英美国家概况uint10
英美概况美国unit10
Also, the social services in the U.S compare unfavorably with those in most industrialized societies.
4. Crime
Former President Nixon said that crime is America’s “number one enemy”. In 1970s, he was involved in the Watergate scandal, for which he was forced to resign from the presidency.
Americans are primarily a nation of immigrants, who or whose ancestors came from many parts of the globe.
---1. some as refugees from religious and political persecution (逃避宗教和政治迫害的难民)
Furthermore, the affluent majority seems indifferent to the problems of the poor. This raises some serious moral problems and inevitably creates fierce conflicts of interest and many political controversies.
英美国家概况课程教学大纲
《英美国家概况》课程教学大纲一、课程大体信息课程代码：080355课程名称：英美国家概况英文名称：An Introduction to the Society and Culture of Major English-Speaking Countries课程类别：选修课学时：36学分：适用对象: 英语专业学生考核方式：考试先修课程：基础英语，英语语法，英语泛读等二、课程简介英美国家概况是一门集英语国家背景知识和英语语言知识为一体的英语专业限选课，旨在向学生介绍所学语言国家的社会和文化等背景知识，拓宽其知识面，帮忙学生了解要紧英语国家的社会与文化概貌，使其从文化和社会的角度加倍深刻地明白得和把握所学语言知识和技术。
This is an English Major elective which, mingling together the background information of English-speaking countries and knowledge of the English language, aims at introducing to students information on the society and culture of major English-speaking countries, thus enlarging their sphere of knowledge and enhancing their power to better understand and manipulate the knowledge and skills they have acquired.三、课程性质与教学目的1．课程性质英美国家概况是一门集英语国家背景知识和英语语言知识为一体的英语专业限选课。
2．课程目的本课程旨在向学生介绍所学语言国家的社会和文化等背景知识，拓宽其知识面，帮忙学生了解要紧英语国家的社会与文化概貌，如地理、历史、政治、经济、社会生活和文化传统等方面的大体知识，使其从文化和社会的角度加倍深刻地明白得和把握所学语言知识和技术，为从事以后的工作打下较为坚实的基础。
英美概况第2册unit10
• apt to be committed by persons of lower social and economic status
• the Serious Crime Index of the FBI • provides an indication of the rates and trends of certain crimes in the United States • the higher classes may actually have a higher rate of crime than the lower classes
• the FBI and the CIA • corporation: more concerned with their own profits than with social responsibility, and the quality or price of their products, or the truth of their advertising
Drug Abuse
• one of the most challenging social problems facing the nation • some obvious and measurable, some hidden and difficult to quantify
Crime
• There is a strong association between some forms of drug use and crime • the use of alcohol • Heroin addiction • illicit commerce • the Mafia
《英美国家概况》终极笔记中英文对照版
新版“英语国家概况”精讲笔记Chapter 1第一章Land and People 英国的国土与人民I.Different Names for Britain and its Parts英国的不同名称及其各组成部分1.Geographical names: the British Isles, Great Britain and England.地理名称：不列颠群岛，大不列颠和英格兰。
2.Official name: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.官方正式名称：大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。
3.The British Isles are made up of two large islands-Great Britain (the larger one) and Ireland,and hundreds of small ones.不列颠群岛由两个大岛—大不列颠岛（较大的一个）和爱尔兰岛，及成千上万个小岛组成。
4.Three political divisions on the island of Great Britain: England, Scotland and Wales.大不列颠岛上有三个政治区：英格兰、苏格兰和威尔士。
(1) England is in the southern part of Great Britain. It is the largest, most populous section.英格兰位于大不列颠岛南部，是最大，人口最稠密的地区。
(2) Scotland is in the north of Great Britain. It has three natural zones (the Highlands in the north; the Central lowlands; the south Uplands) Capital: Edinburgh苏格兰位于大不列颠的北部。
《英美国家概况》课件
04
英美国家对世界的影响
政治影响
英美国家政治体制对全球民主化进程的推动
英美国家作为民主制度的发源地，其政治体制对全球民主化进程产生了深远影响，许多国家在政 治制度上效仿英美，推动了全球民主化进程。
英美国家在国际政治中的领导地位
英美国家凭借强大的经济和军事实力，在国际政治中发挥着领导作用，对国际关系和全球事务产 生重大影响。
02
英美国家的贸易政策对全球经济产生深远影响，其贸易策对全球投资环境的影响
03
英美国家的投资政策对全球投资环境产生重要影响，其投资政
策的变化对全球投资格局和经济发展产生重要影响。
文化影响
英美国家文化输出对全球文化多样性的影响
英美国家作为全球文化输出大国，其文化产品对全球文化多样性产生重要影响，影响了世 界各地的文化传统和价值观。
英美国家教育体系对全球教育的启示和影响
英美国家的教育体系被认为是全球最优秀的教育体系之一，其教育理念和方法对全球教育 产生了重要影响和启示。
英美国家科技发展对全球科技进步的推动作用
英美国家在科技领域一直处于领先地位，其科技发展对全球科技进步产生了重要推动作用 ，引领全球科技发展方向。
05
总结与展望
总结词
美国地理环境多样，历史悠久，是世界上的超级大国。
详细描述
美国位于北美洲，东临大西洋，西濒太平洋，北接加拿大，南至墨西哥及古巴。美国拥有丰富的自然 资源，国土面积居世界第四位。美国历史可追溯至1776年独立建国，经历了两次世界大战和冷战，成 为全球领先的政治、经济、军事和文化大国。
政治与经济
总结词
英美国家对外政策的制定与实施
英美国家对外政策的制定与实施对全球政治稳定和国际安全产生重要影响，其外交政策对其他国 家产生示范效应。
英美国家概况 Unit 10 Land, People, and Natural Resources
2. The Variety of the Land ❖The Sierra Nevada
2. The Variety of the Land
Mountains, Plateaus, and Basins of the Interior West
Two huge plateaus occupy the inland Pacific Northwest and the “Four Corners” area of the Southwest.
➢ The Columbia Plateau covers portions of eastern Washington, northeastern Oregon, and western Idaho.
➢ The Colorado Plateau, composed of alternating layers of sandstone and limestone, is centered on the Southwest’s Four Corners area, where the states of Utah, Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona meet.
Contents Ⅰ General Introduction Ⅱ Land & People Ⅲ Natural Resources
Ⅰ General Introduction
❖USA (United States of America)
consisting of 48 contiguous states and the noncontiguous states of Alaska and Hawaii.
Area -Total 3,794,101 sq mi -Water (%) 6.76 Population -2012 estimate 314,047,000 -Density 87.4/sq mi
英美国家概况课后题及答案.docx
Chapter 21.The British history before 55BC is basically undocumented.(T)2.The Celts became the dominant group in Britain between the 8th and 5th centuries BC.(T)3.The name of Britain came from a Celtic tribe--- the Britons.(T)4.The Anglo--Saxons came to Britain in the mid--5th century.(T)5.The chief or king of the Anglo--Saxon tribes exercised power at their own will.(F)6.The Vikings began to attack the English coast in the 8th century.(T)7.Henry II built up a large empire which included England and most of France.(T)8.The Magna Carta was designed to protect the rights of both the privileged class and the townspeople.(F)9.The Hundred Years' War was a series of wars fought between England and Normans foe trade and territory.(F)10.In an effort to make a compromise between different religious factions,Queen Elizabeth I actually defended the fruit of the Religious Reformation.(T)1. The D attack on Rome ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410.A. NormanB. DanishC. CelticD. Germanic2.By the late 7th century, D became the dominant religion in England.A. Celtic ChristianityB. Anglo-Saxon ChristianityC. Germanic ChristianityD. Roman Christianity3.Westminster Abbey was built at the time of B .A. St. AugustineB. Edward the ConfessorC. William the ConquerorD. Alfred the Great4.The C marked the establishment of feudalism in England.A. Viking invasionB. signing of the Magna CartaC. Norman ConquestD. Adoption of common law5.The end of the Wars of the Roses led to the rule of C .A. the House of ValoisB. the House of YorkC. the House of TudorD. the House of Lancaster6.The direct cause for the Religious Reformation was King Henry VIII’s effort toA .A. divorce his wifeB. break with RomeC. support the ProtestantsD. declare his supreme power over the church7.The English Civil War broke out in 1642 between B .A. Protestants and PuritansB. Royalists and ParliamentariansC. nobles and peasantsD. aristocrats and Christians8. A was passed after the Glorious Revolution.A. Bill of RightsB. Act of SupremacyC. Provisions of OxfordD. Magna Carta9.The Industrial Revolution was accomplished in Britain by the middle of the Ccentury.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20th10.Britain faced strong challenges in its global imperial dominance by the beginning of theD century.A. 17thB. 18thC. 19thD. 20thChapter 31.Conventions are regarded less important than common law in the working of theBritish government.(F)2.The British monarchy has never been interrupted throughout the history.(F)3.In reality,the British King or Queen is the source of all government powers.(F)4.British Parliament is the law--making body of the Commonwealth of Nations.(F)5.Lords Spiritual and Lords Temporal are all members in the British Upper House.(T)6.The members in the House of Commons are appointed rather than elected.(F)7.The British Prime Minister is the leader of the majority party in Parliament.(T)8.Cabinet members are chosen by the Prime Minister from various political parties in Parliament.(F)9.British law consists of two parts,the civil law and the criminal law.(T)10.The legal systems in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland are muchsimilar in terms of law, organization and practice.(F)1. The British government is characterized by a division of powers between three ofthe following branches with the exception of the C .A. judiciaryB. legislatureC. monarchyD. executive2.The importance of the British monarchy can be seen in its effect on D .A.passing the billsB. advising the governmentC. political partiesD. public attitude3.As a revising chamber, the House of Lords is expected to B the Houseof Commons.A. rivalB. complementC. criticizeD. inspect4.British Cabinet works on the principle of A .A. collective responsibilityB. individual responsibilityC. defending the collectivismD. defending the individuals5.The main duty of the British Privy Council is to B .A. make decisionsB. give adviceC. pass billsD. supervise the Cabinet6.In Britain, the parliamentary general election is held every C years.A. threeB. fourC. fiveD. six7. C has a distinct legal system based on Roman law.A. WalesB. EnglandC. ScotlandD. Northern Ireland8.Generally speaking, the British Parliament operates on a B system.A. single-partyB. two-partyC. three-partyD. multi-party9.The policies of the Conservative Party are characterized by pragmatism andD .A. government interventionB. nationalization of enterprisesC. social reformD. a belief in individualism10.The Labor Party affected the British society greatly in that it A .A. set up the National Health ServiceB. improved public transportationC. abolished the old tax systemD.enhanced the economic development Chapter 41.Britain was the first industrialized nation in the world.(T)2.The British economy experienced a relative decline during the postwar period.(T)3.Limited resources and high unemployment rate were persistent problems that prevented rapid economic development in Britain.(F)4.Thatcher's revolution turned out to be a great success in dealing with all the British econimic and social problems.(F)5.The economic approach adopted by Tony Blair is different from that of the Labor party and the Conservative Party.(T)6.Blair made the Bank of England independent in order to separate politics and economic policy.(T)7.Britain is the world's leading exporter of poultry and dairy products.(F)8.The fishing industry provides more than 50%of Britain's demand for fish.(T)9.Britain is an important oil exporter since its oil industry has a long history.(F)10.Nuclear power is one of the major energy sources in Britain.(T)1. The British economy achieved global dominance by the C .A. 1860sB. 1870sC. 1880sD.1890s2.In B , the British Parliament passed two important acts to establish awelfare state.A. 1945B. 1946C. 1947D. 19483.The A in the early 1970s worsened an already stagnant economy inBritain.A. oil crisisB. high inflation ratesC. large importsD. unemployment problem4.Of the following practices, C does not belong to Thatcher’s socialwelfare reform.A. reducing child benefitsB. shortening the unemployment benefits periodC. reducing the unemploymentD. lowering old age pensions5.The Blair government has been successful in all the following aspects exceptD .A. limiting government spendingB. keeping inflation under controlC. reducing unemploymentD. reducing inequality6.Britain has devoted C of its land area to agriculture.A. 54%B. 64%C. 74%D.84%7.Britain’s important fishing areas include all the following except D .A. the North SeaB. the English ChannelC. The sea area around IrelandD. The sea area between Britain and Ireland8.Coal mining industry in Britain provides B of the energy consumed inthe country.A. 1/3B. 1/4C. 1/5D. 2/39.The car industry in Britain in mostly A .A. foreign-ownedB. state-ownedC. joint-ventureD. privately-owned10.Of the following sectors in Britain, C has experienced spectaculargrowth since the end of Word War II.A. AgricultureB. energy industryC. service industryD.manufacturing industry Chapter 51.The British government has been responsible for education since the early 1800s.(F)cation in Britain is compulsory for all children between the ages of 6 and 15.(F)3.The National Curriculum is compulsory in both the state system and the independent system.(F)4.When children finish their schooling at 16, they are required to take a national GCSE examination.(T)5.Graduates from state schools in Britain have a less favorable chance to enter famous universities than those from independent schools.(T)6.In the 1960s, a large number of new universities were founded in Britain.(T)7.Most British people begin their day with reading the morning newspaper and end it watching television in the evening.(T)8.The Times is the world's oldest national newspaper(F)9.The BBC World Service broadcasts only in English throughout the world.(F)10.Some British holidays are celebrated to mark the important events of the Christian calendar, and others are related to local customs and traditions.(T)1. In Britain, the division between grammar schools and vocational schools were ended by the introduction of comprehensive schools in the D .A. 1930sB. 1940sC. 1950sD. 1960s2.About B of British children receive primary and secondary educationthrough the independent system.A. 5%B. 6%C. 7%D. 8%3.Partially funded by central government grants, the British universities receivetheir remaining funds from all the following sources except B .A. tuition feesB. loansC. donationsD.corporate contributions4.Of the following, A is NOT a basis of admission to Britain’suniversities.A. result in national entrance testB. A-level resultC. an interviewD. school references5.To be admitted to the Open University, one need B .A. some educational qualificationsB. no educational qualificationsC. General Certificate of Education-AdvancedD.General National V ocationalQualifications6.Among Britain’s quality press, the following newspapers are regarded as the “BigThree” with the exception of C .A. The TimesB. The GuardianC. The ObserverD. The Daily Telegraph7.Life on Earth is a kind of C program produced by the BBC and ispopular among 500 million viewers worldwide.A. featureB. dramaC. documentaryD. soap opera8. D is Britain’s top pay television provider.A. BSBB. SkyTVC. BBCD. BSkyB9.Of the following, D is NOT a common feature of all the Britishholidays.A. families getting togetherB. friends exchanging good wishesC. friends enjoying each other’s companyD. families traveling overseas10.The following Christmas traditions are particularly British except A .A. Trooping the ColorB. Queen’s Christmas messageC. Boxing DayD. Christmas pantomimeChapter 91.America was named after Amerigo Vespucci, who arrived on the new continent after Columbus.(T)2.The second Continental Congress was held in Philadelphia, and the Continental Army and Navy were founded under the command of Thomas Jefferson.(F)3.The Civil War not only put an end to slavery, but also decided that America was a single, indivisible nation.(T)4.Many American people approved of the Vietnam War.(F)5.During Clinton's term, the economy developed steadily, resulting in a lower rate of unemployment.(T)6.In 1990, American troops and the troops from allied nations launched Operation Desert Storm in order to drive Iraqi troops out of Kuwait.(T)7.According to the American administration, Saddam Hussein and Osama bin Laden were responsible for the terrorist event on September11,2001.(F)8.The America government regarded Iraq a nation among the "axis of evil".(T)9.On March 19,2003,American and United Nation's troops, supported by several other countries, began an invasion of Iraq.(F)10.Although the combat operations in Iraq are over, it is still hard for America to decide when to withdraw its army.(T)1.The first successful English colony in North America was founded at C in .A. Jamestown, LouisianaB. Boston, MassachusettsC. Jamestown, VirginiaD. Plymouth, Georgia2.Pilgrim Fathers are a group of B who came to America to avoidpersecution in England.A. ProtestantsB. PuritansC. CatholicsD. Christians3.The Seven Years’ War occurred between the C .A. French and American IndiansB. French and SpaniardsC. French and BritishD. British and American Indians4.“No taxation without representation” was the rallying slogan of D .A. the settlers of VirginiaB. the people of PennsylvaniaC. the colonists in New EnglandD. the people of the 13 colonies5.The first shots of the American War of Independence were fired in B .A. ConcordB. LexingtonC. PhiladelphiaD. Boston6.In May 1775, B was held in Philadelphia and began to assume thefunctions of a national government.A. the First Continental CongressB. the Second Continental CongressC. the Boston Tea PartyD. the Congress of Confederation7.Abraham Lincoln issued C to grant freedom to all slaves.A. Declaration of IndependenceB. ConstitutionC. Emancipation ProclamationD. Bill of Rights8.The policy of the United States was A at the beginning of the two worldwars.A. neutralityB. full involvementC. partial involvementD. appeasement9.President C applied New Deal to deal with the problems of the GreatDepression.A. WilsonB. TrumanC. RooseveltD. Kennedy10.The Vietnam War was a long-time suffering for Americans, and it continuedthroughout the terms of Presidents D .A. Johnson, Nixon and FordB. Truman, Eisenhower and KennedyC. Kennedy, Johnson and NixonD. Eisenhower, Kennedy and Johnson Chapter 101.Bill of Rights was written into the Constitution in 1787.(F)2.The form of American government is based on three main principles: federalism, the separation of powers, and respect for the Constitution and the rule of law.(T)3.The U.S. Congress is the legislative branch of the federal government and it consists of two houses: the House of Commons and the House of Lords.(F)4.Certain presidential appointments must be approved by Congress.(T)5.The judicial branch of the federal government consists of a series of courts: the Supreme Court, the courts of appeals and the district courts.(T)6.Like Britain, the United States has a two--party system.(T)7.The Democratic Party is conservative in terms of its ideology.(F)8.American presidential campaign adheres to the "winner-take-all" practice.(T)9.American foreign policy throughout the World War II was neutrality.(F)10.American foreign policy during the Cold War period was containment and intervention.(T)1.The U. S. Constitution came into effect in B .A. 1787B. 1789C. 1791D. 17932.The Constitution of the United States C .A. gives the most power to CongressB. gives the most power to the PresidentC. tries to give each branch enough power to balance the othersD. gives the most power to the Supreme Court3.The Bill of Rights B .A. defines the rights of Congress and the rights of the PresidentB. guarantees citizens of the United States specific individual rights and freedomsC. is part of the Declaration of IndependenceD. has no relationship with the Constitution4.The following except B are guaranteed in the Bill of Rights.A. freedom of religionB. the right to get into people’s house by policeC. freedom of speech and of pressD. the right to own one’s weapon if one wishes5.All the following except C cannot make legislative proposal.A. the SenatorB. the RepresentativeC. the Secretary of StateD. the President6.The following except C are all powers of the President.A. vetoing any bills passed by CongressB. appointing federal judges when vacancies occurC. making lawsD. issuing executive orders7.According to the Constitution, a candidate for President must be D .A. at least 35 years oldB. at least a 14 years’ resident of the United StatesC. born in AmericaD. all of the above8.The terms for a Senator and Representative are D and yearsrespectively.A. two, fourB. two, threeC. two, sixD. six, two9.The Supreme Court is composed of D justices.A. sixB. sevenC. eightD. nine10.The President is directly voted into office by C .A. all citizens of AmericaB. the citizens over 18 years oldC. electors elected by the votersD. the senators and representatives Chapter 111.America is the world's largest industrial nation.(T)2.America has a mixed economy and the government has little control over businesses.(F)3.Charter companies contributed to Britain's successful colonization of the U.S.(T)4.In the U.S. Constitution, the recognition of the importance of "intellectual property" could be identified.(T)5.Although slavery was abolished as a result of the Civil War, the owners of plantation in the South made more profits from selling their agriculture products.(F)6.President Roosevelt's New Deal had little effect in dealing with the economic crisis in the early 1930s.(F)7.The 1960s was a period of consolidation for the American businesses.(F)8.American agricultural exports outweigh imports, leaving a surplus in the agricultural balance of trade.(T)9.Auto production is one of the important sectors in American manufacturing industry.(T)10.The world economy has little to do with the growth and decline of the American foreign trade.(F)1.America produces a major portion of the world’s products in the following fields except C .A. machineryB. automobilesC. oreD. chemicals2.The modern American economy progressed from C to , andeventually, to .A. colonial economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyB. farming economy, handcraft economy, industrial economyC. colonial economy, farming economy, industrial economyD. handcraft economy, farming economy, industrial economy3.Chartered companies were NOT granted the D by the British King orQueen.A. political authorityB. economic rightsC. judicial authorityD. diplomatic authority4.The first National Bank of the United States was established with the urge ofD .A. George WashingtonB. Thomas JeffersonC. Andrew JacksonD. Alexander Hamilton5.The following inventions took place during the “second industrial revolution”except D .A. typewriterB. telephoneC. electric lightD. refrigerator6.President Johnson tried to build a “Great Society” by introducing variousprograms like the following except D .A. MedicareB. Food StampsC. Education InitiativesD. Unemployment Pension7.About B of American crops are for export.A. halfB. one thirdC. one fourthD. one fifth8.The following statements are all true except B .A. Agribusinesses reflect the big, corporate nature of many farm enterprises.B. Agribusinesses maintain a balanced trade pattern between agricultural importsand exports.C. Agribusinesses range from one-family corporations to multinational firms.D. Agribusinesses include a variety of farm businesses and structures.9. D is not one of the three giants in American automobile industry.A.FordB. General MotorsC. ChryslerD. American Motors10.At present, U. S. exports account for A of the world’s total.A. 10%B. 15%C. 20%D. 25% Chapter 12cation is governed by state and local governments instead of the national government in America.(T)2.All American children are offered 12 years of compulsory public education.(T)3.The first formal academic institution that a child attends is called kindergarten.(F)4.After 12 years of schooling, American students receive a bachelor's degree at graduation.(F)5.When selecting a college or university, undergraduate students have a great concern for its size, location and academic quality.(T)6.In American institutions, a board of trustees composed of professionals is responsible for the administration.(F)ually, an undergraduate student has to earn 120 credits to receive a degree.(T)8.Yale university is the second eldest institution of higher learning in the United States.(F)9.It is The New York Times that first uncovered the Watergate Scandal in 1972 through the efforts of two reporters.(F)10.Thanksgiving Day falls on the fourth Tuesday in November.(F)1.Formal education in the United States consists of C , secondary andhigher education.A. kindergartenB. publicC. elementaryD. private2.Of the following subjects, B are NOT offered to elementary schoolstudents.A. mathematics and languagesB. politics and business educationC. science and social studiesD. music and physical education3.Higher education in the United States began with the founding of B .A. Yale UniversityB. Harvard UniversityC. Princeton UniversityD. New York University4.Of the following, B are NOT among the categories of American highereducation.A. universities and collegesB. research institutionsC. technical institutionsD. community colleges5.Of the following, D is NOT the responsibility of the board of trustees inU. S. institutions.A. choosing the presidentB. establishing policies for administrators and facultyC. approving budget and other financial projectD. decide which student to enroll6.To get a bachelor’s degree, all undergraduate students are required to do thefollowing except C .A. attending lectures and completing assignmentsB. passing examinationsC. working for communitiesD. earning a certain number of credits7.Of the following universities, B has NOT cultivated any AmericanPresident yet.A. Harvard UniversityB. Massachusetts Institute of TechnologyC. Princeton UniversityD. Yale University8. B is sold especially to the upper or upper-middle class and it has areputation for its serious attitude and great bulk.A. The Washington PostB. The New York TimesC. Los Angeles TimesD. New York Daily News9.Of the following, B is NOT among the three major radio and TVnetworks in America.A. the National Broadcasting System (NBS)B. the Public BroadcastingService (PBS)C. the Columbia Broadcasting System (CBS)D. the American BroadcastingSystem (ABS)10.The National Day of the United States falls on B .A. June 4thB. July 4thC. June 14thD. July 14th。
英美国家概况
美国本土东濒大西洋，西临太平洋，北靠加拿大，南接墨西哥及墨西哥湾。
美国源自于1776年从英国统治下脱离而出的北美殖民地，13州的殖民地代表们一同发表了《美国独立宣言》，在经历艰苦的独立战争后，于1783年与英国签订了巴黎协约，从此受到世界各国的承认。
政治美国是现存历史最悠久的宪政立宪共和国，有世界上最早并仍在运作的成文《宪法》。
在《宪法》授权下，政府通过国会运作代议民主制。
政府分为三级架构：联邦、州和地方政府。
三级政府中的官员由选民进行不记名投票选举产生，或者由民选官员任命。
行政长官和立法机构官员从单一选区多数制选举产生，司法系统和内阁官员由行政长官任命并经立法机构批准产生。
在某些州，司法系统官员也通过多数制选举产生。
联邦政府本身有三个分支，互相制约和平衡：立法机关：即国会，由众议院和参议院两部分组成；行政机关：即总统，总统提名和参议院批准的内阁官员及其下属，负责行使基于联邦法律的治理权；司法机关：即最高法院和较低级别的联邦法院，法官由总统提名并参议院批准。
美国国会实行两院立法体制。
众议院设435个席位代表各自的国会选区，任期2年。
众议院席位根据人口分布，每10年重新划分一次，每个州最少都会分配到1个众议院席位：目前有7个州只有1个议席，人口最多的加利福尼亚州则有高达53个议席。
而无论人口众寡，每个州在参议院都有2个席位，加起来共一百席，任期6年；每隔2年，重选三分之一的参议员。
在联邦体制内，州与联邦政府的关系很复杂。
法律规定，各州是主权实体。
然而，在美国内战和“德克萨斯对怀特案”建立的规则是，州无权脱离联邦；根据宪法，也无外交权。
美国联邦法律在经过宪法授权的领域要高于各州所制订的不同的法律，但是联邦政府的权力只能在宪法规定的范围之内行使；所有未授予联邦政府的权力由州政府和人民自行保留。
美国宪法以及权利法案等一系列修正案致力维护公民自由：包括言论、宗教信仰和出版自由；接受公正审判的权利；拥有和携带武器的权利；选举和财产权。
英美国家概况Unit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritain
英美国家概况Unit10Sports,HolidaysandFestivalsinBritainUnit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain(英国的体育运动、节假日)一、本单元重点内容Sports体育:1. football (足球), “Football hooligans” (“足球流氓”) and the FA (足球协会)2. tennis (网球) and Wimbledon (温布尔登)3. cricket and “fair play” （板球与“公平竞争”思想）4. golf (高尔夫球)5. horse racing (赛马): the Grand National {（英国一年一度的）全国越野障碍赛马}the Royal Ascot (皇家阿斯科特赛马会)Holidays and Festivals节假日:1. Christmas (圣诞节) and Three traditions of Christmas (圣诞节的三大传统习俗)2. The Boxing Day and its traditions (节礼日(圣诞节后的第一个工作日)和其传统习俗)3. Easter (复活节)4. Bonfire Night (Guy Fawkes Night) and the traditions{篝火之夜(盖伊·福克斯之夜)和其传统习俗}5. The Battle of the Boyne (博茵河战役)6. Orange M arches (“奥伦治游行”)7. St Patrick’s Day (圣帕特里克节) and The Christian Trinity (基督教的三位一体)8. Hogmanay (苏格兰的除夕)9. Burns Night (彭斯之夜)10. Halloween (万圣节前夜)11. The Eisteddfod (威尔士诗歌音乐比赛会)二、本单元重、难点辅导Sports1. football and "football hooligans" in BritainFootball was invented in Britain.（足球运动起源于英国。
美国国家概况-Unit-10
۩ Effects on individuals
Unit 10 social problems in the united
states
Go over the following focal points before reading the text:
• Racial problems • Inequality in American society • Discrimination against blacks • The black “underclass” • Poverty as a social problem
illicit manufacturing and selling of the drugs
۩ Automobile accidents
۩ Alcohol use is directly responsible for tens of thousands of highway accidents and injuries;the drug is blamed for half of the annual total of road traffic fatalities.
Racial problems
• Unlike most other peoples, Americans are primarily a nation of immigrants. The citizens or their ancestors immigrated from many parts of the globe—some as refugees from religious and political persecution, some as adventurers from the Old World seeking a better life, some as captives brought to America against their own will to be sold into slavery.
英美国家概况
英美国家概况大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland首都：伦敦面积：2,441,000.00 平方公里国际电话码：44人口：5858.7万人(1997年)语言：英语货币：英镑(GBP)民族：英格兰人81.5%，苏格兰人9.6%，爱尔兰人2.4%，威尔士人1.9%，奥尔斯特人1.8%，其它民族2.8%。
宗教：圣公会50%, 天主教10%。
国花：红玫瑰（蔷薇科）简史公元1-5世纪，英格兰被罗马帝国所占领。
8世纪末起到9世纪中，丹麦人侵袭英格兰，公元865年，对其发动全面入侵。
公元10世纪，魏萨王朝挫败入侵丹麦人，建立广阔权域。
丹麦人又于1017年在第二次入侵中征服英格兰，使之成为松散的丹麦海盗帝国的一部份。
1042年，帝国瓦解，恢复英国王统。
15世纪下半叶进入资本主义原始积累时期。
17世纪中爆发资产阶级革命。
18世纪后半叶至19世纪上半叶，是生气勃勃的经济变革时期，英国成为世界上第一个完成了工业革命的国家。
19世纪是大英帝国的全盛时期，它的工商业居世界领先地位，殖民地遍布五大洲；是世界上最有政治权势的国家，号称“日不落帝国”。
美利坚合众国The United States of America首都：华盛顿哥伦比亚特区面积：9,363,123.00 平方公里国际电话码：1人口：27053.7万(1998年)语言：英语货币：美元US$民族：白人83.4%，黑人12.4%，亚洲人后裔和太平洋岛居民3.3%，印第安人和爱斯基摩人0.8%，其它种族占0.1%，不属于任何教派的占10%。
宗教：56%的居民信奉基督教新教，28%信奉天主教，2%信奉犹太教，信奉其它宗教的占4%。
国花：耧斗菜（毛茛科）简史自哥伦布1492年到达美洲以后，西班牙、英国和法国等欧洲国家陆续向美洲移民并建立殖民地。
18世纪30年代，英国人在北美东海岸建立起13个殖民地。
英美概况课件(美国)10+11
US House of Representatives
435 voting members each represents a congressional district serves for a 2-year term 6 non-voting members 5 delegates from the District of Columbia, Guam, Virgin Islands, and American Samoa, and Northern Mariana Islands (2-year term) resident commissioner from Puerto Rico (4year term)
US House of Representatives
Each party elects a whip. to ensure that the party's members vote as the party leadership desires
US House of Representatives
We will explore
Legislative branch bicameral Congress House of Representative Senate
Executive branch President Cabinet members and other officials Judicial branch Courts Federal courts the Supreme Court lower federal courts State courts
US House of Representatives
3 qualifications (1) be at least 25 years old; (2) have been a citizen of the United States for the past 7 years; (3) be (at the time of the election) an inhabitant of the state they represent Disqualification (Under the 14th Amendment ) a federal or state officer engages in rebellion or aids the enemies of the United States, is disqualified from becoming a representative
英语国家社会与文化入门(大学英语专业英美文化概况)Unit 10
Crime
• • • • • • •
Serious Present Nixon Alarming proportions The arrest—reason Young people Racial minorty groups The trend of crime
• 过去三十年来, 美国犯罪率持续下降, 但是它的犯罪率在西 方国家中算是高的，也高于中国，美国监狱服刑人数有两 三百万，人满为患，几乎是人口的百分之一。即使如此， 在美国生活过的绝大多数中国人都觉得美国社会治安良好， 大多数时间有安全感，警惕性放松到最低. • 美国的犯罪人口中，有近一半是黑人，而成年黑人男子有 近一半被关押过。黑人一般都住在非常破旧与集中的穷人 街区。黑人有一个特点，犯事在家门口，几乎从来不去白 人区或者富人区骚扰。因此，美国大城市黑人区与白人区 经常只有一街之隔，却是天堂与地域之别。与贫苦街区对 应的，是高尚社区的安全与稳定
• 15世纪中叶至19世纪末叶，西方殖民主义 国家为了向美洲殖民地种植园和矿山提供 劳动力，从黑非洲掳走大批黑人，将其远 程贩运到美洲等地，这就是血腥的非洲奴 隶贸易。在非洲历史上,奴隶买卖很早就出 现。使亿万非洲人丧失生命，给非洲政治、 经济和文化的发展造成极其严重的影响， 是非洲历史上一段最黑暗的时期。
unit10socialproblemsunitedstatesracialproblemscommonculturevssubculturesprinciplehumanequalityvsstratifyfirstmaleanglosaxon1619slavetrade盎格鲁撒克逊anglosaxon是一个集合用语通常用来形容五世纪初到1066年诺曼征服之间生活于大不列颠东部和南部地区在语言种族上相近的民族格鲁撒克逊语又称古英语是在阿佛列大帝统治之下通行的语言并延续形成英格兰非丹麦区的通用语言直到1066年诺曼征服后受到诺曼统治阶级的盎格鲁诺曼语影响在1150年到1500年之间大致转变为中古英语
英美国家概况_
英美国家概况，送给考八级的人的一份礼物英国概况英格兰面积最大苏格兰，爱丁堡为首府威尔士，加的夫，Cardiff为首府北爱尔兰，贝尔法斯特Belfast为首府伦敦，UK首都，皇家法庭royal courts of justice 及圣保罗大教堂st paul’s cathedral在这里。
威斯敏斯特westminster，伦敦市的一个行政区，也叫西敏寺，这里有议会houses of parliament，包含大钟楼big ben，白厅whitehall 即英国政府，白金汉宫buckingham palace即英国皇宫，还有st james’ hall 圣詹姆斯宫。
The great charter in 1215,1215年大宪章，亦称the great charter or Magna Charta,确保一些平民的政治权利与自由，保障教会不受国王的控制，改革了法律和司法，限制国王及王室官员的行为。
议会雏形，1265年，Simon de Montford 召集the Great Council在西敏寺开会，就是最早的议会，后来发展了House of Lords上议院，House of Commons 下议院。
玫瑰战争和英国宗教改革：Richard 三世和Henry Tudor都铎（duduo）打了玫瑰战争，都铎胜利，终成五代都铎王朝。
亨利八世进行宗教改革，想切断英国教会与罗马教皇的关系，使英国教会独立起来。
宗教改革的真正进行是在亨利八世的儿子爱德华时期，新教是Protestant，即基督教，改革叫做“The Reformation”。
伊丽莎白一世时期，伊丽莎白为女王统治英国，她是基督教徒，大力推行新教，从此英国都是信奉新教。
文艺复兴运动 The English Renaissance文艺复兴是中世纪到现代的过渡时期，从1350-1650，有300年，从意大利发起，达芬奇等人为代表。
在这段时期，罗马教会经历新教改革，人文主义兴起，海外探索（大航海时代？）。
英语国家概况 美国 U10ppt课件
1. House ownership
Most people have an ambition to own their own house on a little piece of property, and very large numbers of them have achieved that ambition. Indeed, among western countries, America ranks first in terms of the percentage of people who own the houses (and apartments) they live in. Houses are not excessively expensive in relation to their space and comfort, and prices look quite reasonable in relation to the average income Americans make. It is estimated that more than two-thirds of all families in the United States are homeowners, though many of them may have borrowed money (mortgages) on the security of their houses and their jobs to pay for them.
Single-family dwellings
USA
What are Americans’ major home activities?
One of the first activities at home is to make and mend things, like doing carpentry work in the basement to make or repair a piece of furniture. Then, there is endless work in the garden or backyard, where most families plant flowers and vegetables. In many American families, children are expected to help around the house. They are assigned “chores” which may include, for instance, vacuuming the rugs, washing and waxing floors, cleaning windows, mowing the lawn, raking the leaves, shoveling snow, running errands, keeping the car(s) clean, looking after the pets, taking the garbage out,
英美国家概况(美国部分)Unit 10 Land, People, and Natural Reso
2. The Variety of the Land ❖Appalachian Mountains
University of International Business and Economics Press
University of International Business and Economics Press
III Natural Resources 1 Firtile Farmland 2 Water Features 3 Forests 4 Minerals
University of International Business and Economics Press
❖ Some people who live within the United States today do not identify themselves as “American.” This is typical of some firstgeneration immigrants, who retain the national identity of their homeland. When a population feels a sense of belonging (nationality) to their country (state), then they may identify themselves by their country name, as is the case in “America” and “Americans.”
3 The Population and Human Resources
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Football Tennis Cricket Golf Horse Racing,Hunting and Equestriansm
mai n poin t
Hn Britain
Religious Holidays National Holidays Holidays in the Four Nations England Northern Ireland Scotland Wales Conclusion
Tennis was invented in Britain and it owes its origins,literally,to the Church.Church records indicate that by the mid-15th century,people were making a game of bouncing a ball off the side of their local churches or cathedrals,first using the hand,and later a racquet.
Football hooligans
While all social classes used to join in the local football match,during the Renaissance the idea began to emerge that some sports were too rough for aristocratic young men.One influential writer of the era described football as “nothing but beastly fury and extreme violence”and not at all suitable for gentlemen.In Shakespeare’s time,football was played in the cities as well as the countryside.Today,violence is still associated with football.”Football hooligans”supporters of rival teams,sometimes clash before,during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town,breaking windows and beating each other up.While football violence gets a lot of attention,before big matches when trouble is expected,police patrol the streets,pubs near the football grounds are closed,and shops lock their doors and shutter their windows.
Tennis
Wimbledon,actually a London suburb,is where the world’s best players gather to compete on gress courts.It is one of the major events in the world.Besides actually watching the tennis matches,other activites closely associated with the “Wimbledon fortnight”are eating strawberries and cream,drinking champagne and hoping that it doesn’t rain.
Golf
The game of golf was invented by the Scottish and today avid golfers around the world dream of playing on the famous and ancient golf course at St Andrews,not far from Edinburgh.The Scots took their recreation seriously:by the 16th century,golf wes already so popular that the Archbishop of St Andrews was only allowed to keep his rabbit warrens on the links(golf course)as long as his rabbit-raising activities didn’t interfere with people who wanted to play golf.And while many students of British history have heard of Mary Queen of Scots,the tragic and beautiful queen who was beheaded in the 16th century during a controversy over the succession to the throne,few know that she liked to play golf.Indeed,she become the object of gossip and criticism because she was seen out on the links shortly after the death of her second husband.
Before the Victorian era,and in modern Britain,people from all walks of life play cricket,but in the 19th century,cricket became a sport associated with the upper classes.In was a kind of a “snob”game played by boys who attended public schools. As generations of public school boys grew up to become the civil servants and rulers of the UK and its colonies,cricket became associated with a set of moral values,in particular the idea of “fair play”which characterised British government.
The rules of cricket are as obscure as the language.With most sports,you can understand what is going on by simply watching for a while,but with cricket this is not the case.However,whether you understand the game or not,it is enjoyable to watch.It is a very distinctive sport:the players wear white trousers and appear quite formally dressed.Spectators gather around the :green”,a large field,in chairs,enjoying the sun,sipping drinks and watching the teams play.Another unusual thing about cricket is that matches do not last just a few hours.They can go on for days.
Cricket
Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organised rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.By 1787 the rules were fixed,a full century before national rules were fixed for other sports like tennis,rugby and football.The reason that fixed rules were applied to cricked so early on was a financial one:aristocrats loved betting on cricket matches and if people were going to risk money on a game,they wanted to ensure that the game would be played fairly.
mai n poin t
Sports
Having a drink at the local pub,going for a walk in the country,working in the garden or watching sports on the telly(television)—these are all ways in which many British people like to relax on weekends or when their daily shifts at work have ended.If today’s British person were to be transported 500 years into the past,he or she would find many familiar pursuits and games played in rough but recognisable forms.And because many of the sports we see played throughout the world today were born in Britain,the history of such activities is of interest to people everywhere.