BSU Beam Steering Unit 天线方位控制组件BUEC Backup Emergency Communications 备用紧急通信C 通信Band Approx. 5,000MHz C波段C/A (CA) Code Course Acquisition Code 粗获码（民用的）C/I Carrier-to-Interference Ratio 信号干扰比C/N Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 信噪比CA Conflict Alert 冲突告警CA GPS Course- Acquisition Code 粗捕获码（民用码）CA/MSAW Conflict Alert/Minimum Safe Altitude Warning 冲突告警/最低安全高度警告CAA Civil Aviation Administration, Civil Aeronautical Authority, Civil Aviation Authority 民航局CAAC General Administration of Civil Aviation of China 中国民用航空总局CAASD Center for Advanced Aviation System Development(The MITRE Corporation) (MITRE 公司)高级航行系统开发中心CAB Civil Aeronautical Bureau 民航局CARF Central Altitude Reservation Function 中央飞行高度保留功能CARs Civil Air Regulations 民用航空规则CASITAF CNS/ATM implementation task force 新航行系统实施特别工作组CAT Category 仪表着陆等级CA TⅠ Category Ⅰ一类仪表着陆CA TⅡ Category Ⅱ二类仪表着陆CAT Ⅲa Category Ⅲa 三类a级仪表着陆CAT Ⅲb Category Ⅲb 三类b级仪表着陆CAT Ⅲc Category Ⅲc 三类c级仪表着陆CA TC Civil Aviation Training Center 民航培训中心CA TMAC Co-operative Air Traffic Management Concept 空中交通管理合作方案CBA Cost/Benefit Analysis 成本效益分析BAND The frequency range between 4000 and 8000MHz 4000到8000MHz频段CBI Computer Based Instruction 计算机基本指令CBT Computer-Based Training 计算机辅助训练CC Connection Confirm 联接确认CCA Continental Control Area 大陆管制区CCC 蜂窝式CNS概念CCD Consolidated Cab Display 综合机舱显示器CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee 国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP Contingency Command Post 应急指挥站CCWS Common controller workstation 通用管制员工作站CD Common Digitizer 通用数字化仪设备CDC Computer Display Channel 计算机显示通道CDI Course Deviation Indicator 偏航指示器CDM Code division multiplex 码分复用CDM Continuous Delta Modulation 连续增量调制CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址CDT Controlled Departure Times 管制离场时间CDTI Cockpit Display of Traffic Information 驾驶舱交通信息显示CDU Control Display Unit 控制显示组件CEP Circular error probability 圆概率误差CERAC Combined Center Radar Approach Control 雷达进近管制联合中心CFCC Central Flow Control Computer 中央流量管制计算机CFCF Central Flow Control Facility 中央流量管制设施(功能)CFDPS Compact Flight Data Processing System 小型飞行数据处理系统CFWP Central Flow Weather Processor 中央流量气象处理机CFWSU Central Flow Weather Service Unit 中央流量气象服务单元（组件）CHI Computer Human Interface 机人接口CIDIN Common ICAO Data Interchange Network 国际民航组织公用数据交换网CIS Cooperative independent surveillance 合作式独立监视CLAM Cleared Level Adherence Monitoring 放行高度保持监视CLB Climb 爬升CLK Clock 时钟CLNP Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接网络规程（协议）CLR Clear 清除CMC Central Maintenance Computer 中央维护计算机CMD Command 命令CMS Cabin Management System 机舱管理系统CMU Communications Management Unit 通信管理单元CNDB Customized Navigation Database 用户导航数据库CNS Consolidated NOTAM System 综合航行通告系统CNS/A TM Communication Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management 通信导航监视/空中交通管理CODEC Coder/Decoder 编码器/解码器COM/MET/OPS Communication/ Meteorology/ Operations 通信/气象/运行COMLO Compass Locator 罗盘定位器；罗盘示位信标COMM Communication 通信COMP Compressor 压缩器COMSEC Communications Security 通信保安CON Continuous 连续CONUS Continental, Contiguous, or Conterminous United States 美国大陆本部(四十八州) COP Change Over Point 转换点COP Character Oriented Protocol 面向字符协议COTS Commercial Off-the-Shelf 商业货架产品供应CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communications 管制员驾驶员数据链通信CPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying 连续相位频移键控CR Connection Request 联接申请CRA Conflict Resolution Advisory 冲突解脱咨询CRC Cyclic Redundant Check 循环冗余校验CRCO Central Route Charges Office 中央航路收征费办公室CRM C Reference Model C参考模式CRM Collision Risk Modeling 碰撞危险模型CRM Crew Resource Management 机组人员安排CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSA Standard Accurate Channel 标准精度通道CSE Course Setting Error 航线设定误差CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access (datalink protocol) 载波侦听多址访问C/SOIT Communication/ Surveillance Operational Implementation Team 通信监视运行实施小组（美国）CTA Calculated Time of Arrival 计算到达时间CTA Control Area 管制区CTAS Central Tracon Automation System 中央终端雷达进近管制自动系统CTL Control 控制CTMO Central traffic Management Organization 中央交通流量管理组织CTMO Centralized Traffic Management Organization 中央交通管理组织CTOL Conventional Take Off and Landing 常规起飞着陆CTR Control zone 管制地带CTS Control Tracking Station 控制跟踪站CU Control Unit 控制单元C§W Control and Warning 控制和告警CW Carrier Wave 载波CWI Continuous Wave Interference 连续波干扰CWP Central Weather Processor 中央气象处理器CWSU Center Weather Service Unit 中央气象服务单元DD/A Digital-to-Analog 数/模转换DABS Discrete Addressable Beacon System 离散寻址信标系统DADC Digital Air Data Computer 数字大气数据计算机ATIS Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service 数字自动终端信息服务DA Decision Addressing beacon system 决断寻址信标系统DA Demand Assignment 按需分配DA/H Decision Altitude(Height) 决断高度DARC Direct Access Radar Channel 直接存取雷达信道DARP Dynamic Air Route Planning 动态航线计划DARPS Dynamic Aircraft (Air) Route Planning Study 动态飞机航线计划研究DC Departure Clearance 离场放行许可DC Direct Current 直流(电)DCC Display Channel Complex 显示通道组合DCIU Data Control Interface Unit 数据控制接口单元DCL Departure Clearance Delivery 起飞许可传送DCPC Direct Controller Pilot Communication 管制员驾驶员直接通信DES Data Encryption Standard 数据加密标准DF Direction Finder 测向器DFCS Digital Flight Control System 数字飞行控制系统DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit 数字飞行数据采集单元DGCA Director-General Civil Aviation 民航局长DGNSS Differential Global Navigation Satellite System 差分全球导航卫星系统DGPS Differential Global Positioning System 差分全球定位系统DH Decision Height 决断高度DIP Diplexer 双工器DL Data Link 数据链DLAC Data Link Applications Coding 数据链应用编码DLAS Differential GNSS Instrument Approach System 差分GNSS仪表进近系统DLK data link 数据链DLORT FAA Data Link Operational Requirements Team FAA数据链运行要求工作组DMAP ICAO Data Link Mobile Applications Panel(proposed) 国际民航组织数据链移动应用专家组（建议）DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距设备DME/N Distance Measuring Equipment/Normal 标准测距设备DME/P Distance Measuring Equipment/Precision 精密测距设备DMU Data Management Unit 数据管理单元DO（DOC）Document 记录（文件）DOD Department of Defense (美国)国防部DOP Dilution of Precision 精度扩散因子DOT Department of Transportation (美国)运输部DOTS Dynamic Ocean Tracking System 动态海洋跟踪系统DP Disconnect Request 分离拆线请求DPF Data Processing Function 数据处理功能D8PSK Differential Eight-Phase Shift Keying 差分8相移键控DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying 差分相移键控DRMS Distance Root Mean Square 距离均方根值DRN Document Release Notice 文件发放通告DSB－AM Double Sideband Amplitude 双边带调幅DSDU Data Signal Display Unit 数据信号显示单元DSP Departure Sequencing Program 起飞排序计划；离港排序计划DT Data 数据DTE Data Terminal Equipment 数据终端设备DT&E Development Test and Evaluation 开发测试和评估DTF Data Test Facility 数据检测设备DTG 待飞距离DTN Data Transport Network 数据传输网络DUAT Direct User Access Terminal 用户直接存取终端DVOR Doppler Very high frequency Omni-directional Range 多普勒甚高频全向信标EEANPG European Air Navigation Planning Group 欧洲航行规划小组DARC Enhanced Direct Access Radar Channel 增强的直接存取雷达信道EARTS En route Automated Radar Tracking System 航路自动化雷达跟踪系统EASIE Enhanced ATM and Mode S Implementation in Europe 欧洲S模式和增强的空中交通管理实施项目EATCHIP European ATC Harmonization Implementation Program 欧洲空中交通管制协调实施计划EATMS European Air Traffic Management System 欧洲空中交通管理系统ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference 欧洲民航会议ECEF 地心地固坐标EDCT Estimated Departure Clearance Time 预计离港起飞放行时间EET Estimated Elapsed Time 预计经过时间EFAS En route Flight Advisory Service 航路飞行咨询服务EFAS Extended Final Approach Segment 扩展最后进近段EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EFC Expect Further Clearance 预期进一步放行许可EFIS Electronic Flight Information System 电子飞行情报系统EGNOS European global navigation overlay system 欧洲全球导航重迭系统EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator 电子平面状态显示器EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiate Power 等效各向同性辐射功率EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 扩展的工业标准结构EL Elevation Transmitter 仰角台ELOD En route sector Load 航路扇区负载管制飞机数量ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter 紧急示位发射机EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility 电磁兼容EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰ENRI Electronic Navigation Research Institute （日本）电子导航研究所EOF Emergency Operations Facility 应急运行设施EPA Environmental Protection Agency 环境保护署ER Error 误差ERL Environmental Research Laboratories 环境研究实验室ERM En Route Metering 航路计量管制ERN Earth Referenced Navigation 大地参考导航ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效幅射功率ES End System 终端系统ESA European Space Agency 欧洲航天局ESCAN Electronic Scanning(radar antenna)ESMMC Enhanced SMMC 增强的系统维护监视台ESP En route Spacing Program 航路间隔计划EST Estimated message 预计信息ETA Estimated Time of Arrival 预计到达时间ETB Estimated Time of Boundary 预计边界时间ETD Estimated Time of Departure 预计离港时间ETG Enhanced Target Generator 增强的显示目标产生器ETN Estimated Time of Entry 预计进入时间ETO Estimated Time Over 预计飞越时间ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准学会EU European Union 欧洲联盟EURA TN European A TN 欧洲航空电信网EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Electronics 欧洲民用航空电子学组织EUROCONTROL European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation 欧洲航行安全组织(欧安局)EVS Enhanced Vision System 增强视景系统EWAS En-route Weather Advisory Service 航路气象咨询服务FF&E Facilities and Equipment 设施和设备F,E&D Facilities, Engineering, and Development 设施、工程和开发FAA Federal Aviation Administration (美国)联邦航空局FAATC FAA Technical Center (美国)联邦航空局技术中心FAF Final Approach Fix 最终进近坐标FANS ICAO Future Air Navigation Systems （国际民航组织）未来航行系统FANS Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems 未来航行系统特别委员会FANS(Phase II) Special Committee for the Monitor- ing and Co-ordination of Develop- ment and Transition Planning for the Future Air Navigation System 未来航行系统监督、协调发展与过渡规划专门委员会FAR Federal Aviation Regulation 联邦航空条例FAS Final Approach Segment 最后进近段FASID Facilities And Services Implementation Document 设施和服务实施文件FCC Flight Communication Center 飞行通信中心FCC Federal Communication Commission 联邦通信委员会FCC Flight Control Computer 飞行控制计算机FDAU Flight Data Acquisition Unit 飞行数据收集单元FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface 光纤分布数据接口FDEP Flight Data Entry and Printout 飞行数据输入和输出FDI Fault Detection and Isolation 故障检测和隔离FDIO Flight Data Input/Output 飞行数据输入/输出FDM Frequency Division Multiplex 频分复用FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址FDP Flight Data Processor 飞行数据处理器FDPS Flight Data Processing System 飞行数据处理系统FDR Flight Data Recorder 飞行数据记录仪FEATS Future European A TS System Concept 未来欧洲空中交通服务系统方案FEATS ICAO Future European Air Traffic Management System 国际民航组织未来欧洲空中交通管理系统FEC Forward Error Correction 前向纠错FGC Flight Guidance Computer 飞行引导计算机FGCC Federal Geodetic Control Committee 联邦大地测量管理委员会FI Flight Inspection 飞机校验FIC Flight Information Center 飞行信息中心FIFO First In-First Out 先入先出FIFO Flight Inspection Field Office 飞行检查现场办事处FIR Flight Information Region 飞行情报区FIS Flight Information Services 飞行情报服务FISA Automatic Flight Information Service 自动飞行信息服务FL Flight Level 飞行高度层FLIR Forward Looking Infra-red Detection 前视红外线探测FM Frequency Modulation 调频FMC Flight Management Computer 飞行管理计算机FMEA Failure Mode Effects Analysis 故障模式效果分析FMS Flight Management System 飞行管理系统FMS Frequency Management System 频率管理系统FMSG Frequency Management Study Group 频率管理研究组FMU Flight Management Unit 飞行管理组件FMU Flow Management Unit 流量管理单元FOC Full Operation Capability 全运行能力FOM Figure of Merit 性能指数FPA Flight Path Angle 航迹倾角FPD Flight Plan Data 飞行计划数据FPS Military Primary Radar 军用一次雷达FREQ Frequency 频率FRP Federal Radio navigation Plan 联邦无线电导航计划（美国）FS Functional Statement 功能描述FSAS Flight Service Automation System 飞行服务自动化系统FSDPS Flight Service Data Processing System 飞行服务数据处理系统FSK Frequency Shift Keying 频移键控FSP Flight Strip Printer 飞行进程单打印机FSS Flight Service Station 飞行服务站FSTN Federal Security Telephone Network 联邦政府保安电话网络FT Functional Test 功能测试FTE Flight Technical Error 飞行技术误差FY Fiscal Year 财政年度; 会计年度GGA General Aviation 通用航空GA Ground annta 地面天线Gatelink Datalink for packed aircraft 网关数据链路GADS Generic Aircraft Display System 通用航空器显示系统GAIT Ground-based Augmentation and Integrity Technique 陆基增强和完好性技术GAO Government Accounting Office (联邦)政府会计署GBA Geostationary broadcast area 静止卫星广播区域GCAS Ground Collision Avoidance System 地面防撞系统GCS Ground Controlled Approach 地面控制系统GDLP Ground Data Link Processor 地面数据链处理器GDOP Geometic Dilution of Position 位置几何扩散因子GDOP Geometry Dilution of Precision 精度几何扩散因子GEO Geostationary 静地的GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit 相对地球静止轨道静止卫星GES Ground Earth Station 地面地球站GFE Government-Furnished Equipment 政府提供的设备GHz Giga hertz 千兆赫兹GIB GNSS integrity broadcast 全球导航卫星系统完好性数据广播GIC GNSS Integrity Channel 全球卫星导航系统完好性通道GICB Ground-initiated Comm-B 地面启动的B类通信GIRU Ground Interrogator Receiver Unit 地面应答机接收单元GIS Geographical Information System 地理信息系统GLONASS Global Orbit Navigation Satellite System 全球轨道导航卫星系统(俄罗斯)GLS GPS Landing System GPS着陆系统GM Guidance Material 指导材料GMC Ground Movement Control 地面活动管制GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift KeyingGMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间GNAS General NAS 综合国家空域系统GND Ground 地GNE Gross Navigational Error 总导航误差GNR Global Navigation Receiver 全球导航接收机GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System 全球导航卫星系统GNSSP ICAO Global Navigation Satellite Systems Panel 国际民航组织全球卫星导航系统专家组GPSSU Global Positioning System Sensor Unit 全球定位系统（GPS）传感器组件GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 静地运行环境卫星GOS Grade of Service 服务等级GOSEP Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile 政府开放系统互联结构GOSIP Government Open systems Implementation Profile 政府开放系统实施结构GP Glide-Path 下滑道GPIP Glide-Path Intercept Point 下滑道截获点GPIWP Glide Path Intercept Waypoint 滑行道切入点GPO/GPI General Purpose Output/General Purpose Input 通用输出/通用输入GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GPWS Ground Proximity Warming System 近地告警系统GREPECAS Caribean/South American Planning and Implementation Regional Group 加勒比/南美洲计划和实施区域小组GRS Ground-Reference Station 地面基准站GRS80 Geodetic-Reference System－80 大地基准系统－80GS(G/S) Glide Slope 下滑坡度GS Ground Speed 地速GSA General Services Administration 综合服务管理局(联邦政府下属)GSL General Support Laboratory 综合保障实验室GSM Global System （or Mobile）Communication 全球通信系统GWS Graphic Weather Service 图形气象服务HH Homing radio beacon 归航无线电信标HARN High Accuracy Reference Network 高精度参考网HAT Height Above Touchdown 高于接地点的高度HCI Human Computer Interface 人机接口HDD Head Down Display 下视显示器HDG Heading 航向HDOP Horizontal Dilution Of Precision 精度水平扩散因子HEMP High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse 高空电磁脉冲HEO High Elliptical Orbit 高椭圆率轨道HF High Frequency(3-30MHz) 高频HFDL High Frequency Data Link 高频数据链HGA High Gain Antenna 高增益天线HIRF High Intensity Radiated Fields 高强度辐射场HIWAS Hazardous In-flight Weather Advisory Service 飞行时遇危险天气的咨询服务HMI Human Machine Interface 人机接口HPA high power amplifier 高功率放大器HPF Horizontal Position Fix Error 水平位置坐标误差HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator 水平位置指示器HUD Head-up Display 平视显示仪HUI Head up DisplayHV AC Heating, Ventilating, And air Conditioning 加热,通风和空调Hybird GNSS/ILS Precision Approach/Landing based on combination of GNSS localizer and ILS glide path 基于GNSS航向和ILS下滑道组合的精密进近/着陆系统Hz Hertz 赫兹。
含有air的英语单词
含有air的英语单词含有air的英语单词有：1. airplane飞机2. airport 机场3. airship 飞艇4. airway 航道5. airline 航空公司6. airmail 航空邮件7. aircraft 飞行器8. airbag 安全气囊9. airbrush 喷笔10. airlock 气闸11. airman 飞行员12. airfield 飞机场13. airfare 机票价格14. airhead 空头15. airhole 气孔16. airless 无空气的17. airbed 气垫床18. airframe 机翼19. airgun 气枪20. airhostess 空姐21. airbase 空军基地22. airbrick 通气砖23. airforce 空军24. airglow 空气辉光25. airflow 气流26. airframe 机架27. airhead 空头领导28. airway 航路29. airworthiness 适航性30. airspeed 空速31. airstream 气流32. airtime 空中时间33. airtight 气密34. airwave 电波35. airy 轻浮的36. airbrush 喷笔37. airfield 飞机场38. airfoil 翼型39. airlock 气闸40. airman 飞行员41. air mass 大气的质量块42. air mattress 充气床垫43. air pump 打气筒44. air raid 空袭45. air route 航线46. air show 飞行表演47. air sign 空中标志48. air strike 空袭49. air traffic 空中交通流量50. air valve1 空气阀。
常见的PID图例缩写符号
LINE SERVICE IDENTIFICATIONSYMBOL SERVICE符号帮助AIR SYSTEMS空气系统IA INSTRUMENT AIR仪表风PA PLANT AIR工厂风DA 烧焦空气STEAM AND CONDENSATE SYSTEMS蒸汽和凝液系统HC HIGH PRESSURE CONDENSATE高压蒸汽凝液MC MEDIUM PRESSURE CONDENSATE中压蒸汽凝液LC LOW PRESSURE CONDENSATE低压蒸汽凝液SC SURFACE CONDENSATE表面凝液DS DILUTION STEAM稀释蒸汽HS HIGH PRESSURE STEAM高压蒸汽MS MEDIUM PRESSURE STEAM中压蒸汽LS SUPERHEATED LOW PRESSURE STEAM过热低压蒸汽PS SATURATED LOW PRESSURE STEAM饱和低压蒸汽SHS SUPER HIGH PRESSURE STEAM超高压蒸汽DRAIN SYSTEMS排放系统CD CHEMICAL DRAIN化污LD LIQUID DRAIN液体排放ND NON-CONTAMINATED POLLUTION DRAIN无污染排放OD OILY DRAIN油污EXHAUST AND VENT SYSTEMSAV ATMOSPHERIC VENT (NOT FROM PSV) 通大气（不从安全阀）SV SAFETY VALVE TO ATMOSPHERE安全伐排大气FLARE SYSTEMS火炬系统DF DRY FLARE干火炬WF WET FLARE湿火炬GAS SYSTEMS气体系统FG FUEL GAS燃料气HG HYDROGEN氢气NG NITROGEN氮气SPECIAL LIQUID SYSTEMS特殊液体系统CL CAUSTIC腐蚀性QO QUENCH OIL急冷油SO SEAL OIL密封油WO WASHING OIL冲洗油（压缩机）PROCESS SERVICE (NORMAL)P PROCESS工艺REFRIGERANT SYSTEMSBR BINARY REFRIGERANT二元制冷PR PROPYLENE REFRIGERANT丙烯冷剂WATER SYSTEMS水系统BFW BOILER FEED WATER锅炉给水FW FIRE WATER消防水IW INTERMEDIATE WATER二次水CWR COOLING WATER RETURN冷却水回水CWS COOLING WATER SUPPLY冷却水PW POLISHED WATER工艺水QW QUENCH WATER急冷水UW UTILITY WATER工业水WW WASTE WATER废水MISCELLANEOUS ABBREVIATION AND SERVICE SYMBOLS 各种缩写和符号A AIR MOTOR空气马达ACC ACCESSIBLE可接近的ATM ATMOSPHERE大气BL BATTERY LIMIT界区BTS BUBBLE TIGHT SHUT-OFF缓慢紧密切断BV BY VENDOR由供应商提供CONN CONNECTION连接CSC CAR SEAL CLOSED关闭锁定CSO CAR SEAL OPEN打开锁定DEC DETAIL ENGINEERING CONTRACTOR工程承包商详细资料EOR END OF RUN运行结束SOREW EYEWASH洗眼FLG FLANGE法兰LC LOCKED CLOSED锁定关闭LO LOCKED OPEN锁定打开NC NORMALLY CLOSED正常情况下关闭NNF NORMALLY NO FLOW正常情况下无流量NO NORMALLY OPEN正常情况下打开S SAMPLE CONNECTION取样点SC SAMPLE CONNECTION WITH COOLER连接冷却器的取样点SOR START OF RUN开始运行SR STRAINER过滤器SS SAFETY SHOWER安全喷淋T LINE DRIP TRAP疏水器TSO TIGHT SHUT OFF密闭切断UC UTILITY CONNECTION公用工程接口LINESMAIN LINE主线SECONDARY LINE副线UNDERGROUND OR BURY地下或隐藏ELECTRICALLY TRACED电缆线SPECIAL TRACED特殊管线STEAM TRACED蒸汽伴热JACKETED夹套PACKAGED EQUIP BOUNDARY成套设备分界线BATTERY LIMIT BOUNDARY界区分界线FUTURE未来MATERIAL SPEC BREAK材料规格分界点DESIGN BREAK设计分界点BELOW GROUND LINE RISING ABOVE GRADE 地管伸出点BREAK OF REPONSIBILITY责任分界点MISCELLANEOUS ITEMS各种细节ROD OUT CONNECTIONCLEAN OUT CONNECTION (FLUSHING)清理接口（冲洗）REMOVABLE SPOOL可拆除短管NOZZLE OR PIPE WITH BLIND FLANGE 带盲法兰的喷嘴或管线SPACER FOR BLIND盲管位置NORMALLY CLOSED正常情况下关闭NORMALLY OPEN正常情况下打开FIGURE BB 图REVERSIBLE BLIND8字盲板ORIFICE SWAGE孔板INSULATED FLANGED JOINT保温法兰连接PIPE CAP (WELDED)管帽（焊接）PIPE CAP (SCREWED)管帽（法兰）REDUCER变径管T-STRAINERT型过滤器PERMANENT Y-STRAINER (WITH VALVE) 带阀门Y型过滤器TEMPORARY STRAINER临时过滤器HOSE CONNECTIONSAMPLE CONNECTION取样口**-SERVICE SYMBOL符号说明SEQUENCE NUMBER序列号OPEN DRAIN HUB敞口集液器MATERIAL BALANCE STREAM NUMBER 物流号CONTINUTY ARROW延续箭头INITIAL FEED初始进料GRADE等级TRENCH地沟LINE IDENTIFICATION管线说明INSULATION CODE保温代码MATERIAL SPECIFICATION材质BRANCH IDENTIFIER分支标识SEQUENCE NUMBERPROCESS SECTION AREA(MAY BE SINGLE DIGIT) 工艺区LINE SERVICE SYMBOL管线符号说明LINE SIZE管线尺寸VALVESGATE VALVE闸阀BUTTERFLY VALVE蝶阀DIAPHRAGM VALVE隔膜阀GLOBE VALVE球阀NEEDLE VALVE针型阀PLUG VALVE截止阀BALL VALVE球阀CHECK VALVE止逆阀STOP CHECK VALVE(BOILER NON-RETURN VALVE) 带手轮止逆阀THREE 0R FOUR VALVE三通或四通阀MULTI PORT PLUG多向切断阀ANGLE VALVE角阀DUAL TANDEM BLOWNDOWN VALVES两段排污阀RAN TYPE VALVER型阀T-TYPE GLOBE VALVET型球阀AUTOMATIC RECIRCULATION VALVE自动再循环阀INTERLOCKED VALVES(MECHANICAL LINK))机械联动阀QUICK OPENING OR CLOSING VALVE快速开关阀VALVE WITH BODY CAVITY RELIEF OR BODY BLEED CONNECTION 带有排放阀的阀门DAMPER挡板APPROPRIATE ABBREVIATION合适的缩写SLIDE GATE VALVE滑动闸阀EQUIPMENT IDENTIFACATION设备符号SUPPLIED WITH VENDOR EQUIPMENT供应商提供的设备SPARE(A,B,C,ETC USED IF PARALLEL UNITS)同一设备的编号SEQUENCE NUMBER序列号AREA NUMBER区号EQUIPMENT CODE OF ACCOUNT设备代码UNIT DESIGNATION单元名称E – ETHYLENE乙烯H - DPG HYDROGENATION汽油加氢U - UTILITY & OFF SITE公用工程PIPING SPECIALTY ITEMS ANDMISCELLANEOUS EQUIPMENT特殊管项和各种设备ALL PIPING SPECIALTY ITEMS ARE IDENTIFIED所有特殊管线有以下注明SEQUENCE NUMBER ( NUMBERED IN SAME WAY AS INSTRUMENT ) 序列号（与仪表排序相同）EXHAUST HEAD负呀总管ATOMPHERIC VENT WITH WEATHER CAP防雨放空管DUPLEX STRAINER相同的过滤器PERMANENT BASKET STRAINER提篮式过滤器FLEXIBLE HOSE金属软管EXPANSION JOINT膨胀节INLINE MIXERS OR VENTURI TYPE DESUPER HEATER 内嵌式混合器或文丘里型混合器SILENCER消音器EJECTOR OR EDUCTOR喷射器FILTER过滤器FILTER WITH HOOD带罩过滤器CONDENSATE TRAP (NON-PROCESS)凝液疏水器FIRE PROTECTION消防FIRE HYDRANT消防炮FIRE HYDRANT WITH MONITOR带监视器的消防栓FIRE HYDRANT WITH PUPPER CONNECTION消防栓HOSE HOUSE消防箱VALVE WITH INDICATOR POST 带指示的阀MONITOR监视器EM IF ELEVATEDPUMP泵CENTRIFUGAL离心泵METERING OR RECIPROCATING 计量泵或往复式泵ROTARY {GEAR ,SCREW }齿轮泵VERTICAL SUMP PUMP立式污水泵VERTICAL CANNEDPUMP (PFD ONLY ALL TYPES) 泵LIQUID RING VACUUM PUMP 水环式真空泵COMPRESSOR压缩机SINGLE STAGE RECIPROCATINGMULTI-STAGE RECIPROCATINGCENTRIFUGAL离心式ROTARY旋转式BLOWER FAN鼓风机BLOWER (PFD ONLY ALL TYPES) 鼓风机COMPRESSOR (PFD ONLY)压缩机SCREW螺杆式DRIVER驱动装置ELECTRIC MOTOR电动马达DIESEL ENGINE .ETC柴油发动机APPROPRIATE ABBREVIATION相应的缩写A AIR空气D DIESEL柴油H HYDRAULIC水力的M ELECTRIC电气的STEAM TURBINE蒸汽涡轮EXPANDER扩大室HEAT EXCHANGER换热器SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER管壳式换热器HORIZONTAL SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 水平式管壳式换热器VERTICAL SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER 垂直式管壳式换热器SINGEL SECTION DOUBLE PIPE EXCHANGER TWO SECTION DOUBLE PIPE EXCHANGERAIR COOLER空冷器AIR COOLER (PFD ONLY)空冷器KETTLE TYPE REBOILER OR STEAM GENERATOR KETTLE TYPE EXCHANGER (PFD ONLY) GRAPHITE BLOCK TYPE EXCHANGERPLATE EXCHANGERDRAWING IDENTIFICATION图形说明REVISION NO.修订号DRAWING NO.图号AREA NO.区号JOB NO.工号DRAWING SIZEVESSELS AND FURNACES容器和炉子FLOATING ROOF TANK浮顶罐CONE ROOF TANK WITH INTERNAL COIL 带内盘管锥型顶罐COLUMN柱型PACKINGINTERNAL BAFFLEVORTEX BREAKER旋风分离器CABIN TYPE HEATER WITH EXTERNAL CROSS-OVERSHORIZONAL TYPE HEATER WITH INTERNAL CROSSOVERS 内部有交叉的水平加热管VESSEL ELEVATIONS离地面高度INSULATION CODE保温代码D ANTI-SWEAT INSULATION防水保温E ELECTRICAL TRACINGF FULL HEAT CONSERVATIONH NORMAL HEAT CONSERVATION一般保温M DUAL SERVICE INSULATIONP PERSONNEL PROTECTION防护人员S SPECIAL特殊的T STEAM TRACINGV ACOUSTICAL听力的BREAK OF RESPONSIBILITYSYMBOL FOR LOCATION OF TIE-IN POINT CONNECTEDU NEW ETHYLENE STORAGE AREA乙烯新区的V OSBL (ON NORTH SIDE RACK)W OSBL (ON MAIN RACK IN FRONT OF NEW HEATER)X OSBL (ON SOUTH SIDE RACK)Y OSBL (COOLING WATER)E EXISTING AREAD DPG AREAC4 C4 HYDRO AREAD(W) DPG AREA AND THROUGH THE TIE-IN POINT(W) ON THE RACKC4(U) C4 HYDRO AREA AND THROUGH THE TIE-IN POINT(U) ON THE RACKE(W) EXISTING AREA AND THROUGH TIE-IN POINT(W) ON THE RACKE(X) EXISTING AREA AND THROUGH TIE-IN POINT(X) ON THE RACK GENERAL NOTES1. FOR INSTRUMENTATION SYMBOLS SEE DWG NO.0005B仪表符号参阅图DWG NO.0005B2. FLOW DIAGRAMS ARE DIAGRAMATIC ONLY 。
Charge air systems for two-cycle internal combusti
专利名称：Charge air systems for two-cycle internal combustion engines发明人：EDWARD M. HALIMI,RALPH P.MALOOF,WILLIAM E. WOOLLENWEBER申请号：AU7470296申请日：19961025公开号：AU7470296A公开日：19970515专利内容由知识产权出版社提供摘要：A two-cycle internal combustion engine (10, 46, 66, 75, 86) has a motor-assisted turbocharger (13) where the motor (17, 56, 65, 77, 95) is activated by an external power source (18) to operate the turbocharger (13) to apply scavenging and charging air for starting the engine (10, 46, 66, 75, 86). When sufficient exhaust gas energy is available to allow the turbocharger (13) to provide adequate scavenging and charging air, the motor (17, 56, 65, 77, 95) is de-energized to eliminate the need for external power. Thus, the charging system acts as a supercharger during start-up and as a turbocharger during normal running. A control system (19, 57, 68, 78, 88) is connected to the driving motor (17, 56, 65, 77, 95) that receives signals (25) so that power is supplied to the motor (17, 56, 65, 77, 95) during start-up and may also be supplied during low exhaust gas energy levels to maintain a sufficient supply of scavenging and charging air. These signals (25) may come from engine speed, turbocharger speed, intake manifold pressure, throttle position and the like. In the case of a small crankcase-scavenged, two-cycle engine, a motor-driven compressor (40, 58, 72, 80) may be used to augment the supply of scavenging air provided by the downstroke of the piston. A motor-driven compressor (58,72) can be arranged in series with a turbocharger compressor (60, 74) to provide high pressure charge air to a two-cycle engine by virtue of being connected in series.申请人：TURBODYNE SYSTEMS, INC.更多信息请下载全文后查看。
介绍空调知识的作文英文
介绍空调知识的作文英文Title: Understanding Air Conditioning Systems。
Introduction:Air conditioning plays a crucial role in modern life, providing comfort and improving indoor air quality. Understanding how air conditioning systems work isessential for maximizing their efficiency and effectiveness.Definition and Function:Air conditioning, often referred to as AC, is a system that controls the temperature, humidity, and cleanliness of indoor air. Its primary function is to create a comfortable environment by cooling or heating the air within a designated space.Components of an Air Conditioning System:1. Compressor: The compressor is the heart of the AC system. It compresses the refrigerant gas, increasing its pressure and temperature.2. Condenser Coil: The high-pressure refrigerant gas flows into the condenser coil, where it dissipates heat and condenses into a liquid.3. Expansion Valve: The liquid refrigerant passes through the expansion valve, where its pressure drops rapidly, causing it to evaporate and absorb heat from the surrounding air.4. Evaporator Coil: As the refrigerant evaporates, it absorbs heat from the indoor air, cooling it down.5. Fan: The fan circulates air over the evaporator coil, distributing cooled air throughout the space.6. Thermostat: The thermostat monitors the temperature and controls the operation of the AC system to maintain the desired indoor climate.Types of Air Conditioning Systems:1. Central Air Conditioning: This system uses a centralized unit to cool multiple rooms or an entire building. It requires ductwork to distribute cooled air.2. Split System: A split system consists of an outdoor unit (containing the compressor and condenser coil) and an indoor unit (containing the evaporator coil and fan). It is suitable for cooling individual rooms or small spaces.3. Window AC: Window air conditioners are self-contained units installed in a window or through a wall. They are ideal for cooling single rooms or small apartments.4. Portable AC: Portable air conditioners are movable units that can be easily transported from one room to another. They do not require permanent installation and are suitable for temporary cooling solutions.Energy Efficiency and Environmental Impact:Efficiency ratings such as SEER (Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio) and EER (Energy Efficiency Ratio)indicate the energy efficiency of air conditioning systems. Higher SEER and EER ratings correspond to lower energy consumption and reduced environmental impact. Additionally, choosing an AC system with environmentally friendly refrigerants, such as R-410A or R-32, can minimize harm to the ozone layer and reduce greenhouse gas emissions.Maintenance and Care:Regular maintenance is essential for the optimal performance and longevity of air conditioning systems. Tasks such as cleaning or replacing air filters, inspecting and cleaning coils, checking refrigerant levels, and ensuring proper airflow should be performed periodically. Neglecting maintenance can lead to decreased efficiency, higher energy bills, and costly repairs.Conclusion:In conclusion, air conditioning systems play a vital role in maintaining comfortable indoor environments. By understanding the components, types, efficiency ratings, and maintenance requirements of AC systems, individuals can make informed decisions to ensure optimal performance, energy efficiency, and environmental sustainability.。
年终总结-通风、排烟及空调风管系统的区别及安装
年终总结-通风、排烟及空调风管系统的区别及安装英文版At the end of the year, it's important to reflect on the work we've done and the progress we've made. In the field of HVAC (Heating, Ventilation, and Air Conditioning), understanding the differences between ventilation, smoke exhaust, and air conditioning duct systems is crucial for proper installation and maintenance.Ventilation systems are designed to provide fresh air and remove stale air from a building. They help to maintain indoor air quality and regulate temperature and humidity levels. Ventilation ducts are typically larger in size and are often located near the ceiling to distribute air evenly throughout a space.Smoke exhaust systems, on the other hand, are specifically designed to remove smoke and other harmful gases in the event of a fire. These systems are crucial for the safety of building occupants and must be installed in compliance with local fire codes and regulations. Smoke exhaust ducts are usually smaller in size and are strategically placed to quickly remove smoke from a building.Air conditioning duct systems are responsible for distributing cool or warm air throughout a building to maintain a comfortable indoor temperature. These systems are often the most visible and are designed to blend seamlessly with the building's architecture. Air conditioning ducts come in various shapes and sizes, depending on the specific needs of the building.In conclusion, understanding the differences between ventilation, smoke exhaust, and air conditioning duct systems is essential for proper installation and maintenance. By following industry best practices and regulations, HVAC professionals can ensure that buildings are safe, comfortable, and energy-efficient.年终总结-通风、排烟及空调风管系统的区别及安装在年底，反思我们所做的工作和取得的进展是很重要的。
systems造句
"Systems" 是一个英文词汇，表示系统或体系。
以下是一些包含 "systems" 的句子：1.The company implemented new software systems to streamline its operations.公司实施了新的软件系统，以简化其运营。
2.Effective communication is crucial in large organizations to ensure smoothinteraction among different systems.在大型组织中，有效的沟通对于确保不同系统之间的顺畅互动至关重要。
3.The education system in the country underwent a comprehensive reform to adaptto the changing needs of students.该国的教育体系经历了全面的改革，以适应学生不断变化的需求。
4.Modern transportation systems play a key role in connecting cities and facilitatingeconomic growth.现代交通系统在连接城市和促进经济增长方面起着关键作用。
5.The healthcare system faces challenges in providing accessible and affordableservices to a growing population.卫生系统面临着向不断增长的人口提供可及和负担得起服务的挑战。
6.Financial systems are constantly evolving to meet the demands of a dynamicglobal economy.金融系统不断发展，以满足动态全球经济的需求。
航空英文缩写
AA&E Architectural and Engineering 建筑和工程BPSK Aviation-Biphase Shift Keying 航空两相相移键控QPSK Aviation-Quadriphase Shift Keying 航空四相相移键控A/G Air-to-Ground 空对地AAC Aeronautical Administrative Communication 航空行政通信AAC Airline Administrative Control 航空公司行政管理AAC Aeronautical Advisory Council 航空咨询委员会AAIM Aircraft Autonomous Integrity Monitor 飞机自治完好性监控AARS Automatic Altitude Reporting System 自动高度报告系统AAS Advanced Automated System 先进自动化系统AAS Aeronautical Advisory Station 航空咨询电台AAS Airborne Antenna System 机载天线系统AASR Airport and Airways Surveillance Radar 机场和航路监视雷达AATS Advanced Automation Training System 先进自动化培训系统AAD Assigned Altitude Deviation 指定高度偏差ABE ARINC 429 Bus Emulator ARINC 429 总线仿真器ABI Advanced Boundary Information Message 高级边界信息报文ABPS airborne beacon processing system 机载信标信息处理系统ABPSK Aeronautical Binary Phase Shift Keying 航空双相移键控A/C Aircraft 飞机AC Advisory Circular 咨询通报ACA Aeronautical Communication Architecture 航空通信结构ACARS Aircraft Communication Addressing and Reporting System 飞机通信寻址和报告系统ACARS ARINC Communications Addressing and Reporting System ARINC通信寻址和报告系统ACAS Airborne Collision Avoidance System 机载（避）防撞系统ACC Area Control Center 区域管制中心ACCC Area Control Computer Complex 区域管制计算机网ACCTS Aviation Coordinating Committee for Telecommunication Services 航空电信服务协调委员会ACF Area Control Facility 区域管制设施ACID Aircraft Identification 飞行器识别标志ACK Acknowledgment 认可ACLS Automatic Control and Landing System 自动控制和着陆系统ACMF Airplane Condition Monitoring Function 飞机状态监视功能ACMS Aircraft Condition Monitoring System 飞机状态监控系统ACNSS Advanced Communication/Naviga- tion/Surveillance system 先进的通信导航监视系统ACS aircraft call sign 飞机呼号ACS Attitude Control System 姿态控制系统ACSE Access Control and Signaling Equipment 接续控制与信令设备ACSG Aeronautical Communication Sub-Group 航空通信分组ACU Aerodrome Control Unit 机场控制单位（室）ACU Autopilot Control Unit 自动驾驶控制单元ACU Antenna Control Unit 天线控制组件ADA computer programming language 一种计算机编程语言ADAS AWOS Data Acquisition System 自动气象观察系统数据采集系统ADC airborne data computer 机载数据计算机ADDI Automated Digital Data Interchange 自动化数字数据交换ADEP Airport of Departure 起飞机场ADES Airport of Destination 目标机场ADFE Automatic Direction-Finding Equipment 自动定向仪设备ADI Aggregate Demand Indicator 综合指令指示器ADI Attitude Direction Indicator 姿态方向指示器ADIRS Air Data Inertial Reference System 大气数据惯性基准系统ADIRU Air Data Inertial Reference Unit 大气数据惯性基准单元ADIS-B Automatic Data Interchange System, service B 自动数据交换系统,B类服务ADLOC ARINC Data Link Operations Center ARINC数据链运行中心ADLP Airborne Data Link Processor 机载数据链处理器ADM Air Data Module 大气数据模块ADMS Airline Data Management System 航空公司数据管理系统ADNS ARINC Data Network Service ARINC数据网服务ADP Automated Data Processing 自动数据处理ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation 自适应差分脉码调制ADS Automatic Dependent Surveillance 自动相关监视ADS Air Data System 大气数据系统ADS Satellite ADS via AMSS 一种通过航空移动卫星系统运行的ADS ADS-I ADS capability provided by the combination of FANS 1 avionics and ground automation 采用FANS-I 机载设备和地面自动化系统组合提供的ADS能力ADS－A Automatic Dependent Surveillance Addressing 选址式自动相关监视ADS-B Automatic Dependent Surveillance Broadcast Mode 广播式自动相关监视ADS-B Mode S ADS-Broadcast based on Mode S Squitter 基于S模式应答机随机自发报告的广播式自动相关监视ADS-B VHF ADS-Broadcast based on VHF datalink 基于VHF数据链的自动化相关监视广播ADSEL Address Selective 寻址ADSF Automatic Dependent Surveillance Function 自动相关监视功能ADSP (ICAO) Automatic Dependent Surveillance Panel (国际民航组织)自动相关监视专家组ADSU ADS Study Group (ICAO) （国际民航组织）自动相关监视研究组ADSU Automatic Dependent Surveillance Unit or ADS Unit 自动相关监视单元AECU Audio Electronic Control Unit 音频电子控制单元AEEC Airlines Electronic Engineering Committee 航空公司电子工程委员会AEL Aircraft Equipment List 飞机装备清单AERA Automated En Route Air Traffic 自动化航路空中交通管制AES Aircraft Earth Station 飞机地球站AF Airway Facilities 航路设施AFC ATC Frequency Change service 空中交通管制改（换）频服务AFCAS Automatic Flight Control Augmentation System 自动飞行控制增强系统AFCS Automatic Flight Control System 自动飞行控制系统AFDC Autopilot Flight Director Computer 自动驾驶飞行指示计算机AFDS Autopilot Flight Director System 自动驾驶飞行指示系统AFEPS ACARS Front End Processing System ACARS前端处理系统AFIS Aerodrome Flight Information Service 机场航行情报服务AFIS Airborne Flight Information System 机载飞行情报系统AFL Actual Flight Level 实际飞行高度AFLS Automated Flight Inspection System 自动飞行检查系统AFN ATS Facilities Notification 空中交通服务设备通告AFS Aeronautical Fixed Service 航空固定通信业务AFSS Automated Flight Service Station 自动化飞行服务站AFTN Aeronautical Fixed Telecommunication Network 航空固定电信网AFTRCC Aerospace and Flight Test Radio Coordinating Council 宇航和飞行测试无线电协调委员会AGCS Air Ground Communication System 空地通信系统AGDLS Air-Ground Data Link System 空地数据链系统AGL Above Ground Level 离地高度AGMCS Airport Ground Movement Control System 机场地面交通管制系统AGSS ACARS Ground System Standard(AEEC) ACARS 地面系统标准（AEEC）AGSVP A/G Service Planning 空地（通信）业务规划AGVS Air Ground VHF Subnetwork 空地VHF子网AI Artificial Intelligence 人工智能AI Alternative Interrogator 可选择询问器AI Aeronautical Information 航空情报AIC Aeronautical Information Circular 航空情报通报AIDC ATC Interfacility Data Communications 空中交通管制设施间数据通信AIDS airborne integrated data system 机载综合数据系统AIDS airborne integrated display system 机载综合显示系统AIED Aeronautical Industry Engineering and Development 航空工业工程和开发AIEE American Institute Electrical Engineers 美国电气工程师学会AIEM Airlines International Electronic Meeting 航空公司国际电子会议AILAS Automatic Instrument Landing Approach System 自动仪表着陆进近系统AIM-FANS Airbus Interoperable Modular FANS 空中客车FANS可运行模块（空中客车公司设计的一种FANS系统结构模块）AIMS Aircraft Information Management System 飞机信息管理系统AIP Aeronautical Information Publication 航行资料汇编AIP Airport Improvement Program 航空港改进计划AIRCOM digital air/ground communications services provided by SITA 由SITA提供的数字空地通信服务AIRAC Aeronautical Information Regulation And Control 航行资料规划和管制，定期制航行通告AIREP Air Report 空中报告AIRMET Airmen's Meteorological information 飞行员的气象资料AIS Aeronautical Information Service(s) 航空情报服务AKN Acknowledgment 认可A/L Autoland 自动着陆AL Alerting Service 告警服务ALC Asynchronous Link Control 异步链路控制ALS Automatic Landing System 自动着陆系统ALSF Approach Light System with Sequenced Flashing lights 顺序闪光的进近灯光系统ALSIP Approach Light System Improvement Program 进近灯光系统改进计划ALT Airborne Link Terminal 机载链路终端ALT Altitude 高度ALTS Altitude Select 高度选择AM Amplitude Modulation 调幅AMC Avionics Maintenance Conference 机载电子设备维护维修大会AME Amplitude Modulation Equivalent 等效调幅AMCP (ICAO) Aeronautical Mobile Communications Panel (国际民航组织)航空移动通信专家组AMJ Advisory Material-Joint 联合咨询资料AMP ARINC Message Processor(ADNS) ARINC报文处理器AMS Aeronautical Mobile Service 航空移动服务AMSS Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service 航空移动卫星业务AMSSP （ICAO） Aeronautical Mobile-Satellite Service Panel （国际民航组织）航空移动卫星业务专家组AMTS Aeronautical Message Transfer Service 航空报文移交业务AMU Audio Management Unit 话音管理单元AMUX Audio Multiplexer 音频复用器A/N Alphanumeric 按字母顺序ANC ICAO Air Navigation Commission 国际民航组织航行委员会ANICS ALASKAN NAS Interfacility Communication System 阿拉斯加美国国家空域系统设施间通信系统ANLP ARINC Network Layer Protocol ARINC网络层规程ANP Air Navigation Plan 空中航行规划ANP Actual Navigation Performance 实际导航性能ANS Air Navigation System 空中航行系统ANS Area Navigation System 区域导航系统ANSI American National Standards Institute 美国国家标准学会AOA Aerodrome Owners Association 机场企业主协会AOC Aeronautical Operational Control 航空运营管理AOC Aerodrome obstacle chart 机场障碍物图AOC Aircraft Operational Center 飞行运行中心AOC Airline Operational Communications System 航空公司运营通信系统AOCI Airport Operators Council International 机场经营与国际协会AOP Aerodrome Operations 机场运营AOPA Aircraft Owners and Pilots Association 航空器企业主与驾驶员协会AOR Atlantic Ocean Region 大西洋区域AORE Atlantic Ocean Region East 东大西洋区域AORW Atlantic Ocean Region West 西大西洋区域A/P Autopilot 自动驾驶APANPIRG ASIA/PAC Air Navigation Planning and Implementation Regional Group 亚太地区航行规划和实施小组APC Autopilot Computer 自动驾驶计算机APC Aeronautical Passenger Communications 航空旅客通信APC Aeronautical Public Correspondence 航空公用通信APIRG AFI Planning and Implementation Regional Group 非洲地区规划和实施小组APIWP Approach Intercept Waypoint 进近切入点APL Abbreviated Flight Plan 简略飞行计划APP Approach Control 进近管制APP（APPR） Approach 进近APS Airway Planning Standard 航路设计标准APSR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达AQP Avionics Qualification Policy 机载电子设备资格QPSK Aeronautical Quadrature Phase Shift Keying 航空四相相移键控AR Arrival Route 到达航路ARCW ADS Route Conformance Warning 自动相关监视航路一致性警告ARF Airport Reservation Function 航空港预定功能ARINC Aeronautical Radio Inc. 航空无线电公司ARP Aerodrome reference point 机场基准点ARR Arrival message 到达信息ARS Automated Radar Summary chart 自动雷达综合图ARSA Airport Radar Service Area 机场雷达服务区ARSR Air Route Surveillance Radar 航路监视雷达ARTAS ATC Radar Tracker and Server 空中交通管制雷达跟踪和服务器ARTCCS Air Route Traffic Control Centers 航路交通管制中心ARTS Automated Radar Terminal System 自动化雷达终端系统AS Autonomy Sensor 自主式机载传感器ASCPC Air Supply and Cabin Pressure Controllers 空气供给和机舱压力控制器ASCII America standard Code for Information Interchange 美国信息交换标准码ASD Aircraft Situation Display 飞机状态显示器ASDE Airport Surface Detection Equipment 机场场面探测设备ASDL Aeronautical Satellite Data Link 航空卫星数据链ASECNA Agency for the Security of Aerial Navigation in Africa and Madagascar 非洲和马达加斯加航行安全局ASG ARINC Signal Gateway ARINC信号网关ASI Avionics System Integration 航空电子仪表系统集成ASK Amplitude Shift Keying 振幅移位键控AM（ASM） Airspace Management 空域管理SMGCS Advanced Surface Movement Guidance and Control System 先进场面活动引导和控制系统ASOS Automated Surface Observing System 自动场面观测系统ASP Arrival Sequencing Program 进场顺序计划ASP Aeronautical communication Service Processor 航空通信业务处理器ASPP （ICAO） Aeronautical Fixed Service (AFS) System Planning for Data Interchange Panel (国际民航组织)航空固定电信业务系统数据交换规划专家组ASR Airport Surveillance Radar 机场监视雷达ASRS Aviation Safety Reporting System 航空安全报告系统ASTERIX All- purpose Structured Eurocontrol Radar Information ExchangeASTA Airport Surface Traffic Automation 机场场面交通自动化A/T Auto throttlt 自动油门AT Air Traffic 空中交通AT&T American Telephone and Telegraph 美国电话电报公司ATA Air Transport Association of American 美国航空运输协会ATAG Air Transport Action Group 航空运输行动小组ATAR Automatic Air Reporting 航空自动报告ATAR Automatic Air Reporting Study Group 航空自动报告研究组ATC Air Traffic Control 空中交通管制ATCC Air Traffic Control Center 空中交通管制中心ATCBI Air Traffic Control Beacon Interrogator 空中交通管制信标询问器ATCComm Air Traffic Control Communications System(Hardware & Software) 空中交通管制通信系统(硬件和软件)ATCRBS Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System 空中交通管制雷达信标系统ATCS Air Traffic Control Services 空中交通管制服务ATCT Airport Traffic Control Tower 机场交通管制塔台ATCU ATC unit 空中交通管制单位ATD Along-Track Distance 沿航线距离ATE Automatic Test Equipment 自动测试设备ATFM Air Traffic Flow Management 空中交通流量管理ATIS Air Traffic Information Service 空中交通信息服务ATIS Airport Terminal Information Service 机场终端信息服务ATIS Automated(automatic) Terminal Information Service 自动终端情报服务ATM Air Traffic Management 空中交通管理ATN Aeronautical Telecommunications Network 航空电信网ATNP （ICAO）Aeronautical Telecommunication Network Panel （国际民航组织）航空电信网专家组ATO Actual Time Over 实际经过时间ATRK Along-Track Error 沿航线误差ATS Air Traffic Services 空中交通服务ATSC Air Traffic Services Communication 空中交通服务通信ATT Attitude 姿态AUSSAT Australian Satellite 澳大利亚卫星AUTODIN Automated Digital Network 自动化数字网络AUTOVON Automatic Voice Network 自动化话音网络AUX Auxiliary 辅助AVOL Aerodrome Visibility Operational Level 机场能见度运行等级AVPAC Aviation VHF Packet Communications 航空甚高频分组通信AVS Aviation Standards 航空标准AWANS Aviation Weather And NOTAM System 航空气象和航行通告系统AWOP （ICAO） All Weather Operations Panel （国际民航组织）全天候运行专家组AWOS Automated Weather Observing System 自动化气象观测系统AWP Aviation Weather Processor 航空气象处理器AWS Aviation Weather Service 航空气象服务AZ Azimuth transmitter 方位台BBARO Barometric 气压BAZ Back Azimuth 后方位，背航道BER Basic Encoding Rules 基本编码规则BER Bit Error Rate 误码率BIT Built-In-Test 机内测试BITE Built-In-Test Equipment 机内测试设备BOP Bit Oriented Protocol 面向位的协议BPS bits per second 每秒传送位数；每秒比特数BPSK Biphase Shift Keying 两相相移键控BRITE Bright Radar Indicator Tower Equipment 塔台高亮度雷达显示设备BRL Bearing Range Line 方位距离线BSU Beam Steering Unit 天线方位控制组件BUEC Backup Emergency Communications 备用紧急通信C 通信Band Approx. 5,000MHz C波段C/A (CA) Code Course Acquisition Code 粗获码（民用的）C/I Carrier-to-Interference Ratio 信号干扰比C/N Carrier-to-Noise Ratio 信噪比CA Conflict Alert 冲突告警CA GPS Course- Acquisition Code 粗捕获码（民用码）CA/MSAW Conflict Alert/Minimum Safe Altitude Warning 冲突告警/最低安全高度警告CAA Civil Aviation Administration, Civil Aeronautical Authority, Civil Aviation Authority 民航局CAAC General Administration of Civil Aviation of China 中国民用航空总局CAASD Center for Advanced Aviation System Development(The MITRE Corporation) (MITRE公司)高级航行系统开发中心CAB Civil Aeronautical Bureau 民航局CARF Central Altitude Reservation Function 中央飞行高度保留功能CARs Civil Air Regulations 民用航空规则CASITAF CNS/ATM implementation task force 新航行系统实施特别工作组CAT Category 仪表着陆等级CATⅠ Category Ⅰ 一类仪表着陆CATⅡ Category Ⅱ 二类仪表着陆CAT Ⅲa Category Ⅲa 三类a级仪表着陆CAT Ⅲb Category Ⅲb 三类b级仪表着陆CAT Ⅲc Category Ⅲc 三类c级仪表着陆CATC Civil Aviation Training Center 民航培训中心CATMAC Co-operative Air Traffic Management Concept 空中交通管理合作方案CBA Cost/Benefit Analysis 成本效益分析BAND The frequency range between 4000 and 8000MHz 4000到8000MHz频段CBI Computer Based Instruction 计算机基本指令CBT Computer-Based Training 计算机辅助训练CC Connection Confirm 联接确认CCA Continental Control Area 大陆管制区CCC 蜂窝式CNS概念CCD Consolidated Cab Display 综合机舱显示器CCIR International Radio Consultative Committee 国际无线电咨询委员会CCITT International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Committee 国际电报电话咨询委员会CCP Contingency Command Post 应急指挥站CCWS Common controller workstation 通用管制员工作站CD Common Digitizer 通用数字化仪设备CDC Computer Display Channel 计算机显示通道CDI Course Deviation Indicator 偏航指示器CDM Code division multiplex 码分复用CDM Continuous Delta Modulation 连续增量调制CDMA Code Division Multiple Access 码分多址CDT Controlled Departure Times 管制离场时间CDTI Cockpit Display of Traffic Information 驾驶舱交通信息显示CDU Control Display Unit 控制显示组件CEP Circular error probability 圆概率误差CERAC Combined Center Radar Approach Control 雷达进近管制联合中心CFCC Central Flow Control Computer 中央流量管制计算机CFCF Central Flow Control Facility 中央流量管制设施(功能) CFDPS Compact Flight Data Processing System 小型飞行数据处理系统CFWP Central Flow Weather Processor 中央流量气象处理机CFWSU Central Flow Weather Service Unit 中央流量气象服务单元（组件）CHI Computer Human Interface 机人接口CIDIN Common ICAO Data Interchange Network 国际民航组织公用数据交换网CIS Cooperative independent surveillance 合作式独立监视CLAM Cleared Level Adherence Monitoring 放行高度保持监视CLB Climb 爬升CLK Clock 时钟CLNP Connectionless Network Protocol 无连接网络规程（协议）CLR Clear 清除CMC Central Maintenance Computer 中央维护计算机CMD Command 命令CMS Cabin Management System 机舱管理系统CMU Communications Management Unit 通信管理单元CNDB Customized Navigation Database 用户导航数据库CNS Consolidated NOTAM System 综合航行通告系统CNS/ATM Communication Navigation, Surveillance/Air Traffic Management 通信导航监视/空中交通管理CODEC Coder/Decoder 编码器/解码器COM/MET/OPS Communication/ Meteorology/ Operations 通信/气象/运行COMLO Compass Locator 罗盘定位器；罗盘示位信标COMM Communication 通信COMP Compressor 压缩器COMSEC Communications Security 通信保安CON Continuous 连续CONUS Continental, Contiguous, or Conterminous United States 美国大陆本部(四十八州)COP Change Over Point 转换点COP Character Oriented Protocol 面向字符协议COTS Commercial Off-the-Shelf 商业货架产品供应CPDLC Controller Pilot Data Link Communications 管制员驾驶员数据链通信CPFSK Continuous Phase Frequency Shift Keying 连续相位频移键控CR Connection Request 联接申请CRA Conflict Resolution Advisory 冲突解脱咨询CRC Cyclic Redundant Check 循环冗余校验CRCO Central Route Charges Office 中央航路收征费办公室CRM C Reference Model C参考模式CRM Collision Risk Modeling 碰撞危险模型CRM Crew Resource Management 机组人员安排CRT Cathode Ray Tube 阴极射线管CRZ Cruise 巡航CSA Standard Accurate Channel 标准精度通道CSE Course Setting Error 航线设定误差CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access (datalink protocol) 载波侦听多址访问C/SOIT Communication/ Surveillance Operational Implementation Team 通信监视运行实施小组（美国）CTA Calculated Time of Arrival 计算到达时间CTA Control Area 管制区CTAS Central Tracon Automation System 中央终端雷达进近管制自动系统CTL Control 控制CTMO Central traffic Management Organization 中央交通流量管理组织CTMO Centralized Traffic Management Organization 中央交通管理组织CTOL Conventional Take Off and Landing 常规起飞着陆CTR Control zone 管制地带CTS Control Tracking Station 控制跟踪站CU Control Unit 控制单元C§W Control and Warning 控制和告警CW Carrier Wave 载波CWI Continuous Wave Interference 连续波干扰CWP Central Weather Processor 中央气象处理器CWSU Center Weather Service Unit 中央气象服务单元DD/A Digital-to-Analog 数/模转换DABS Discrete Addressable Beacon System 离散寻址信标系统DADC Digital Air Data Computer 数字大气数据计算机ATIS Digital Automatic Terminal Information Service 数字自动终端信息服务DA Decision Addressing beacon system 决断寻址信标系统DA Demand Assignment 按需分配DA/H Decision Altitude(Height) 决断高度DARC Direct Access Radar Channel 直接存取雷达信道DARP Dynamic Air Route Planning 动态航线计划DARPS Dynamic Aircraft (Air) Route Planning Study 动态飞机航线计划研究DC Departure Clearance 离场放行许可DC Direct Current 直流(电)DCC Display Channel Complex 显示通道组合DCIU Data Control Interface Unit 数据控制接口单元DCL Departure Clearance Delivery 起飞许可传送DCPC Direct Controller Pilot Communication 管制员驾驶员直接通信DES Data Encryption Standard 数据加密标准DF Direction Finder 测向器DFCS Digital Flight Control System 数字飞行控制系统DFDAU Digital Flight Data Acquisition Unit 数字飞行数据采集单元DGCA Director-General Civil Aviation 民航局长DGNSS Differential Global Navigation Satellite System 差分全球导航卫星系统DGPS Differential Global Positioning System 差分全球定位系统DH Decision Height 决断高度DIP Diplexer 双工器DL Data Link 数据链DLAC Data Link Applications Coding 数据链应用编码DLAS Differential GNSS Instrument Approach System 差分GNSS 仪表进近系统DLK data link 数据链DLORT FAA Data Link Operational Requirements Team FAA数据链运行要求工作组DMAP ICAO Data Link Mobile Applications Panel(proposed) 国际民航组织数据链移动应用专家组（建议）DME Distance Measuring Equipment 测距设备DME/N Distance Measuring Equipment/Normal 标准测距设备DME/P Distance Measuring Equipment/Precision 精密测距设备DMU Data Management Unit 数据管理单元DO（DOC） Document 记录（文件）DOD Department of Defense (美国)国防部DOP Dilution of Precision 精度扩散因子DOT Department of Transportation (美国)运输部DOTS Dynamic Ocean Tracking System 动态海洋跟踪系统DP Disconnect Request 分离拆线请求DPF Data Processing Function 数据处理功能D8PSK Differential Eight-Phase Shift Keying 差分8相移键控DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying 差分相移键控DRMS Distance Root Mean Square 距离均方根值DRN Document Release Notice 文件发放通告DSB－AM Double Sideband Amplitude 双边带调幅DSDU Data Signal Display Unit 数据信号显示单元DSP Departure Sequencing Program 起飞排序计划；离港排序计划DT Data 数据DTE Data Terminal Equipment 数据终端设备DT&E Development Test and Evaluation 开发测试和评估DTF Data Test Facility 数据检测设备DTG 待飞距离DTN Data Transport Network 数据传输网络DUAT Direct User Access Terminal 用户直接存取终端DVOR Doppler Very high frequency Omni-directional Range 多普勒甚高频全向信标EEANPG European Air Navigation Planning Group 欧洲航行规划小组DARC Enhanced Direct Access Radar Channel 增强的直接存取雷达信道EARTS En route Automated Radar Tracking System 航路自动化雷达跟踪系统EASIE Enhanced ATM and Mode S Implementation in Europe 欧洲S模式和增强的空中交通管理实施项目EATCHIP European ATC Harmonization Implementation Program 欧洲空中交通管制协调实施计划EATMS European Air Traffic Management System 欧洲空中交通管理系统ECAC European Civil Aviation Conference 欧洲民航会议ECEF 地心地固坐标EDCT Estimated Departure Clearance Time 预计离港起飞放行时间EET Estimated Elapsed Time 预计经过时间EFAS En route Flight Advisory Service 航路飞行咨询服务EFAS Extended Final Approach Segment 扩展最后进近段EFIS Electronic Flight Instrument System 电子飞行仪表系统EFC Expect Further Clearance 预期进一步放行许可EFIS Electronic Flight Information System 电子飞行情报系统EGNOS European global navigation overlay system 欧洲全球导航重迭系统EHSI Electronic Horizontal Situation Indicator 电子平面状态显示器EIRP Equivalent Isotropic Radiate Power 等效各向同性辐射功率EISA Extended Industry Standard Architecture 扩展的工业标准结构EL Elevation Transmitter 仰角台ELOD En route sector Load 航路扇区负载管制飞机数量ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter 紧急示位发射机EMC Electromagnetic Compatibility 电磁兼容EMI Electromagnetic Interference 电磁干扰ENRI Electronic Navigation Research Institute （日本）电子导航研究所EOF Emergency Operations Facility 应急运行设施EPA Environmental Protection Agency 环境保护署ER Error 误差ERL Environmental Research Laboratories 环境研究实验室ERM En Route Metering 航路计量管制ERN Earth Referenced Navigation 大地参考导航ERP Effective Radiated Power 有效幅射功率ES End System 终端系统ESA European Space Agency 欧洲航天局ESCAN Electronic Scanning(radar antenna)ESMMC Enhanced SMMC 增强的系统维护监视台ESP En route Spacing Program 航路间隔计划EST Estimated message 预计信息ETA Estimated Time of Arrival 预计到达时间ETB Estimated Time of Boundary 预计边界时间ETD Estimated Time of Departure 预计离港时间ETG Enhanced Target Generator 增强的显示目标产生器ETN Estimated Time of Entry 预计进入时间ETO Estimated Time Over 预计飞越时间ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute 欧洲电信标准学会EU European Union 欧洲联盟EURATN European ATN 欧洲航空电信网EUROCAE European Organization for Civil Aviation Electronics 欧洲民用航空电子学组织EUROCONTROL European Organization for the Safety of AirNavigation 欧洲航行安全组织(欧安局)EVS Enhanced Vision System 增强视景系统EWAS En-route Weather Advisory Service 航路气象咨询服务FF&E Facilities and Equipment 设施和设备F,E&D Facilities, Engineering, and Development 设施、工程和开发FAA Federal Aviation Administration (美国)联邦航空局FAATC FAA Technical Center (美国)联邦航空局技术中心FAF Final Approach Fix 最终进近坐标FANS ICAO Future Air Navigation Systems （国际民航组织）未来航行系统FANS Special Committee on Future Air Navigation Systems 未来航行系统特别委员会FANS(Phase II) Special Committee for the Monitor- ing and Co-ordination of Develop- ment and Transition Planning for the Future Air Navigation System 未来航行系统监督、协调发展与过渡规划专门委员会FAR Federal Aviation Regulation 联邦航空条例FAS Final Approach Segment 最后进近段FASID Facilities And Services Implementation Document 设施和服务实施文件FCC Federal Communication Commission 联邦通信委员会FCC Flight Control Computer 飞行控制计算机FDAU Flight Data Acquisition Unit 飞行数据收集单元FDDI Fiber Distributed Data Interface 光纤分布数据接口FDEP Flight Data Entry and Printout 飞行数据输入和输出FDI Fault Detection and Isolation 故障检测和隔离FDIO Flight Data Input/Output 飞行数据输入/输出FDM Frequency Division Multiplex 频分复用FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access 频分多址FDP Flight Data Processor 飞行数据处理器FDPS Flight Data Processing System 飞行数据处理系统FDR Flight Data Recorder 飞行数据记录仪FEATS Future European ATS System Concept 未来欧洲空中交通服务系统方案FEATS ICAO Future European Air Traffic Management System 国际民航组织未来欧洲空中交通管理系统FEC Forward Error Correction 前向纠错FGC Flight Guidance Computer 飞行引导计算机FGCC Federal Geodetic Control Committee 联邦大地测量管理委员会FI Flight Inspection 飞机校验FIFO First In-First Out 先入先出FIFO Flight Inspection Field Office 飞行检查现场办事处FIR Flight Information Region 飞行情报区FIS Flight Information Services 飞行情报服务FISA Automatic Flight Information Service 自动飞行信息服务FL Flight Level 飞行高度层FLIR Forward Looking Infra-red Detection 前视红外线探测FM Frequency Modulation 调频FMC Flight Management Computer 飞行管理计算机FMEA Failure Mode Effects Analysis 故障模式效果分析FMS Flight Management System 飞行管理系统FMS Frequency Management System 频率管理系统FMSG Frequency Management Study Group 频率管理研究组FMU Flight Management Unit 飞行管理组件FMU Flow Management Unit 流量管理单元FOC Full Operation Capability 全运行能力FOM Figure of Merit 性能指数FPA Flight Path Angle 航迹倾角FPD Flight Plan Data 飞行计划数据FPS Military Primary Radar 军用一次雷达FREQ Frequency 频率FRP Federal Radio navigation Plan 联邦无线电导航计划（美国）FS Functional Statement 功能描述FSAS Flight Service Automation System 飞行服务自动化系统FSDPS Flight Service Data Processing System 飞行服务数据处理系统FSK Frequency Shift Keying 频移键控FSP Flight Strip Printer 飞行进程单打印机FSS Flight Service Station 飞行服务站FSTN Federal Security Telephone Network 联邦政府保安电话网络FT Functional Test 功能测试FTE Flight Technical Error 飞行技术误差FY Fiscal Year 财政年度; 会计年度GGA General Aviation 通用航空GA Ground annta 地面天线Gatelink Datalink for packed aircraft 网关数据链路GADS Generic Aircraft Display System 通用航空器显示系统GAIT Ground-based Augmentation and Integrity Technique 陆基增强和完好性技术GAO Government Accounting Office (联邦)政府会计署GBA Geostationary broadcast area 静止卫星广播区域GCAS Ground Collision Avoidance System 地面防撞系统GCS Ground Controlled Approach 地面控制系统GDLP Ground Data Link Processor 地面数据链处理器GDOP Geometic Dilution of Position 位置几何扩散因子GDOP Geometry Dilution of Precision 精度几何扩散因子GEO Geostationary 静地的GEO Geostationary Earth Orbit 相对地球静止轨道静止卫星GES Ground Earth Station 地面地球站GFE Government-Furnished Equipment 政府提供的设备GHz Giga hertz 千兆赫兹GIB GNSS integrity broadcast 全球导航卫星系统完好性数据广播GIC GNSS Integrity Channel 全球卫星导航系统完好性通道GICB Ground-initiated Comm-B 地面启动的B类通信GIRU Ground Interrogator Receiver Unit 地面应答机接收单元GIS Geographical Information System 地理信息系统GLONASS Global Orbit Navigation Satellite System 全球轨道导航卫星系统(俄罗斯)GLS GPS Landing System GPS着陆系统GM Guidance Material 指导材料GMC Ground Movement Control 地面活动管制GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift KeyingGMT Greenwich Mean Time 格林威治时间GNAS General NAS 综合国家空域系统GND Ground 地GNE Gross Navigational Error 总导航误差GNR Global Navigation Receiver 全球导航接收机GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System 全球导航卫星系统GNSSP ICAO Global Navigation Satellite Systems Panel 国际民航组织全球卫星导航系统专家组GPSSU Global Positioning System Sensor Unit 全球定位系统（GPS）传感器组件GOES Geostationary Operational Environmental Satellite 静地运行环境卫星GOS Grade of Service 服务等级GOSEP Government Open Systems Interconnection Profile 政府开放系统互联结构GOSIP Government Open systems Implementation Profile 政府开放系统实施结构GP Glide-Path 下滑道GPIP Glide-Path Intercept Point 下滑道截获点GPIWP Glide Path Intercept Waypoint 滑行道切入点GPO/GPI General Purpose Output/General Purpose Input 通用输出/通用输入GPS Global Positioning System 全球定位系统GPWS Ground Proximity Warming System 近地告警系统GREPECAS Caribean/South American Planning and Implementation Regional Group 加勒比/南美洲计划和实施区域小组GRS Ground-Reference Station 地面基准站GRS80 Geodetic-Reference System－80 大地基准系统－80GS(G/S) Glide Slope 下滑坡度GS Ground Speed 地速GSA General Services Administration 综合服务管理局(联邦政府下属)GSL General Support Laboratory 综合保障实验室GSM Global System （or Mobile） Communication 全球通信系统GWS Graphic Weather Service 图形气象服务HH Homing radio beacon 归航无线电信标HARN High Accuracy Reference Network 高精度参考网HAT Height Above Touchdown 高于接地点的高度HCI Human Computer Interface 人机接口HDD Head Down Display 下视显示器HDG Heading 航向HDOP Horizontal Dilution Of Precision 精度水平扩散因子HEMP High Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse 高空电磁脉冲HEO High Elliptical Orbit 高椭圆率轨道HF High Frequency(3-30MHz) 高频HFDL High Frequency Data Link 高频数据链HGA High Gain Antenna 高增益天线HIRF High Intensity Radiated Fields 高强度辐射场HIWAS Hazardous In-flight Weather Advisory Service 飞行时遇危险天气的咨询服务HMI Human Machine Interface 人机接口HPA high power amplifier 高功率放大器HPF Horizontal Position Fix Error 水平位置坐标误差HSI Horizontal Situation Indicator 水平位置指示器HUD Head-up Display 平视显示仪HUI Head up DisplayHVAC Heating, Ventilating, And air Conditioning 加热,通风和空调Hybird GNSS/ILS Precision Approach/Landing based on combination of GNSS localizer and ILS glide path 基于GNSS航向和ILS下滑道组合的精密进近/着陆系统Hz Hertz 赫兹IIA5 International Alopabet 5 国际字母表第5号码IACA International Air Carrier Association 国际航空公司协会IACSP International Aeronautical Communication Service Provider 国际航空通信业务提供者。
空客手册中文讲解
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Component (unit) level, breakdown allocated by Manufacturer 部件, 由飞机制造商划分 Sub-sub-system level, breakdown allocated by Manufacturer 次级分系统, 由飞机制造商划分 Sub-system level, breakdown allocated by ATA 100 Spec. 分系统 按 ATA 100 规范划分 Chapter level, breakdown allocated by ATA 100 Spec. 章 按 ATA 100 规范划分
AIRFRAME SYSTEMS （飞机系统）
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Standard Practices（标准施工） ....................................20 Air Conditioning（空调） ................................................21 Auto Flight（自动飞行） .................................................22 Communications（通信） ...............................................23 Electrical Power（电源） ................................................24 Equipment/Furnishings（设备装饰） ..............................25 Fire Protection（防火） ..................................................26 Flight Controls（飞行控制） ...........................................27 Fuel（燃油） ........................................................... .......28 Hydraulic Power（液压） ................................................29 Ice & Rain Protection（防冰防雨） .................................30 Indicating/Recording Systems（指示记录系统） ............31 Landing Gear（起落架） .................................................32 Lights（灯光） .......................................................... ......33 Navigation（导航） ...................................................... ...34 Oxygen（氧气） .......................................................... ....35 Pneumatic（引气） ....................................................... ..36 Water/Waste（水和废水） ...............................................38 Information Systems（信息系统） ...................................46 Airborne Auxiliairy Power（辅助动力） ...........................49
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Wing–Body Overheat Test翼身过热测试Wing–body OVHT TEST switch翼身过热测试（OVHT TEST）电门Push按压Hold for a minimum of 5 seconds.按压至少5秒钟。
Both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights – illuminated两个翼身过热（WING–BODY OVERHEAT）灯-亮MASTER CAUTION – illuminated主警诫灯（MASTER CAUTION）-亮AIR COND system annunciator – illuminated空调（AIR COND）系统信号牌-亮Release松开Both WING–BODY OVERHEAT lights – extinguished两个翼身过热（WING–BODY OVERHEAT）灯-灭MASTER CAUTION lights – extinguished主警诫灯（MASTER CAUTION）-灭AIR COND system annunciator – extinguished空调（AIR COND）系统信号牌-灭External Air Cart Use使用外部气源车CAUTION:警诫：The BAT switch should always be on when using the airplane air conditioning system since the protective circuits are DC.因为保护电流为直流（DC）电，所以在使用飞机空调系统时应始终接通电瓶（BAT）电门This ensures protection in the event of loss of ACpower.在失去交流电时提供保护。
Note:注：For engine start with a ground air source, see section SP. 7.关于使用地面气源启动发动机，参阅补充程序第7章。
APU BLEED air switch APU引气（BLEED）电门OFF关断（OFF）ISOLATION VALVE switch隔离活门（ISOLATION VALVE）电门OPEN开（OPEN）RECIRC FAN switch再循环风扇（RECIRC FAN） 电门AUTO自动（AUTO）PACK switch(es)组件（PACK）电门AUTO or HIGH自动（AUTO）或高（HIGH）The operation of two packs from one air source is permitted provided the external air cart can maintain 20 psi minimum with both packs operating.如果两组件工作时外部气源车可保持最小20psi气源压力，允许单一气源供两组件工作。
Cabin temperature selectors座舱温度选择器Set for desired temperature.设定所需温度。
Duct pressure管道压力20 psi min.最小20PSI。
If external air cannot hold 20 psi minimum and the APUis operating:如果外部气源不能保持最低20PSI，且APU在工作：ON开（ON）APU supplies left pack and external air source supplies right pack.APU向左空调组件供气，外部气源向右空调组件供气。
Ground Conditioned Air Use使用地面空调车Before connecting ground conditioned air:连接地面空调空气之前：PACK switches组件（PACK）电门OFF关（OFF）Packs can be damaged if they are operated while groundconditioned air is connected.连接地面空调时进行操作，可能损坏组件。
After disconnecting ground conditioned air:断开地面空调气源之后：PACK switches组件（PACK)电门As needed按需Using the APU for Heating (on the ground/engines shutdown)使用APU加温（在地面/发动机关车）Under extremely cold conditions, both packs may beused for more rapid heating.在极度寒冷的天气时，可使用两个组件快速加温。
OPEN打开（OPEN）During right pack operation only, under cold conditions, if the left PACK TRIP OFF light illuminates, position the recirculation fan OFF until the cabin temperature stabilizes.在寒冷情况仅使用右组件工作过程中，如果左边PACK TRIP OFF(组件跳开）灯亮，可将再循环风扇置于OFF(关）位，直到座舱温度稳定为止。
Isolated Pack Operation during Engine Start发动机起动时隔离组件的操作To improve cabin air quality between starting the first and second engine:在起动1号发动机和2号发动机期间，为了提高客舱空气质量：Moving engine BLEED air switches while a starter is engaged can damage the starter.起动机接通时移动发动机BLEED(引气）电门会损坏起动机。
Engine No. 22号发动机Start启动After engine No. 2 stabilized:2发发动机稳定后：CLOSE关闭（CLOSE）Right PACK switch右组件（PACK）电门Stabilized稳定Engine No. 11号发动机Start起动After engine No. 1 stabilized:1发发动机稳定后：Auto Trip and Standby Check飞机自动跳开及备用检查Pack switches组件电门Pressurization mode selector增压方式选择器FLT/GND switch空中/地面（FLT/GND）电门GRD地面（GRD）Cabin Altitude indicator座舱高度指示器500 feet above field elevation机场标高以上500英尺Captain and First Officer机长及副驾驶Set设定Cabin Rate selector座舱变化率选择器Index索引Verify pressurization mode lights extinguish and the Outflow Valve Position indicator is at OPEN.核实增压方式灯灭，外流活门位置指示器在开（OPEN）位。
FLT飞行（FLT）位Verify Outflow Valve Position indicator moves towardCLOSE.核实外流活门位置指示器向CLOSE(关）位移动。
Check检查Verify the AUTO FAIL and STANDBY lights illuminated and the Outflow Valve Position indicator moves toward OPEN.核实AUTO FAIL(自动失效）与STANDBY(备用）灯亮，外流活门位置指示器向OPEN(开）位移动。
500 feet below field elevation机场标高以下500英尺Verify the Outflow Valve Position indicator movestoward CLOSE.核实外流活门位置指示器移向关闭（CLOSE）位。
Verify the AUTO FAIL and STANDBY lights extinguished and the Outflow Valve Position indicator moves toward OPEN.核实AUTO FAIL(自动失效）与STANDBY(备用）灯熄灭，排气活门位置指示器向OPEN (开）位移动。
FLT飞行（FLT）Verify Outflow Valve Position indicator moves toward CLOSE.核实外流活门位置指示器移向关闭（CLOSE）位移动。
Auto Trip and Manual Check飞机自动跳开及人工检查This test must be performed immediately after the Auto Trip and Standby Check to test excessive pressurization rates.自动跳开与备用检查完成后立即进行本检查来测试剧烈的压力变化。
If the initial CHECK input has cleared (approximately 30 seconds) the AUTO FAIL and STANDBY lights do not illuminate.如果清除初始的输入（约30秒），AUT0 FAIL(自动失效）与STANDBY(备用）灯不亮。
AUTO FAIL light – illuminated自动失效（AUTO FAIL）灯-亮STANDBY light - illuminated备用（STANDBY）灯-亮MAN AC人工交流（MAN AC）AUTO FAIL light - extinguished自动失效（AUTO FAIL）灯-灭STANDBY light - extinguished备用（STANDBY）灯-灭MANUAL light - illuminated人工（MANUAL）灯-亮Outflow valve switch外流活门电门Hold OPEN保持在打开（OPEN）位Verify Valve Position indicator moves toward OPEN.核实外流活门位置指示器移向开（OPEN）位。