中南大学3331材料科学与工程综合2013年考博真题考博试题博士研究生入学考试试题
中南考博辅导班：2019中南大学材料科学与工程学院考博难度解析及经验分享
中南大学考博辅导班：2019中南大学材料科学与工程学院考博难度解析及经验分享中南大学2019年博士研究生招生方式包括普通招考、硕博连读、直接攻博、申请考核制4种方式。
申请考核制指对符合报考条件的申请考生直接进行考核选拔博士生的招生方式。
2019年，我校在理学、工学、基础医学为主24个二级单位实行以直博、硕博连读、申请考核制三种方式招收博士生。
下面是启道考博辅导班整理的关于中南大学材料科学与工程学院考博相关内容。
一、院系简介中南大学材料科学与工程学院原名金属工艺系，1962年与1980年先后更名为特种冶金系和材料科学与工程系，2002年正式成立材料科学与工程学院。
学院是国家首批硕士点、博士点、一级学科博士点、工程博士点和博士后流动站授权单位，拥有材料科学与工程国家一级重点学科、材料学、材料物理与化学、材料加工工程等3个国家二级重点学科，具有材料学、材料物理与化学、材料加工工程、材料计算科学与虚拟工程、新能源与电子信息纳米材料与器件、先进无机材料科学与工程等6个二级学科博士点。
学院现设有材料学系、材料加工工程系、材料物理系和材料化学系、实验中心等二级机构和10余个科学研究所，并与粉末冶金研究院共建“粉末冶金国家重点实验室”和“轻质高强国防重点实验室”，拥有教育部“有色金属材料科学与工程重点实验室”和湖南省“有色、稀有金属材料科学与工程重点实验室”以及科技部“中俄新材料产业化技术中心”和“中澳轻金属国际研究中心”，并于2013年首批进入国家2011协同创新中心计划。
据ESI中心数据显示，2012-2014年，中南大学材料学科连续3年位居世界百强，学科ESI论文总数居全球大学和科研院、所材料学科前十。
学院对大材料学科ESI贡献位居中南大学相关院所之首。
秉承“厚德、善学、乐业、成器”的办学理念，经过60多年的建设，学院已经发展成为以有色、稀有金属材料为主，兼有无机非金属材料、高分子材料等基础理论研究、技术创新、成果转化和高层次人才培养的中心和重要基地。
中南大学材料科学基础与综合考博试题
中南大学博士生入学考试试题试题材料科学基础(2006 )1已知Cs-离子和Br+离子的半径分别为2.65A和1.19A, Cs和Br的原子量分别为128和80。
1)试确定CsBr晶体的结构为下列哪种结构：NaCl结构、CsCl结构和Blende结构，并说明理由；2)II-算理想CsBr晶体的点阵常数、致密度和密度。
2简述材料表面科学技术发展对未来材料的影响。
3材料科学研究和工程实践的大量实例均已表面，在不改变金属材料化学组成的前提下，可以通过多种技术途径改变材料的组织与性能，试举两例说明之。
4简述复合材料的类型、制备方法和性能特点。
复合材料中基体与增强体之间的界面可以分为哪儿种类型，不同类型的界面对材料的力学性能有什么影响？5在合金相中有一类具有长程有序晶体结构，称之为有序相，试回答一下问题：1)用什么方法可以判断一个相是有序还是无序相？2)有序一无序转变对合金性能有什么影响？6时效强化是合金强化的重要手段，叙述时效强化的理论，叙述研究时效强化的力学、物理、显微组织结构的表征方法。
7简述金属晶体的一般特征，金属晶体的缺陷以及这些缺陷对金属性能的影响。
8疲劳断口组织由哪三个区域组成？各区域有何宏观特征？并分析每个区域的形成机理。
材料科学基础(2007 )(每题20分，选做5题)1试比较金属材料与无机非金属材料的结合键类型、特点及其对材料结构与性能的影响。
2结合Al-Cu. Fe-C相图，比较Al-Cu合金与低碳钢固态相变的特点，以某种Al-Cu合金或低碳钢为例说明从工艺上如何控制固态相变的组织。
3试论述金属材料强化和韧化的基本原理与主要途径。
4下图中To线为L/a无扩散相变温度线，T&线为玻璃化转变温度线，试分析不同冷却速度下合金A的平衡、非平衡凝固过程及其组织。
5镁合金与铝合金都是重要的轻质结构材料，室温下镁合金的塑性变形能力远不及铝合金, 而提高变形温度可以明显改善镁合金的变形能力，试对这种现象进行理论解释。
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1My Big Brother's Really Hard TestHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I'm in 3rd grade at Sunshine Elementary School. My big brother David is 24 and he's trying to get into a PhD program at a university called University of Central South in China. It's a really good school for studying science and engineering.Last weekend, David had to take this giant exam called the PhD entrance exam. It looked super duper hard! The exam had sections on listening, reading, writing, and translating between Chinese and English. David studied like crazy for weeks before the test.For the listening part, David had to listen to recordings in English of lectures and conversations. Then he had to answer questions about the main ideas and details he heard. Some of the recordings were about really complicated topics like quantum physics and bioengineering. I tried listening to one of David's practice recordings and it was all just篇2The Big Test for the Really Smart StudentsMy big sister is so smart! She is in university studying to be a doctor or scientist or something. She has to take all sorts of really hard tests. I don't know how she does it. Tests are the worst!The other day, she was telling me and my parents about this huge English test she has to take soon. It's called the PhD English Exam or something like that. PhD must mean "Pretty Hard Doozy" because that's what it sounds like to me!She said it's a requirement for all the students working on their highest degree thingy, like a master's but even higher. I can't imagine having to take a test that big after being in school for so many years already. No thank you!My sister explained that the test has different sections to show you really know English well. There's a listening part where you hear conversations or talks and have to answer questions about the main ideas and details.Then there's a reading section with long passages on serious topics. You need to understand the passages and answerquestions that check if you truly comprehended the main points, structures, and implied meanings. It sounds super hard to me.There are also writing tasks where you have to write essays and summarize information from readings or lectures. My sister said you get judged on your vocabulary, grammar, organization, and how well you support your ideas. Writing has always been one of my biggest struggles in school.But the part that sounds most scary to me is the speaking section! Can you imagine having to speak English in an official test environment? My sister described having to give speeches and respond to questions, all while being recorded. I'd be shaking like a tiny mouse!On top of those sections, there are parts that test your knowledge of grammar rules, sentence structures, and academic vocabulary. My sister has been studying reference books full of terms I've never even heard of. I don't know how she keeps it all straight in her brilliant brain.From what she's told me, it's a marathon test that takes hours to complete. You need incredible stamina along with your language skills. My mom jokes that they should give test-takers little treadmills to walk on so they don't fall asleep!I admire my sister for tackling such an immense challenge. She has always been driven and never shies away from hard work. Still, thinking about that exam makes my head spin. I don't know if the reward of getting credit for the test and moving on in the program is worth all that pressure and difficulty.Then again, I'm just a kid. My biggest tests are my weekly spelling quizzes and hoping I bubbled in the right answers on my math homework. For university students like my big sis who want to earn the highest degrees, conquering the PhD English Exam is just par for the course.I'm rooting for her because I know she's got the brainpower and dedication to knock it out of the park. But you couldn't pay me a million dollars to walk a mile in her shoes! Maybe when I'm older, I'll appreciate academic challenges more. For now, I'll stick to my times tables and thank my lucky stars I don't have to face the "Pretty Hard Doozy" of an English test anytime soon.Those university-level assignments sound harder than climbing Mount Everest! I'll leave the extreme scholarly feats to my sister the super-achiever. I'm sticking to snack times, recess, and hopefully passing third grade. Wish my poor, overstressed sister lots of luck because she's gonna need it!篇3My Big Brother's Hard English TestMy big brother is so smart! He's in university studying really difficult things to become a doctor. But before he can get his special doctor degree, he has to pass this crazy hard English test. It's called the Doctoral English Exam and it's given at his school, Central South University.I'm only 10 years old, but I've heard my brother talking about how stressful this test is. He's been studying English reallyreally hard for months! He has to know all sorts of big vocabulary words that I've never even heard of. And he has to be able to read papers and books from scientists and professors and understand everything they're saying. It's a lot harder than the simple English books I read in school!My brother lets me look through some of his English study materials sometimes. There are chapters upon chapters of scientific words about math, chemistry, biology, and everything else. Reading it makes my head spin! How is anyone supposed to learn the meaning of words like "biochemical" or "thermodynamic"? They sound like spells from Harry Potter! Mybrother has entire lists of these crazy vocabulary words that he has to memorize.Then there are the practice tests he has to take. They give him long passages from research papers and science journals, and he has to answer all of these complicated questions about the main ideas, the evidence used, the author's views and assumptions, and more. He shows me the reading passages sometimes and I can't make any sense of them at all! It's like they're written in code.And that's not even the hardest part of the exam! My brother also has to write a paper in perfect English, using proper academic language and formating. He has been practicing his writing over and over, making sure every single word is used accurately. Mom and dad proofread his practice essays but they always find tons of little mistakes. You can't have any errors at all on this big important test!The exam also has a listening section where my brother has to understand recordings of lectures and conversations between professors. He struggles a lot with that part because the speakers use such advanced vocabulary and speak really fast with complicated sentence structures. My brother makes me read thelistening transcripts out loud to him sometimes to practice, but I always stumble over the words and can't read smoothly.I really feel bad for my big brother. He has been working himself to the bone studying for this insane English test. I don't know how he keeps it all straight in his head! Every night he's hunched over his desk with his face buried in books and notebooks, writing and re-writing practice essays and vocabulary lists. When he's not studying, he looks exhausted.This doctoral English exam is definitely no joke. I can't even imagine having to know that much English when I'm older! Part of me is jealous of how smart and hard-working my brother is. But another part of me is really glad that I'm just a kid and don't have to worry about anything as difficult as this test anytime soon. I'll just be happy learning simple English reading and writing in elementary school for now. My brother is the real English superhero in our family!Everyone has been cheering him on as he gets closer to his test day. We're all rooting for him and know he's going to do awesome. He's been preparing for so long, it would be a shame for all his effort to go to waste. I really look up to him for being able to tackle something as challenging as this English exam. He's going to make our family so proud when he passes!篇4My Big Sister's Big TestHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I love playing outside, reading books, and eating ice cream. But today I want to tell you about something really important that happened to my big sister Amy.Amy is 24 years old and she just finished her master's degree in chemistry at Central South University. That's a really good school in Changsha, which is a big city in China. After getting her master's, Amy decided she wanted to continue studying and get her PhD, which is the highest degree you can get!To get into the PhD program at Central South University, Amy had to take a really difficult exam called the entrance exam for PhD candidates. It had sections testing her English ability, her knowledge of chemistry, and her research skills. Amy studied super hard for months to prepare.The exam was last Saturday and Amy was really nervous leading up to it. The night before, she laid out her pencils, erasers, calculator, water bottle, and snacks on the kitchen table. She wanted to make sure she was totally ready. I remember her pacing back and forth, mumbling chemistry equations under herbreath. My parents kept telling her "You've got this Amy! You're so prepared!"On the morning of the exam, we all got up really early. My dad made Amy's favorite breakfast - an omelet with peppers, onions, and cheese. Amy's hands were shaking as she forced a few bites down. You could tell she had butterflies doingloop-de-loops in her stomach.The exam was held at the Central South University chemistry building, which is this huge fancy place with tons of labs. As we pulled up, I saw hundreds of people streaming inside holding pencil cases and water bottles. They all looked just as nervous as Amy.My mom, dad, and I went with Amy to the registration desk to get her testing room assignment. The lady working there was very stern looking. "Candidate number 4521, testing room 327B," she barked at Amy. Amy gulped and gave us a scared look. We pulled her into a big family hug. "You're going to do great! We love you!" my mom whispered.Then it was time for Amy to go in. She straightened her shoulders, took a deep breath, and strode towards the testing rooms looking determined. We waited outside for what felt like forever!Finally, after six looooong hours, Amy emerged from the building. She looked exhausted but had a little smile on her face. We ran over and smothered her with hugs and kisses. "How did it go? How did it go?" we all shouted. Amy laughed, "It was so hard! That English reading section almost killed me. But I feel like I did pretty well overall!"We went out for Amy's favorite dumplings that night to celebrate her pushing through the big test. She had to wait a few weeks to get her results, but she felt good about it. Sure enough, a few weeks later Amy got the great news that she passed and was admitted to the PhD program! We were all so proud.Now Amy is hard at work on her PhD research. She spends many late nights in the lab running experiments and analyzing data. Sometimes she comes home looking like a zombie from being so tired. But she's living her dream of becoming a chemical researcher.I hope I can be as hard-working and dedicated as my big sister Amy when I grow up. She inspires me to follow my passions and never give up, no matter how difficult the challenge. I'm so proud of her for passing that big entrance exam through all her preparation and perseverance. Maybe I'll be a PhD student at Central South University too someday!篇5The Big Grown-Up TestHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I have to tell you about this really crazy thing that happened to me last week. It was the craziest, most bonkers thing ever!You see, my big sister Mei is a super smart PhD student at Central South University. She's getting her super duper genius degree in microbiology, which is the study of tiny little germs that you can't even see unless you have a really powerful microscope. Isn't that crazy?Anyway, last week Mei had to take this gigantic, huge, enormo test called the "PhD English Examination." It's supposed to be like the most difficult English test in the whole world for people trying to get their PhD. Mei studied super hard for weeks and weeks, reading big heavy books and making notecards and everything.She told me the test was going to be four whole hours long! Can you imagine? I can't even sit still for the one-hour monthly tests we take at my elementary school. Four hours of just reading and writing in English sounds like literal torture to me. But Iguess if you want to get a PhD, you have to be a super genius and take tests like that.The morning of the test, Mei was very nervous. Her hands were shaking as she put on her lucky hair ribbon and packed her pencils and eraser in her backpack. I thought it was funny that a grown-up still used a backpack, but I guess everyone needs somewhere to put their stuff."Don't worry, Mei!" I told her. "You're going to ace this test because you're the smartest person I know after Albert Einstein and Marie Curie."Mei gave me a big hug. "Thanks, squirt. Wish me luck!" And then she headed off to the university to face her big grown-up test.Well, four hours slowly ticked by. Four whole hours! I played outside, had a snack, took a tiny nap, and played some more, and Mei still wasn't home yet. I was starting to get a little worried about her.Finally, after what felt like a million years, Mei came trudging through the door. She looked like a zombie that had been through a tornado! Her hair was sticking up in all directions, her shirt was untucked, and she had huge bags under her eyes."Mei! Are you okay?" I rushed over to see if she needed a glass of water or a nap on the couch."I'm fine, Lily," Mei said in a croaky voice. "Just really, really tired. That test was...intense."Then she told me all about the different sections on the test. There was reading, where you had to read a billion passages about things like economics and biochemistry and answer mega hard comprehension questions.Then there was writing, where you had to write a gorillion word essay arguing whether smoking should be banned in public parks or whatever. Can you imagine? A gorillion words in four hours? My hand would fall off after writing that much!And those were just the start. Mei also had sections testing her listening skills, her verbal skills, her translation abilities, and even using English to present scientific research! It sounded positively grueling. No wonder Mei looked like a wet dishrag when she got home."So...how did it go?" I asked once Mei had gulped down a big glass of water. "Did you ace it and make me and Mom and Dad proud?"Mei shrugged her shoulders. "I don't know, Lily. I really don't know if I passed or not. It was just...so hard. I felt really prepared going in, but there were some sections and questions that completely stumped me. We don't get the results back for a couple months."For the next few months, Mei was a nervous wreck wondering if she had done well enough on the test. She kept imagining worst case scenarios where she failed and had tore-take the whole thing over again next year. I felt really bad for her.Finally, the long-awaited day arrived when Mei got her test results in the mail. She ripped open the envelope with shaking hands...and then broke into the biggest smile I've ever seen! She passed! She freaking passed the PhD English Examination!Mei scooped me up and swung me around in a huge hug. "I did it, Lily! Your big sister is going to be a PhD! All that hard work and effort paid off!"I was so proud of her. Getting through a crazy tough exam like that proved that Mei is one of the smartest, most dedicated people in the whole world. I just hoped that one day, if I ever decide to get a PhD myself, I'll be able to push through super difficult tests like that too.Although let's be honest...four hours of non-stop English? No thank you! I'll stick to the simple one-hour math tests where I am. But good job, Mei! You're amazing!篇6My Big Bro's Hard English TestHi! My name is Xiao Ming and I'm 8 years old. I'm in 3rd grade at Changsha No. 1 Elementary School. My big brother Da Wei is really smart - he's 24 and just finished his master's degree in English at Central South University. Now he wants to get his PhD there too!A few weeks ago, Big Bro had to take a huge English test to try to get into the PhD program. It was the craziest, hardest test I've ever seen! I watched him study for weeks. Let me tell you all about it.First, there was this reeeeeally long reading section. Big Bro had to read like 5 super duper long papers and articles - they looked soooo boring! They were about all sorts of complicated topics like linguistics, literature, philosophy, and history. After reading each one, he had to answer bunches of questions testing if he understood all the confusing details and main ideas. The questions were really hard too, asking him to analyze andcritique the authors' arguments and writing styles. I tried reading one of the passages but I could barely understand a word!Then there was this crazy listening section where Big Bro put on headphones and had to listen to some English lectures, conversations, and presentations. The audio clips were on all these mind-numbing topics again - society, environment, politics, blah blah blah. I fell asleep just listening for 5 minutes! But Big Bro had to keep taking notes while listening and then answer questions testing his comprehension, like picking out the speaker's opinions or the context of certain phrases and stuff. Sounded like torture to me!But that's not all - the test also had a writing section where Big Bro had to write two mega essays in English, one analyzing a piece of literature and one persuasive essay on some philosophical idea. He had to come up with his own arguments and interpretations, organize them clearly, and explain everything in perfect academic English using fancy vocabulary. When I write essays I can barely string a few sentences together, but Big Bro's essays had to be like 800 words each! And the graders would nitpick every little grammar and spelling mistake. No pressure or anything...Lastly, there was this oral section where Big Bro had to have an entire conversation and debate in English with some professors. They threw all these wacky prompts and hypothetical situations at him about random topics like history, culture, politics, you name it. And he had to respond smoothly and analytically, explaining his viewpoints using logic and evidence and junk. Just imagining all those intimidating professors firing questions at me made me want to crawl under my desk!Phew, I'm exhausted just describing this brutally hard test! Big Bro devoted every waking hour for over a month to prepping and practicing for each section. He was constantly reading, writing essays, doing listening drills, reciting speeches out loud, madly highlighting vocab lists, and chugging cups of coffee. By the end he looked like an exhausted zombie.But you know what? After weeks of basically torturing himself, Big Bro rocked that killer exam! His scores in every section were off-the-charts amazing. The professors were crazy impressed with his English skills - he got to demonstrate his total mastery of reading, writing, listening, and speaking at the highest academic level. Now he's been accepted into Central South University's incredibly competitive PhD program to continue his studies! Isn't that awesome?!All I know is, thank goodness I'm still in elementary school with years before I have to take any horrifyingly difficult tests like that. I'll just leave the suffering to my poor big brother while I play video games and dream of summer vacation. But I'm still super proud of Big Bro for being such a genius and working so unbelievably hard. I just hope they go a little easier on him in his PhD classes!。
(NEW)中南大学《963材料科学与工程基础》历年考研真题汇编(含部分答案)
2007年中南大学463材料科学与工 程基础考研真题
2006年中南大学463材料科学基础 与压加原理考研真题（含部分答
案）
2005年中南大学材料科学基础考 研真题及详解
2005年中南大学463材料科学基础 与压加原理考研真题
2014年中南大学963材料科学与工 程基础考研真题
2012年中南大学963材料科学与工 程基础考研真题
2011年中南大学963材料科学与工 程基础考研真题
2010年中南大学963材料科学与工 程基础考研真题
2010年中南大学959材料科学基础 考研真题
2009年中南大学963材料科学与工 程基础考研真题
2008年中南大学材料科学基础考 研真题及详解
2008年中南大学963材料科学与工 程基础考研真题
2007年中南大学材料科学基础考 研真题及详解
目 录
2014年中南大学963材料科学与工程基础考研真题 2012年中南大学963材料科学与工程基础考研真题 2011年中南大学963材料科学与工程基础考研真题 2010年中南大学963材料科学与工程基础考研真题 2010年中南大学959材料科学基础考研真题 2009年中南大学材料科学基础考研真题及详解 2009年中南大学963材料科学与工程基础考研真题 2008年中南大学材料科学基础考研真题及详解 2008年中南大学963材料科学与工程基础考研真题 2007年中南大学材料科学基础考研真题及详解 2007年中南大学463材料科学与工程基础考研真题 2006年中南大学463材料科学基础与压加原理考研真题（含部分答案） 2005年中南大学材料科学基础考研真题及详解 2005年中南大学463材料科学基础与压加原理考研真题
博士研究生入学考试试题及答案解析
中南大学2005 博士研究生入学考试试题答案及解析Entrance English Test for PhD Programs (2005)Paper OneDirections:There are 20 sentences in this section. Beneath each sentence there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet.1．Sometimes very young children have trouble ______ fact from fiction and may believe that such things actually exist.A．separating B．having separatedC．to separate D．of separating2．Anthropology is a science______ anthropologists use a rigorous set of methods and techniques to document observations that can be checked by others.A．in that B．now thatC．since that D．no that3．With all these exacerbating tensions of the 19th and 20th centuries, it was too much to expect that lawmakers, prime ministers, and presidents could understand, ______agree on , how to obtain this explosive mixture.A．even if B．so as toB．even more D．much less4．After every guest _______, the host had the dishes served.A．was sitting B．was seatedC．was seating D．was sat5．_______traffic delays, you had better start earlier if you want to catch 818 for New York city.A．Regardless of B．Attributing toC．Allowing for D．Under the spell of6．Now a paper in science argues that organic chemicals in the rock come mostly from____ on earth than bacteria on Mars.A．configuration B．constitutionC．condemnation D．contamination7．Many people are naturally distrustful of ambition, feeling that it represents something _____ in human nature.A．blatant B．philanthropicC．distressful D．intractable8．Most people believe that the study of another nation, its society and culture, not only can be fascinating but also_____.A．primeval B．legitimateC．newfangled D．beneficent9．In nature we know that wild creatures sometimes exhaust their vital sources and suffer thenatural _______; drastic population reductions.A．capacity B．erosionC．remedy D．amenity10．The chairman gave me a hint that he would like me to think of some ready way of stopping Tom from ______ the proposal.A．lining up B．lying behindC．chiming in D．drifting into11．Monetary Union is a huge economic undertaking ---but it is not just about economics. It is a step with _____political implications-----but it is not just politics.A．stupendous B．bruisingC．tectonic C．internecine12．Since _____firms are more fragile than most other traditional ones, they are even more vulnerable to economy-wide swings.A．inconsistent B．moderateC．nascent D．weird13．To the cynic, there are no wholly altruistic, unselfish acts; every human deed is _____ an ulterior selfish motive.A．independent of B．emulated byC．disguised as D．founded upon14．He keeps his petrol receipts because petrol is one of the expenses that he can ______ against taxes.A．dazzle B．offsetC．circumvent D．impartial15．A university training enables a graduate to see things as they are, to go right to the point, to disentangle a ______of thought.A．line B．strandC．mass D．plethora16．New technologies have often brought with them complex and ______ moral and social difficulties.A．vexing B．psychicC．alienated D．somatic17．The Lewis and Clark expedition left St. Louis in 1804 and traveled 7,700 miles_____ the Pacific Coast.A．on way to B．on route toC．returning to D．in line to18．The Bessemer process was once the most common method of making steel, but today this process is considered______.A．obsolete B．ellipticalC．oval D．eligible19．The other worry is that the entrepreneur will be forced to go public too early, so the venture capitalist can _____ his investment.A．deflate B．pad aroundC．recoup D．cash out20．In almost every country, drug abuse, child abuse and alcohol abuse _______most challenging social problems.A．preoccupied with B．displaced to beC．lend credence to D．loom as1．A．句意：有时小孩在分清现实和虚幻方面存在困难，他们可能认为那样的事情真正存在。
中南大学博士生综合英语考试试卷及答案
Examination Paper for Doctor Candidates of Non-English Majors (A)December 25, 2011Part I Listening Comprehension (15%)Section A Short dialoguesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. Both the conversation and the question will be spoken only once. After each question there will be a pause. During the pause, you must read the four choices marked A, B, C and D, and decide which is the best answer. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).1. A. He lost the calculator.B. He doesn’t know where the calculator is.C. He thinks he broke the calculator.D. He doesn’t know the ans wer to the problem.2. A. He lost it.B. He used it last night.C. He was the last to use it.D. He finally brought it back.3. A. The woman should buy some new trousers.B. The woman should buy some clothes for larger size.C. The woman should eat less.D. The woman should do exercises.4. A. At a theater.B. At a booking office.C. At a railway station.D. At a restaurant.5. A. The size of the room.B. Long working hours.C. The hot weather.D. The fan in the room.Section B PassagesDirections:In this section, you will hear several short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. Both the passage and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a question, you must choose the best answer from the four choices marked A, B, C and D. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage One6. A. A dozen.B. Two dozen.C. A half dozen.D. Five dozen.7. A. They don’t stay fresh very long.B. They smell nice.C. They are too expensive.D. They aren’t very pretty.8. A. Oil and vinegar.B. Sugar and white vinegar.C. Sugar and oil.D. Aspirin.Passage Two9. A. Miller was loved by her parents.B. Miller was loved by her sisters.C. Miller was loved by her brothers.D. Miller enjoyed a happy life as a child.10. A. Maths.B. painting.C. Both A and B.D. Neither A nor B.Section C Summary writingDirections:In this section, you will hear a passage three times. When the passage is read, you are required to write a summary of about 60 words on Answer Sheet II.Part II Vocabulary and Structure (10%)Directions: There are a number of incomplete sentences or sentences with underlined words or phrases in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE answer that best completes the sentence or replace the underlined part of the sentence. Then mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).11. There has been a decline _______ the number of people borrowing from public libraries.A. onB. inC. withD. at12. The harder a student studies, _______.A. the more his body gives off heatB. his body gives off more heatC. the more heat does his body gives offD. the more heat his body gives off13. When she heard the bad news, she _______completely.A. broke awayB. broke downC. broke outD. broke through14. The clerk muttered under his breath as he brought the _______ the tenth pair of shoes.A. clientB. attorneyC. agentD. consumer15. Association refers to _______ the material we want to remember and _______ it to something we remember accurately.A. taking … relatingB. take … relateC. taking … relateD. take … relating16. They took _______ measures to prevent poisonous gases from escaping.A. fruitfulB. beneficialC. validD. effective17. With the help of a metal detector, they discovered that wreckage lay _______ over a 2,000-square-feet area, often buried beneath sand and seaweed.A. scatteredB. separatedC. dispersedD. distributed18. It was his wife’s encouragement that had _______ his through the bad times.A. deliveredB. relievedC. sentD. brought19. The distance from the Earth to the spacecraft is often determined very accuratelyfrom the time _______ between two radio signals.A. interactionB. alternativeC. interferenceD. interval20. Finding himself trapped in the Death Valley, he had a sudden feeling of _______.A. despairB. desperateC. frightenedD. dreadful21. In a time of social reform, peop le’s state of mind tends to keep pace with the rapid changes ofsociety.A. take stepB. match upC. keep in touchD. make progress22. If decisions are delayed until the problems become worse, possibilities for effective actions will be severely reduced.A. optionsB. notionsD. occasions23. You can add the fluid to the powder, or, vice versa, the powder to the fluid.A. conventionallyB. convertiblyC. converselyD. conversationally24. She anxiously inspected the faces of the men leaving the train in the hope of find her husband.A. approachedB. searchedC. scannedD. recalled25. In Britain, and on the Continent too, the Japanese are sometimes viewed as a threat to domestic industries.A. looked likeB. varied withC. thought forD. supposed as26. With an old screwdriver he rasped the mortar away from around one of the bricks in the endwall.A. scrapedB. brushedC. pulledD. ported27. As early as 1647 Ohio made a decision that free tax-supported schools must be established inevery town having 50 household or more.A. foundedB. foundC. formulatedD. funded28. He said that he had never come across a painting which pleased him more.A. seen aboutB. viewed asC. happened toD. met with29. My book is practically finished; I have only a few changes to make in the writing.A. virtuallyB. verticallyC. violentlyD. visually30. The teacher congratulated the student who won the prize in the speech contest.A. consoledB. comfortedD. consultedPart III Cloze (10%)Directions:There are 20 blanks in the following passage. For each blank there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should choose the ONE that best fits into the passage. Then mark the corresponding letter with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Scientists searching for precious metals have turned to the ocean floor, where natural chimneys are spewing out a metal-enriched black dust containing particles of gold, silver and zinc.Scientists 31 these hot springs are recreating the process which, billions of years ago, created 32 metal deposits now found on land.The discovery is giving geologists a 33 into the earth’s early history and fuelling some new theories on origin of life.It also has huge implications for 34 companies.Geologists are just beginning to understand how these chimneys, 35 clusters of sulphur and minerals, are formed, and what makes them spew out the mineralized dust.At present it is not commercially 36 for mining companies to operate beneath the sea, a lthough some scientists believe the “black smokers”, 37 known as active mineralizing systems, will be a major—and renewable—source of metals in the next decade.38 the meantime, mining companies are using the ocean-floor research to locate similar deposits on land.“The hottest thing in the mining research game right now is the39 within the past few years of mineral deposits currently forming—in front of our eyes—on the ocean floor,” said Dr. Joseph Fox, a Montreal (加拿大蒙特利尔) geologist.Canada has mined some of the richest copper, zinc and gold 40 in the world. In the past year, mining companies have used knowledge about where mineral formations 41 on the ocean floor to find the deposits on land.Geologists are excited because, 42 metal deposits on land, which are two or three billion years old, the undersea deposits keep 43 themselves.“It’s really incredible to think that we have a renewable metal resource44 we’ve been taught to think of metal resources as non-renewable,” Fo x said.The 30-foot-high (10-metre) chimneys or vents, 45 in 1979, are found along fractures in the ocean’s crust.Scientists believe the deposits form when cold sea-water seeps into the fractures, leaving metals 46 it is drawn down.As the water t ravels in the direction of the earth’s core, it47 up. Eventually, the hot water rises, carrying with it the hot metal sulphide 48 the ocean floor.When the hot sulphide meets the cold sea water, a thick black smoke-like substance is formed, spewing out of vents in built-up deposits of 49 .The particles in the smoke eventually 50 on the ocean floor, forming vast solid sheets of metal sulphide.31. A. believe B. thought C. uncover D. found32. A. smooth B. tiny C. vast D. rust33. A. chance B. revision C. weapon D. glimpse34. A. metal B. mining C. alloy D. global35. A. made of B. consisting in C. resulted from D. dealing with36. A. periodic B. reliable C. comparative D. feasible37. A. formally B. chiefly C. economically D. occasionally38. A. At B. On C. In D. For39. A. invention B. discovery C. findings D. theory40. A. samples B. deposits C. mines D. fractions41. A. range B. suffer C. occur D. form42. A. unlike B. like C. as D. except43. A. to renew B. renewing C. having renewed D. to be renewed44. A. before B. until C. because D. when45. A. broken B. fixed C. discovered D. originated46. A. since B. as C. for D. whereas47. A. speeds B. goes C. gives D. heats48. A. from B. on C. toward D. beyond49. A. sulphide B. substance C. deposits D. element50. A. rely B. move C. turn D. settlePart IV Reading Comprehension (25%)Directions:There are five passages in this section. Each passage is followed by some questions or unfinished statements. For each of them there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on the Answer Sheet with a single line through the center (on Answer Sheet I).Passage OneQuestions 51 to 55 are based on the following passage.Professor Smith recently persuaded 35 people, 23 of them women, to keep a diary of all their absent-minded actions for a fortnight. When he came to analyze their embarrassing lapses in a scientific report, he was surprised to find that nearly all of them fell into a few groupings. None did the lapses appear to be entirely random.One of the women, for instance, on leaving her house for work one morning threw her dog her earnings and tried to fix a dog biscui t on her ear. “The explanation for this is that the brain is like a computer,” explains the professor. “People programme themselves to do certain activities regularly. It was the woman’s custom every morning to throw her dog two biscuits and then put on he r earrings. But somehow the action got reversed in the programme.” About one in twenty of the incidents the volunteers reported were these “programme assembly failures.”Altogether the volunteers logged 433 unintentional actions that they found themselves doing —an average of twelve each. There appear to be peak periods in the day when we are at our zaniest. These are two hours some time between eight a.m. and noon, between four and six p.m. with a smaller peak between eight and ten p.m. “Among men the peak seems to be when a changeover in brain ‘programmes’ occurs, as for instance between going to and from work.” Women on average reported slightly more lapses—12.5 compared with 10.9 for men probably because they were more reliable reporters.A startling finding of the research is that the absent-minded activity is a hazard of doing things in which we are skilled. Normally, you would expect that skill reduces the number of errorswe make. But trying to avoid silly slips by concentrating more could make things a lot worse—even dangerous.51. In this study Professor Smith asked the subjects _______.A. to keep track of people who tend to forget thingsB. to report their embarrassing lapses at randomC. to analyze their awkward experiences scientificallyD. to keep a record of what they did unintentionally52. Professor Smith discovered that _______.A. certain patterns can be indentified in the recorded incidentsB. many people were too embarrassed to admit their absent-mindednessC. men tend to be more absent-minded than womenD. absent-mindedness is an excusable human weakness53. “Programme assembly failures (Sentence 6, Paragraph 2)” refers to the phenomenon thatpeople _______.A. often fail to programme their routines beforehandB. tend to make mistakes when they are in a hurryC. unconsciously change the sequence of doing thingsD. are likely to mess thing up if they are too tired54. We learn from the third paragraph that _______.A. absent-mindedness tends to occur during certain hours of the dayB. women are very careful to perform actions during peak periodsC. women experience more peak periods of absent-mindednessD. men’s absent-mindedness often results in funny situations55. It can be concluded from the passage that _______.A. people should avoid doing important things during peak periods of lapsesB. hazards can be avoided when people do things they are good atC. people should be careful when programming their actionsD. lapses cannot always be attributed to lack of concentrationPassage TwoQuestions 56 to 60 are based on the following passage.The two claws of the mature American lobster are decidedly different from each other. The crusher claw is short and stout; the cutter claw is long and slender. Such bilateral asymmetry, in which the right side of the body is, in all other respects, a mirror image of the left side, is not unlike handedness in humans. But where the majority of humans are right-handed, in lobsters the crusher claw appears with equal probability on either the right side or left side of the body.Bilateral asymmetry of the claws comes about gradually. In the juvenile fourth and fifth stages of development, the paired claws are symmetrical and cutter like. Asymmetry begins to appear in the juvenile sixth stage of development, and the paired claws farther diverge toward well-defined cutter and crusher claws during succeeding stages. An intriguing aspect of this development was discovered by Victor Emmer. He found that if one of the paired claws is removed during the fourth or fifth stage, the intact claw invariably becomes a crusher, while the regenerated claw becomes a stutter. Removal of a claw during a later juvenile stage or during adulthood, when asymmetry is present, does not alter the asymmetry; the intact and regenerated claws retain their original structures.。
整理-博士生资格考试历年考题
2004年资格考试一、简答题1. 溶化金属为何要有一定的过冷度才能观察到析晶现象？2. 陶瓷烧结后期晶粒长大的动力是什么？3. 为什么纯固体相变总是放热反应？二、滑移、孪生、形变带，这三种缺陷如何从形貌上来判断。
三、应变-硬化、弥散-硬化、晶粒细化，这三种强化机制的异同点。
四、三元相图中，垂直截面的线与二元相图中的线有何区别，能否应用杠杆定律，在什么情况下适用？五、纯金属在凝固、溶解、固-液平衡过程中Gibbs自由能与焓变关系图。
六、某金属熔点为600度，问在590度时，凝固能否自发进行，并求此时的熵变。
（已知凝固热ΔH）七、关于配分函数，已知Cp，证明U和Cv的关系式。
八、Au和Ag的晶格常数为0.408和0.409，问1.在Au基体上镀一层100nm的 Ag，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；2.在Au（111）基体上镀一层100nm的 Ag，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；3.在Au（111）基体上，用外延生长的方法生长Ag的（111）面，用XRD能否检测出这层膜；九、透射电镜衍射，如为单晶，则衍射花样为规则排列的斑点，如为单晶，则衍射花样为环。
如有一一维无限长单原子链，用一束电子垂直照射，会出现什么样的衍射花样。
十、单晶Si上镀一层的SiC薄膜，设计一个试验方案分析SiC薄膜的厚度，成份和结构。
2005年4月资格考试（可能）1.说明|Fs|、|Ls|、I电子的含义及其物理意义。
（10分）2.简述双面法测滑移面指数的原理。
（10分）3.给出8个2seita角，判断晶体结构，计算晶格常数a，写出出现衍射线的面族。
（10分）4.某单晶体，X射线沿[0 -1 0]方向入射，晶体[-1 0 0 ]方向竖直，[0 0 1]方向平行于底片。
（a）（-3 -1 0）面一级反射X光的波长。
（b）底片与晶体相距5cm，求劳厄斑在底片上的位置。
（12分）5.Ag、Fe的混合粉末，固溶度极小。
计算在2seita属于[45，110]范围内衍射线条数。
2003-2013-中南大学博士-分子生物学试题及答案
2003-2013-中南大学博士-分子生物学试题及答案2013年中南大学博士分子生物学一、名词解释1. structure gene: 结构基因：是决定合成某一种蛋白质或RNA分子结构相应的一段DNA。
结构基因的功能是把携带的遗传信息转录给mRNA （信使核糖核酸）,再以mRNA为模板合成具有特定氨基酸序列的蛋白质或RNA。
2. reverse transcriptase：反转录酶（Reversetranscripatase）是以RNA为模板指导三磷酸脱氧核苷酸合成互补DNA（cDNA）的酶。
3. polycistron：在原核细胞中，通常是几种不同的mRNA连在一起，相互之间由一段短的不编码蛋白质的间隔序列所隔开，这种mRNA叫做多顺反子mRNA。
单顺反子（monocistron）：真核基因转录产物为单顺反子，即一个基因编码一条多肽链或RNA 链，每个基因转录有各自的调节元件。
4. untranslated region：非翻译区在分子遗传学中，是指任意一个位于mRNA链编码序列两端的片段。
5. directional cloning：定向克隆是指对外源DNA及载体均用两种不同的限制酶消化，再将二-galactosidase ，由 1024 个氨基酸组成）阴性的突变体之间实现互补。
α-互补是基于在两个不同的缺陷β-半乳糖苷酶之间可实现功能互补而建立的。
大肠杆菌的乳糖 lac 操纵子中的 lacZ 基因编码β-半乳糖苷酶，如果 lacZ 基因发生突变，则不能合成有活性的β-半乳糖苷酶。
例如， lacZ△M15 基因是缺失了编码β-半乳糖苷酶中第 11-41 个氨基酸的 lacZ 基因，无酶学活性。
对于只编码 N-端 140 个氨基酸的 lacZ 基因（称为 lacZ'），其产物也没有酶学活性。
但这两个无酶学活性的产物混合在一起时，可恢复β-半乳糖苷酶的活性，实现基因内互补。
10.exon：外显子(expressed region)是真核生物基因的一部分，它在剪接(Splicing)后仍会被保存下来，并可在蛋白质生物合成过程中被表达为蛋白质。
中南大学材料科学基础考试试卷
中南大学考试试卷2001 —— 2002 学年第二学期时间 110 分钟材料科学与工程课程 64 学时 4 学分考试形式：闭卷专业年级材料 1999 级总分 100 分，占总评成绩 70%一、名词解释（5分×8）1、金属玻璃2、金属间化合物3、离异共晶4、晶界偏聚5、科垂尔气团（Cottrell Atmosphere）6、孪生7、反应扩散8、变形织构二、问答题1、（10分）标出hcp晶胞中晶面ABCDEF面、ABO面的晶面指数，OC方向、OC方向的晶向指数。
这些晶面与晶向中，那些可构成滑移系？指出最容易产生滑移的滑移系。
2、（10分）判断]1101[6]121[6]112[6aaa→+位错反应在面心立方晶体中能否进行？若两个扩展位错的领先位错发生上述反应，会对面心立方金属性能有何影响。
3、（10分）写出非稳态扩散方程的表达式，说明影响方程中扩散系数的主要因素。
4、（10分）指出影响冷变形后金属再结晶温度的主要因素。
要获得尺寸细小的再结晶晶粒，有那些主要措施，为什么?5、（15分）试述针对工业纯铝、Al－5％Cu合金、Al－5％Al2O3复合材料分别可能采用那些主要的强化机制来进行强化。
6、（15分）请在如下Pb－Bi－Sn相图中（1）写出三相平衡和四相平衡反应式；（2）标出成分为5％Pb，65％Bi与30％Sn合金所在位置，写出该合金凝固结晶过程，画出并说明其在室温下的组织示意图。
7、（20分）Cu－Sn合金相图如图所示。
（1）写出相图中三条水平线的反应式，并画出T1温度下的成分－自由能曲线示意图；（2）说明Cu－10wt％Sn合金平衡和非平衡凝固过程，分别画出室温下组织示意图；（3）非平衡凝固对Cu－5wt％Sn合金的组织性能有何影响，如何消除？8、（20分）低层错能的工业纯铜铸锭采用T＝0.5T熔点温度热加工开坯轧制。
（1）画出该材料分别在高、低应变速率下热加工时的真应力－真应变曲线示意图，并说明影响曲线变化的各种作用机制；（2）开坯后该金属在室温下继续进行轧制，画出此时的真应力－真应变曲线示意图，并说明影响曲线变化的机制；（3）开坯后该金属要获得硬态、半硬态和软态制品，最后工序中可采用那些方法，为什么？中南大学考试试卷2002 —— 2003 学年第二学期时间 110 分钟材料科学与工程课程 64 学时 4 学分考试形式：闭卷专业年级材料 2000 级总分 100 分，占总评成绩 70%一、填空（0.5X30=15分）1、fcc结构的密排方向是_____，密排面是____，密排面的堆垛顺序是_____，致密度为________，配位数是____，晶胞中原子数为___，把原子视为半径为r 的刚性球时，原子的半径是点阵常数a 的关系为_________。
中南大学材料科学基础考试试卷-5页文档资料
中南大学考试试卷2019 —— 2019 学年第二学期时间 110 分钟材料科学与工程课程 64 学时 4 学分考试形式：闭卷专业年级材料 2019 级总分 100 分，占总评成绩 70%一、名词解释（5分×8）1、金属玻璃2、金属间化合物3、离异共晶4、晶界偏聚5、科垂尔气团（Cottrell Atmosphere）6、孪生7、反应扩散8、变形织构二、问答题1、（10分）标出hcp晶胞中晶面ABCDEF面、ABO面的晶面指数，OC方向、OC方向的晶向指数。
这些晶面与晶向中，那些可构成滑移系？指出最容易产生滑移的滑移系。
2、（10分）判断]1101[6]121[6]112[6aaa→+位错反应在面心立方晶体中能否进行？若两个扩展位错的领先位错发生上述反应，会对面心立方金属性能有何影响。
3、（10分）写出非稳态扩散方程的表达式，说明影响方程中扩散系数的主要因素。
4、（10分）指出影响冷变形后金属再结晶温度的主要因素。
要获得尺寸细小的再结晶晶粒，有那些主要措施，为什么?5、（15分）试述针对工业纯铝、Al－5％Cu合金、Al－5％Al2O3复合材料分别可能采用那些主要的强化机制来进行强化。
6、（15分）请在如下Pb－Bi－Sn相图中（1）写出三相平衡和四相平衡反应式；（2）标出成分为5％Pb，65％Bi与30％Sn合金所在位置，写出该合金凝固结晶过程，画出并说明其在室温下的组织示意图。
7、（20分）Cu－Sn合金相图如图所示。
（1）写出相图中三条水平线的反应式，并画出T1温度下的成分－自由能曲线示意图；（2）说明Cu－10wt％Sn合金平衡和非平衡凝固过程，分别画出室温下组织示意图；（3）非平衡凝固对Cu－5wt％Sn合金的组织性能有何影响，如何消除？8、（20分）低层错能的工业纯铜铸锭采用T＝0.5T熔点温度热加工开坯轧制。
（1）画出该材料分别在高、低应变速率下热加工时的真应力－真应变曲线示意图，并说明影响曲线变化的各种作用机制；（2）开坯后该金属在室温下继续进行轧制，画出此时的真应力－真应变曲线示意图，并说明影响曲线变化的机制；（3）开坯后该金属要获得硬态、半硬态和软态制品，最后工序中可采用那些方法，为什么？中南大学考试试卷2019 —— 2019 学年第二学期时间 110 分钟材料科学与工程 课程 64 学时 4 学分 考试形式：闭卷专业年级材料 2000 级 总分 100 分，占总评成绩 70%一、填空（0.5X30=15分）1、 fcc 结构的密排方向是_____，密排面是____，密排面的堆垛顺序是_____，致密度为________，配位数是____，晶胞中原子数为___，把原子视为半径为r 的刚性球时，原子的半径是点阵常数a 的关系为_________。
中南大学病理学2013年考博真题试卷
3.肺癌的原因、组织学发生、病变特点和组织学类型
6.恶病质
7.脂质小体
8.潜水病
9.败血性梗死
10.肿瘤的演进与异质性
11.代偿性肝囊肿
12.肝癌
13.高血压
14.毛玻璃样肝细胞
15.蕈样霉菌病
16.硬性下疳
17. R-S细胞
18. IgA肾病
19.微小胃癌与早期胃癌
20.肾炎综合征
二、简答题
1.简述干细胞、胚胎干细胞、成体干细胞和肿瘤干细胞的含义
中南大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中南大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、名词解释
1.变性与物质沉积
2.凋亡小体（英）
3. simmond’s dise来自se4.泡沫细胞5.肌纤维母细胞
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题
中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1中南大学博士研究生英语考试真题Part I: Vocabulary and structure (20 points)Directions: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the answer that best completes the sentence.1. The Earth _____ around the sun.A. revolvesB. resolvingC. resolvingD. revolves2. A water molecule is made up _____ two hydrogen atoms and an oxygen atom.A. forB. ofD. by3. The data _____ China’s economic growth are impressive.A. forB. towardC. concerningD. on4. We have to know _____ always comes first.A. besidesB. thatC. itD. what5. The coffee served in that shop is far too weak _____ my taste.A. fromB. toC. for6. I really _____ remember what her address is.A. don’tB. can’tC. mustn’tD. won’t7. Would you like milk and sugar _____ your coffee?A. inB. atC. onD. of8. It is important for leaders to work _____ the development of their employees.A. onB. forC. withD. in9. Our project needs more support _____ the government.A. atB. toC. fromD. on10. _____ he is often criticized, he is actually a very talented writer.A. EvenB. SinceC. ThusD. HencePart II: Reading comprehension (30 points)Directions: In this part, there are four passages. Each passage is followed by five questions. For each question, there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the best answer.Passage 1There is a serious problem with obesity in many developed countries. This is usually caused by people eating too much andnot doing enough exercise. As a result, many people are now overweight or even obese. Obesity can lead to serious health problems such as heart disease and diabetes.11. What is the main cause of obesity?A. Lack of sleepB. Too much exerciseC. Eating too muchD. Eating too little12. What is the consequence of obesity?A. Heart diseaseB. Healthy bodyC. Strong musclesD. No exercise13. Which disease can obesity lead to?A. DiabetesB. FluC. ColdsD. Allergies14. What do many people in developed countries have due to obesity?A. Strong musclesB. High blood pressureC. Low body weightD. Overweight15. How can obesity be prevented?A. By eating more unhealthy foodB. By not doing any exerciseC. By eating less and exercising moreD. By sleeping all dayPassage 2There is a growing concern about the environment and the impact that human activity is having on it. As the population grows and people use more energy, pollution levels are increasing. This is leading to global warming and climate change.16. What is the growing concern about?A. Language skillsB. The economyC. The environmentD. Shopping habits17. What is causing pollution levels to increase?A. TreesB. Human activityC. CloudsD. Cities18. What is global warming leading to?A. Increased pollutionB. Climate changeC. Decreased pollutionD. Cleaner air19. How is the population affecting the environment?A. By using less energyB. By not using energy at allC. By using more energyD. By sleeping all day20. What is a consequence of climate change?A. Cleaner airB. Natural disastersC. Healthy environmentD. Decreased food productionPart III: Fill in the blanks (20 points)Directions: Complete the following sentences with the appropriate words.21. The _____ of the project cost over $1 million.22. She is tired of _____ the same routine every day.23. He knocked on the door but there was no _____ .24. The teacher _____ her students to work hard.25. We need to find a _____ to this problem soon.Part IV: Translation (30 points)Directions: Translate the following passage from Chinese to English.拥有绿色的科学技术和环境经营理念将越来越成为未来企业的重要标志。
中南大学博士考纲
2013年全国博士研究生入学考试《中外文学史》考试大纲来源：中南大学文学院发布时间：2012-10-12本考试大纲由文学院教授委员会于2012年7月7日通过。
I.考试性质中外文学史是中南大学文学院为招收美学和审美文化学博士研究生而设置的专业考试科目，其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生掌握中外文学史基本知识的水准以及综合分析专业问题的能力，以保证被录取者具有基本的专业素质。
II.考查目标中外文学史科考试涵盖大学本科和硕士研究生中国古代文学、中国现当代文学与外国文学课程的基本内容，要求考生：（1）明确中外文学史相关课程的的基本知识点，并结合历史背景予以理解。
（2）准确使用本学科的专业术语，把握中外文学史的基本轮廓。
（3）对中外名家名著有准确、系统的把握，并有比较深入的理论透视。
（4）能够运用本课程的基本理论和基础知识，综合分析文学史展开中的重大问题和重要规律。
Ⅲ.考试形式和试卷结构1、试卷满分及考试时间本试卷满分为100 分，考试时间为180 分钟2、答题方式答题方式为闭卷，笔试。
3、试卷内容结构中国古代文学史约40%中国现当代文学史约30%外国文学史约30%Ⅳ.试卷题型结构简答题40分（4小题，每小题10分）分析题60分（3小题，每小题20分）Ⅴ.考查内容中国古代文学史一、先秦文学1、《诗经》2、屈原与《楚辞》二、秦汉文学1、秦及两汉散文2、司马迁与《史记》3、两汉乐府诗4、《古诗十九首》三、魏晋南北朝文学1、建安文学2、陶渊明3、《世说新语》四、隋唐五代文学1、李白等盛唐的诗人群体2、杜甫、白居易等中唐诗人群体3、唐代古文运动4、杜牧、李商隐等晚唐诗人群体5、词的初创及晚唐五代词五、宋代文学1、柳永与北宋前期词风的演变2、苏轼3、江西诗派与两宋之际的诗歌4、周邦彦和北宋中后期词坛5、南渡前后词风的演变6、辛弃疾和辛派词人六、元代文学1、元杂剧代表作家与代表剧作2、元代散曲七、明代文学1、《三国演义》与历史演义的繁荣2、《水浒传》3、《西游记》4、“三言”、“二拍”八、清代文学1、《长生殿》、《桃花扇》与清代戏曲2、《聊斋志异》3、《儒林外史》4、《红楼梦》中国现代文学史一、文学思潮与运动1、文学革命的发生与发展2、新文学初期理论建设3、革命文学论争和1930年代文艺运动4、毛泽东《在延安文艺座谈会上的讲话》二、小说1、鲁迅：《呐喊》、《彷徨》2、茅盾、老舍、巴金3、沈从文4、张天翼、丁玲、艾芜5、赵树理6、钱钟书、张爱玲三、诗歌1、早期白话诗2、郭沫若、闻一多、徐志摩3、戴望舒、卞之琳4、艾青四、戏剧1、戏剧运动2、曹禺五、散文1、鲁迅散文和杂文2、周作人、朱自清、郁达夫中国当代文学史一、文学思潮和运动1、新的文学体制的建立及文学事件2、胡风案件、双百方针、文艺反右3、新民歌运动与文艺政策的调整4、两个批示、《部队文艺工作座谈会纪要》、“三突出”5、现实主义的回归与流变6、现代主义的萌发与兴盛7、文化寻根与失落8、“新国学”、“后现代”话语及“现代性”话题二、诗歌1、艾青、郭小川、贺敬之2、“朦胧诗”诗人与诗歌文本3、“归来诗人”4、“第三代”诗人三、小说1、百花时期短篇小说2、《青春之歌》、《创业史》3、叙事方式探索与中国式现代主义写作4、长篇小说潮流5、陈忠实《白鹿原》6、帝王将相题材小说四、散文、戏剧1、老舍《茶馆》2、新时期话剧3、巴金、杨绛的散文4、报告文学的兴盛5、余秋雨散文6、张承志、史铁生散文外国文学史一、古希腊罗马文学1、古希腊文学的分期、特点2、古罗马文学的特点3、古希腊神话与《荷马史诗》4、古希腊悲剧和喜剧的起源与特点5、《俄狄浦斯王》的剧情、主旨、艺术成就二、中世纪西方文学1、中世纪西方文学的特点2、《神曲》思想内容的双重性及艺术成就三、文艺复兴时期的西方文学1、意大利2、法国3、英国4、《堂吉诃德》的情节、人物、艺术成就5、《哈姆莱特》的情节、人物、艺术成就四、古典主义文学1、各主要欧洲国家古典主义文学的代表作家、作品2、《伪君子》的剧情、人物、主题3、《失乐园》的内容、人物五、启蒙文学1、18世纪启蒙文学的特点及其形成的社会文化原因2、法、英、德等国家启蒙文学的发展过程及重要作家与作品3、《浮士德》的剧情、人物、主旨、艺术成就六、浪漫主义文学1、浪漫主义文学的基本特征及其形成的社会文化原因2、《唐璜》的内容、人物及艺术成就3、《悲惨世界》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就七、19世纪现实主义文学1、现实主义文学的基本特征及其形成的社会文化原因2、各主要国家现实主义文学的发展过程、特点、重要作家与作品3、《红与黑》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就4、《高老头》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就5、《德佰家的苔丝》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就6、《死魂灵》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就7、《安娜·卡列尼娜》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就8、《罪与罚》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就9、《玩偶之家》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就10、《哈克贝利·芬历险记》的情节、人物、主旨及艺术成就八、19世纪后期自然主义和其他思潮1、自然主义文学思潮的发展过程、基本主张与特点、重要作家与作品。
中南大学材料科学基础2013-2014考试试题ppt课件
五、拉制半成品铜丝的过程如图所示，试绘出不同 阶段的组织与性能变化示意图，并加以解释。 （10分）
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六、画出Fe-C平衡相图，标明各相区的相，写出相图中 的所有三相平衡反应方程式，描述T12号钢 (C=1.2%) 的平衡凝固过程和最终室温下的平衡组织。
中南大学考试试卷
一、 填空题（每空0.5分，共25分）（请将答案写在答题纸上）
1、根据结构特点，金属学中通常将相分为 和 两大类。 2、根据几何特征，可将晶体缺陷的分为 ___ 、___ 和 ___ 三类； 3、纯铝、α-Fe、纯镁各属于 _FCC_ 、 _BCC_ 和_HCP__晶体结构； 4、根据原子在相界面上的排列，可以把相界面分为：（1）共格_（2）
4、孪生是金属塑性变形的另一种常见方式，以下描述中不是孪生特 点的有： a孪生所需临界应力远高于滑移时的临界切应力；b孪生 是一种切变过程； c孪生改变了晶体的位向，有利于金属塑性变 形；d密排六方的金属其对称性高，很少发生孪生；
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5、包晶转变的显著特点是： a 包晶转变不能细化合金晶粒；b包晶转 变是个快速的过程；c包晶转变的形成相依附在初晶相上形成；d通常 情况下转变进行的较完全；
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16、T8钢（碳素工具钢）的马氏体形态主要为片状马氏体 ， 它的亚结构为 孪晶马氏体 。
17、单晶体试样拉伸时，其滑移面向着与拉伸轴__平行_的 方向转动，压缩时滑移面朝着与压力轴__垂直_的方向转 动。（平行或垂直）
18、合金工具钢、轴承钢等经轧制、锻造后空冷，所得组织 是片层状珠光体与网状渗碳体， 这种组织硬而脆，不仅难 以切削加工，且在以后淬火过程中也容易变形和开裂，一 般采用 正火 热处理工艺消除不利组织。