Enlightenment of the letters,A-Z
2021届新高考英语暑期书面表达复习(应用文部分)·中国文学名著专题
2021届新高考英语暑期书面表达复习(应用文)·中国文学名著专题优质语言素材积累2020年8月修订版[单词/词组]1.perceive [v.]感知2.enlighten [v.]启发3.suspicion [v.]猜疑4.surge [n.]急剧上升5.ultimately [adv.]最终6.collaboration [n.]合作7.profound [adj.]深远的8.spontaneous [adj.]自然而然的9.更了解offer us a glimpse of …10.*复兴enjoy a revival/comeback11.★与……不一致be at odds with …12.*时代之声voice of a generation13.更深刻理解Give us an insight into …14.不容错过It is a … not to be missed.15.★历史悠久的文化 a time-honored culture16.更好地欣赏Gain a better appreciation of …17.在…中备受瞩目among the most high-profile of …18.*追溯至date back to/be traced back to/originate from/stretch back to19.尽管它看起来很复杂/抽象complicated/abstract as it may seem，… .20.一部兼具洞察力和娱乐性的作品an insightful and entertaining work[句子]21.*传统中餐是文化和社会生活的重要部分。
Traditional Chinese foods are an important aspect of culture and social life.22.中国文学在世界范围内越来越受欢迎。
美国简史选择题及答案(1-16章)
1.From 1622 unit his death, _____, one of the greatest of colonial American, was reelected thirty times as governor.A.Anne BradstreetB. William BradfordC.Edward TaylorD. Thomas Paine2.____carries the voice not of an individual but of a whole people. It is more than writing of the Revolutionary period, it defined the meaning of the American Revolution.mon SenseB. The American CrisisC.Declaration of IndependenceD. Defence of the English People3.____usually was regarded as the first American writer.A.William BradfordB. Anne BradstreetB.Emily Dickinson D.Captain John Smith4.Anne Bradstreet was a Puritan poet. Her poems made such a stir in England that she became known as the “____”who appeared in America.A.Ninth MuseB. Tenth MuseC. Best MuseD. First Muse5.The ship “——” carried about one hundred pilgrims and took 66 days to beat its way across the Atlantic. In December of 1620, it put the Pilgrims ashore at Plymouth, Massachusetts.A.SunflowerB.ArmadaC.MayflowerD.Pequod6.From 1733 to 1758, Benjamin Franklin wrote and published his famous____,an annal collection of proverbs. BA.The AutobiographyB.Poor Richard’s Almanacmon SenseD.The General Magazine7.Which is not connected with Thomas Paine?mon SenseB.The American CrisisC.The Rights of ManD.The Autobiography8.”These are the times that try men’s souls”,these words were once read to Washington’s troops and did much to spur excitement to further action with hope and confidence.Who is the author of these words?A.Benjamin FranklinB. Thomas PaineC.Thomas JeffersonD.George Washington9.Who was considered as the “Poet of American Revolution”?A.Anne BradstreetB.Edward TaylorC.Michael WigglesworthD.Philip Freneau10.The secular ideals of the American Enlightenment were exemplified in the life and career of ____.A.T homas HoodB.Benjamin FranklinC.Thomas JeffersonD.George Washington11.It was not until January 1776 that a widely heard public voice demanded complete separation from England. The voice was that of ___, whose pamphlet Common Sense, with its heated language, increased the growing demand for separation.A.Thomas PaineB.Thomas JeffersonB.George Washington D.Patrick Henry12.In American literature, the eighteen century was the age of the Enlightenment.____was the dominant spirit. BA.HumanismB.RationalismC.RevolutionD.Evolution13.At the Reason and Revolution Period, Americans were influenced by the European movement called the ____. CA.Chartist MovementB.Romanticist MovementC.Enlightenment MovementD.Modernist Movement14.In American literature, the enlighteners were favorable to _____. DA.the colonial orderB.religious obscurantismC.the Puritan traditionD.the secular literature15.The English colonies in North America rose in arms against their parent country and the Continental Congress adopted____in 1776. AA.the Declaration of IndependenceB.the Sugar ActC.the Stamp ActD.the Mayflower CompactChapters 31.____is respectfully remembered as a master of adventurous narrative and as the creator of an American hero-myth. CA.Washington IrvingB. John Greenleaf WhittierC. James Fenimore CooperD.Oliver Wendell Holmes2.A new ____had appeared in England in the last years of the eighteenth century. It spread to continental Europe and then to American early in the nineteenth century. CA.realismB.critical realismC.romanticismD.naturalism3.The importance of the frontier and the wilderness in American literature is for the first time well illustrated in the following works:___. CA.Benjamin Franklin’s The AutobiographyB.Washington Irving’s The Sketch BookC.James Fenimore Cooper’s The Leather stocking TalesD.Ralph Waldo Emerson’s Nature4.Choose Washington Irving’s works from the following. DA.The Sketch BookB.Bracebridge HallC. A History of New YorkD.Tales of a Travelers5.The period before the American Civil War is generally referred to as_____. AA.the Romantic PeriodB.the Modern PeriodC. the Naturalist PeriodD. the Realistic Period6.There is a good reason to state that New England Transcendentalism was actually ____on the Puritan soil. AA.RomanticismB.PuritanismC.MysticismD.Unitarianism7.In 1826 as an American diplomatic attache, Washington Irving was sent to Spain where he gathered material for his following works EXCEPT____. CA.The History of the Life and Voyages of Christopher Columbus,1828B.The Chronicles of the Conquest of Granada,1829C.The Life of Goldsmith, 1829D.The Alhambra, 18329. There is the famous___, in which there is the memorable event of an apparently headless horseman throwing his head at his rival in love, and the memorable character of Ichabod Crane with his mixture of shrewdness, credulity, self-as-sertiveness, and cowardice. BA.Rip Van WinkleB.The Legend of Sleep HollowC.The PioneersD.The American ScholarChapters 4-71.In 1836, a little book entitled____written by Ralph Waldo Emerson came out which made a tremendous impact on the intellectual life of America. AA.NatureB. The TranscendentalistC.PowerD.Wealth2.As a philosophical and literary movement, ____flourished in New England from the 1830s to the Civil War. DA.modernismB. rationalismC.sentimentalismD. transcendentalism3.Transcendentalist doctrines found their greatest literary advocates in ___Henry David Thoreau. BA.Thomas JeffersonB.Ralph Waldo EmersonC.Philip FreneauD.Edgar Allan Poe4.Transcendentalist recognized ____as the “highest power of the soul”.AA.intuitionB.logicC.data of the sensesD.thinking5.Edgar Allan Poe’s ____was an ingenious detective story and became the ancestor of the genre, influencing, among others, Conan Doyle. CA.The Fall of the House of UsherB.The Gold BugC.The Murders in the Rue MorgueD.The Purloined Letter6.From the following, which one is NOT the characteristic of Ralph Waldo Emerson’s poetry? DA.Being highly individualB.Harsh rhythmsck of form and polishck of optimism7.The publication of ___established Ralph Waldo Emerson as the most eloquent spokesman of New England Transcendentalism. AA.NatureB.Self-RelianceC.The American ScholarD.The Divinity School Address8.From Henry David Thoreau’s jail experienc e, came his famous essay, ___,which states Thoreau’s belief that no man should violate his conscience at the command of a government.A.WaldenB.NatureC.Civil Disobediencemon Sense9. Herman Melville called his friend Nathaniel Hawthorne ____in American literature. AA.the largest brain with the largest heartB.father of American poetryC.the transcendentalistD.the American scholar10.”The universe is composed of Nature and the soul...Spirit is present everywhere”. This is the voice of the book Nature written by Emerson, which pushed American Romanticism into a new phase, the phase of New England___. BA. RomanticismB.TranscendentalismC.NaturalismD.Symbolism11.Which of the following works is generally regarded as “the Bible of New England Transcendentalism”? DA. On BeautyB. WaldenC.The Conduct of LifeD.Nature12. ___is an appalling fictional version of Nathaniel Hawthorne’s belief that “the wrong doing of one generation lives into the successive ones” and that evil will come out evil though it may take many generations to happen. BA.The Marble FaunB. The House of Seven GablesC.The Blithedale RomanceD.Young Goodman Brown13. The giant Moby Dick may symbolize all EXCEPT____. BA.mystery of the universeB.sin of the whaleC.power of the Great NatureD.Evil of the world14. In Moby Dick, the voyage symbolizes____. BA.natureB.a search for truthC.the unknown worldD.the microcosm of human societyChapters8-101.Generally speaking, all those writers with a naturalistic approach to human reality tend to be ___. CA.transcendentalistsB.idealistsC.pessimistsD.impressionists2.Mark Twain, one of the greatest 19th century American writers, is well known for his____. CA.international themeB.waste-land imageryC.local colorD.symbolism3.In Henry James’ Daisy Miller, the author tries to portray the young woman as an embodiment of ____. BA.the force of conventionB.the free spirit of the New WorldC.the decline of aristocracyD.the corruption of the newly rich4.Which of the following is not written by Henry James? DA.The Portrait of A Lady and The EuropeansB.The Wings of the Dove and The AmbssadorsC.What Maisie Knows and The BostoniansD.The Genius and The Gilded Age5.Henry James experimented with different themes in his literary career, the most influential one being____. CA.nothingnessB.disillusionmentC.international themeD.relationship between men and women6.Theodore Dreiser’s Trilogy of Desire includes three novels. They are The Financier, The Titan and ____. AA.The StoicB.The GiantB.The Tycoon D.The Genius7.Stylistically, Henry James’ fiction is characterized by___. AA.highly refined languageB.ordinary American speechC.short, clear sentencesD.abundance of local images8.The book from which “all modern American literature comes” refers to ___. DA.The Great GatsbyB.The Sun Also RisesC.Moby DickD.The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn9.The impact of Darwin’s evolutionary theory on the American thought and the influence of the 19th-century French literature on the American men of letters gave rise to yet another school of realism:_____. BA.American modernismB.American naturalismB.American vernacularism D.American local colorism10.While embracing the socialism of Marx, Jack London also believed in the triumph of the strongest individuals. This contradiction is most vividly projected in the patently autobiographical novel___. CA.The Call of the WildeB.The Sea WolfB.Martin Eden D.The Iron Heel11.Stephen Crane’s best short stories include Open Boat, An Experiment and ___,all reinforcing the basic Crane motif environment and heredity overwhelming man. CA.The Black RidersB.A Man Said to the UniverseC.The Blue HotelD.The Red Badge of Courage12.The main theme of ____The Art of Fiction reveals his literary credo that representation of life should be the main object of the novel. AA.Henry James’B.Willian Dean Howells’C.Mark Twain’sD.Jack London’s13.Which statements about O.Henry is NOT right? DA.His stories are a penetrating criticism of America of the time.B.The ends of his stories are always surprising. AC.The plots of his stories are exceedingly clever and interesting.D.Many of his stories contain a great deal of slang and colloquial expressions.14.The publication of the novel____stirred a great nation to its depths andhurried on a great war. DA.My Bondage and My FreedomB.Stanzas on FreedomB.Voices of Freedom D.Uncle T om’s Cabin15.War in the novel____by Stephen Crane is a plain slaughter-house. There is nothing like valor or heroism on the battlefield, and if there is anything, it is the fear of death, cowardice, the natural instinct of man to run from danger. DA.War Is KindB.The Man That Corrupted HandleyburgC.The Black RidersD.The Red Badge of CourageChapters11-161.In which of the following works, Hemingway presents his philosophy about life and death through the depiction of the bull-fight as a kind of microcosmic tragedy? DA.The Green Hills of AfricaB.The Snows of KilimanjaroB.To Have and Have Not D.Death in the Afternoon2.___is Hemingway’s first true novel in which he depicts a vivid portrait of “The Lost Generation”. AA.The Sun Also RisesB.A Farewell to ArmsB.In Our Time D.For Whom the Bell Tolls3.F.Scott Fitzgerald’s fictional world is the best embodiment of the spirit of ___. AA.the Jazz AgeB.the Romantic PeriodB.the Renaissance Period D.the Neoclassical Period4.Which one of th e following figures does NOT belong to “The Lost Generation”? CA.Ezra PoundB.William Carlos WilliamsB.Robert Frost D.Theodore Dreiser5.The following writers were awarded Nobel Prize for literature EXCEPT_____. AA.F.Scott FitzgeraldB.William FaulknerB.John Steinbeck D.Ernest Hemingway6.____showed great interest in Chinese literature and translated the poetry of Li Po(Li Bai) into English, and was influenced by Confucian ideas. CA.T.S.EliotB.E.E.CummingsC.Ezra PoundD.Robert Frost7.Choose the novel of the following Not written by F.Scott Fitzgerald. CA.The Great GatsbyB.Tender Is the NightC.This Side of ParadiseD.The Beautiful and the Damned8.Thomas Stearns Eliot’s later poetry took a positive turn toward faith in life. This was demonstrated by ____, a poem of mystical conflict between faith and doubt. CA.The Waste LandB.The Hollow MenC.Ash-WednesdayD.Four Quartets。
26 English Letter Teaching Courseware
The letter "D" is written in both upper and lower case forms It insists of a semiconductor connected to a vertical line
Examples
"Dog", "Door", "Day"
The Promotion and Writing of the Letter E
要点一
Pronunciation
The letter "E" is promoted as/i ː/ In the IPA When promoting, the south should be slightly open and the tongue should be raised towards the roof of the south
fun, fish, fan, fast
The Promotion and Writing of Letter G
01
Pronunciation
The letter "G" is proposed as/g/ It is a consistent sound made by blocking the back of your throat and then releasing the air
PThroe nletutenrc"Dia"tisiopnromoted as/di ː/ In the IPA It is a voiced consonant,
produced by playing the tongue tip behind the tea and releasing it while voicing
yu Topic 8 The Enlightenment (the Age of Reason)
Montesquieu’s 3 basic kinds of government
1. 2.
3.
republics共和政体, republics共和政体, for small states and based on citizen involvement; monarchy君主政体, monarchy君主政体, for middle-sized states middleand grounded in the ruling class’s adherence to law; despotism 专制统治, for large empires and 专制统治, dependent on fear to inspire obedience.
Leviathan 《利维坦》, 1651 利维坦》
The nature of man: selfishness Social contract 社会契约论 Authorities created to enforce social contract---all monarchs ruled not by the consent of heaven, but by the consent of the people (“君权神授” ←→ “君权人 君权神授” 君权神授 授” ) Sovereign’s absolute power “ 王 权 至 上 ” ----unquestioning obedience of authority
Charles de Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠(1689孟德斯鸠(1689-1755)
Charles de Montesquieu 孟德斯鸠 (1689(1689-1755) From French Noble Representative Works: The Persian Letters The Spirit of Laws
英国文学简史 (刘炳善著 河南人民出版社)笔记part3-4
Part three the period of the English bourgeois revolution Chaper 1 the English revolution and the Reatoration1 the weakening of the tie between monarchy and bourgeoise2 the clashes between the king and parliament3 the outburst of the English revolution:4 the split with the revolution camp5 the bourgeois dictatorship and the restoration6 the religious cloak of the English revolution:Also called the puritan revolution.Puritanism is the religious doctrine7 literature of the revolution periodChapter 2 John Milton约翰•弥尔顿1608~1674（诗人、政论家;失明后写《失乐园》、《复乐园》、《力士参孙》。
）①Epics: <Paradise Lost>失乐园: written in blank verseIn the poem god is no better than a despot. God is cruel and unjust. Adam and Eve embody Milton's belife in the powers of man.The desription of hell, Satan is the real hero of the poem. Satan is the spirit questioning the authority of God.<Paradise Regained>复乐园②Dramatic poem: < Samson Agonistes>力士参孙:A poetical drama.③<Areopagitica>论出版自由: as a declaration of people's freedom of the press, has been a weapon in the later democratic revulotion struggles.<The Defence of the English People>为英国人民声辩: as the spokesman of the revolution.④<On His Blindness>我的失明This sonnet is written in iambic pentameter rhymed in abba abba cde cde, typical of Italian sonnet.Its theme is that people use their talent for God, and they serve him best sho can endure the suffering best.Milton:1 he was a political in both his life and his art. He was a militant pamphleteer of the English Revolution, and the greatest English revolutionary poet in 17th century2 wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He and Shakespeare have always been regarded as two patterns of English verse3 he first used blank verse in non-dramatic works. In paradise lost, he acquires an absolute mastery of the blank verse.4 he is a great stylist, grand style.5 his sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.Chapter 3 John Bunyan约翰•班扬1628~1688（代表作《天路历程》，宗教寓言，被誉为“具有永恒意义的百科全书”，是英国文学史上里程碑式著作。
英国文学简史 4新古典主义(18世纪)
The Neoclassical Period （18th century）Definitions of literary terms英语081班汪志超51011080951) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason.The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality, equality & science. They called for a reference to order, reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn England, neoclassicism is initiated by John Dryden, culminated in Alexander Pope and continued by Samuel Johnson. It was a reaction against the fire of passions that blazed in the later Renaissance. It found its literary artistic model in the classical literature of ancient Greek and Latin authors, such as Homer, Virgil, Horace. The neoclassicists have their artistic ideas: order, logic, symmetry, restraint, accuracy, good taste, good sense, decorum and so on. In drama, they follow the Three Unities closely.1Richard Steele(1672-1729) and Joseph Addison(1672-1719)The Tatler ; The Spectator (the earliest periodicals)2Samuel Johnson（1709-1784）Samuel Johnson, commonly called Dr. Johnson, was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet, dramatist, prose romancer, biographer, essayist, critic, lexicographer & publicist.His major works :poems: "London", & "The vanity of Human Wishes"a romance: The History of Rasselas, Prince of Abyssinia ;a tragedy: Irenehundreds of essays in the two periodicals :The Rambler & The Idler;English dictionary :A Dictionary of the English Language传记文学双星：Life of Johnson by James Boswell,The Life of Charlotte Bronte by Elizabeth Cleghon Gaskell3Alexander pope（1688-1744）poetPope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. As a representative of the Enlightenment, Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time.His major works1). The Rape of the LockA delightful burlesque of epic poetry, it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem isbased on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair.2) An Essay on CriticismHis first important work, An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work, he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste, common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading.3）The DunciadGenerally considered Pope's best satiric work, The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general, & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies, are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government, social morals, education & even religion, is expertly exposed & satirized.The Realistic Novel:The mid-century was, however, predominated by a newly rising literary form, the modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class, Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ,Samuel Richardson, Henry Fielding, Laurence Sterne, Tobias George Smollett, & Oliver Goldsmith.1Daniel Defoe(1660-1731)He acquired a pure naked English—smooth, easy, almost colloquial. Yet never coarse. He loved short, crisp, plain sentences. There is nothing artificial in his language; it is really common English.作品：1）Pamphlet: The Trueborn Englishman—A Satire.(It contained a caustic exposure of the aristocracy and the tyranny of the church.)2)Novels:Robinson Crusoe(The character of Robinson Crusoe is representative of the English bourgeoisie atthe earlier stage of its development.); Captain Singleton; Moll Flanders; Colonel Jacque2Jonathan Swift (1667-1745)He is an Irish. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. His language is simple, clear and vigorous. He said, “Proper words in proper places, makes the true definition of a style.” Swift is a master of satirist, and his irony is deadly. But his satire is masked by an outward gravity, and an apparent calmness conceals his bitter irony. This makes his satire all the more powerful, as shown in his Modest Proposal.作品：1）Two stories: A Tale of a Tub; The Battle of the Books(The two stories made him well-known as a satirist.)2) Novel:Gulliver’s Travels3) Pamphlets :The Drapier’s Letters; A Modest Proposal(Swift’s pamphlets in Ireland form avery important part of his works.)3Samuel Richardson(1689-1761)His main achievement as a novelist lies in his technique to show characters as personalities. Psychological analysis.作品：Pamela (The story is a told in a series of letters from the heroine, Pamela Andrews.书信体小说);Clarissa; Sir Charles Grandison.Pamela was a new thing in three ways:Firstly, it discarded the “improbable and marvellous”accomplishment of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people.Secondly, its intension was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings. It was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.4Henry Fielding(1707-1754)1)简介：As a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary.“Nature herself,” i.e., the exact observation and study of real life, was the basis of Fielding’s work. Byron, in a famous phrase, called Fielding “the prose Homer of Human Nature”. Fielding established once for all the form of the modern novel. His importance in the history of the novel is unique. He has been rightly call the “father of the English novel”.2）作品：Novels:①Joseph Andrews ②Jonathan Wild ③Tom Jones(流浪汉小说) ④AmeliaPicaresque Novel(流浪汉小说)is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction, which is usually satirical and depict in realistic and humorous details the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class, who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. The characteristic of it is loosely linked episodes, intrigue fights and adventures. The style of this novel originated in Spain and flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continued to influence modern literature. In England, Tobias Smollett’s works, Daniel Defoe’s “Moll Flanders”, Fielding’s “Tom Jones”, and Charles Dickens’“Pickwick Papers” are considered to be picaresque novels. In modern America, Sawl Bellow’s “Adventure of Augie March”, Jack Kerouac’s “Dharma Bums” can be called picaresque novels. The Chinese “Journey to the Wrest” is considered to has considerable elements of picaresque.3）Some Features of Fielding’s Novels①Fielding’s method of Relating a Story: told directly by the author.②Satire in Fielding’s Novels. Satire sounds everywhere in Fielding’s works.③Fielding believed in the educational function of the novel.④Style. Fielding is a master of style. His style is easy, unlaboured and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous.5Tobias Smollett(1721-1771)He is a Scottish. He belonged to the realistic school.作品：Roderick Random, Peregrine Pickle, Humphry Clinker, History of England.6Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.A Sentimental Journey.The drama of the 18th century was extensive, but very little of it has permanent or acting value. Only two men, Goldsmith and Sheridan, produced works which are of high literary quality and which are still remain their interest upon the stage.1Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer2、Richard Brinsley Sheridan(1751-1816)was, like Goldsmith, an Irishman. His literary fame rests almost exclusively uponhis dramas. His dramas are sufficient to maintain his reputation as one of the most brilliant of English writers of Comedy.戏剧作品：①The Rivals, ②The School for Scandal（It gives a brilliant portrayal and a biting satire ofIn the first half of the 18 century, Pope was the leader of English poetry and the heroic couplet the fashion of poetry. But the middle of the century, however, sentimentalism gradually made its appearance.The appearance and development of sentimentalist poetry marks the midway in the transition from classicism to its opposite, Romanticism, in English poetry.Sentimentalism : It is a literary current started in the middle of 18th century. It is a part of the Pre-Romantic trend as reaction against the cold, logic rationalism that dominated people’s life and writing since the last decade of the 17th century. It appeared to sentiment as a means of achieving happiness and social justice. They believed that the effective emotions were the evidence of kindness and goodness. A ready sympathy and an inward pain for the misery of others became part of accepted social morality and ethics. Their words reveal a purely emotional approach to life on the part of the narrator. They formed the contrast of rationally composed novel. The most outstanding figure of this school was Laurence Stern who composed “Tristram Shandy”and “Sentimental Journey through France to Italy”. Samuel Richardson’s work also belong to this school because he used a lot of psychological analysis. Oliver Goldsmith’s work, especially “The Vicar of Wakefield”is of this time. Thomas Gray, a member of Graveyard school is a member of sentimental school, because Graveyard School is part of Sentimental School.1Laurence Sterne(1713-1768)He is a novelist of the sentimentalist school. He was born in Ireland.作品：Tristram Shandy, A Sentimental Journey.2Thomas Gray(1716-1771):作品：Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard. （This is a poem full of the gentle melancholy which marks all early romantic poetry.）Graveyard School: is a term applied to the 18th century poets who wrote melancholy, reflective works, often set in graveyard, on the theme of human morality. The dominant imageries are graveyard, death and darkness. They are part of Sentimental School in the 18th century literature. Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” was the best known example for the time.Elegy: It is an ancient form of writing. Its tradition can be traced back to Greek. It is a kind of war song, the song that eulogizes the warring spirit, especially to celebrate the victory of the war and to lament upon the dead. Later, thiswriting is used for lamentation over one’s loss, one’s complaint, one’s unhappiness or things like that. In France, people sometimes use elegy for love lyric.3Oliver Goldsmith(1730-1774)Goldsmith was a poet, novelist, dramatist and essayist, all combined in one person. He was born in Ireland.作品：⑴Poems:①The Traveller is based on Goldsmith’s personal observation during his European wanderings. He came to the conclusion that human happiness depends less on political institution than onour own minds.②The Deserted Village is Goldsmith’s best poem. It contains some charmingdescriptions of village life. He marks the depopulation in the countryside owing to the inroads ofmonopolizing riches.⑵Novel: The Vicar of Wakefield. His novel appeals to human sentiment as a means of achieving happinessand social justice. That is why he is acknowledged to be one of the representatives of English sentimentalism.⑶Comedies: The Good-Natured Man, She Stoops to Conquer⑷Essays: The Citizen of the World.Goldsmith’s place as one of the greatest English essayists is mainlyIn the latter half of the 18century, a new literary monument arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival. In England, this movement showed itself in the trend of Pre-Romanticism in poetry, which was ushered by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns,the two greatest romantic poets of the 18th century.Pre-Romanticism:It rose as a reaction against enlightenment and neoclassicism, especially against reasons advocated by them. It originated by conservative groups men of letters and rose in the latter half of 18th century. The representatives are Thomas Gray, William Blake and Robert Burns.1William Blake(1757-1827)①The earliest of the major English Romantic poets.②Like Shelley, Blake strongly criticized the capitalists' cruel exploitation, saying that the "dark satanic mills left menunemployed, killed children & forced prostitution."③From childhood, Blake had a strongly visual mind; whatever he imagined, he also saw. As an imaginative poet, hepresents his view in visual images instead of abstract terms. " I know that This world is a world of IMAGINATION & Vision," & that "The Nature of my work is visionary or imaginative."④Blake writes his poems in plain & direct language.works：①The Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy & innocent world,though not without its evils & sufferings.②The Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, poverty, disease, war &repression with a melancholy tone.③Marriage of Heaven & Hell marks his entry into maturity.④The Book of Urizen, The Book of Los，The Four Zoas，Milton2、Robert Burns(1759-1796)He is the greatest of Scottish poets. He devoted all his free time to collecting, editing, restoring and imitating traditional Scottish songs, or writing verses of his own to traditional tunes.works：①Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.②Numerous are Burns’ songs of love and friendship. A Red, Red Rose③Bruce at Bannockburn is a typical song of patriotism.⑤The Tree of Liberty and A Revolutionary Lyric are the poems on the theme of revolution.⑥The Toadeater is a piece of bitter satire.⑦The Jolly Beggars is characterized by humour and lightheartedness.。
美国文学复习资料
American Literature Lecture One 060511/2, 9th Nov. 2009Part I. IntroductionPart I: introduction questions1.Teaching schemes, examination, requirements, advice, contacts, and so on2.What is literature?3.How to define American Literature?4.How to study literature?1. What is literature?1)The definition of 14th century:It means polite learning through reading. A man of literature or a man of letters = a man of wide reading, “literacy”2)The definition of 18th century:practice and profession of writing3)The definition of 19th century:the high skills of writing in the special context of high imagination4)Robert Frost’s definition:performance in words5)Modern definition:We can define literature as language artistically used to achieve identifiable literary qualities and to convey meaningful messages. Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by universality intellectual and emotional appeal.2. How to define the American literatureAmerican literature mainly refers to literature produced in American English by the people living in the United States.3. How to study literatureHistorical Perspectives: Biographical-Historical and Moral-Philosophical.(Diverse Types of Historicisms: including Feminist, Sociological or Marxian Studies of Language, Literature and Translation)Structuralist Perspectives: Looking for Systematic Deep Structures both in Form and Content.(Semiotics, TG Grammar, Systematic/Functional Grammar, Narratology, Freudian psycho-analysis, Russian Formalism, Anglo-American New Criticism, Archetypalism, Myth Criticism, Structural Marxism, Ideology)Poststructuralist or Postmodern Perspectives: Deconstructing Structuring Binaries (No Clear Distinction between Form and Content)[Postmodern Feminism, Postcolonialism, Postmodern Narratologies, New Historicism, Ideological Studies, Discourse Analysis, Reception Theories, Trauma Studies, Trans-Atlantic Studies, Transnationalism, Eco-criticism, Cultural Pathology, and other Postmodernisms]Approaches on Literature1. The Traditional Approaches:1)Analytical ApproachBe familiar with the elements of a literary work, eg: plot, character, setting, point of view, structure, style, atmosphere, theme, etc; answer some basic questions about the text itself.2)Thematic Approach“What is the story, the poem, the play or the essay about?”3)Historical - Biographical Approach4)Moral - Philosophical Approach.2.The Formalistic AppoachStructuralism, Poststructuralism, Semiotics3.The Psychological Approach: Freud4.Mythological and Archetypal Approach5.Feminist Approaches6.Sociological Approach7.Deconstruction8.Phenomenology, Hermeneutics, Reception Theory9.Cultural CriticismAmerican MulticultualismThe New Historicism, British Cultural Materialism10.Additional Approaches:①Aristotlian Criticism②Genre Criticism③Rhetoric, Linguistics, and Stylistics④The Marxist Approach⑤Ecological Criticism⑥Post ColonialismLecture Two 060511/2, 10th Nov. 2009Part II. The periods of American literature①The colonial period (约1607 - 1765)②The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)③The romantic period (1800 - 1865)④The realistic period (1865 - 1914)⑤The period of modernism (1914 - 1945)⑥The Contemporary Literature (1945 - 2000)1.The colonial period (约1607 - 1765)The main featuresPuritanism2.The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)Benjamin Franklin3.The romantic period (1800 - 1865)1)The early romanticismWashington Irving, James Fenimore Cooper2)“New England Transcendentalism” or “American Renaissance (1836 - 1855)”Emerson, Thoreau/ Whitman, Dickinson/ Hawthorne, Melville , Allan Poe3)“New England Poets” or “Schoolroom Poets”Bryant/ Longfellow/ Lowell/ Holmes/ Whittier4) The Reformers and AbolitionistsBeecher Stowe/ Frederick Douglass4.The realistic period (1865 - 1914)1)Midwestern RealismWilliam Dean Howells2)Cosmopolitan NovelistHenry James3)Local ColorismMark Twain4)NaturalismStephen Crane/ Jack London/ Theodore Dreiser5)The “Chicago School” of PoetryMasters/ Sandburg/ Lindsay/ Robinson6)The Rise of Black American LiteratureWashington/ Du Bois/ Chestnutt5.The period of modernism (1914 - 1945)1)Modern poetry: experiments in form (Imagism)Ezra Pound/ T.S.Eliot/ Robert Frost/ Wallace Stevens/ Carlos Williams2)Prose Writing: modern realism (the Lost Generation)F.Scott Fitzgerald/ Ernest Hemingway/ William Faulkner3)Novels of Social AwarenessSinclair Lewis/ Dos Passos/ John Steinbeck/ Richard Wright4)The Harlem RenaissanceLangston Hughes/ Zora Neals Hurston5)The Fugitives and New Criticism6)The 20th Century American DramaEugene O’ Neil6.The Contemporary Literature (1945 - 2000)I.American Poetry Since 1945: the Anti-traditionII.American Prose Since 1945: Realism and Experimentation.I. Poetry:1)Traditionalism2)Idiosyncratic poets3)Experimental poetry4)Surrealism and Existentialism5)Women and Multiethnic poets6)Chicano / Hispanic / Latino poetry7)Native American poetry8)African-American poetry9)Asian-American poetry10)New DirectionsExperimental Poetry:1)The Black Mountain School2)The San Francisco School3)Beat Poets4)The New York SchoolII. Prose:1.The Realist Legacy and the Late 1940s2.The Affluent but Alienated 1950s3.The Turbulent but Creative 1960s4.The 1970s and 1980s: New Directions1.The Realist Legacy and the Late 1940s1)Robert Penn Warren2)Arthur Miller3)Tennessee Williams4)Katherine Anne Porter5)Eudora Welty2.The Affluent But Alienated 1950s1)John O’Hara2) James Baldwin3) Ralph Waldo Ellison4) Flannery O’Conner5) Saul Bellow6) Bernard Malamud7) Isaac Bashevis Singer8) Vladimir Nabokov9) John Cheever10) John Updike11) J.D.Salinger12) Jack Kerouac3. The Turbulent but Creative 1960s1) Thomas Pynchon2) John Barth3) Norman Mailer4. The 1970s and 1980s: New Directions1) John Gardner2) Toni Morrison3) Alice WalkerPart II. Early American and Colonial Period to 17651. Introduction1. Instead of beginning with folk tales and songs the American literature began with abstractions and proceededfrom philosophy to fiction because there were no written literature among the more than 500 different Indian languages and tribal cultures that existed in North America before the first Europeans arrived there and set up the first colony Jamestown in about 1607.2. American writing began with the work of English adventurers and colonists in the New World chiefly for thebenefit of readers in the mother country. Some of these early works reached the level of literature, as in the robust and perhaps truthful account of his adventures by Captain John Smith and the sober, tendentious journalistic histories of John Winthrop and William Bradford in New England. From the beginning, however, the literature of New England was also directed to the edification and instruction of the colonists themselves, intended to direct them in the ways of the godly.3. Therefore the writing in this period was essentially two kinds: (1) practical matter-of-fact accounts of farming,hunting, travel, etc. designed to inform people “at home” what life was like in the new world, and, often, to induce their immigration; (2) highly theoretical, generally polemical, discussions of religious questions.4. Furthermore, the influential Protestant work ethic, reinforced by the practical necessities of a hard pioneer life,inhibited the development of any reading matter designed simply for leisure-time entertainment.It is the belief that work itself is good in addition to what it achieves; that time saved by efficiency or goodfortune should not be spent in leisure but in doing further work; that idleness is always immoral and likely to lead to even worse sin since “the devil finds work for idle hands to do”. This belief late r developed into the American philosophic idea Puritanism.5. divines who wrote furiously to set forth their views was to defend and promote visions of the religious state. They set forth their visions —in effect the first formulation of the concept of national destiny —in a series ofimpassioned histories and jeremiads from Providence (1654) to Cotton Mather ’s epic Magnalia Christi Americana6. Even Puritan poetry was offered uniformly to the service of God. Michael Wigglesworth ’s Day of Doom (1662) wasuncompromisingly theological, and Anne Bradstreet ’s poems, issued as The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America (1650), were reflective of her own piety. The best of the Puritan poets, Edward Taylor , whose work was not published until two centuries after his death, wrote metaphysical verse,Sermons and tracts poured forth until austere Calvinism found its last utterance in the words of Jonathan Edwards . In the other colonies writing was usually more mundane and on the whole less notable, though the journal of the Quaker John Woolman is highly esteemed, and some critics maintain that the best writing of the colonial period is found in the witty and urbane observations of William Byrd , a gentleman planter of Westover, Virginia.2. The Main Features of this period1) American literature grew out of humble origins. diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travelbooks, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.2) In content these early writings served either God or colonial expansion or both. In form, if there was any format all, English literary traditions were faithfully imitated and transplanted.3) The Puritanism formed in this period was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought andAmerican literature.3. Puritanism1) Simply speaking, American Puritanism just refers to the spirit and ideal of puritans who settled in the NorthAmerican continent in the early part of the seventeenth century because of religious persecutions. In content it means scrupulous moral rigor, especially hostility to social pleasures and indulgences, that is strictness,sternness and austerity in conduct and religion.2) With time passing it became a dominant factor in American life, one of the most enduring shaping influences inAmerican thought and American Literature. To some extent it is a state of mind, a part of the national cultural atmosphere that the American breathes, rather than a set of tenets.3) Actually it is a code of values, a philosophy of life and a point of view in American minds, also a two-facetedtradition of religious idealism and level-headed common sense.Part III. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)I. Introduction1) The 18th-century American enlightenment as a movement marked by an emphasis on rationality rather thantradition, scientific inquiry instead of unquestioning religious dogma, and representative government in place of monarchy.2) Enlightenment thinkers and writers, such as Benjamin Franklin and Thomas Paine, were devoted to the idealsof justice, liberty, and equality as the natural rights of man.3) In these period with the exception of outstanding political writing, such as Common sense, Declaration ofIndependence, The Federalist Papers and so on, few works of note appeared. Even if there appeared poetry and fiction, they were full of imitativeness and vague universality. So most Americans were painfully aware of their excessive dependence on English literary models. The search for a native literature became a national obsession.4) Despite these we should pay attention to several points in this period:William Hill Brown (1765-1793) published the first American novel The Power of Sympathy in 1789.Charles Brockden Brown (1771-1810) was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. Hedeveloped the genre of American Gothic.The Dictionary edited by Noah Webster (1758-1843) based the American lexicography. Updated Webster’sdictionaries are still standard today.Philip Freneau’s (1752-1832) was known as "the poet of the American Revolution". His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing. All the while...in romanticizing the wonders of nature in his writings...he searched for an American idiom in verse. II. Benjamin Franklin1706 - 1790(An Extraordinary Life and An Electric Mind)1. His Life1)Born the tenth of fifteen children in a poor candle and soap maker’s family, he had to leave school before he waseleven.2)At twelve he was apprenticed to an older brother, James, a printer in Boston.3)As a voracious reader he managed to make up for the deficiency by his own effort and began at 16 to publishessays under the pseudonym, Silence Dogood, essays commenting on social life in Boston.4)When he was 17 he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune marking the beginning of a long successstory of an archetypal kind.5)He set himself up as an independent printer and publisher, found the Junto Club and subscription library,issued the immensely popular Poor Richard’s Almanac.6)Retired around forty-two, he did what was to him a great happiness: read, make scientific experiments and dogood to his fellowmen. He helped to find the Pennsylvania Hospital, an academy which led to the University of Pennsylvania, and the American Philosophical Society.7)At the same time he did a lot of famous experiments and invented many things such as volunteer firedepartments, effective street lighting, the Franklin Stove, bifocal glasses, efficient heating devices, lightning-rod and so on.8)Beginning his public career in the early fifties, he became a member of the Pennsylvania Assembly, the DeputyPostmaster-General for the colonies, and for some eighteen years served as representative of the colonies in London.9)During the War of Independence, he was made a delegate to the Continental Congress and a member of thecommittee to write the Declaration of Independence. One of the makers of the new nation, he was instrumental in bringing France into an alliance with America against England, and played a decisive role at the Constitutional Convention.2. Major Works1)Poor Richard’s AlmanacMaxims（谚语，格言）and axioms（哲理，格言）a)Lost time is never found again.b) A penny saved is a penny earned.c)God help them that help themselves.d)Fish and visitors stink in three days.e)Early to bed, and early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise.f)Ale in, truth out.g)Eat not to dullness. Drink not to elevation.h)Diligence is the Mother of Good Luck.i)One Today is worth two tomorrow.j)Industry pays debts. Despair encreaseth them.2)Autobiographya.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscu rity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man.c.First of all, it is a puritan document. The most famous section describes his scientific scheme of self-examinationand self-improvement.d.It is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.e.It is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concision. The plainness of its style, the homeliness ofimagery, the simplicity of diction, syntax and expression are some of the salient features we cannot mistake.3. Evaluation1)He was a rare genius in human history. Nature seemed particularly lavish and happy when he was shaped.Everything seems to meet in this one man, mind and will, talent and art, strength and ease, wit and grace, and he became almost everything: a printer, postmaster, citizen, almanac maker, essayist, scientist, inventor, orator, statesman, philosopher, political economist, ambassador, musician and parlor man.2)He was the first great self-made man in America, a poor democrat born in an aristocratic age that his fineexample helped to liberalize.3)Politically he brought the colonial era to a close. For quite some time he was regarded as the father of allYankees, even more than Washington was. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: the Declaration of Independence, the treaty of alliance with France, the treaty of peace with England, and the constitution.4)Scientifically, as the symbol of America in the Age of Enlightenment, he invented a lot of useful implements. Hisresearch on electricity, his famous experiment with his kite line and many others made him the preeminent scientist of his day.5)Literally, he really opened the story of American literature. D. H. Lawrance agreed that Franklin waseverything but a poet. In the Scottish philosopher David Hume’s eyes he was America’s “first great man of letters”.Assignment: Please read the material by Ralph Waldo EmersonLecture Three 060511/2, 16th Nov. 2009The American Romanticism(I)I. What is RomanticismSimply speaking, Romanticism is a literary movement flourished as a cultural force throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.Romanticism, a term that is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism, which is commonly associated with reason and restriction. A romantic attitude may be detected in literature of any period, but as an historical movement it arose in the 18th and 19th centuries, in reaction to more rational literary, philosophic, artistic, religious, and economic standards.... The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper, and those of the late period contain Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau, Walt Whitman, Nathaniel Hawthorne, Herman Melville, Edgar Allan Poe.II. The reasons on the rise of American RomanticismInternal causes:1)American burgeoned into a political, economic and cultural independence. Democracy and political equalitybecame the ideals of the new nation. Radical changes came about in the political life of the country. Parties began to squabble and scramble for power, and new system was in the making.2)The spread of industrialism, the sudden influx of immigration, and the pioneers pushing the frontier furtherwest, all these produced something of an economic boon and, with it, a tremendous sense of optimism and hope among the people.3)Ever-increasing magazines played an important role in facilitating literary expansion in the country.External causes:1)Foreign influences added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.2)The influence of Sir Walter Scott was particularly powerful and enduring.III. Characteristics of American Romanticism (b)1)Sentimentalism, primitivism and the cult of the noble savage2)Political liberalism3)The celebration of natural beauty and the simple life4)Introspection5)The idealization of the common man, uncorrupted by civilization6)Interest in the picturesque past and remote places7)Antiquarianism8)Individualism9)Morbid melancholy10)Historical romanceIV. The Representatives of the early American romanticismA. Washington Irving(1783-1859 )1. About the Author1)Washington Irving was born in New York City on April 3, 1783 as the youngest of 11 children. His parents,Scottish-English immigrants, were great admirers of General George Washington, and named their son after their hero.2)Early in his life Irving developed a passion for books. He studied law privately but practiced only briefly. From1804 to 1806 he travelled widely in Europe. After returning to the United States, Irving was admitted to the New York bar in 1806.3)He was a partner with his brothers in the family hardware business and representative of the business inEngland until it collapsed in 1818. During the war of 1812 Irving was a military aide to New York Governor Tompkins in the U.S. Army.4)Irving's career as a writer started in journals and newspapers. His success in social life and literature wasshadowed by a personal tragedy because his engaged love died at the age of seventeen. So he never married or had children.5)After the death of his mother, Irving decided to stay in Europe, where he remained for seventeen years from1815 to 1832.6)In 1832 Irving returned to New York to an enthusiastic welcome as the first American author to have achievedinternational fame. Between the years 1842-45 Irving was the U.S. Ambassador to Spain.7)Irving spent the last years of his life in Tarrytown. From 1848 to 1859 he was President of Astor Library, laterNew York Public Library. Irving's later publications include Mahomet And His Successors(1850), Wolfert's Roost(1855), and his five-volume The Life of George Washington(1855-59). Irving died in Tarrytown on November 28, 1859.2. His Major Works1)His earliest work was a sparkling, satirical History of New York (1809) under the Dutch, ostensibly written byDiedrich Knickbo cker (hence the name of Irving’s friends and New York writers of the day, the “Knickbocker School”.)2)The Sketch Book (1819-20 as Geoffrey Crayon) - contains 'Rip Van Winkle' and 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow'3)The Life of George Washington (1855-59, five volumes)3. Evaluation to him1)American author, short story writer, essayist, poet, travel book writer, biographer, and columnist. Irving hasbeen called the father of the American short story. He is best known for 'The Legend of Sleepy Hollow,' in which the schoolmaster Ichabold Crane meets with a headless horseman, and 'Rip V an Winkle,' about a man who falls asleep for 20 years.2)The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international fame, so he was regarded as father ofAmerican literature.3)The short story as a genre in American literature probably began with Irving’s The Sketch Book, ACOLLECTION OF ESSAYS, SKETCHES, AND TALES. It also marked the beginning of American Romanticism.B. James Fenimore Cooper (1789-1851)1. His Major WorksIn his life Cooper wrote over thirty novels which can be divided into frontier novels, detective novels and reference novels. He considered The Pathfinder (1840) and The Deerslayer (1841) his best works.The unifying thread of the five novels collectively known as the Leather-Stocking Tales is the life of Natty Bumppo. Cooper’s finest achievement, they constitute4 a vast prose epic with the North American continent as setting. Indian tribes as Characters, and great wars and westward migration as social background. The novels bring to life frontier America from 1740 to 1804.1)The Pioneers(1823): Natty Bumppo first appears as a seasoned scout in advancing years, with the dyingChingachgook, the old Indian chief and his faithful comrade, as the eastern forest frontier begins to disappear and Chingachgook dies.2)The Last of the Mohicans(1826): An adventure of the French and Indian Wars in the Lake George county.3)The Prairie(1827): Set in the new frontier where the Leatherstocking dies.4)The Pathfinder(1840): Continuing the same border warfare in the St. Lawrence and Lake Ontario county.5)The Deerslayer(1841): Early adventures with the hostile Hurons on Lake Otsego, NY.2. Contributions of CooperThe creation of the famous Leatherstocking saga has cemented his position as our first great national novelist and his influence pervades American literature. In his thirty-two years (1820-1851) of authorship, Cooper produced twenty-nine other long works of fiction and fifteen books - enough to fill forty-eight volumes in the new definitive edition of his Works. Among his achievements:1)The first successful American historical romance in the vein of Sir Walter Scott (The Spy, 1821).2)The first sea novel (The Pilot, 1824).3)The first attempt at a fully researched historical novel (Lionel Lincoln, 1825).4)The first full-scale History of the Navy of the United States of America (1839).5)The first American international novel of manners (Homeward Bound and Home as Found, 1838).6)The first trilogy in American fiction (Satanstoe, 1845; The Chainbearer, 1845; and The Redskins, 1846).7)The first and only five-volume epic romance to carry its mythic hero - Natty Bumppo - from youth to old age. 3. His Skills1)He is good at making plots.2)All his novels are full of myths.3)He had never been to the frontier and among the Indians and yet could write five huge epic books about them isan eloquent proof of the richness of his imagination.4)He created the first Indians to appear in American fiction and probably the first group of noble savages.5)He hi t upon the native subject of frontier and wilderness, and helped to introduce the “Western” tradition intoAmerican literature.V. American Renaissance1. The Concept1)It also called New England Renaissance period from the 1830s roughly until the end of the American CivilWar in which American literature, in the wake of the Romantic movement, came of age as an expression of a national spirit.2)The literary scene of the period was dominated by a group of New England writers, the “Brahmins”. They werearistocrats, steeped in foreign culture, active as professors at Harvard College, and interested in creating a genteel American literature based on foreign models.3)One of the most important influences in the period was that of the Transcendentalists, including Emerson,Thoreau and so on.4)The Transcendentalists contributed to the founding of a new national culture based on native elements. Theyadvocated reforms in church, state, and society, contributing to the rise of free religion and the abolition movement and to the formation of various utopian communities, such as Brook Farm. The abolition movement was also bolstered by other New England writers, including the Quaker poet Whittier and the novelist Harriet Beecher Stowe, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) dramatized the plight of the black slave.5)Apart from the Transcendentalists, there emerged during this period great imaginative writers—NathanielHawthorne, Herman Melville, and Walt Whitman—whose novels and poetry left a permanent imprint on American literature. Contemporary with these writers but outside the New England circle was the Southern genius Edgar Allan Poe, who later in the century had a strong impact on European literature.Lecture Four The American Romanticism(II)TranscendentalismIt is a 19th-century movement of writers and philosophers in New England who were loosely bound together by adherence to an idealistic system of thought.Emerson defined it as “idealism” simply. In reality it was far more complex collection of beliefs: that the spark of divinity lies within man; that everything in the world is a microcosm of existence; that the individual soul is identical to the world soul, or Over-Soul. By meditation, by communing with nature, through work and art, man could transcend his senses and attain an understanding of beauty and goodness and truth.In application, American transcendentalism urged a reform in society, and that such a reform may be reached if individuals resist customs and social codes, and rely rather on reason to learn what is right. Ultimately, transcendentalists believed that one should transcend society's code of ethics and rely on personal intuition in order to reach absolute goodness, or Absolute Truth.It was indebted to the dual heritage of American Puritanism. That is to say, it was in actuality romanticism on the puritan soil.Transcendentalism dominated the thinking of the American Renaissance, and its resonance reverberated through American life well into the 20th century. In one way or another American most creative minds were drawn into its thrall, attracted not only to its practicable messages of confident self-identity, spiritual progress and social justice, but also by its aesthetics, which celebrated, in landscape and mindscape, the immense grandeur of the American soul.The Representativesof American RenaissanceI. The Essayists1)Ralph Waldo Emerson2)Henry David ThoreauRalph Waldo Emerson(1803 - 1882)1.His philosophy:1)Strongly he felt the need for a new national vision.2)He firmly believes in the transcendence of the Oversoul and thought that the universe was composed of Nature。
英国文学史-名词解释
名词解释1．Romance: a long composition, in verse or in prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero, especially for the knight. The most popular theme employed was the legend of King Arthur and the round table knight.2．Renaissance: a revival or rebirth of the artistic and scientific revival which originated in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. It has two features: a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature and keen interest in activities of humanity.3．Sonnet: 14-line lyric poem, usually written in rhymed iambic pentameter. 4．Enlightenment: a revival of interest in the old classical works, logic, order, restrained emotion and accuracy.5．Neoclassicism: the Enlightenment brought about a revival of interest in Greek and Roman works. This tendency is known as Neoclassicism.6．Romanticism: imagination, emotion and freedom are certainly the focal points of romanticism. The particular characteristics of the literature of romanticism include: subjectivity and an emphasis on individualism; freedom from rules; solitary life rather then life in society; the beliefs that imagination is superior to reason; and love of and worship of nature.7．Byronic Heroes: a variant of the Romantic heroes as a type of character( enthusiasm, persistence, pursuing freedom), named after the English Romantic Poet Gordon Byron. 8．Realism: seeks to portray familiar characters, situations, and settings in a realistic manner. This is done primarily by using an objective narrative point of view and through the buildup of accurate detail.9．Aestheticism: an art movement supporting the emphasis of aesthetic values more than socio-political themes for literature, fine art, music and other arts.10．Stream-of-Consciousness: it is a literary technique that presents the thoughts and feelings of a character as they occur without any clarification by the author. It is a narrative mode. 11．Epic: a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated.一、The Anglo-Saxon period (449-1066)1、这个时期的文学作品分类：pagan(异教徒) Christian(基督徒)2、代表作：The Song of Beowulf 《贝奥武甫》( national epic 民族史诗) 采用了隐喻手法3、Alliteration 押头韵（写作手法）例子：of man was the mildest and most beloved,To his kin the kindest, keenest for praise.二、The Anglo-Norman period (1066-1350)Canto 诗章1、romance 传奇文学2、代表作：Sir Gawain and the Green Knight (高文爵士和绿衣骑士) 是一首押头韵的长诗三、Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400) 杰弗里.乔叟时期1、the father of English poetry 英国诗歌之父2、heroic couplet 英雄双韵体：a verse unit consisting of two rhymed(押韵) lines in iambic pentameter(五步抑扬格)3、代表作：the Canterbury Tales 坎特伯雷的故事(英国文学史的开端)大致内容：the pilgrims are people from various parts of England, representatives of various walks of life and social groups.朝圣者都是来自英国的各地的人,代表着社会的各个不同阶层和社会团体小说特点：each of the narrators tells his tale in a peculiar manner, thus revealing his own views and character.这些叙述者以自己特色的方式讲述自己的故事，无形中表明了各自的观点，展示了各自的性格。
英国文学简史名词解释
1，什么叫文艺复兴The Renaissance (“rebirth” in French) was a cultural and intellectural movement that spanned roughly the 14th through the 17 century, beginning in Italy and later spreading to the rest of Europe 2，Renaissance is considered as the great flowering of art, architecture, politics, and the study of literature, and is also usually seen as the end of the Middle Ages and the beginning of the modern world.2，什么叫玄学派诗歌the Metaphysical school of poetryI. Definition: A school of highly intellectual（智力的）poetryTime: the early 17th centuryMajor features: mysticism in content and fantasticality in form; peculiar conceit（奇思妙想）, unique way of reasoning and comparisonMain themes: life, death, love, religion, universeRepresentatives: John Donne, Andrew Marvell and George HerbertSignificance: greatly influenced the modernists of the 20th centuryII. Metaphysical conceits悬想比喻，奇喻，别出心裁的比喻Conceit: an elaborate metaphor that offers a surprising or unexpected comparison between two seemingly highly dissimilar things. This can involve original images or familiar images used in an unfamiliar way.Literature in This Age: The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement throughout in Europe known as Enlightenment. It was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europe in the 18th century and Russia in the 19th Century.In late 17th and early 18th century England, there was a change of taste, which was part of a general movement in Europe, seen perhaps most impressive in 17th century France. The dominant literary theory of this period was “Neoclassicism”.Literary Genre文学流派Generally speaking, literature of the 18th century was very complex. We may classify it under three general heads: the reign of classicism, the pre-romantic poetry, and the beginning of modern novel.3，什么是启蒙运动Enlightenment (1) a progressive intellectual movement(2) flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe(3) aims at enlightening the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas; celebrated reason (4) called for a reference to order, reason and rules4，什么是前浪漫主义Pre-RomanticismWhen did Pre-romanticism appear? in the latter half of the 18th centuryWhat are the major features of Pre-romanticism?1)Romantic Revival;2)Strong protest against the bondage ofClassicism; 3)Claims of passion and emotion;4)Renewed interests in medievalliterature.Who are the representatives? William Blake and Robert BurnsWhat’s the significance?marked the decline of classicismPaved the way for the coming of romanticism in England5，什么叫Byron hero: Byronic hero was created by Byron in the Romantic period of the English literature. Such a hero is a proud, rebellious figure of noble origin. Passionate and powerful, he is to right all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and he would fight single-handedly against all the misdoings. These heroes rise against tyranny and injustice, but they are merely lone fighters striving for personal freedom and some individualistic ends.1. epic 史诗a long narrative poem, grand in style, about heroes and heroic deeds, embodying heroic ideals of a nation or race in the making. Beowulf is the English national epic that was passed from mouth to mouth and written down by many unknown hands.3. alliteration 头韵the repetition of the same sound or sounds at the beginning of two or more words that are close to each other. It is a feature of Beowulf and other Old English poems.4. alliterative verse 头韵诗poetry written in alliteration. Nearly all Old English verse, including Beowulf, is heavily alliterative, and the pattern is fairly standard – with either two or three stressed syllables in each line alliterating.5. kenning 隐喻语a metaphor usually composed of two words and used for description and association. Beowulf is full of kennings, such as ―helmet bearer‖ for ―warrior‖ and ―swan road‖ for ―sea‖.8. romance 传奇a type of literature that was popular in the Middle Ages, usually containing adventures and reflecting the spirit of chivalry. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight was a great verse romance, but its author remains unknown.11. heroic couplet 英雄双韵体two successive lines of rhymed poetry in iambic pentameter. Geoffrey Chaucer’s masterpiece The Canterbury Tale was written in heroic couplet.12. ballad meter 民谣体traditionally a four-line stanza containing alternating four-stress and three-stress lines, usually with a refrain and the rhyme scheme of abcb. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ is a great love ballad.14. English Renaissance 英国文艺复兴the literary flowering of England in the late 16th century and early 17th century, with humanism as its keynote. William Shakespeare’s Hamlet is considered the summit of this renaissance. 15. Elizabethan literature 伊丽莎白时代的文学literature written in the Elizabethan Age (1558-1603). William Shakespea re’s Romeo and Juliet was a masterpiece of this period.16. sonnet 十四行诗a fixed form consisting of fourteen lines of 5-foot iambic verse. It first flourished in Italy in the 14th century. William Shakespeare was a great English sonnet writer famous for his 154 sonnets.20. rhyme scheme 押韵格式the pattern of end-thymes in a stanza or poem, generally described by using letters of the alphabet to denote the recurrence of rhyming lines. For example, heroic couplets are ―aabbcc‖ and so on.21. quatrain 四行诗节a stanza of four lines, rhymed or unrhymed. It is the commonest of all stanzaic forms in English poetry. Robert Burns’ ―A Red, Red Rose‖ has four quatrains.24. verse drama 诗剧drama written in the form of verse. It was most widely used in the Elizabethan Age. William Shakespeare’s dramas are all verse dramas, Hamlet being the most famous.25. blank verse 无韵诗，素体诗unrhymed iambic pentameter, the most widely used of English verse forms and usually used in English dramatic and epic poetry. William Shakespea re’s play Hamlet is written in blank verse.27. essay 散文a composition, usually in prose, which may be of only a few hundred words or of book length and which discusses, formally or informally, a topic or a variety of topics. It is one of the most flexib le and adaptable of all literary forms. Francis Bacon is a great essayist; his ―Of Studies‖ isa model of good essay.28. English Romanticism 英国浪漫主义a literary movement that aimed at free expression of the writer’s ideas and feelings and flourished in the early 19th century England. A great representative of this movement is Percy Bysshe Shelley, the author of ―Ode to the West Wind‖.Sonnet 18One of the best known of Shakespeare’s sonnets, Sonnet 18 is memorable for the skillful and varied presentatio n of subject matter, in which the poet’s feelings reach a level of rapture unseen in the previous sonnets. The poet here abandons his quest for the youth to have a child, and instead glories in the youth’s beauty.Initially, the poet poses a question—‖Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day?‖—and then reflects on it, remarking that the youth’s beauty far surpasses summer’s delights. The imagery is the very essence of simplicity: ―wind‖ and ―buds.‖ In the fourth line, legal terminology—‖summer’s lease‖—is introduced in contrast to the commonplace images in the first three lines. Note also the poet’s use of extremes in the phrases ―more lovely,‖ ―all too short,‖ and ―too hot‖; these phrases emphasize the young man’s beauty.Although lines 9 through 12 are marked by a more expansive tone and deeper feeling, the poet returns to the simplicity of the opening images. As one expects in Shakespeare’s sonnets, the proposition that the poet sets up in the first eight lines—that all nature is subject to imperfection—is now contrasted in these next four lines beginning with ―But.‖ Although beauty naturally declines at some point—‖And every fair from fair sometime declines‖—the youth’s beauty will not; his unchanging appearance is atypical of nature’s steady progression. Even death is impotent against the youth’s beauty. Note the ambiguity in the phrase ―eternal lines‖: Are these ―lines‖ the poet’s ver ses or the youth’s hoped-for children? Or are they simply wrinkles meant to represent the process of aging? Whatever the answer, the poet is jubilant in this sonnet because nothing threatens the young man’s beautiful appearance.Then follows the concludi ng couplet: ―So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.‖ The poet is describing not what the youth is but what he will be ages hence, as captured in the poet’s eternal verse—or again, in a hoped-for child. Whatever one may feel about the sentiment expressed in the sonnet and especially in these last two lines, one cannot help but notice an abrupt change in the poet’s own estimate of his poetic writing. Following the poet’s disparaging reference to his ―pupil pen‖ and ―barren rhyme‖ in Sonnet 16, it comes as a surprise in Sonnet 18 to find him boasting that his poetry will be eternal.John Keats认为，夜莺的歌声是美妙绝伦的，是不朽的，是永恒的，将世世代代的唱下去。
伟大的字母–从a到z字母表的辉煌历史英文版
伟大的字母–从a到z字母表的辉煌历史英文版The Glorious History of the Alphabet – From A to ZThe alphabet, a fundamental part of modern language and communication, has a rich and fascinating history that stretches back thousands of years. From the ancient script of the Phoenicians to the standardized letters we use today, each letter of the alphabet has its own unique story to tell. Let's take a closer look at the history and evolution of the alphabet, from A to Z.A is for Ancient OriginsThe story of the alphabet begins in ancient Mesopotamia, where the first writing systems emerged around 3200 BC. The earliest writing was a system of pictograms, which evolved into cuneiform script. The Phoenicians, a seafaring people from the eastern Mediterranean, are credited with developing the first true alphabet around 1050 BC. Their alphabet consisted of 22 consonants and had a major influence on the writing systems of Greece and Rome.B is for the Birth of the Greek AlphabetThe Greek alphabet, which is the ancestor of the Latin alphabet used in English and many other modern languages, was adapted from the Phoenician alphabet around the 8th centuryBC. The Greek alphabet consisted of 24 letters, including the vowels A, E, I, O, and U. The Greeks also added the concept of uppercase and lowercase letters, which was later adopted by the Romans.C is for the Roman EmpireThe Latin alphabet, which is what we use today, was derived from the Greek alphabet and was introduced to Italy by the Etruscans in the 7th century BC. The Romans further developed the alphabet, adding new letters and modifying others to suit the Latin language. The Roman alphabet consisted of 23 letters, including the letters J, U, and W which were later added.D is for the Dark AgesAfter the fall of the Roman Empire, the use of the alphabet declined in Western Europe during the Dark Ages. However, the alphabet continued to be preserved and used in the Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) and the Islamic world, where it was further refined and developed.E is for the EnlightenmentThe Renaissance and Enlightenment of the 14th to 17th centuries sparked a renewed interest in the study of classical languages and texts. Scholars and humanists used the Latinalphabet to write and publish books, treatises, and scientific papers. During this time, new fonts and styles of writing were developed, leading to the diversity of typefaces we see today.F is for the Industrial RevolutionThe invention of the printing press by Johannes Gutenberg in the 15th century revolutionized the way information was disseminated. The Latin alphabet was standardized and used to print millions of books, newspapers, and documents. The popularity of the alphabet spread throughout Europe and eventually to the rest of the world.G is for GlobalizationIn the modern era, the Latin alphabet has become the most widely used writing system in the world. It is used in over 100 languages, including English, Spanish, French, German, Italian, and many others. The alphabet is also used in computer programming, mathematics, music notation, and other fields.H is for the FutureAs we move further into the digital age, the alphabet continues to evolve and adapt to new technologies. Emojis, memes, and other forms of digital communication are changing the way we use language and symbols. However, thefundamental structure and beauty of the alphabet remain timeless and enduring.In conclusion, the alphabet is a powerful and versatile tool that has shaped human civilization for millennia. From its ancient origins to its modern use in the digital age, the alphabet has played a crucial role in communication, education, and culture. As we continue to explore the possibilities of language and writing, we can appreciate the beauty and complexity of the alphabet, from A to Z.。
The Light of Honesty诚实之光
The Light of Honesty诚实之光作者：Micky来源：《疯狂英语·初中天地》2024年第01期在音樂的殿堂中，天才与名誉往往相伴而行，但真正让一个人永垂不朽的，往往是其背后的品格。
伟大的德国作曲家费利克斯·门德尔松就是这样的典范。
他以天赋异禀的音乐才华而著称，更因其诚实正直的品格而受人尊敬。
Felix Mendelssohn is a 1）prodigiouscomposer and conductor in the history ofclassical music. However， his reputationis not only built on his musical genius，but more importantly， on his charismaticpersonality and honest character. Anexperience he had in England provides uswith a profound lesson in honesty.In England at that time， music wasclosely linked to social status， andBuckingham Palace was the templeof music. When Mendelssohn visitedEngland， Queen Victoria held a grandreception for him. At the reception，Mendelssohn played a piece of musicentitled Italian with his name on it. Afterlistening， the Queen highly praised himand said，“This piece alone proves thatyou are a genius.” Faced with the Queen’shigh praise and the warm 2）applause ofthe court， Mendelssohn maintained a humble andhonest attitude.He calmly said to the Queen，“No，it’s mysister’s work.” It turned out that the piece wasactually composed by his sister Fanny， who wasalso an extremely talented composer. However，in those days， it was often difficult for femalecomposers to gain proper recognition for theirworks. In order to let more people appreciateand recognize her sister’s works，Mendelssohn’sbrothers decided to publish the piece under hisname. Although they did this out of recognition fortheir sister’s talent and love for music， objectivelyspeaking， they 3）deprived Fanny of the honor shedeserved.Mendelssohn did not forget the importanceof honesty because of his fame and status. Hechose to reveal the truth at the most gloriousmoment，allowing his sister’s talent to gain properrecognition. This action not only 4）demonstratedMendelssohn’s noble character but also gave us adeeper understanding of honesty.The story of Mendelssohn teaches us thathonesty is not a disposable quality. We must notforget the importance of honesty even in our mostglorious moments. Because honesty is not only aguideline for our behavior but also a source of strength for our innerselves. Only when we 5）adhere to honesty can we win the respectand trust of others and achieve true peace and satisfaction in ourhearts.In today’s society， the quality of honesty is particularly important.With the advancement of technology and social development， weare facing more and more 6）temptations and challenges. However，no matter how times change， honesty will always be the bottom linethat we should adhere to. Let us learn wisdom from Mendelssohn’sstory， integrate honest qualities into our daily lives， and make ita guide for our actions and sustenance for our souls. Only in thisway can we find our own direction in a complex world and achieveharmonious development of individuals and society.1） prodigious adj. 伟大的2） applause n. 鼓掌；喝彩3） deprive v. 剝夺4） demonstrate v. 证明；说明5） adhere v. 遵守6） temptation n. 引诱；诱惑词组加油站be linked to 与……连接a piece of 一首；一曲turn out 结果是；证明是费利克斯·门德尔松是古典音乐史上一位杰出的作曲家和指挥家。
26个英语字母课件
Consonants are the sounds made by letters B, C, D, etc. Each consonant has a specific pronunciation that varies depending on its position in a word.
Silent letters
Some letters in English are silent, such as the "b" in "button" and the "g" in "ghost".
Pronunciation rules for letter combinations
Sound changes
Characteristics
The special letters are usually used in specific contexts or for specific purposes. They can help express emotions, emphasize important points, separate words or ideas, and provide additional information or guidance.
Learn the correct stroke order and writing style of English letters
Improve learners' English communication skills and writing ability
The importance of learning English letters
英国文学流派
文艺复兴14th century It originally indicated a revival of classical (Greek and Roman)arts and sciences after the dark ages of medieval obscurantism. Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. The real mainstream of English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human later. Writers use foreshadowing of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.启蒙运动18th century Enlightenment is an intellectual movement that originates in Europe. It stresses the power of human reason, the important of methods and discoveries in stead of God. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. It celebrates reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocates universal education.新古典主义mid 18th to 19th Neoclassicism is the name given to quite distinct movements in the decorative and visual arts, literature, the theatre, musi,and architecture that draw upon Western classical art and culture (usually that of Ancient Greece or Ancient Rome).感伤主义t he middle and later decades of the 18th Sentimentalism came into being as a result of a bitter discontent on the part of certain enlighteners in social reality. It is a pejorative term to describe false or superfacial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain. In literature, it denotes "pathetic indulgence".前浪漫主义middle and later decades of the 18th It originated among the conservative groups of men and letters as a reaction against Enlightenment and found its most manifest expression in the "Gothic Novel ". The term arised from the fact that the greater part of such romances were devoted to the medieval times.浪漫主义the end of 18th to the middle of 19th Romanticism is the artistic movement of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, which was concerned with the expression of the individual's feeling and emotions. The movement is partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization ofnature. It stresses strong emotion as a source of aesthtic experience. Besides, Romanticism emphasizes intuition and imagination.批判现实主义文学later of the 19th30s The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties. The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society form a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils. Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.自然主义It is one of the reflections of this pessimism and determinism in literature.唯美主义It begins to prevail in Europe in the middle of the 19th century. It declared that art should serve no religious, moral or social purpose. The two most important representatives of aesthetiscists in English literature are Walt Pater and Oscar Wilde. The basic theory of it is "art for art's sake".现代主义20th century It is an international movement in literature and arts, especially in literary criticism, which began in the late 19th century and flourished until 1950s. Modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical base. The modernist writers concentrate more on the private and subjunctive than on the public and objective ,mainly concerned with the inner of an individual.意识流the 20th century The “stream of consciousness is one of the modern literary techniques, it attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character's thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories and mental images as the character experiences them. It is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.。
指南的英文26个英文字母
指南的英文26个英文字母The English Alphabet: A Guiding LightThe English alphabet, a collection of 26 letters, stands as a fundamental tool in the vast expanse of human communication. This remarkable system, rooted in the rich history of language, has evolved over centuries to become the foundation upon which we build our written expressions. From the simplest of words to the most complex of literary masterpieces, the English alphabet serves as a guiding light, illuminating the path towards effective and meaningful exchange.At the core of this alphabetic system lies the inherent beauty and versatility of each individual letter. Each symbol, from the graceful curves of "A" to the sharp angles of "Z," carries with it a unique identity, a distinct personality that contributes to the overall tapestry of the language. These letters, when combined in myriad ways, unlock the boundless potential for creativity, allowing us to construct words, phrases, and narratives that captivate the mind and stir the emotions.The power of the English alphabet extends far beyond the realm ofwritten communication. It serves as a bridge between diverse cultures, facilitating the exchange of ideas, knowledge, and experiences across the globe. Whether one is a native speaker or a language learner, the mastery of this alphabetic system opens doors to a world of opportunities, enabling individuals to engage in meaningful dialogues, access information, and express themselves with clarity and precision.Moreover, the English alphabet is not merely a tool for communication; it is a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of the human mind. The very act of learning and mastering this system requires a deep understanding of phonetics, grammar, and the intricate relationships between letters and sounds. This cognitive exercise not only enhances our linguistic abilities but also strengthens our problem-solving skills, critical thinking, and overall intellectual development.Beyond its practical applications, the English alphabet has also become a symbol of cultural identity and artistic expression. From the elegant calligraphy of bygone eras to the bold typographic designs of the modern age, the letters of the alphabet have been transformed into works of art, celebrating the beauty and power of the written word. Writers, poets, and designers have all drawn inspiration from the fundamental building blocks of the language, using them to craft masterpieces that captivate and inspire.In the ever-evolving landscape of global communication, the English alphabet remains a constant, a guiding light that illuminates the path towards understanding and connection. As we navigate the complexities of the digital age, where information and ideas flow with unprecedented speed, the mastery of this alphabetic system becomes increasingly crucial. It empowers us to express ourselves with clarity, to access knowledge, and to engage in meaningful discourse, ultimately fostering a more interconnected and harmonious world.In conclusion, the English alphabet, with its 26 distinct letters, stands as a testament to the ingenuity and resilience of the human spirit. It is a tool of communication, a bridge between cultures, and a canvas for artistic expression. As we continue to explore the depths of this remarkable system, may we find inspiration, enlightenment, and a deeper appreciation for the power of the written word.。
The Elixir of Enlightenment
**The Elixir of Enlightenment**In the vast and labyrinthine journey of human existence, there exists a rare and precious commodity –the elixir of enlightenment. This magical potion, not concocted in a physical alembic but within the recesses of the human mind and spirit, holds the key to unlocking the mysteries of life and attaining true wisdom.The words of the Buddha ring true: "The mind is everything. What you think you become." Enlightenment is not an external attainment but an inner transformation, a shift in perspective that allows one to see beyond the veil of illusion and perceive the essence of reality.Consider the story of Socrates, the ancient Greek philosopher. Despite facing persecution and eventual death, he remained steadfast in his pursuit of truth and wisdom. His method of questioning and challenging conventional beliefs was a form of seeking enlightenment, a quest to uncover the underlying truths that governed human existence.In the field of science, Albert Einstein's revolutionary theories of relativity were born out of a profound state of enlightenment. His ability to think beyond the boundaries of conventional thought and envision a new understanding of the universe was a testament to the power of this elixir.In literature, the works of Leo Tolstoy, such as "War and Peace," offer profound insights into the human condition and the nature of existence. Through his vivid characters and complex narratives, Tolstoy provides a window into the process of enlightenment, as individuals grapple with questions of morality, love, and the meaning of life.In our daily lives, moments of enlightenment can occur in the most unexpected ways. It could be a simple act of kindness that makes us realize the interconnectedness of all beings, or a solitary walk in nature that brings a sudden clarity about our purpose and place in the world.For instance, when faced with a moral dilemma, the process of reflection and soul-searching can lead to an enlightened decision, one that is based not on immediate gratification but on a deeper understanding of right and wrong.In conclusion, the elixir of enlightenment is not an elusive fantasy but a tangible reality within our reach. It requires an open mind, a courageous spirit, and a relentless pursuit of truth. As Ralph Waldo Emerson once said, "To be yourself in a world that is constantly trying to make you something else is the greatest accomplishment." Let us embark on this noble quest, seeking the elixir of enlightenment and allowing it to illuminate our path towards a life of meaning andfulfillment.。
鲁迅英语自我介绍简短
鲁迅英语自我介绍简短Subject: A Brief Self-Introduction by Lu Xun in EnglishGreetings, esteemed readers,I am Lu Xun, a man of letters from the distant lands of China. Born in the late 19th century, I was raised in the midst of tumultuous times, witnessing the struggles and sufferings of my people. As a young man, I ventured to Japan to pursue my higher education, where I delved into the fields of medicine and literature.However, it was not the anatomy of the human body that captivated me, but rather the dissection of the human soul. I soon realized that the true malady of my nation was not physical, but spiritual. Thus, I abandoned my medical pursuits and turned to writing, hoping to awaken the conscience of my countrymen through my pen.As a writer, I have donned many hats - that of a novelist, a short story writer, an essayist, a satirist, and a critic. My literary works, though diverse in form and genre, are united by a common thread - the unyielding pursuit of truth and justice. Through my writings, I have sought to expose the social ills that plague my land, to challenge the status quo, and to inspire change.Among my most renowned works are "The True Story of Ah Q," which sheds light on the perils of complacency and self-deception, and "The New Year's Sacrifice," which highlights the harsh realities faced by the impoverished masses. My essays and criticisms, such as those found in "Call to Arms" and "Wild Grass," serve as potent critiques of societal norms and traditions.Throughout my life, I have been an advocate for progress and reform, a voice for the oppressed and marginalized, and a steadfast defender of freedom and democracy. Though my journey has been fraught with challenges and setbacks, I remain undeterred in my quest for a brighter future for my beloved homeland.In conclusion, I am Lu Xun, a humble servant of the written word, who has lived and breathed literature, striving to make a difference in the world. I hope that my legacy will continue to inspire generations to come, and that my words will resonate across time and borders, transcending the confines of language and culture.Thank you for allowing me to share a glimpse of my life and work with you. May we all strive towards a world filled with empathy, understanding, and enlightenment.Sincerely,Lu Xun。
美国文学-富兰克林-Franklin
The Literature of Reason and Revolution
(1765-1800)
Hale Waihona Puke I. Background
--The Enlightenment Movement
--The War of Independence (1775-1783)
He conducted the difficult negotiations with France that brought financial and military support for America in the war. He was the only American to sign the four documents that created the United States: The Declaration of Independence, The Treaty of Alliance with France, The Treaty of Peace with England, The Constitution
2. Life
Successful businessman
Born in a poor candle maker‟s family in Boston and had no regular education; At 12, apprenticed to his elder brother, a printer; At 16, began to publish essays under the pseudonym “Silence Do good” . At 17, he ran away to Philadelphia to make his own fortune and became a successful printer and publisher.
Enlightenment 英国文学史启蒙运动
The 18th century1．Enlightenment Intellectual movementan expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism.against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.2. Classicismbalance, proportion, decorum and restraint attributed to the major works of ancient Greek and Roman literature3．Difference 17th and 18th Classicism17 please the declining aristocracy18 for the rising bourgeoisie to tidy up the capitalist social order.4．Joseph Addison and Richard Steele essayistsRichard Steele and The Tatler"The Tatler", to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers. contained several essays. in a conversational styleJoseph Addison and “The Spectator“"The Spectator", a daily paper, was a collaborative project by Addison and Steele together.it contained a gallery of vivid portraits of the members of the so-called "Spectator Club". supposed to be edited by a small club headed by Mr. SpectatorThe most striking features of the paper are the character sketches of Mr. Spectator and the members of his club，and these sketches become the forerunner of the modern English novel. They attempted to improve manners and moralcontribution1. new code of social morality for the bourgeoisie.2. picture of the social life3. the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story-telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.5.Alexander Popemost important English poet,representative of the Enlightenment,one of the first to introduce rationalism to England,master in satiric and didactic verseAn Essay on Criticismheroic couplet, aesthetic theories. a comprehensive study of theories of literary criticism. .Essay on Manheroic couplet, indicates political and philosophical viewpointThe Rape of the Lockmock-heroic poem, in which he satirized the triviality and silliness of the high society with a delicate wit.The Dunciad the Iliad of DuncesPope was also an editor of Shakespeare's plays.the poet laureate桂冠诗人an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school6、Jonathan Swift master satiristThe Battle of the Books satirical dialogue on the comparative merits of ancient and modernwriters. Thought ancient writers were better than the modern ones.A Tale of a Tub（木桶的故事）a prose satire and a sharp attack on the disputes among the different sects of the Christian religion.Gulliver's Travels (fiction work) Lillipu,Brobdingnag,Flying Island,Houyhnhnmparticular voyage of the hero and his extraordinary adventures on some remote islandfloating island of Laputa . absent-minded philosophers and astronomers.satirizes the scientists who keep themselves aloof from practical life.island of Sorcerers. satire against all kinds of English social institutions.Pamphlets on Ireland:denounced the cruel and unjust treatment of Ireland by the English government.The Drapier’s Letters A Modest Proposal7.Defoe forerunner of the English realistic novel.all take the form of memoirs or pretended historical narratives, everything in them gives the impression of reality.jack-of-all-trades great in journalism and authorshipMoll FlandersRobinson Crusoe based on a real factPlot:It praise the fortitude of the human labor and the Puritan. Robinson grew from a naive and artless youth into a shrewd and hardened man,tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. It is an adventure story, Robinson, narrates how he goes to sea, gets shipwrecked and marooned on a lonely island, struggles to live for 24-years there and finally gets relieved and returns to England. Meaning:realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson alone against the pitiless forces of nature on the island,representative of the English bourgeoisie at the earlier stages of its development. best qualities: his marvellous capacity for work, his boundless energy and persistence in overcoming obstacles. He struggles hard against nature and makes her bend before his will. Defoe glorifies human labour and the hero of bourgeoisie and defends the policy of colonialism of British government.8.Samuel Richardson Pamela the first modern novelnoted as a storyteller, letter-writer and moralizer.Pamela a series of letters from the heroine to her parentsgirl of virtue, bear the burden of a profligate放荡的husband and how she does all her best to reform him.意义a.pictured the life and love of ordinary people. b. moral instruction.c. secret thoughts and feelings. the first English psycho-analytical novel.9.Henry Fielding father of the English novel, comic epic in prose,first to give the modern novel its structure and stylenovelist, dramatist, essayist, pamphleteer, indeed a versatile man.began by attacking Richardson’s Pamela .criticized for its excessive sentimentality and its utilitarian moralityher secret pleasure in the temptations and her dexterous熟练的manoeuvring to secure the rewards of virtue（把贞操当作商品待价而沽）ridiculing Pamela’s brother, Joseph Andrews, under the same temptationsthis novel called “a.”散文滑稽史诗Other works:Joseph Andrews.The Life of Mr. Jonathan Wild the Great.The History of Tom Jones,a Foundlingfrom the "great" thief Jonathan Wild to the "great" minister Robert Walpole to all the "great" men of the ruling classes.Tom Jones is Fielding's masterpiece, a pano’ramic全景的picture of England10.Tobias Smollett "Roderick Random"Laurence Sterne The Life and Opinions of Tristram Shandy11. English Drama not reach the same high level as novelRichard Brinsley SheridanThe RivalsThe School for Scandal best English comedy since shakespeare12.Samuel Johnson lexicographer, critic and poetA Dictionary of the English LanguageBoswell's "Life of Johnson" become a classic of English biography.13.Edward Gibbon 吉朋The Decline and Fall of the Roman Empirehis classical and elevated style a model for succeeding historians and prose-writers.14.Sentimentalism prized feeling over thinking, passion over reasonsincere sympathy for the poverty-stricken, expropriated peasantscriticized the cruelty of the capitalist relations and the social injustices brought about by the bourgeois revolutions.15.Oliver Goldsmith poet, novelist, dramatist and essayistPoems: “The Traveller”“The Deserted Village”(best) in the heroic couplet.Novel The Vicar of Wakefield16.Thomas Gray“Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”which is a model of sentimentalist poetry.17.Pre-romanticismstrong protest against the bondage of Classicism, by a recognition of the claims of passion and emotion, and by a renewed interest in medieval literature.18.Robert Burns poor Scotch peasant family passion for Scottish folk songsPoems Chiefly in the Scottish DialectPoetry several groups to the subject matterA. love and friendship. "A Red, Red Rose"and "Auld Long Syne".B. hate for the oppression of the ruling class and his love for freedom "A Man's A Man for A'That"C. patriotic poems "My Heart's in the Highlands".D. verse-tales which he based on old Scottish legends.19.William BlakeSongs of Innocence A happy and innocent world from children’s eye.Songs of Experience A word of misery, poverty, disease, war and repression with a melancholy tone from men eyes.Include: The Chimney Sweeper、London、The Tiger Lamb is a symbol of peace and purity Tiger is a symbol of dread and oiolenceThe Marriage of Heaven and Hell。
参观鲁迅纪念馆英语作文
参观鲁迅纪念馆英语作文The air hung heavy with a reverent silence as I stepped across the thresholdof the Lu Xun Museum in Shanghai. Sunlight, filtered through the leaves of ancient trees, cast dappled patterns on the pathway leading to the unassuming buildingthat housed the legacy of one of China's greatest literary minds. A sense of anticipation, like a rising tide, washed over me as I embarked on a journeythrough the life and times of a man whose words had ignited the flames ofrevolution and reform. Stepping into the museum was akin to stepping into LuXun's consciousness. The exhibits, meticulously curated, painted a vivid portrait of the man behind the pen name. From his early days as a medical student in Japan, where he first encountered the stark realities of a weakened China, to his transformative years as a writer and social critic, the museum chronicled the evolution of his thought and the fire that fueled his words. His personal belongings, displayed with care, offered intimate glimpses into his life - a worn-out writing desk where countless masterpieces were born, a pair of spectacles that had witnessed the birth of modern Chinese literature, and letters penned in his elegant hand, each stroke imbued with passion and conviction. As I moved through the exhibits, I found myself drawn to Lu Xun's scathing critiques of Chinese society. His words, sharp as a surgeon's scalpel, laid bare the ills that plagued the nation - the crippling effects of feudalism, the suffocating grip of tradition, and the apathy that had lulled the masses into submission. His essays and short stories, displayed alongside historical artifacts, served as stark reminders ofthe darkness that shrouded China in the early 20th century. Yet, amidst the despair, there was a flicker of hope. Lu Xun's works were not merely indictmentsof the present; they were also clarion calls for change. His biting satire was laced with a deep-seated love for his country and a fervent desire to see it rise from the ashes of its past. He challenged his readers to awaken from their slumber, to cast off the shackles of ignorance and superstition, and to embrace the ideals of science, democracy, and individual liberty. The museum was not just arepository of artifacts; it was a living testament to the enduring power of words. Lu Xun's voice, echoing through the halls, resonated with a timeless quality, his words as relevant today as they were a century ago. His call for social justice,for individual empowerment, and for a China free from oppression and exploitation continues to inspire generations of thinkers, writers, and activists. Leaving the museum, I carried within me a renewed sense of purpose. Lu Xun's life and works served as a potent reminder that the pen is indeed mightier than the sword. His unwavering commitment to truth, his courage in the face of adversity, and his unwavering belief in the potential of the human spirit are lessons that transcend time and place. In the tapestry of Chinese history, Lu Xun stands as a towering figure, a beacon of enlightenment, and a testament to the transformative power of literature. His words continue to illuminate the path toward a brighter future, reminding us that even in the darkest of times, the human spirit can prevail.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
At least we loved.
至少，我们曾经爱过。
Because of you.
因为有你。
Closer to you.
靠近你，贴近你。
Don't cry，you have me.
不要哭，你有我呢。
Everybody knows I love you.
每个人都知道--我爱你！
Fall for you.
为伊沉迷。
Give me your love.
给我，你的爱。
Honey，Hold me on.
宝贝，抱紧我。
I love you.
我爱你。
Just can't stop loving you.
只是无法停止，爱你。
Know how deep I love you.
你要知道，我爱你多深呢。
Lost in you.
沉溺于伊。
Make you feel my love.
让你感受，我的爱。
Make love out of nothing.
让我们的爱，凭空而生！
Nothing‘s gonna change my love for you.
一切改变不了不对你的爱恋。
Once ，We were so in love.
曾经，我们是如此的相爱。
Perfect kiss，you and me.
那年夏天，完美的吻。
Question is that ，Why I so love you？
问题是，为什么会如此爱你呢。
Remind me，when you scared.
当你孤单害怕时，想起我。
S，曾经，对我是多重要的词，sunny，为你。
Stay with me.
陪我。
She is my everything.
她是我的一切！
So young，So gone.
如此的年轻，如此的堕落。
Someone like you，someone like me，somewhere only we know.
他们来往如斯，有些人像你，有些人像我，但是只有一个地方，只属于我们。
Special-you.
你是我最重要的。
Say，' i love you’.
对我说“我爱你”。
Stay together with me！
永远和我在一起！
Tender is the night ，lying by your side.
温柔是这样的夜晚，只是静静的，躺在你身边的夜晚。
This time，this love，just belong to us.
这份光阴这份爱，仅仅是属于我们的。
Tying to give my anything to you.
我要把一切都给你！
Unintended，I fell in love with you at the first sight.
你是我不曾预料的一见钟情。
Very very miss you，can you go back to me？
真的，真的很想你，你能回到我身边吗？
We can be together.
我们可以在一起。
Waiting for you.
我等你。
Wish you were here.
我真的好想，你在这里。
Walking with you.
与你同行。
特大号的爱！
You‘re beautiful.
你是，最美的呢。
一切关于you的词，在这样的夜晚，都显得美丽起来。
即使雷雨交加，我看到外面漆黑的夜色之下是一条条闪电，把天幕映衬的暗紫如同那些老去的恒星。
我仍然不会觉得寂寞。
我看到的，只是那些穿越岁月时空后，你明朗的微笑。
七夕，想起你。
Zero is the start between of us.
一切都只不过是开始。
我宁愿相信，瞬间就是永恒，终结即是开始。
我们迟早会开始的，对吗？。