Fatigue property of mill cut steel fiber reinforced concrete in Chinese

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Fatigue Crack Growth Analysis of Fiber

number of microscopic changes during fatigue loading, fatigue crack growth can be considered the damage most responsible for fatigue life of FRCs and, therefore, must be focused on. FRCs fail in fatigue when a fracture propagates unstably subsequent to stable crack growth under fatigue loading.4*5 Thus, fatigue life of FRCs is controlled by fatigue crack growth behavior. Fatigue crack growth in FRCs is affected by three main factors: matrix fatigue crack growth law specific to a matrix, crack bridging by fibers, and fatigue damage in the fiber-matrix interface and/or bridging fibers. These three factors are discussed in the following sections. First, matrix fatigue crack growth is quantified with the Paris law, which relates the crack growth rate to the intensity factor amplitude. crack-tip-stress Second, a cyclic constitutive law between the crack bridging stress amplitude and the crack opening displacement amplitude due to fibers and aggregates is described. With the cyclic constitutive law, the crack-tip-stress intensity factor amplitude, which is reduced by crack bridging, can be evaluated. Finally, the interfacial frictional bond degradation under cyclic sliding is quantified assuming that the bond degradation is governed by the accumulated crack opening displacement change. Fatigue damage on matrix: fatigue crack growth Fatigue crack growth has been observed to obey a Paris law type equation for metals, ceramics, and concrete.6-‘9 The Paris law gives the relation between the crack growth rate and the intensity factor amplitude, crack-tip-stress namely

英国BS金属与非金属材料标准名称

BS 7252-12-1997
外科植物入用金属 Metallic materials for surgical 材料.第 12 部分:煅 Specification for 制钴-铬-钼合金规 cobalt-chromium-molybdenum alloy 范
implants wrought
BS 7252-13-1997
外科植入物用金属 Metallic materials for surgical implants 材料.锻制钛 6-铝 Specification for wrought titanium 6-aluminium 4-vanadium alloy 4-钒合金规范
BS 7252-4-1997
外科植入物用金属 Metallic materials for surgical implants 材料.第 4 部分:钴Specification for cobalt-chromium-molybdenum 铬 -钼铸造合金规 casting alloy 范
BS 7253-3-1990
外科植入物用非金 Non-metallic materials for surgical implants 属材料.第 3 部分: Specification for surgical implants made of 热硫化硅弹性体制 heat-vulcanized silicone elastomer 外科植入物规范
BS
断裂机械韧性试 Fracture mechanics toughness tests - Method for
7448-4-1997
验 . 金属材料稳定 determination of fracture resistance curves and 裂纹延伸的抗断裂 initiation values for stable crack extension in 曲线和初始值的测 metallic materials 定方法

进出口专业英语词汇（S5）_财务英语词汇

sole automatic skiving machine 鞋底自动削薄机sole coating agent 鞋底涂饰剂sole edge grinding machine 鞋底磨边机sole edge trimming machine 削底边机sole fluff grinding machine 鞋底磨毛机sole for footwear 鞋底sole heel reinforced nailing machine 底跟加固打钉机sole leather 鞋底皮sole making machine 鞋底制造机sole moulding machine 鞋底压型机sole press machine 压底机sole rubbing trimming machine 鞋底磨整机sole sewing machine 鞋底缝纫机sole splitting machine 片底料机sole stitcher 鞋底缝合机sole 鞋底sole-cementing machine 鞋底粘合机sole-fixing machine 绱鞋机sole-leather shears 鞋底革大剪刀sole-stitching machine 鞋底缝合机soled moccasins 配上鞋底的鹿皮鞋soleil polariscope 索勒尔偏振镜soleil velvet 有光平绒soleil 棱条缎solenoid coil 螺管线圈solenoid directional valve 电磁换向阀solenoid driver 螺线管驱动器solenoid relay 螺管式继电器solenoid switch 电磁开关solenoid valve 电磁阀solenoid 螺线管soleonid clutch 螺线管式离合器solex 苏力士牌手表solid alcali sulphide 固体硫化碱solid bowl centrifuge 转鼓式离心机solid broach 整体拉刀solid bronze flame spreader 实心青铜火焰喷射器solid cable 实芯电缆solid carbide drill 整体硬质合金钻头solid carbide end mill 整体硬质合金立铣刀solid carbide reamer 整体硬质合金铰刀solid carbide subland drill 整体硬质合金阶梯钻solid carbide twist drill 整体硬质合金麻花钻solid center auger bit with one spur 单翼木工钻头solid center auger bit with two spurs 双翼木工钻头solid center bit with one spur 单翼木工钻头solid center bit with two spurs 双翼木工钻头solid center bit 木工钻头solid center eyed anger 木工钻solid center eyed auger with one spur 单翼木工钻solid center eyed auger with two spurs 双翼木工钻solid center eyed auger without spur 无翼木工钻头solid coal 硬煤solid colour broadcloth shirt 素色阔棉布衬衫solid colour cotton terry cloth 素色水结布solid colour napkin 素色餐巾solid colour oxford shirt 素色牛津衫solid colour rug 素色地毯solid colour tablecloth 素色台布solid colour ticking 素色褥布solid colour towel 素色毛巾solid colour velvety pile bath mat 素色剪绒长毛浴垫solid conveying machinery 固体输送机械solid counter 固态计数器solid crank shaft 实心曲轴solid deep mortise milling cutter 整体深榫槽铣刀solid deodorizer 固体除臭剂solid drill 实心钻头solid electric hammer drill 实心电锤钻solid electrolyte sensor 固体电解质测氧仪solid end mill 整体立铣刀solid expansion thermometer 固体膨胀温度计solid fill cable 实芯电缆solid flow transmitter 粒料流量变送器solid forming machine 固体成型机solid fuel 固体燃料solid fused calcium chloride 固体熔融氯化钙solid fused caustic soda 固体熔融烧碱solid fused sodium sulphide 固体熔融硫化钠solid gold frame 真金镜架solid gold jewellery 足金首饰solid hacksaw frame with wooden handle 木柄式固定钢锯架solid jaw with lug 带舌普通接杆solid jaw with movable lug 带活舌普通接杆solid laser operator 固体激光手术器solid laser 固体激光器solid nickel double blade spatula 双口镍质角刀solid pack apple 干装苹果solid pastel shorts 素色短裤solid pattern engraving milling machine 立体刻模铣床solid pedestal 整体轴承solid phosphor laser 固态磷光体激光器solid pipe wrench 固定管扳手solid probe 固体探测器solid pulverizing machinery 固体粉碎机械solid pump 固体输送泵solid red wool hunting cap 素色红绒布打猎帽solid refrigerator 固体制冷器solid rivet 实心铆钉solid rotary conveyor 固定旋转式输送机solid rubber tired wheel 实心橡皮轮solid rubber 固体橡胶solid sauce 固体酱油solid shaft 实心轴solid shallow mortise milling cutter 整体浅榫槽铣刀solid silver frame 真银镜架solid snap thread gage 整体螺纹卡规solid solderwire 硬焊丝条solid soy 固体酱油solid stainless steel watch band 实芯不锈钢表带solid state amplifier 固态放大器solid state camera 固体摄像机solid state computer 固态计算机solid state data collector 固态数据收集器solid state fm stereo transmitter 固态立体声调频广播发射机solid state injection laser 固体注入式激光器solid state ionization detector 固态电离探测器solid state laser 固态激光器solid state light detector 固态光探测器solid state maser oscillator 固态微波激射振荡器solid state maser 固态微波激射器solid state metering relay 固态计数继电器solid state microwave amplifier 固态微波放大器solid state microwave device 固体微波器件solid state oscillator 固态振荡器solid state photodiode 固态光电二极管solid state photosensor 固态光敏器件solid state power amplifier 固态功率放大器solid state pressure sensor 固态压力传感器solid state reference electrode 固态参比电极solid state relay 固态继电器solid state ring laser 固体环形激光器solid state sweep laser 固态扫描激光器solid state sweep oscillator 固态扫频信号振荡器solid state sweeper 固态扫频器solid state thyratron 固体闸流管solid state tuner 固体调谐器solid state uhf tv transmitter 固态超高频电视发射机solid state vhf tv transmitter 固态甚高频电视发射机solid state vidicon 固态光导摄像管solid switch 固体开关solid tantalum capacitor 固体钽电容器solid tyre 实心轮胎solid wheel rolling mill 整轧车轮轧机solid wire 实芯线solid-acid catalyst 固体酸催化剂solid-core post insulator 实心棒形绝缘子solid-electrolyte battery 固体电解质电池solid-propellant rocket engine 固体火箭发动机solidified soy 固体酱油solidonia 索利多尼亚纤维soliger 秀丽牌照相机soligunum 沙立根油soliton laser 孤立子激光器soliton transmission fiber 光孤立子传输光纤solo fibre 单纯纤维solo 沙乐牌手表solo+lasso 抑草绿混剂solomonseal 黄精solopendra 蜈蚣solophenyl dye 晒牢维染料solu-medrol injection 甲强龙针solubilised press agent 水溶性平滑剂solubilised sulphur black 水溶性硫化黑solubilised textile wax 水溶性纺织蜡solubilised waxing agent 水溶性上蜡剂soluble acetylene gas cylinder 溶性乙炔气瓶soluble fibre 可溶纤维soluble glass sand 水玻璃树脂砂soluble polyurethane 水溶性聚氨酯soluble powder 可溶性粉剂soluble stanching gauze 可溶性止血纱布soluble starch 可溶性淀粉soluble vat blue 可溶性还原蓝soluble vat brilliant orange 可溶性还原艳橙soluble vat brown 可溶性还原棕soluble vat golden yellow 可溶性还原金黄soluble vat green 可溶性还原绿soluble vat grey 可溶性还原灰soluble vat pink 可溶性还原桃红soluble vat violet 可溶性还原紫solution catcher 溶液收集器solution heat exchanger 溶液交换器solution of cobalt naphthanate in styrene 化122环烷酸钴溶液solution pump 溶液泵solution 溶液solution-dyed yarn 纺染纱solvent cleaner 溶剂清洗剂solvent drum dyeing machine 鼓筒式溶剂染色机solvent dye 溶剂染料solvent extracted excrementum bombycis 脱绿蚕砂solvent oil 溶剂油solvent regenerator 溶剂再生器solvent shoe polish 溶剂型鞋油solvent spun fibre 溶纺纤维solvent 溶剂solvent-free immersion paint 无溶剂浸渍漆solvent-free resin 无溶剂树脂solventbase primer 溶解基底漆solventbased acrylic finish 溶解基丙烯涂料solver cycle refrigerator 索尔文循环制冷机solver 求解仪solvex 索尔维克斯聚碳酸酯单丝solvirex 乙拌磷solvx 苏尔伏司牌手表solypertine 索立哌汀soma 苏马牌手表somascope 超声波检查仪somatometer 活体测量计somatostatin 生长抑制素somatropin 促生长激素sombrero 墨西哥式帽something special 珍品威士忌sommiere 桑米尔哔叽sonagraph 声频电流波形分析器sonar caliper 声纳井径仪sonar indicator 声纳指示器sonar pinger 声纳脉冲发迭器sonar receiver 声纳接收机sonar reflector 声纳反射器sonar simulator 声纳模拟器sonar test set 声纳测试仪sonar transducer 声纳换能器sonar transmitter 声纳发射器sonar 声纳sonartv sonde 声纳-电视探测器sonde 探测器sondol 回声探测器songbei 松贝sonic altimeter 声波测高计sonic analyser 声波分析器sonic button hole machine 声波锁眼机sonic chemical analyzer 声波化学分析器sonic comparator 声波比较仪sonic depth finder 回声测深仪sonic detector 声波探伤器sonic drill for shallow hole 浅孔用声波钻机sonic echo depthfinder 回声测深器sonic echo sounder 回声测深器sonic frequency amplifier 声频放大器sonic frequency controlling amplifier 声频控制放大器sonic frequency cymometer 声频频率计sonic frequency spectrum recording meter 声频频谱记录仪sonic gas analyzer 声学气体分析计sonic pile driver 声波打桩机sonic sand detector 声波探砂器sonic strain gauge 声波应变计sonic velocity gas analyzer 声速气体分析仪sonic washer 声波洗涤机sonicator 近距离声波定位器sonigauge 超声波测厚仪soniscope 脉冲式超声波探伤仪sonnengerg 佐内格白葡萄酒sono-encephalograph 超声波测脑仪sonograph 声谱仪sonolator 声谱显示仪sonometer 振动式频率计sonomicroscope 声学显微镜sonoprobe 声纳测深器sontag 毛线短上衣sontis 松蒂斯牌手表sony 索尼牌电器sooflex 苏夫莱克斯耐纶丝soogan 毯子soojney 手织厚实床罩soot blower 吹灰器soot collector 烟灰收集器sophamide 苏果sophisticated planer 精密刨床sophisticated tank driving simulator 坦克高级驾驶模拟器sophora japonica 槐米soporific perfume 香梦露soporifics 催眠药soprabel 砷酸铅sopracol 781 敌菌酮sopragam 一林合剂sopranebe 代森锰soprano saxhorn 高音号soprathion 一六0五soprd 索宝脱牌照相机sorb-pump 吸附泵sorbic acid 山梨酸sorbinicate 山梨烟酯sorbitan laurate 山梨醇月桂酸酯sorbitan monostearate 山梨醇酐单硬脂酸酯sorbitan oleate 山梨醇油酸酯sorbitan palmitate 山梨醇棕榈酸酯sorbitan stearate 山梨醇硬脂酸酯sorbitan tristearate 山梨醇酐硬脂酸酯sorbitol 山梨醇sorbose 山梨糖sorcrote 索克洛平布sorel's alloy 索雷尔锌基合金sorghum husk 高粱壳sorghum molasses 高粱糖浆sorghum oil 高粱油sorghum pigment 高粱红sorghum stalk curtain 高粱杆帘sorghum stalk products 高粱杆制品sorghum sugar 高粱饴糖sorghum syrup 高粱饴sorghum 高粱soria wool 索里亚羊毛sormel 索梅勒牌手表sorpol 苏乳播sorption pump 吸附泵sorter 分选机sorting grizzly 分级格筛sorting machine 分选机sorting pennistone 佩尼斯顿再生毛粗呢soterenol 索特瑞醇soto 索托牌手表sotora 索托拉牌手表sou'wester 油布长雨衣souchong 小种红茶souffle 蛋奶酥soumer 苏米尔牌手表sound amplifier 扩音机sound analyzer 声谱分析器sound box 音箱sound camera 有声电影摄像机sound collateral tube 伴音管sound console 调音台sound corrector 声音校正器sound damper 声阻尼器sound damping glazing 隔音玻璃sound demodulator 伴音信号解调器sound detector 检声器sound effect system 音响效果系统sound fibre 强韧的纤维sound film projector 有声电影放映机sound filter 滤声器sound grader 精密声级计sound insulated fire door 隔音防火门sound insulating board 隔音板sound insulating glazing 隔音玻璃sound intensifier 声音放大器sound intensity meter 声强计sound intermediate-frequency detector 声中频检波器sound lens 声透镜sound level meter 声级计sound locater 声波测位器sound locating instrument 音响寻踪仪sound locator 声波定位器sound meter 测声计sound mixer 声音合成器sound monitor 监听器sound pickup 拾音器sound player 留声机sound pressure meter 声压计sound range recordrer 声频测距记录仪sound ranger 声波测距仪sound ranging altimeter 声波测高计sound recording amplifier 录音放大器sound recording camera 录音摄影机sound recording carrier 录音载波器sound recording film 电影录音底片sound recording volume indicator 录音音量指示器sound repeater 增音机sound reproducing equipment 还音设备sound reverberator 混响器sound spectrograph 声谱仪sound surface wave band pass filter 声表面波带通滤波器sound surface wave band rejection filter 声表面波带阻滤波器sound surface wave convolution device 声表面波卷积器sound surface wave filter 声表面波滤波器sound surface wave frequency-modulated oscillator 声表面波调频振荡器sound surface wave multichannel filter assembly 声表面波多通道滤波器组件sound surface wave oscillator 声表面波振荡器sound surface wave pressure control oscillator 声表面波压控振荡器sound surface wave resonator 声表面波谐振器sound surface wave thin coating 声表面波薄膜sound surface wave transmitter 声表面波发射机sound surface wave vestigial side-band filter 声表面波残留边带滤波器sound tape movie camera 全胶带录音电影摄影机sound tape movie projector 全胶带有声放映机sound track printer 声带印片机sound truck 广播车sound vibrograph 音响示振仪sound volume indicator 音量指示器sound volume meter 音量表sound wave display 声波显示器sound wool 拉力强的羊毛sound-absorbing perforated asbestos cement panel 吸声带孔石棉水泥板sound-frequency measuring meter 音频测量仪sound-measuring device 测声仪sound-on-film recorder 胶片录音机sound-powered phone 声能电话sound-powered telephone 声力电话sound-proof board 隔音板sound-proof drilling rig 隔音钻探设备sound-proof film camera 隔音摄影机sound-proof tile 隔音砖sound-repeater mutually talking recording telephone 增音对讲录音电话sound-track engraving apparatus 声迹刻纹机sound-velocity-temperature-pressure instrument 声速温压仪sounding balloon 探测气球sounding borer 测探钻sounding machine 测深机soup bowl 汤碗soup dish 汤盆soup ladle 汤勺soup pan with cover 有盖汤锅soup pan without cover 无盖汤锅soup plate 汤盘soup spoon 汤匙soup tureen 汤锅sour crude 含硫原油sour cucumber 酸黄瓜sourbassis silk 苏巴锡丝source jack-socket 电源插头座source transformer 电源变压器soured milk 酸奶sousaphone 苏萨风sousee 苏西绸south & north china raccoon skin 南北貉子皮south african wool 南非羊毛south american wool 南美羊毛south china civet cat skin 华南香狸皮south china fox shin plate 华南狐狸皮褥子south china grey duck down 华南灰鸭绒south china grey duck feather 华南灰鸭毛south china lipi skin plate 华南狸皮褥子south china raw deer skin 华南麂皮south china raw fox skin 华南狐狸皮south china raw goat skin 华南山羊板皮south china raw leopard skin 华南豹皮south china raw snake skin 华南蛇皮south china raw tortoise leopard skin 华南龟纹豹皮south china rice 华南米south cream roll 南方蛋奶糖south fruit drop 南方水果糖southeast asia herbs 南洋药材southern pearl 南珠southwest china black clipped goat hair 西南黑色剪山羊毛southwest china mixed colour clipped goat hair 西南杂色剪山羊毛southwest china mixed colour limed goat hair 西南灰退杂色山羊毛southwest china mixed colour sheep wool 西南杂色绵羊毛southwest china raw fox skin 西南狐狸皮southwest china raw leopard skin 西南豹皮southwest china sheep wool 西南绵羊毛souvenir bag 礼品袋souvenir 纪念品sover 舒服牌眼镜sovereign 元首牌汽车sow thistle tasselflower 一点红sower 播种机sowing machine 播种机soy cheese 豆腐乳soy cruet 酱油瓶soy dish 豉油碟soy preserved asparagus lettuce 酱莴苣笋soy preserved carrot 酱胡萝卜soy preserved cucumber 酱瓜soy preserved egg-plant 酱茄子soy preserved garlic bulb 酱蒜头soy preserved ginger 酱姜soy preserved turnip 酱萝卜soy protein production line 大豆蛋白生产线soy sauce chicken 酱油鸡soy sauce 酱油soy 酱油soy-shell remover 大豆去壳机soy-soaked turnip cube 酱油萝卜块soy-soaked turnip strip 酱油萝卜条soy-soaked turnip 酱油大头菜soy-stewed pork leg 红烧猪蹄soya bean stem meal 豆秸粉soya flour 豆粉soya milk film 豆腐皮soyabean bran 豆麸soyabean cake 黄豆饼soyabean coat 豆衣soyabean expeller 黄豆粕soyabean extraction 黄豆粕soyabean lecithin 大豆磷脂soyabean oil 豆油soyabean paste 豆瓣酱soyabean protein powder 大豆蛋白粉soyabean protein 大豆蛋白soyabean 大豆soyaln 索伊纶大豆蛋白质短纤维soyan cloth 索扬绸soybean cake 豆饼soybean combine 大豆联合收割机soybean curd 豆腐soybean flour 大豆粉soybean juice 大豆果露soybean meal 大豆粉soybean milk 豆奶soybean oil 豆油soybean protein fibre 大豆蛋白质纤维soybean sauce 酱油soybean sheller 大豆去壳机soyex 消草醚sozni 苏兹尼丝绣床罩绸space charge detector 空间电荷检测器space detector 航天探测器space directed filter 空间定向滤波器space heater terminal box 防潮加热器接线盒space heater 空间加热器space physics detection satellite 空间物理探测卫星space probe 宇宙探测器space ring 隔圈space shuttle 航天飞船space simulator 空间模拟器space suit 宇宙服space tracking laser 空间目标跟踪激光器space variant filter 空变滤波器space-time filter 时-空滤波器spaceborne radar 航天雷达spacebus 空间客车spacecraft 航天器spaced-aerial direction finder 分集天线测向仪spaced-loop direction finder 分隔式环形天线测向仪spaceplane 太空飞机spacer 垫片spaceship 宇宙飞船spacing bar 间隔条spacing drill 宽垅播种机spacing instrument 齿轮距检测仪spacing mould 隔模spacing sleeve 间套spacious waled corduroy 粗条灯芯绒spacy 斯帕赛聚酯纤维spade bit 铲形钻头spade drill 扁钻spade reamer 双刃铰刀spade vibrator 铲式振动器spade 铲spaghetti 意大利式面条spalling hammer 碎石锤spam 斯帕姆午餐肉span winch 千斤索铰车span 司盘span-dog 木材抓起机spandelle 斯潘代尔弹性纤维spandex stretch fabric 氨纶弹力织物spandrel glass 拱肩玻璃spanish coat 西班牙式外套spanish embroidery 西班牙刺绣spanish grain 西班牙皱纹皮革spanish guitar 西班牙吉他spanish linen 西班牙亚麻布spanish point 西班牙金银丝刺绣spanish stitch 西班牙十字刺绣spanish stripe 染色呢spanish stripes 条纹边薄呢spanner drill chuck 扳手钻夹头spanner for spark plug 火花塞扳手spanner for square screw 方螺钉扳手spanner pipe wrench 螺丝扳手管子钳spanner wrench 活络扳手spanner 扳手spanon 杀虫脒spantol 强筋松spanzelle 斯潘齐尔弹性纤维spar for ship 船桅spar miller 翼梁铣床sparable 无头鞋钉spare parts for shuttle-loom 梭织机零部件spare parts 备件spare pump 备用泵spare tire 备用轮胎sparger 喷雾器spark arrester 火花避雷器spark catcher 灭火集尘器spark coil leak detector 火花线圈探漏器spark counter 火花计数器spark cutter 火花切割器spark discharge particle generator 火花放电粒子发生器spark flash unit 闪光器spark generator 火花发生器spark inductor 火花感应线圈spark ion source mass spectrometer 火花离子源质谱计spark killer 火花抑制器spark lighter 火花点火器spark micrometer 火花放电显微计spark plug engine 火花塞点火发动机spark plug resistance tester 火花塞电阻测试仪spark plug spanner 火花塞扳手spark plug tire pump 电线插头轮胎打气泵spark plug wire 火花塞线spark plug wrench 火花塞扳手spark plug 火花塞spark processing machine 电火花加工机床spark quenching condenser 火花猝灭电容器spark sintering machine 火花烧结机spark suppressor 火花抑制器spark timer 电火花计时器spark transmitter 火花式发射机spark-erosion machine 火花腐蚀加工机床spark-gap arrester 火花隙式避雷器spark-gap exciter 火花间隙激发器spark-gap modulator 火花隙调制器spark-gap transmitter 火花隙式发射机spark-gap type rectifier 火花隙式整流器spark-gap voltmeter 火花隙伏特计spark-ignition fuel-injection engine 火花发火喷油式发动机spark-pulse modulator 火花脉冲调制器spark-resistant wire wheel brush 火花电阻圆盘钢丝刷sparker 电火花器sparking coil 点火线圈sparking commutator 火花整流子sparking plug for internal combustion engine 内燃机火花塞sparking plug 火花塞sparkled overcoating 闪色大衣呢sparkling nylon 闪光尼龙sparkling pistol 发火手枪sparkling wine bottle 汽酒瓶sparkling wine 葡萄汽酒sparrow 麻雀sparsomycin 司帕索霉素sparteine 司巴丁sparterie 三三席纹硬帆布spatial filter 空间滤波器spatial light modulator 空间光调制器spatula 油漆刀spc automatic message switching equipment 程控自动转报设备spc digital toll exchange 程控数字长途电话交换机spc exchange 程控交换机spc telephone exchange 程控电话交换机spc telex exchange 程控用户电报交换机spead master 斯比脱玛斯特牌照相机speaker box 音箱speaker 扬声器spear point chisel 尖头凿刀spear 鱼叉spearmint chewing gum 留兰香胶姆糖spearmint oil terpene 留兰香油萜spearmint oil 留兰香油special abrasive grain for kinescope tube 显像管玻壳专用磨料special alloy steel 特种合金钢special aluminium mischmetal 特种铝基混合稀土合金special balancing machine 专用平衡机special belt duck 细支纱织橡胶帆布special bolt 特制螺栓special brass 特种黄铜special brick grinder 专用磨砖机special broaching machine 专用拉床special bronze 特种青铜special ceramics 特种陶瓷special chemical sensor 专用化学传感器special clothing 专用工作服special complete semi-automatic equipment 专用成套半自动化设备special corrugated paper 特种瓦楞纸special detergent 专用洗涤剂special diesel oil 特种柴油special dust seperator 专用除尘器special dynamic balance tester 专用动平衡试验机special effect amplifier 特殊效果放大器special effect board 特技板special effect control console 特殊效果调控台special effect generator 特技信号发生器special effect light 特技灯special effect machine 特技机special effect toothpaste 特效牙膏special electro-magnetic therapeutic apparatus 特定电磁波治疗器special electro-magnetic valve 特种电磁阀special engineering truck 专用工程车special equipment for making electric torch 手电筒生产专用设备special equipment for making paper cartridges of fire-crackers 鞭炮纸壳生产专用设备special equipment for making pipe twist 管子钳专用加工设备special fertilizer for flowers 花卉专用长效肥料special fibre 特种纤维special fine brandy 金奖白兰地special glass 特种玻璃special goat hair for pen brush 制笔用山羊毛special grade fish gravy 特级鱼露special grade soy 特级酱油special grape wine 特制山葡萄酒special gunpowder tea 特级珠茶special hair fibre 特种毛发纤维special hoist 专用绞车special hyson 特贡茶special improved patented steel wire 特号铅淬火冷拉钢丝special improved plough steel wire 特号钢丝special ink 特种油墨special jaw 特殊卡爪special machine for cut-off aluminum 专用切铝机special micromotor machine 专用微电机special optical cable 特种光缆special oscillator 特种振荡器special paint used on vehicle only 车辆专用漆special pipe 异型管special polyurethane varnish for wood furniture 聚氨酯木器专用清漆special production line for micro-computer 微机专用生产线special profile gear hob 特殊齿面滚刀special public traffic car 公交专用车special pull rod for milling machine 铣床专用拉杆special purpose broaching machine 专用拉床special purpose computer 专用计算机special purpose engineering automobile 专用工程车special purpose grinding machine 专用磨床special purpose micromotor 特种微电机special purpose transfer machine 专用组合机床special push rod for milling machine 铣床专用冲杆special quality tonic snake wine 特级蛇酒special right angle crank 特种直角拐special rolling mill 专用轧机special rotary converter 特种转动换流机special screen printing press 特种丝网印刷机special screw thread gauge 特种螺纹量规special screw 特制螺钉special section steel tube 异形钢管special shaped color lamp 异型彩色灯泡special silk plain gambiered 特种莨绸special slow-motion camera 特慢动作摄影机special sod land drill 草地专用播种机special soft steel 特种软钢special steel 特种钢special straight crank 特种直线拐special synchronous machine 特种同步机special taper thread tap for gas cylinder 气瓶专用锥形螺纹丝锥special temperature sensor in chemical fiber 化纤专用温度传感器special three-phase transformer 特种三相变压器special tool for service 维修专用工具special tool holder for milling machine 铣床专用刀杆special tool steel 特种工具钢special transformer 特种变压器special tube and pipe of aluminium alloy 铝合金异形管special tube pliers 专用管钳special type explosion-proof small locomotive 防爆特殊型小机车special vehicle 特种车辆special wagon for transporting heavy-duty loads 运输重型货物专用车special waterproof coating agent 特种防水涂层剂special waveform signal generator 特殊波形信号发生器special wire rope 特种钢丝绳special {beichen} grape wine 特制北醇葡萄酒special {wubian jiu} 特制五鞭酒special-purpose turning machine 专用车床special-use fiber 特殊用途光纤speciality cover paper 特种封皮纸specialized electromagnetic wave therapeutic apparatus 特定电磁波治疗器specially shaped electroplated diamond products 异型电镀金刚石制品specialty optical fiber 特制光纤specific analytical reagent 特殊分析试剂specific balance 比重天平specific electromagnetic spectrum treatment radiator 特定电磁波谱治疗器specific gravimeter 比重计specific gravity bottle 比重瓶specific gravity hydrometer 液体比重计specific organic reagent 专用有机试剂specific switch-board exchange 特设线路交换机specific-gravity stoner 比重去石机specifics 特效药specimen holder 样品夹specimen jar 标本瓶specimen of birds 鸟类标本speckle interferometer 斑纹干涉仪speckle porcelain 花斑瓷speckle removing perfume 祛斑增白露speckled glaze 斑点釉specky jute 带皮屑的黄麻specky yarn 异色结子纱spectacle arm drilling machine 眼镜脚穿心机spectacle case 眼镜盒spectacle frame for children 儿童眼镜架spectacle frame 眼镜架spectacle glass 眼镜玻璃spectacle lens 眼镜片spectacle pouch 眼镜袋spectacle screw 眼镜螺丝spectacled teal breast feather 珍珠点子毛spectacled teal lateral tail covert 灰银边毛spectacular bird 观赏鸟spectacular fish 观赏鱼spectinomycin 大观霉素spectracide 二嗪农spectracon 光谱摄像管spectral carbon rod 光谱碳棒spectral comparator 光谱比较器spectral flash lamp 光谱闪光灯spectral fluorometer 荧光谱仪spectral lamp 光谱灯spectral mirror 光谱镜spectral noise analyzer 噪声频谱分析器spectral projector 光谱投影仪spectral pyrometer 光谱高温计spectral radiometer 光谱辐射计spectral-photometer 分光光度计spectrally selective photodetector 光谱选择性光电探测器spectralog service instrument 能谱测井仪spectran 斯佩克特纶纺前染色的聚丙烯腈系短纤维spectrascribe 声谱描写器spectro fluorimeter 光谱荧光计spectrobolometer 分光变阻测热计spectrocomparator 光谱比较仪spectrodensitometer 光谱密度计spectrofilter 分光滤色镜spectrofluorophosphorimeter 磷荧光谱仪spectrograph 摄谱仪spectrographic camera 光谱照相机spectrohelio cinematograph 太阳单色光谱电影仪spectrohelio-kinematograph 太阳单色光谱电影摄影机spectroheliograph 太阳单色光谱照相仪spectrohelioscope 太阳单色光观察镜spectroirradiator 分光辐照仪spectrometer unit 高分辨率分光计spectrometer 光谱仪spectromicroscope 光谱显微镜spectrophone 光谱测声器spectrophotofluorometer 荧光分光光度计spectrophotometer 分光光度计spectropolarimeter 分光偏振计spectroprojector 光谱投射器spectropyrometer 分光高温计spectroradiometer 分光辐射谱仪spectrosadic 扫谱器spectroscope 分光镜spectroscopic camera 光谱摄影机spectroscopic plate 光谱板spectrum analyzer circuit 频谱分析电路spectrum analyzer system 频谱分析系统spectrum analyzer 频谱分析器spectrum measuring projector 光谱测量投影仪spectrum projector 光谱投影仪specular coal 镜煤speculum metal 镜青铜speculum 窥镜spedex 斯皮德克斯德银speech amplifier 扩音机speech audiometer 语言听力计speech ciphering equipment 语音设备speech controller 语音控制器speech convertor 语音转换器speech encryptor 语音加密机speech frequency amplifier 语频放大器speech modulator 语音调制器speech path controller 话路控制器speech processor 语音处理器speech scrambler 语音加扰器speech security equipment 语音保密设备speech synthesizer 语言合成器speech trainer 语言训练器speech-amplifying mutually talking telephone 扩音对讲机speech-input amplifier 语言输入放大器speed adjustable dc motor 直流调速电动机speed adjustable screw feeder 可调速螺旋给料机speed analyzer 速度分析仪speed boat 快艇speed change valve 变速阀speed changer 变速器speed checking apparatus for vehicles 车辆测速器speed control servo-motor 调速伺服电动机speed control valve 调速阀speed controller 调速器speed counter 转数计speed differential clutch 转差离合器speed drilling machine 高速钻床speed frame 粗纱机speed gear box 变速齿轮箱speed gear 变速齿轮speed generator 测速发电机speed governor 调速器speed handle 快速扳手speed indicator 速度表speed lathe 高速车床speed light 闪光灯speed limit switch 限速开关speed limiter 限速器speed limiting circuit breaker 限速断路器speed limiting governor 限速器speed measuring motor 测速电机speed measuring radar gun 测速雷达枪speed measuring radar 测速雷达speed monitor 速度监视器speed muller 摆轮式高速混砂机speed multiplier 倍速器speed rammer impactor 快速冲击夯speed recorder 速率记录器speed reducer 减速器speed reduction gear box 齿轮减速箱speed reduction gear 齿轮减速器speed reduction unit 减速器speed regulating rheostat 调速变阻器speed regulating valve sleeve 调速阀套speed regulating valve spring 调速阀弹簧speed regulating weight 调速砣speed regulation electro-pneumatic valve of diesel engine 柴油机调速电控阀speed regulator for record player 电唱机速度调节器speed regulator 调速器speed relay 速度继电器speed ring 调速环speed scout 高速侦察机speed sensor 速度传感器speed setter 定速器speed shifting fork shaft 变速叉轴speed shifting fork spring 变速叉弹簧speed shifting fork 变速叉speed shifting lever casing 变速杆壳speed shifting lever shaft 变速杆轴speed shifting lever spring 变速杆弹簧speed shifting lever 变速杆speed shirt 汗背心speed switch 速度开关speed transducer 速度传感器speed variable motor 变速电动机speed variator 变速器speed-adjusting rheostat 转速调节变阻器speed-change box 变速箱speed-indicating generator 测速发电机speed-stable dc motor 稳速直流电机speed-variable pump 变速泵speedex 斯皮德克斯铜镍锌合金speedomax 电子自动电势计speedometer with mileometer 带里程计的速度表speedometer 速度计speedster 双座高速敞蓬汽车speedy heating iron 快速电烙铁speke anchor 斯贝克锚spelling board 认字板spelter brazing alloy 铜锌基硬钎焊料spelter bronze 硬钎焊青铜spelter soldering alloy 锌焊料合金spencer croise 双排扣短上衣spencer jacket 短外套式茄克spencer 茄克衫spera 斯佩拉牌手表spergon 四氯对醌sperina 斯佩里纳牌手表sperlox 代森锌sperry's metal 斯佩里铅基轴承合金sphagnum moss 水藓sphenoid irrigating cannula 蝶窦灌洗管sphere photometer 球面光度计sphere turning lathe 球面车床spheric door holder 球形门碰头spheric end grinding machine 球形端面磨床spheric radar lens 球面雷达透镜spherical bearing 球面轴承spherical capacitor 球形电容器spherical cutter 球形铣刀spherical cutting machine 球面车床spherical dysprosium holmium lamp 球形镝钬灯spherical electrostatic analyzer 球形静电分析仪spherical foam 球形泡沫spherical lens 球光片spherical mercury xenon lamp 球形汞氙灯spherical mirror 球面镜spherical plain bearing 关节轴承spherical radiator 球面辐射器spherical reflector antenna 球面反射器天线spherical reflector 球形反射器spherical resonator 球形谐振器spherical roller bearing 球形滚柱轴承spherical tank 球形贮罐spherical ti alloy vessel 钛合金球形容器spherical valve 球阀spherical xenon lamp 球形氙灯spheroid worm gear shaper cutter 球面蜗杆插切刀spheroidal bowl resin sand mixer 碗形树脂砂混砂机spheroidal cast iron 球墨铸铁spheroidal graphite cast iron 球墨铸铁spheroidal graphite steel 球墨铸钢spheroidized steel 球化处理钢spherometer 球径计sphingometer 光测挠度计sphygmo-oscillometer 示波血压计sphygmobolometer 脉压计sphygmocardiograph 脉搏心动描记器sphygmograph 脉搏计sphygmomanometer 血压计sphygmometer 脉波计sphygmometrograph 血压描记器sphygmophone 脉音听诊器sphygmoplethysmograph 脉容描记器sphygmoscope 脉搏检视器sphygmotonograph 血压脉搏描记器sphygmotonometer 脉张力计spica 人字形绷带spice grinder 香料粉碎机spice jar 香料瓶spice powder 香料粉spice 香料spice-added chicken gizzard 五香鸡肫spiced arbutus 五香杨梅spiced beef cube 五香牛肉丁spiced beef haslet 卤牛什spiced beef 卤牛肉spiced belt fish 五香带鱼spiced boiled egg with tea leaves 五香茶叶蛋spiced cabbage 冬菜spiced chicken gizzard 五香鸡肫spiced chicken leg 香酥鸡腿spiced chicken 五香鸡spiced dried beancurd 五香豆腐干spiced duck gizzard 五香鸭肫spiced duck offal 卤鸭什spiced duck 五香鸭spiced egg 卤蛋spiced fried goose 五香鹅spiced goose gizzard 美味卤肫spiced goose 五香鹅spiced mango 香话芒spiced mud-skipper 五香花鱼spiced mutton 卤羊肉。

期货术语中英文对照

期货术语中英文对照Actuals 现货（LME普遍使用physical）Arbitrage 市场间套利Assay 检验分析Ask 要价，喊价At-the-Money 相等价值：期权履约价与当前期权期货合约的现价完全相同Backpricing 有效时间定价：生产者常用LME 结算价作为报价基准, 每天公布的结算价到次日中午有效。

又称公认定价(Pricing on the Known)Backwardation 现货升水：现货价高于期货价（又称Back），是为逆向市场、倒价市场Base Metal 贱金属，基金属：除金、银、铂族以外的金属Bar Chart 条形图Basis 基差：同一种商品现货价与期货价之差Basis Price 基本价格，履约价格：期权交易中买卖双方商定，并按此进行交易的价格。

又称敲定价格（Strik Price），通常为当前市场价Bear 卖空者，看跌者：与Bull正相反Bear Covering 结束空头部位Bear Market 空头市场，熊市：价格普遍下跌的市场Bear Position 空头部位：已卖出期货，期望以后能以较低价买进，利润为现在卖出与以后补进价之差额Best Orders 最佳买卖订单（Buing/Selling at Best）Bid 买方出价Bond 债券Bottom 底价：某时间段内的最低价Borrowing 借入（Borrowing metal from the market）：买进近期货的同时，卖出远期货Break 暴跌，暴升，突破：价格出现较大波动Broker 经纪行，经纪人Bull 买空者，看涨者：与Bear相反Bull Market 多头市场，牛市：价格普遍上涨的市场Bull Position 多头部位：已买进期货，期望以后能以较高价卖出，其利润为现在买进与以后卖出价之差额Business Day 交易日Buying Hedge （Long Hedge）买进套期保值Buy In 补进：平仓、对冲或关闭一个空头部位Buy on Close 收市买进：在收市时按收市价买进Buy on Opening 开市买进：在开市时按开市价买进Call Option 看涨期权,延买期权:允许购买者按一特定的基价购买一种指定期货合约的权力。

Fatigue strength of steel fibre reinforced concrete in flexure

Fatigue strength of steel ﬁbre reinforced concrete in ﬂexureS.P.Singha,*,S.K.KaushikbaDepartment of Civil Engineering,Regional Engineering College,Jalandhar 144011,India bDepartment of Civil Engineering,University of Roorkee,Roorkee 247667,IndiaReceived 2March 2000;accepted 2September 2002AbstractThe paper presents a study on the fatigue strength of steel ﬁbre reinforced concrete (SFRC).An experimental programme was conducted to obtain the fatigue-lives of SFRC at various stress levels and stress ratios.Sixty seven SFRC beam specimens of size 500Â100Â100mm were tested under four-point ﬂexural fatigue loading.Fifty four static ﬂexural tests were also conducted to determine the static ﬂexural strength of SFRC prior to fatigue testing.The specimens incorporated 1.5%volume fraction of cor-rugated steel ﬁbres of size 0:6Â2:0Â30mm.Concept of equivalent fatigue-life,reported for plain concrete in literature,is applied to SFRC to incorporate the eﬀects of stress level S ,stress ratio R and survival probability L R into the fatigue equation.The results indicate that the statistical distribution of equivalent fatigue-life of SFRC is in agreement with the two-parameter Weibull distri-bution.The coeﬃcients of the fatigue equation have been determined corresponding to diﬀerent survival probabilities so as to predict the ﬂexural fatigue strength of SFRC for the desired level of survival probability.Ó2002Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Fatigue;Equivalent fatigue-life;Steel ﬁbre reinforced concrete;Stress level;Stress ratio;Flexure1.IntroductionConsiderable interest has developed in the fatigue strength of concrete members in recent years.There are several reasons for this.Firstly,the use of high strength materials require that the concrete members perform satisfactorily under high stress levels.Hence,the study of the eﬀects of repeated loads on bridge slabs and crane beams is a matter of concern.Secondly,diﬀerent con-crete systems such as prestressed concrete railroad ties and continuously reinforced concrete pavement slabs are often used.The use of these systems demand a high performance product with an assured fatigue-life.Thirdly,there is a new recognition of the eﬀects of re-peated loading on a member,even if it does not cause a fatigue failure.There may be inclined cracks in the prestressed concrete beams at lower loads due to fatigue loading and the static load carrying capacity of the component material may be altered.Many researchers carried out laboratory fatigue ex-periments to investigate the fatigue behaviour of plain as well as steel ﬁbre reinforced concrete since Feret Õs pioneer tests [1].Oh,[16,21]studied the distribution of ﬂexural fatigue-life of plain concrete for various stress levels and found that it follows the two-parameter Weibull distribution.Following equations have been used in the past by the researchers to study the fatigue of concrete:S ¼a Àb log ðN Þð1ÞS ¼1Àb ð1ÀR Þlog ðN Þfor 06R 61ð2ÞS ¼C 1ðN ÞÀC 2ð3Þwhere a ,b ,C 1and C 2are experimental coeﬃcients.Many researchers [2,9,14]used Eq.(1)which represents the relationship between stress level S ,and number of cycles to failure N .Eq.(2)used by researchers [12–14,16]is a modiﬁed form of the Eq.(1)which takes into ac-count the eﬀect of minimum fatigue stress ðf min Þin the form of stress ratio R ,ðR ¼f min =f max Þ.Aas-Jakobsen [7]obtained the value of b in Eq.(2)equal to 0.064for compression fatigue of concrete.However,Tepfers et al.[12]recommended the value of b as 0.0685.Oh [16]*Corresponding author.Tel.:+91-181-293301x229;fax:+91-181-2991120.E-mail address:spsingh_recjal@ (S.P.Singh).0958-9465/$-see front matter Ó2002Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00102-6Cement &Concrete Composites 25(2003)779–786tested the Eq.(2)forﬂexural fatigue of plain concrete and obtained the value of b as0.0690.Eq.(3)relates the stress level S to the number of cycles for failure N by a power relation.It has been used by pavement re-searchers such as Vesic and Saxena[6].Shi et al.[22]introduced the concept of equivalent fatigue life(EN),in an attempt to incorporate the eﬀect of stress ratio and survival probability into the Eq.(3). They modiﬁed the Eq.(3)by replacing N with EN to get a new equation as follows:S¼C1ðENÞÀC2ð4ÞThe coeﬃcients C1and C2of Eq.(4)were obtained for plain concrete for diﬀerent survival probabilities.It is also shown that the statistical description of equivalent fatigue-life follows the two-parameter Weibull distribu-tion[22].The studies on steelﬁbre reinforced concrete(SFRC) were mainly conﬁned to the determination of itsﬂexural fatigue endurance limit for diﬀerent type/volume frac-tion/aspect ratio ofﬁbres[10,17–20].Yin and Hsu[23] studied the fatigue behaviour of steelﬁbre reinforced concrete under uniaxial and biaxial compression and observed that the S–N curves can be approximated by two straight lines connected by a curved knee instead ofa single straight line.2.Research signiﬁcanceThe work of Shi et al.[22]provides a good oppor-tunity to apply the concept of equivalent fatigue-life to the data of steelﬁbre reinforced concrete subjected toﬂexural fatigue loading and to examine the two-parameter Weibull distribution to describe the distri-bution of equivalent fatigue-life of SFRC.It is also proposed to obtain the coeﬃcients of the fatigue equa-tion(4)corresponding to diﬀerent reliabilities/survival probabilities,making the equation thus applicable to SFRC.3.Experimental programmeThe concrete mix used for casting the test specimens is shown in Table1.Ordinary Portland Cement,crushed stone coarse aggregates(maximum size12mm)and Badarpur sand were used.The materials used con-formed to relevant Indian Standard speciﬁcations. Corrugated steelﬁbres of size30Â2:0Â0:6mm at1.5% volume fraction were incorporated in the concrete.The specimens used forﬂexural fatigue tests as well as static ﬂexure tests wereﬁbre concrete beams of size100Â100Â500mm.The specimens were cast in14batches, each batch consisting of nine standardﬂexural test specimens and four150Â150Â150mm cubes.The cube specimens were used to determine the28days compressive strength for each batch.The mixing was done in a rotary mixer and theﬁbres were gradually sprinkled into the drum by hand.The specimens were cured for60days to avoid a possible strength increase during fatigue tests.The specimens were removed from the curing bath and kept in the laboratory conditions till testing.The28days average compressive strength of the mix was46.34MPa.Four beams from each batch were tested in a100kN INSTRON closed loop universal testing machine to determine the mean staticﬂexural strengthðf rÞ.The beams were simply supported on a span of450mm and loaded at third points.The average staticﬂexural strength of the mix was8.76MPa.The fatigue tests were conducted on a100kN MTS closed loop electrohy-draulic universal testing machine.The span/points of loading in the fatigue tests were kept the same as for the statictests. Table1Mixture proportionWater/cement ratio Sand/cement ratio Coarse aggregate/cementratio0.46 1.52 1.88 780S.P.Singh,S.K.Kaushik/Cement&Concrete Composites25(2003)779–786Flexural fatigue tests were conducted at diﬀerent stress levelsÔSÕ(S¼f max=f r;f max¼maximum fatigue stress,f r¼static flexural stress),ranging from0.90to0.60and at two diﬀerent stress ratiosÔRÕ(R¼f min=f max;f min¼minimum fatigue stress)i.e.0.10,and0.30. Constant-amplitude sinusoidal loads were applied at a frequency of12Hz.The number of cycles to failure for each specimen under diﬀerent load conditions were no-ted as fatigue-life N.With the decrease in the stress level, the number of cycles to failure of the specimens went on increasing.Since fatigue testing is a very time consuming and expensive process,an upper limit of the number of cycles i.e.2million cycles,to be applied was selected. The test was terminated as and when the failure of the specimen occurred or this upper limit was reached whichever was earlier.4.Analysis of the fatigue test dataThe results of the fatigue tests as obtained in this investigation are given in rge variability was observed in the fatigue-life data,particularly at stress level at stress levels0.80,0.75,0.70and0.65.It was diﬃcult to carry out analysis of the data in such a case. This diﬃculty was resolved by merging the original data at stress levels0.80and0.75;and0.70and0.65into two groups and using the average value of the stress levelsi.e.0.775(average of stress levels0.80and0.75)and0.675(average of stress levels0.70and0.65)for each group in the analysis of the data.Some data points in Table2may be treated as out-liers.ChauvenetÕs criterion[11]was applied to data points at each stress level and points meeting this cri-terion were excluded from further analysis.To carry out the analysis when both stress level S and stress ratio R are variables,concept of equivalent fa-tigue-life was introduced by Shi et al.[22].They deﬁned equivalent fatigue-life as follows:EN¼ðNÞ1ÀRð5ÞEq.(5)was obtained from Eqs.(1)and(2).The fa-tigue-life data as given in Table2has both S and R as variables.It is diﬃcult to carry out the statistical anal-ysis in such a case.Shi et al.[22]observed that‘‘all the fatigue-life data at a certain stress level S with diﬀerent R values can be transformed to have a common equivalent fatigue-life EN by applying Eq.(5).The analysis of the fatigue-life N with two variables S and R now becomes an analysis of the equivalent fatigue-life EN with one variable S’’.Equivalent fatigue-lives for SFRC at dif-ferent stress level as obtained by Eq.(5)are summarised in Table3.Table2Laboratory fatigue-life data(number of cycles to failure,N,in as-cending order)for steelﬁbrous concreteðV f¼1:5%ÞStress ratioÔRÕStress levelÔSÕ0.900.850.775a0.675a0.600.102426437b1706b124,390c50300574247,2682,000,000d62300736051,68078350830065,960100384916081,9103312b51613,104132,86056414,420189,820120016,960206,880124023,316280,910145235,260375,540156051,120585,750232875,900920,160258090,5401,238,370315047,364b0.30212308b272b368608080,9604309600100,14081010,276156,760128032,796313,68016,200b45.580550,400a Obtained by merging data at stress levels0.80and0.75,0.70and0.65,respectively.b Rejected as outliers by ChauvenetÕs criterion,not included in analysis.c As the specimen failed at a low number of cycles,hence rejected.d Specimen did not show any cracks,test terminated at2Â106 cycles,treated as run out,not included in analysis.Table3Equivalent fatigue-life data(EN,in ascending order)for SFRC, (V f¼1:5%)Stress levelÔSÕ0.900.850.7750.675 17151241616,111 34170272717,45841170302121,745 43195316526,424 50212336640,837 63276367956,300 63299433260,834 70445507880,114 1095915534104,038 1506086404155,2186137039233,0656438529304,48570110,43474812,375107217,287117624,673140828,91714491824S.P.Singh,S.K.Kaushik/Cement&Concrete Composites25(2003)779–7867814.1.Graphical method of analysisA number of mathematical probability models have been employed for the statistical description of fatigue data.One of the popular models has been the logarith-mic-normal (lognormal)distribution function [4].How-ever,it was pointed out by Gumble [5]that the hazard function or risk function for lognormal distribution de-creases with increasing life.The Weibull distribution has an increasing hazard function with time and is most commonly used for describing the fatigue data these days.The survivorship function of the two-parameter Weibull distribution can be written as follows [3,8,16,22]:L R ðn Þ¼exp h Àn ua ið6Þin which n ¼specific value of the random variable;a ¼shape parameter or Weibull slope at stress level S ;u ¼scale parameter or characteristic life at stress level S .Taking the logarithm twice of both sides of Eq.(6):ln ln 1L R !¼a ln ðn ÞÀa ln ðu Þð7ÞThis equation can be used to verify whether the sta-tistical distribution of equivalent fatigue-life of SFRC,at a given stress level S ,follows the two-parameter Weibull distribution.The equivalent fatigue-life data at a given stress level must be ﬁrst arranged in ascending order to obtain a graph from Eq.(9)and the empirical survivorship function can be calculated from the fol-lowing relation [8,11,16,21]:L R ¼1Ài ð8Þin which i ¼failure order number and k ¼number of equivalent fatigue data or sample size at a givenstress782S.P.Singh,S.K.Kaushik /Cement &Concrete Composites 25(2003)779–786level S .A graph is plotted between ln ½ln ð1=L R Þ and ln ðEN Þ,and if a linear trend is observed for the equi-valent fatigue-life data at a given stress level S ,it can be assumed that the two-parameter Weibull distribution is a reasonable assumption for the statistical description of equivalent fatigue-life data at that stress level.The pa-rameter a and u can be directly obtained from the graph.Fig.1shows the plots of the equivalent fatigue-life data at S ¼0:90,0.85,0.775and 0.675.It can be ob-served that the data points fall approximately along a straight line,which indicates that the two-parameter Weibull distribution is a reasonable assumption for the distribution equivalent-fatigue-life of SFRC at these stress levels.The corresponding values of the correlation coeﬃcient (C C )are 0.974,0.964,0.927and 0.962,re-spectively as shown in Fig.1.Table 4presents the basic calculations to plot the equivalent fatigue-life data of SFRC at stress level S ¼0:90.The estimated parameters for the equivalent fatigue-life data of SFRC,at diﬀerent stress levels are shown in Fig.1and Table 5.4.2.Parameters from the method of momentsThe parameters of the Weibull distribution for the equivalent fatigue-life of SFRC at a given stress level can also be obtained by the method of moments using the following relations [8,15,16,21]:a ¼ðCV ÞÀ1:08ð9Þu can be estimated from the following equationu ¼lT 1þ1ÀÁð10Þwhere l is the sample mean of the data at a given stress level and CV the coeﬃcient of variation of the data,T ðÞis the gamma function.The equivalent fatigue-life data given in Table 3has been analysed to obtain the distribution parameters by this method.The calculated parameters are listed in Table 5.4.3.Parameters from the method of maximum likelihood estimateThe method of maximum likelihood estimate was also used for calculation of distribution parameters of the Weibull distribution for the equivalent fatigue-life data of SFRC at various stress levels [8,21].The values of the parameters i.e.shape parameter and characteristic extreme life as estimated by this method are listed in Table 5.It can be seen from Table 5that all the three methods employed here to estimate the parameters of the Weibull distribution yield almost similar results except for the equivalent fatigue-life data at stress level S ¼0:775where the value of the shape parameter a obtained by the method of moments is much diﬀerent from the one obtained by the other two methods.Hence,in this case,the average values of the parameters obtained by the graphical method and by the method of maximum likelihood estimate are used for further analysis.Table 4Equivalent fatigue-lives and empirical survivorship function for S ¼0:90i EN iL R ¼1Àik þ1ln ½ln ð1=L R Þ ln ðEN i Þ1170.9091)2.3507 2.83322340.8182)1.6062 3.52643410.7273)1.1444 3.71364430.6364)0.7942 3.76125500.5455)0.5008 3.91206630.4545)0.2376 4.14317630.3636þ0.0116 4.14318700.2727þ0.2619 4.248591090.1818þ0.5335 4.6913101500.0909þ0.87465.0106Table 5Values of the Weibull parameters for equivalent fatigue-life,SFRC (V f ¼1:5%)S ¼0:90S ¼0:85S ¼0:775S ¼0:675au a u a u a u Graphical method 1.602171 1.2994754 1.285796430.994099,154Method of moments1.704370 1.3791735 1.12009112 1.002993,052Method of maximum likelihood 1.716971 1.3892736 1.32989694 1.076995,902Average1.6744711.35597411.3078a9669a1.024696,036aAverage of the values of the parameters obtained by the graphical method and the method of maximum likelihood estimate.Table 6Calculated equivalent fatigue-lives corresponding to diﬀerent reliabil-ities L R S ¼0:90S ¼0:85S ¼0:775S ¼0:6750.95128399852900.9019141173010,6800.802924530122,2150.7038346439635,1120.6048452578549,8550.5057565730667,155S.P.Singh,S.K.Kaushik /Cement &Concrete Composites 25(2003)779–7867835.Goodness-of-ﬁt testsIt has been shown in the preceding sections that the equivalent fatigue-life data of SFRC at a given stress level S ,can be modelled by the two-parameter Weibull distribution.To further substantiate this,the v 2-test and Kolmogorov–Smirnov test as described by Oh [21]were carried out on the equivalent fatigue-life data of SFRC at each stress level.These tests indicate that the two-parameter Weibull distribution is a valid model for the statistical distribution of equivalent fatigue-life of SFRC at 5%level ofsigniﬁcance.784S.P.Singh,S.K.Kaushik /Cement &Concrete Composites 25(2003)779–7866.Coeﬃcients of the fatigue equation for SFRCIt has been shown in the preceding sections that the equivalent fatigue life data of SFRC can be described by the two-parameter Weibull distribution.Therefore,it can be used to calculate the equivalent fatigue-lives corresponding to diﬀerent survival ing the average values of the parameters as obtained above by diﬀerent methods,the calculated values of the equivalent fatigue-lives are listed in Table6.The coeﬃcients C1and C2of the Eq.(4)can be ob-tained by regressing it against the data in Table6.Taking logs on both sides of the Eq.(4)logðSÞ¼logðC1ÞÀC2x logðENÞð11ÞFig.2shows the results of the regression analysis.The coeﬃcients thus obtained are listed in Fig.2and Table 7.These coeﬃcients can be chosen for the desired level of the survival probability.Eq.(4)can be written in the following form:S¼C1ðNÞÀC2ð1ÀRÞð12ÞThe Eq.(12)can thus be used by the design engineers to estimate theﬂexural fatigue strength of SFRC for the desired level of survival probability.The results obtained are obviously applicable for SFRC with1.5%ﬁbre content and the type and the aspect ratio of theﬁbres used.The authors also tested SFRC with1.0%and0.5%ﬁbre content.The results were analysed and it was observed that same general conclusions could be drawn as for as the parameters of the Weibull distribution and the coeﬃcients of the fa-tigue equation are concerned.However,additional re-search work is required to be carried out to investigate as to how theﬁbre type and aspect ratio aﬀect the pa-rameters of the Weibull distribution and the coeﬃcients of the fatigue equation.7.ConclusionThe concept of equivalent fatigue-life as reported in literature,has been applied to SFRC.It has been shown that the statistical distribution of equivalent fatigue-life of steelﬁbre reinforced concrete at a given stress level,S approximately follows the two-parameter Weibull dis-tribution.The parameters of the Weibull distribution for the equivalent fatigue-life are obtained by the graphical method,the method of moments and the method of maximum likelihood estimate.The coeﬃcients of the fatigue equation have been determined for SFRC cor-responding to diﬀerent survival probabilities,thus in-corporating the survival probabilities into the fatigue equation.The fatigue equation can be used for obtain-ing theﬂexural fatigue strength of steelﬁbre reinforced concrete for the desired level of survival probability. However,additional work is needed to determine as to how theﬁbre type and aspect ratio aﬀect the results i.e.the parameters of the Weibull distribution and the coeﬃcients of the fatigue equation. AcknowledgementsTheﬁnancial assistance received from the Council of Scientiﬁc&Industrial Research(CSIR),New Delhi to carry out the reported research investigation is gratefully acknowledged.References[1]Feret R.Etude experimentale du ciment arme.Grauthier-Villiers;1906.[chapter3].[2]Kesler CE.Eﬀect of speed of testing onﬂexural strength of plainconcrete.In:HRB Proceedings,vol.32.p.1953.[3]Weibull W.Fatigue testing and analysis of results.Oxford:Pergamon Press;1961.[4]ASTM.A guide for fatigue testing and the statistical analysis offatigue data.ASTM Spec Tech Publ1963;91-A.[5]Gumble EJ.Parameters in the distribution of fatigue life.J EngMech,ASCE1963;(October).[6]Vesic AS,Saxena SK.Analysis of structural behaviour of roadtest rigid pavements.Highway Research Record,no.291,1969.[7]Aas-Jakobsen K.Fatigue of concrete beams and columns.BulletinNo.70-1,NTH Institute for Betonkonstruksjoner,Trondheim, September,1970.[8]Wirsching PH,Yao JTP.Statistical methods in structural fatigue.J Struct Div,Proc ASCE1970;(June).[9]Ballinger CA.Cumulative fatigue damage characteristics of plainconcrete.Highway Research Record,no.370,1972.[10]Batson G,Ball C,Bailey L,Lenders E,Hooks J.Flexural fatiguestrength of steelﬁbre reinforced concrete beams.ACI J1972;(November).[11]Kennedy JB,Neville AM.Basic statistical methods for engineersand scientists.New York:A Dun-Donnelley Publishers;1976. [12]Tepfers R,Kutti T.Fatigue strength of plain,ordinary,and lightweight concrete.ACI J1979;(May).[13]Tepfers R.Tensile fatigue strength of plain concrete.ACI J1979;(August).[14]Hsu TTC.Fatigue of plain concrete.ACI J1981;(July–August).[15]Wirsching PH,Yao JTP.Fatigue reliability-introduction.J StructDiv,Proc ASCE1982;(January).[16]Oh BH.Fatigue analysis of plain concrete inﬂexure.J Struct Eng1986;112(2).Table7Coeﬃcients C1and C2of the fatigue equation corresponding to dif-ferent reliabilitiesL R C1C20.95 1.02610.04550.90 1.04340.04410.80 1.05730.04230.70 1.06580.04130.60 1.07360.04070.50 1.07860.0401S.P.Singh,S.K.Kaushik/Cement&Concrete Composites25(2003)779–786785[17]Ramakrishnan V,Oberling G,Tatnall P.Flexural fatigue strengthof steelﬁbre reinforced concrete.ACI Spec Publ1987;SP-105-13.[18]Tatro SB.Performance of steelﬁbre reinforced concrete usinglarge aggregates.Transportation Research Record1110,TRB Washington,1987.[19]Ramakrishnan V,Wu GY,Hosalli G.Flexural fatigue strength,endurance limit and impact strength ofﬁbre reinforced con-cretes.Transportation Research Record1226,TRB,Washington, 1989.[20]Johnston CD,Zemp RW.Flexural fatigue performance of steelﬁbre reinforced concrete-inﬂuence ofﬁbre content,aspect ratio and type.ACI Mater J1991;(July–August).[21]Oh BH.Fatigue-life distributions of concrete for various stresslevels.ACI Mater J1991;(March–April).[22]Shi XP,Fwa TF,Tan SA.Flexural fatigue strength of plainconcrete.ACI Mater J1993;2(September–October).[23]Yin W,Hsu TTC.Fatigue behaviour of steelﬁbre reinforcedconcrete in uniaxial and biaxial compression.ACI Mater J 1995;(January–February).786S.P.Singh,S.K.Kaushik/Cement&Concrete Composites25(2003)779–786。

开炼回收机爪布注意事项与操作流程英语

开炼回收机爪布注意事项与操作流程英语[OPERATING PROCEDURES AND SAFETY PRECAUTIONS FOR SMELTING RECYCLING MACHINE CLAWS]Operating Procedures:1. Pre-operational checks:a. Ensure that all safety guards are in place and properly secured.b. Check the power supply and make sure it meets the required specifications.c. Inspect the machine claws for any damage or deformities that may affect their performance.d. Ensure that all necessary tools and equipment are readily available.2. Start-up procedure:a. Activate the power supply to the machine.b. Conduct a brief test run to ensure proper functioning of the machine claws.c. Double-check that all safety measures are in place.d. Gradually increase the speed of the machine claws to the desired operational level.3. Operating the machine claws:a. Carefully position the material to be recycled within the machine's working area.b. Activate the claws by following the manufacturer's instructions.c. Continuously monitor the operation of the machine claws to ensure proper gripping and efficient recycling.d. Avoid overloading the machine claws beyond their designated capacity.e. Regularly inspect the claws for signs of wear and tear, and replace them if necessary.f. Adjust the gripping force of the claws as per the requirements of the recycled material.g. Follow the recommended operational speeds for best results.4. Shutting down the machine:a. Gradually reduce the operational speed of the claws.b. Once the machine is completely stopped, turn off the power supply.c. Conduct a thorough inspection of the claws for any accumulated debris or damage.d. Clean the claws and the surrounding area, removing any leftover materials.Safety Precautions:1. Personal Protective Equipment (PPE):a. Always wear appropriate PPE, including safety glasses, gloves, and ear protection.b. Use protective clothing to avoid injuries from sharp edges or flying debris.2. Training and Knowledge:a. Ensure that operators are properly trained in the operation of the machine claws.b. Familiarize operators with the manufacturer's guidelines and any specific operational considerations.3. Avoid Obstructions:a. Keep the immediate work area clear of any obstructions or trip hazards.b. Maintain a safe distance from other individuals during machine operation.4. Emergency Stop:a. Locate and clearly mark the emergency stop button on the machine.b. In case of any emergencies or malfunctions, press the emergency stop button to immediately halt the machine.5. Heat Protection:a. The machine claws may become hot during operation. Allow sufficient cooling time before conducting any maintenance or inspections.6. Preventive Maintenance:a. Regularly inspect and maintain the machine claws as per the manufacturer's recommendations to ensure optimal performance and safety.b. Lubricate moving parts according to the manufacturer's guidelines.7. Electrical Safety:a. Always disconnect the power supply before conducting any maintenance or repairs.b. Have a certified electrician periodically inspect the machine's electrical components.8. Fire Safety:a. Properly store flammable materials away from the machine.b. Install and maintain fire extinguishers in thevicinity of the machine.Remember, these guidelines are general and may vary based on the specific make and model of the smelting recycling machine claws. Always refer to the manufacturer'sinstructions and seek professional advice when necessary.。

Fatigue crack propagation of 444 stainless steel welded joints in air and in 3%NaCl aqueous solution

Fatigue crack propagation of 444stainless steel weldedjoints in air and in 3%NaCl aqueous solutionMasayuki Akita a ,Masaki Nakajima b ,Keiro Tokajia,*,Toshihiro ShimizubaDepartment of Mechanical and Systems Engineering,Faculty of Engineering,Gifu University,1-1Yanagido,Gifu 501-1193,JapanbDepartment of Mechanical Engineering,Toyota College of Technology,2-1Eisei-cho,Toyota 471-8525,JapanReceived 10May 2004;accepted 1October 2004Available online 8December 2004AbstractFatigue crack propagation (FCP)was studied on ferritic stainless steel welded joints in air and in 3%NaCl aqueous solution.In air,when the crack propagated normal to the weld line,FCP rates decreased temporarily as it reached the heat aﬀected zone (HAZ)and then increased monotonously.When the crack propagated within HAZ and the weld metal,FCP rates were lower than those of the base metal.After allowing for crack closure,the FCP data of all the welded specimens became similar and coincided with those of the base metal.In 3%NaCl aqueous solution,all the welded specimens still showed enhanced FCP rates at high eﬀective stress intensity factor range region,where extensive intergranular and quasi-cleavage fractures were seen.Ó2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.Keywords:Ferrous metals and alloys;Welding;Fatigue1.IntroductionFerritic stainless steels posses an excellent resistance to stress corrosion cracking (SCC),while they had poor toughness and as-welded ductility.In recent years,new ferritic stainless steels with extremely reduced (C +N)content have been developed,in which toughness and weldability are signiﬁcantly improved [1,2].Of various joining methods,welding is widely used in machine components and structures.To ensure their safety and reliability,evaluation on the fatigue properties of welded joints is particularly important because they are very sensitive to fatigue loading.Although studies on corrosion fatigue behaviour [3]and fatigue crack ini-tiation and small crack growth [4]have been indicated in ferritic stainless steels themselves,there have been very limited studies on the fatigue behaviour of welded joints.Only a few studies on the toughness of welded joints have been reported [2,5].In addition,since stainless steels are mostly used in applications where corrosion resistance is required,it is also necessary to understand their fatigue behaviour in corrosive environments.In the present study,fatigue crack propagation (FCP)behaviour for large cracks was studied on welded joints of a ferritic stainless steel,type 444,in air and in 3%NaCl aqueous solution.The obtained results were discussed on the basis of residual stress,crack closure behaviour and fracture surface analysis.2.Experimental details 2.1.Material and specimensThe base metal is a ferritic stainless steel,type 444(18Cr–2Mo)whose chemical composition (mass %)is C:0.004,Si:0.06,Mn:0.1,P:0.024,S:0.006,Ni:0.11,Nb:0.17,Cr:18.72,Mo:1.81,V:0.06,N:0.068.The0261-3069/$-see front matter Ó2004Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.matdes.2004.10.004*Corresponding author.Tel.:+81582932500;fax:+81582301892.E-mail address:tokaji@cc.gifu-u.ac.jp (K.Tokaji)./locate/matdesMaterials and Design 27(2006)92–99Materials &Designmaterial was used in the as-received condition.The mechanical properties for two directions parallel and perpendicular to the rolling direction(L and T direc-tions,respectively)are listed in Table1.The proof stress and tensile strength in the T-direction are slightly higher than those in the L-direction.Fig.1shows the conﬁguration of compact type(CT) specimens used in FCP experiment.As illustrated schemat-ically in Fig.2,three types of welded CT specimens were evaluated:the specimens of which starter notch was intro-duced perpendicular to the weld line(N-specimen,Fig. 2(a)),within the heat aﬀected zone(HAZ)(H-specimen, Fig.2(b)),and within the weld metal(W-specimen,Fig. 2(c)).Since the welding direction was parallel to the T-direc-tion,the FCP direction was the L-direction in the N-speci-mens,while the T-direction in the H and W specimens. 2.2.Welding conditionWelding was performed by the tungsten–inert gaswelding method(TIG)with a root opening of1.6mm, an X-shape groove,the voltage of20V and three weld-ing passes on both sides.Theﬁller metal was a309L austenitic stainless steel.The microstructures in the base metal,HAZ and the weld metal are represented in Fig.3.The microstructure of the base metal consists of ferritic grains with the aver-age size of approximately56l m(Fig.3(a)).In HAZ,the microstructure also consists of ferritic grains,but a pro-nounced grain growth takes place,resulting in the aver-age size of123l m(Fig.3(b)).On the other hand,the weld metal has a complicated microstructure:dendrite or acicular microstructure(Fig.3(c)).Hardness was measured using a Vickers hardness tes-ter and the obtained results were162HV,172HV and 194HV for the base metal,HAZ and the weld metal, respectively.2.3.ProceduresFCP tests were performed at a stress ratio,R,of0.05 using a19.6kN capacity electro-hydraulic fatigueTable1Mechanical properties of base metalDirection0.2%Proof stressr0.2(MPa)Tensile strengthr B(MPa)Breaking strength onﬁnal area r T(MPa)Elongationu(%)Reduction of areaw(%)L29344514803483T31046013523181M.Akita et al./Materials and Design27(2006)92–9993testing machine operating at a frequency of 1Hz.Test environments employed were laboratory air and 3%NaCl aqueous solution.The solution was kept at 30°C and circulated between the corrosion cell attached to the specimen surface and a reserved tank by using a pump.Crack length was monitored with a travelling micro-scope with a resolution of 10l m and crack closure was measured by an unloading elastic compliance method [6]using a strain gauge mounted on the back face of the specimen.After experiment,fracture surfaces were examined in detail using a scanning electron microscope (SEM).3.Results3.1.Residual stress distributionResidual stress in the welded specimens was measured by the X-ray diﬀraction method.Fig.4shows the distribu-tion of residual stresses normal to the FCP direction in the N-specimens.Residual stresses are approximately from À110to À480MPa at the top surface (the side of the ﬁrstpass),while À100to À500MPa at the bottom surface (the opposite side of the second pass).Compressive residual stresses decrease as the distance from the notch root in-creases toward the weld zone.From this measured resid-ual stress distributions,it is believed that large tensile residual stresses would be present in the weld metal.Residual stresses normal to the weld line were also measured in HAZ,which were approximately À300MPa (compression)at the top surface,while 100MPa (tension)at the bottom surface,regardless of the dis-tance from the weld zone.3.2.FCP behaviour of base metalAs described previously,the FCP direction is the L-direction in N-specimens,while the T-direction in H and W specimens,thus FCP behaviour for the base me-tal was evaluated using CT-specimens of both T–L and L–T orientations.Fig.5(a)represents the relationship between FCP rate,d a /d N ,and stress intensity factor range,D K ,for the base metal in air and in 3%NaCl aqueous solution.As can be seen in the ﬁgure,the eﬀect of orientation is not seen at high D K region in both environments,but the FCP rates for the L–T orientation are faster than those for the T–L orientation at low D K region.It is worth noting that the FCP behaviour for both orienta-tions is aﬀected by corrosive environment at D K P 15MPa m 1/2,where the FCP rates in 3%NaCl aqueous solution are signiﬁcantly faster than those in air.When the FCP data are characterized in terms of the eﬀective stress intensity factor,D K eﬀ(Fig.5(b)),the dif-ference in FCP rate between both orientations observed in the d a /d N –D K relationship disappears.This indicates that crack closure played a signiﬁcant role in FCP behaviour.Based on observation of crack path and frac-ture surface analysis,fracture surface roughness was considerably larger in the T–L orientation than in the L–T orientation at low D K region,thus it is believed that the diﬀerence in crack closure was induced from fracture surface roughness.It should be noted that the enhanced FCP rates in 3%NaCl aqueous solution observed in the d a /d N –D K relationships are still seen.This indicates that there ex-ists an environmental eﬀect on FCP behaviour.As anFig.3.Microstructures:(a)base metal,(b)heat aﬀected zone (HAZ),(c)weld metal.94M.Akita et al./Materials and Design 27(2006)92–99example,Fig.6reveals SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces in air and 3%NaCl aqueous solution.At low D K region,the appearance of fracture surfaces is similar in both environments,but at high D K region some inter-granular fracture can be seen on the fracture surface in 3%NaCl aqueous solution.3.3.FCP behaviour of welded jointsThe FCP behaviour for the N,H and W specimens is shown in Figs.7–9,respectively.For comparison,the FCP behaviour for the base metal is also included in those ﬁgures.N-specimen (Fig.7)In air,the FCP rates are nearly the same as those for the base metal in low D K region.With increasing crack growth,ﬂuctuation of FCP rate becomes pronounced and FCP rates decrease temporar-ily around D K =20MPa m 1/2,then increase and tend to approach the FCP behaviour for the base metal.Such a complicated FCP behaviour appears to be due to resid-ual stress and hardness changes induced by welding.In 3%NaCl aqueous solution,the FCP rates are con-siderably lower than those for the base metal and ﬂuctu-ation of FCP rate is not seen,being due to a higher initial D K level employed in the experiment.Fig.6.SEM micrographs showing fracture surfaces of base metal.M.Akita et al./Materials and Design 27(2006)92–9995H-specimen(Fig.8)In air,the FCP rates are lower than those for the base metal,particularly in low D K re-gion and with increasing D K gradually approach and then coincide with the FCP rates for the base metal at high D K region.This indicates a higher FCP resistance of HAZ than the base metal.In3%NaCl aqueous solution,the FCP rates are fas-ter than those in air,which becomes more pronounced with increasing D K.When compared with the data for the base metal,the FCP rates are lower in the entire D K region,particularly remarkable at low D K region.W-specimen(Fig.9)The overall FCP behaviour is similar to that of H-specimens.In air,the FCP rates are considerably lower than those for the base metal in low D K region,then gradually approach and eventually coincide with the FCP rates for the base metal at high D K region.This also indicates a higher FCP resistance of the weld metal than the base metal.In3%NaCl aqueous solution,the FCP rates are nearly consistent with those in air at low D K region, but become faster with increasing D K.When compared with the data for the base metal,the FCP rates are sig-niﬁcantly lower in low D K region and then rapidly in-crease and coincide with the FCP rates at high D K region.3.4.Fracture surface analysisSEM micrographs of fracture surfaces in air are shown in Fig.10.As can be seen in theﬁgure,the oper-ative micromechanisms are the same in all the welded specimens:ductile transgranular at low D K region,while striation at high D K region.On the other hand,fracture micromechanisms oper-ated in3%NaCl aqueous solution were diﬀerent from those in air and will be discussed later.4.Discussion4.1.Factors inﬂuencing FCP behaviour of welded joints in airAs seen in Fig.7,in air the N-specimens showedﬂuc-tuations of FCP rate and a remarkable decrease in FCP rate around D K=20MPa m1/2.It has been well known that residual stress plays a signiﬁcant role in the FCP behaviour of welded joints.Fig.11represents the FCP behaviour and residual stress distribution in the N-spec-imens as a function of crack length in both environ-ments.It should be noted that the remarkable decrease of FCP rate in air occurs as the crack reaches HAZ. On the other hand,compressive residual stresses de-crease monotonously with increasing crack length,indi-cating that the residual stress distribution does not correspond to the remarkable decrease in FCP rate just before reaching HAZ.The similar results have been re-ported in laser welded butt joints,which was due to a sudden hardness change at the boundary between the base metal and HAZ[7].At low D K region,in spite of the presence of compressive residual stresses,the FCP rates for the welded specimens are nearly the same as those for the base metal(see Fig.7),this is because the compressive residual stress of approximatelyÀ270 MPa was detected in the base metal,which is equivalent96M.Akita et al./Materials and Design27(2006)92–99to the compressive residual stresses in the welded specimens.The results in3%NaCl aqueous solution did not showcomplicated FCP behaviour as seen in air.This is due to a higher initial D K level employed in the experiment, thus the eﬀect of HAZ becomes relatively small.In the H and W specimens,the cracks propagated within HAZ and the weld metal,pres-sive residual stress of approximatelyÀ300MPa and ten-sile residual stress of100MPa were present at the top and bottom surfaces in HAZ,respectively.Residual stress in the weld metal could not be measured,but it is assumed that similar residual stresses would beFig.10.SEM micrographs showing fracture surfaces of all welded specimens in air.M.Akita et al./Materials and Design27(2006)92–9997present.Although it is not easy to understand the eﬀect of residual stress in such a case,pressive on one side and tensile on the opposite side,it seems that the FCP behaviour is aﬀected by compressive residual stress rather than tensile residual stress,because the absolute value of the former is signiﬁcantly larger than that of the latter.In addition to residual stress,deﬂection of crack path was much more pronounced in HAZ and the weld metal due to grain growth and solidiﬁcation microstructure,respectively,which also contributes the higher FCP resistance of HAZ and the weld metal than the base metal.4.2.FCP behaviour after allowing for crack closure The FCP behaviour characterized in terms of D K eﬀis shown in Fig.12.As can be seen in the ﬁgure,in air the d a /d N –D K eﬀrelationships for all the welded specimens are almost identical to that of the base metal.Therefore,the diﬀerences among the welded specimens and be-tween the welded specimens and the base metal observed in the d a /d N –D K relationships are attributed to crack closure that was induced by residual stress and fracture surface roughness.In 3%NaCl aqueous solution,the d a /d N –D K eﬀrela-tionships in all the welded specimens are nearly the same,thus the diﬀerence among the welded specimens observed in the d a /d N –D K relationships is also attrib-uted to crack closure.However,when compared with the d a /d N –D K eﬀrelationships in air,the FCP rates in 3%NaCl aqueous solution are signiﬁcantly faster in the region of D K eﬀ>15–20MPa m 1/2,which indicates that an environmental eﬀect exists in this region.4.3.Eﬀect of corrosive environment on FCP behaviour of welded jointsAs seen in Fig.12,the FCP rates of all the welded specimens were still faster at high D K eﬀregion in 3%NaCl aqueous solution,suggesting that operative micromechanisms would be diﬀerent from in air.Therefore,fracture surfaces were examined in detail using SEM.SEM micrographs of fracture surfaces at high D K region where the enhanced FCP rates were observed are shown in Fig.13.At low D K region where the same FCP rates were observed in both environments,the fracture surfaces in 3%NaCl aque-ous solution revealed ductile transgranular,which was the same as in air.At high D K region,however,a signiﬁcant fraction of intergranular fracture or quasi-cleavage fracture can be seen (Fig.13),indicat-ing clearly that diﬀerent fracture micromechanisms from in air have operated in 3%NaCl aqueous solution.SCC,hydrogen embrittlement and intergranular cor-rosion are believed to be the possible causes of brittle nature in 3%NaCl aqueous solution.However,the eﬀect of SCC would be negligible,because it has been indi-cated that ferritic stainless steels had very low suscepti-bility to SCC even in a highly concentrated chloride solution [8].In order to conﬁrm the resistance to SCC of the present 444stainless steel,SCC tests have been performed using CT-specimens in 3%NaCl aqueous solution,but SCC did not take place.On the other hand,it has been pointed out that hydrogen embrittlement oc-curred under cathodic potentials in high purity ferritic stainless steel [9].However,hydrogen embrittlement would not take place in the present case,because of a low hydrogen-produced environment,i.e.3%NaCl aqueous solution.Therefore,it is believed that inter-granular corrosion would be the cause for the enhanced FCP observed in 3%NaCl aqueous solution,because it has been indicated that HAZ became sensitive to inter-granular corrosion in ferritic stainless steel weldments [8],and thus welded joints would have increasing pro-pensity of intergranular fracture compared with the base metal.The weld metal is an austenitic stainless steel,type 309L,which also showed enhanced FCP at high D K eﬀregion.This would be attributed to hydrogen embrittle-ment of martensitic phase transformed from austenitic phase [10].Fig.13.SEM micrographs showing fracture surfaces of all welded specimens in the FCP regime enhanced by 3%NaCl aqueous solution.98M.Akita et al./Materials and Design 27(2006)92–995.ConclusionsFatigue crack propagation(FCP)behaviour for large cracks was studied on welded joints of a ferritic stainless steel,type444,in air and in3%NaCl aqueous solution.The obtained results were discussed on the basis of residual stress,crack closure behaviour and fracture surface analysis.The conclusions can be made as follows:(1)In air,the welded specimens of which FCP direc-tion was perpendicular to the weld line showed a complicated FCP behaviour with frequentﬂuctua-tions of FCP rate.When the crack reached HAZ, the FCP rates were signiﬁcantly decreased and then monotonously increased.When the cracks propa-gated within HAZ and the weld metal parallel to the weld line,the FCP rates for both specimens were almost identical and lower than those for the base metal in the entire D K region.(2)The FCP rates of all the welded specimens in3%NaCl aqueous solution were enhanced com-pared with those in air,being more pronounced with increasing D K.(3)In air,after allowing for crack closure,all thewelded specimens showed nearly the same FCP behaviour,indicating that the observed diﬀerences in the FCP rate characterized in terms of D K were attributed to crack closure.(4)The FCP rates in3%NaCl aqueous solution werestill faster at high D K eﬀregion than those in air after allowing for crack closure,where extensive inter-granular fracture or quasi-cleavage fracture was seen.AcknowledgementsThe authors thank Mr.Y.Asano,Mr.T.Hayakawa, Mr.M.Itoh and Ms.C.Ohmori for their experimental assistance.References[1]Nakazawa T,Suzuki S,Sunami T,Sogo Y.Application of high-purity ferritic stainless steel plates to welded structures.ASTM STP1980;706:99–122.[2]Redmond JD.Toughness of18Cr–2Mo stainless steel.ASTMSTP1980;706:123–44.[3]Kimura Y,Yagasaki Y,Kunio T.Initiation process of corrosionfatigue cracks in stainless steels.Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng 1984;A50-1:33–40.[In Japanese].[4]Nakajima M,Akita M,Tokaji K,Shimizu T.Fatigue crackinitiation and early growth behavior of a ferritic stainless steel in laboratory air and in3%NaCl aqueous solution.JSME Int J,Ser A2003;46–4:575–81.[5]Krysiak KF.Weldability of the new generation of ferritic stainlesssteels-update.ASTM STP1980;706:221–40.[6]Kikukawa M,Jono M,Tanaka K,Takatani M.Measurement offatigue crack propagation and crack closure at low stress intensity level by unloading elastic compliance method.J Soc Mater Sci Jpn 1976;25:899–903.[In Japanese].[7]Minagi A,Tokaji K.Fatigue crack propagation of laser weldedbutt joints.Fracture mechanics:applications and challenges.In: Proceedings of the13th european conference on fracture (ECF13).San Sebastian,Spain;2000[CD-ROM].[8]Kowaka M.The corrosion behavior of ferritic stainless steels.JSoc Mater Sci Jpn1974;23:924–35.[In Japanese].[9]Koterazawa K,Uchida H,Ohshiba H.Eﬀect of tensile orientationon hydrogen embrittlement in single crystals of high purity ferritic stainless steel.J Soc Mater Sci Jpn1993;42:983–9.[In Japanese].[10]Endo K,Komai K,Murayama S.Inﬂuence of ClÀconcentrationon corrosion fatigue crack growth of an austenitic stainless steel.Trans Jpn Soc Mech Eng1982;48:1489–95.[In Japanese].M.Akita et al./Materials and Design27(2006)92–9999。

钢材名词术语中英文对照

钢材名词术语中英文对照英文全称英文缩写及符号中文本产品已按上述要求进行制造和检验，about abt大约 we hereby certify that mate acceptance接受with sqtisfzctory results in accordance w actual weight A/W实际重量 specificattonaddress ADD地址ad valorem A/V加价，附加的价格A glass一级AA glass二级al-costa镀铝板alloy aly合金all-round（price）a/r；ar共计aluminum-galvanized 镀铝锌板amount amt金额，数量angle角钢annealed anl退火anodize andz阳极腐蚀anti-finger耐指纹approved apvd批准appendix app附录application用途approximately approx大约，近似的audit审核authorized representative授权代表average avg平均值back背面baking烘烤baoshan iron&steel co.，ltd.宝山钢铁股份有限公司base metal基板batch number Batch No炉号/批号bearing steel轴承钢bend test 弯屈试验bill of exchange汇票bill of lading B/L提单billet钢坯black黑皮blank此行空白blast furnace BF高炉both两面bottom bot底book订货bound bar B/Bar 圆钢brand br商标、品质、规格brazil Braz巴西bright finish光亮brightness光泽bundle Bbl捆、扎、盘、卷buyer订货单位buyer买方calibrate CAL使用标准carbon C碳carbon steel CS普碳钢carriage cge运费case number C/S No箱号cash on delivery C.O.D.货到付款、现金提货cast number Cast No炉号catalogue cat目录、商品目录Centigrade C摄氏(温度计) certificate number 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profile简介counter sample对应样品，对等样品country公司customer订货单位/客户名称/用户customer order number customer order No客户订单编号customer’s number customer’s No代号date of delivery交货日期date of effectiveness生效日期date of issue签发日期deferred payment延期付款definitions定义deformed bar D-bar螺纹钢deliver department发货单位deliveror发货人delivery date发货日期delivery order D/O；D.O.提货单、货物出货凭单description重量description说明destination到站depth dpth深度diameter Dia直径dimension Dim尺寸directly reduced iron DRI直接还原铁ditto（=the same）do；dto相同、同一documents单据/文件documentation技术资料documents required文件要求dull finish麻面electric arc furnace EAF电弧炉electric tin-plate ETP镀锡板/电镀马口铁electric-zinc EGI电镀锌electro-galvanized电镀锌elongation E.L延伸率enclosure（s）enc；encl同函、附函、附件equipment设备erichsen杯突expenses exs费用export destination出口目的港Fahrenheit Fahr华氏温度计ferroalloys铁合金figures figs数字final destination最终目的地finished coating精涂层flat steel板材force majeure不可抗力galfan热镀锌铝合金（5%铝）galvalume热镀铝锌合金（55%铝）galvanized GI热镀锌galvanneal GA合金化热镀锌（锌铁合金）government documents政府文件grade Gd等级/牌号grade of steel Gd ofs钢号grind抛光gross weight Gr(G·W)毛重gross ton G.T.总吨数hardness HRB洛氏硬度H-Beam H钢heat analysis熔炼分析heat number Heat No熔炼炉号high speed steel高速钢hop-dip zinc热镀锌hop-dip alu-zinc热镀铝锌hot dip galvanized HGI热轧热镀锌hot strip mill热轧机hot-rolled HR热轧hot-rolled pickled & oiled HRPO热轧酸洗hot-rolled steel bar棒材hot-rolled steel coil HRC热轧卷hot-rolled steel plate热轧中厚板hot-rolled steel rod coils盘条hot-rolled steel sheet 热轧板I-Beam I钢in bulk散装in cases（boxes）装箱inch（es）in英寸incoterms贸易术语indent订单ingot/bloom钢锭inner diameter内径inquiry询价looper活套inspection检验inspection certificate质量证明书inspector检查人insurance policy保险单invoice发票、清单、货单iron ore铁矿石item number Item No项次号kilogram Kg（kgs）千克kilometre kilom千米length L长度letter of credit L/C信用证license number License No许可证号long products长材longitudinal L纵向lot number Lot No批号machining加工manufacturer制造厂manufacturing technology制造技术manufacturing techmiques制造工艺marks mks标记/唛头mass重量maximum Max最大mechanical property力学性能merchandise mdse物品、商品、货物metallic coating镀层meter M米metric ton Mt（M/t）公吨middle 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商务英语写作-进出口货运保险常见鉴定用词(M

商务英语写作进出口货运保险常见鉴定用词（M麻包装运Packed In Mat Bales麻袋，赠脚垫，蒲包Mat码头工人Alongshoreman马力Horse Power买卖双方Contracting Parties满载Full Load满载吃水Load Draught满载吃水线Load Line满载吃水线证书Load Line Certificate满载水线证书 Certificate of Loadline慢速Slow Speed锚 Anchor锚地 Anchorage锚杆Shank锚链 Anchor Cable锚链、电缆Cable锚链房 Chain Locker锚链管盖Protection Plate锚链筒Hawse Pipe铆钉Rivet铆钉孔Rivet Hole贸促会 China Council for Promotion of International Trade贸易差额Balance of Trade贸易额Trade Volume贸易行Trading Company每格一颗An Apple per Trellis每隔一天On a Separate Day每厘米排汪量吨数Tons per Cm.Immersion每英寸排水量吨数Tons per Inch每纵倾一厘米力距Moment of Trim 1cm密闭设备Sealing Arrangement密封性检验Leakage Test密码，电码Code密切注意Keep a Close Water for灭火泡沫Fire Foam灭火器Fire Extinguisher明码电Plain Telegram明文，用一般文字In Clear明显，边缘，盈余Margin名列第一Rank First名片Visiting Card模吃水Molded Draught模吃水Mould Draught模宽Breadth Molded模宽Molded Breadth模宽Mould Breadth模深Molded Depth模深Mould Depth磨蚀Erosion木档Wooden Batten木匠 Carpenter目的，用途Purpose目的港Destination目的港船上交货价Ex Ship目录 Catalog，Catalogue目录Table of Contents目前未有的 Be Currently Not Available 难倾船Stiff Vessel难以辩认Illegible内底Inner Bottom内分小格With Small Partitions内龙骨Keelson内燃机船Motor Vessel.M.V.内容不详Contents Unknown内外包装Exterior and Interior Packing 泥土Clay年度检验 Annual Survey女盥洗室Ladies Lavatory暖气管Heating Coil拍卖Auction排水表吨位Displacement Tonnage排水孔Wash Port排水量Displacement排水量表Displacement Scale排水量曲线Curve of Displacement排水量系数Displacement Coefficient排水容积Volume of Displacement盼早日答复Look Forward To Your Reply 赔偿保证书Letter of Indemnity配膳室Pantry膨胀系数Coefficient of Expansion膨胀阱Expansion Hatchway膨胀阱Expansion Trunk碰伤Impact碰撞，碰损Clash批次混乱Lots Confused批发Wholesale皮带、输送机 Belt Conveyor漂泊Adrift漂流Drift漂心Center of Floatation票据交换Clearing票据交换所Clearing House品质证 Certificate of Quality平安险Free of（Form）Particular Average（Insurance）平板车Flat car平仓口Trimming Hatchway平湖Slack Water平价，票面价值，法定值Par value平均吃水Mean Draught平均皮重 Average Tare平均速率Mean Speed平均凶涛气候 Average Rough Weather平面图Plan平台甲板Platform Deck凭单，收据，传单Voucher凭样订购Order against Sample 凭样检验 Based on Sample瓶装的 Bottled评论Commend屏仓壁Screen Bulkhead破冰船Ice Breaker破产 Bankruptcy破裂Rupture普通股Ordinary Stock（Shares）普通货船Conventional Ship期货价格Forward Price期满Expire期满Expiry期限Term。

不锈钢的疲劳裂纹扩展有限元模拟-英文版(另有中文翻译)

Modeling of fatigue crack growth of stainless steel 304LFeifei Fan,Sergiy Kalnaus,Yanyao Jiang *Department of Mechanical Engineering (312),University of Nevada,Reno,NV 89557,USAa r t i c l e i n f o Article history:Received 7November 2007Received in revised form 9June 2008Keywords:Damage accumulation Fatigue crack growth Fatigue criteriona b s t r a c tAn effort is made to predict the crack growth of the stainless steel 304L based on a newly developed fatigue approach.The approach consists of two steps:(1)elastic–plastic ﬁnite element (FE)analysis of the component;and,(2)the application of a multiaxial fatigue cri-terion for the crack initiation and growth predictions based on the outputted stress–strain response from the FE analysis.The FE analysis is characterized by the implementation of an advanced cyclic plasticity theory that captures the important cyclic plasticity behavior of the material under the general loading conditions.The fatigue approach is based upon the notion that a material point fails when the accumulated fatigue damage reaches a cer-tain value and the rule is applicable for both crack initiation and growth.As a result,one set of material constants is used for both crack initiation and growth predictions.All the mate-rial constants are generated by testing smooth specimens.The approach is applied to Mode I crack growth of compact specimens subjected to constant amplitude loading with differ-ent R -ratios and two-step high–low sequence loading.The results show that the approach can properly model the experimentally observed crack growth behavior including the notch effect,the R -ratio effect,and the sequence loading effect.In addition,the early crack growth from a notch and the total fatigue life can be simulated with the approach and the predictions agree well with the experimental observations.Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.1.IntroductionLoad-bearing engineering components are often sub-jected to cyclic loading and failure due to fatigue is of a great concern.Generally,fatigue process consists of three stages:initiation and early crack growth,stable crack growth,and ﬁnal fracture.Traditionally,the crack growth rate (d a /d N )is expressed as a function of the stress inten-sity factor range (D K )on a log–log scale.The stable crack growth results under constant amplitude loading with dif-ferent R -ratios (the minimum load over the maximum load over a loading cycle)are often represented by the Paris law (Paris and Erdogan,1963)and its modiﬁcations (Walker,1970;Kujawski,2001).Different materials behave differ-ently under constant amplitude fatigue loading.Some materials display a R -ratio effect:crack growth rate curves are coincided for the same R -ratio,but a higher R -ratio re-sults in a higher crack growth rate (Kumar and Garg,1988;Pippan et al.,2005;Wu et al.,1998;Zhao et al.,2008).Other metallic materials do not reveal any R -ratio effect,and the curves for constant amplitude loading overlap in a log–log scale (Crooker and Krause,1972;Kumar and Pan-dey,1990;Wang et al.,to appear ).The fatigue crack growth behavior under variable amplitude loading is another subject that has been studied for a number of years.The application of an overload (ten-sile load of high magnitude applied over one cycle pre-ceded and followed by constant amplitude loading)or change in the loading amplitude (so-called high–low se-quence loading experiments)can introduce profound effects on the fatigue crack growth.For most metallic materials,the application of the abovementioned loading schemes results in a crack growth rate retardation.Based on the linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM)concept,such a transient behavior is often modeled by using the stress intensity factor concept and by introducing correc-tion factors to the Paris law on the stable crack growth0167-6636/$-see front matter Ó2008Elsevier Ltd.All rights reserved.doi:10.1016/j.mechmat.2008.06.001*Corresponding author.Tel.:+17757844510;fax:+17757841701.E-mail address:yjiang@ (Y.Jiang).Mechanics of Materials 40(2008)961–973Contents lists available at ScienceDirectMechanics of Materialsj o u r n a l h o m e p a g e :/loc ate/mechmatregime.A model of such a type was introduced by Wheeler (1972)and can be viewed as a practical way of treating the effects of variable amplitude loading.Several modiﬁcations on Wheeler’s model have been proposed(Kim et al.,2004; Yuen and Taheri,2006;Zhao et al.,2008)targeting the par-ticular shapes of the crack growth curves for different materials subjected to variable amplitude loading.These models have little or no physical basis and the results of the crack growth experiments are needed in order to ob-tain a set ofﬁtting constants to calibrate the models.Since its introduction by Elber(1970),the crack closure concept is often used to explain crack growth behavior.The retardation in crack growth rate generated by a single ten-sile overload was explained by using the crack closure con-cept in Elber’s later study(Elber,1971).The concept of K op was introduced as a stress intensity factor corresponding to the crack opening load,and the effective stress intensity factor range from K op to K max was considered as a crack driving parameter.As a result,the contribution to crack propagation comes from a part of the total stress intensity factor range corresponding to the part of the cycle when the crack is open.Such an approach is used to explain the R-ratio and variable loading effects.However,the crack closure method has been under criticism based upon experimental observations(Lang and Marci,1999;Sada-nanda et al.,1999;Silva,2004;Feng et al.,2005)and numerical simulations(Jiang et al.,2005;Mercer and Nich-olas,1991;Zhao et al.,2004).Crack-tip blunting has been used to explain the crack advance(Gu and Ritchie,1999;Tvergaard,2004).The retardation caused by an overload is attributed mainly to the compressive residual stresses ahead of the crack tip, plasticity induced crack closure behind the crack tip,or the combination of these two.The initial acceleration in the crack growth immediately after the application of an overload was explained as a result of the tensile residual stress due to crack-tip blunting(Makabe et al.,2004).The ﬁnite element analysis was used to analyze the stress dis-tribution and the crack opening displacement which was related to the variable amplitude loading effects(Zhang et al.,1992;Ellyin and Wu,1999;Tvergaard,2006).Generally,a fatigue crack is nucleated at a notch due to the stress concentration.The so-called notch effect on short crack behavior exists and the crack growth rate may be higher or lower than that expected based on the stable growth.Extensive research has been carried out to study the crack initiation and early crack growth behavior from a notch.Around a notch,a transition zone exists and the fatigue crack growth rate may decelerate,accelerate,or non-propagate after the crack initiation under constant amplitude loading.In order to model the short crack growth behavior from a notch,efforts were concentrated on the‘‘effective stress intensity factor”near the notches (Sadanandam and Vasudevan,1997;Dong et al.,2003; Teh and Brennan,2005;Vena et al.,2006),notch tip plas-ticity(Li,2003;Hammouda et al.,2004),and the combina-tion of crack tip cyclic plasticity and the contact of the crack surfaces(Ding et al.,2007a).A recent effort by Jiang and co-workers(Ding et al., 2007a,b;Feng et al.,2005;Jiang and Feng,2004a)at-tempted to use a multiaxial fatigue criterion to unify the predictions of both crack initiation and crack growth.The notion is that both crack initiation and the subsequent crack growth are governed by the same fatigue criterion.A material point fails to form a crack once the accumula-tion of the fatigue damage reaches a certain critical value. The approach has been applied to1070steel with success. The predictions of the early crack growth from notches (Ding et al.,2007a;Jiang,Ding and Feng,2007),the stable crack growth(Feng et al.,2005;Jiang and Feng,2004a; Jiang,Ding,and Feng,2007),the overload effect(Jiang and Feng,2004a;Jiang,Ding,and Feng,2007),the R-ratio effect(Jiang and Feng,2004a;Jiang,Ding,and Feng, 2007),and the crack growth under direction-changing loading(Ding et al.,2007b)agreed well with the experi-mental observations.All the predictions of the crack growth were based on the material constants generated from testing the smooth specimens.In the present investigation,the aforementioned ap-proach is used to simulate the crack growth from the notched specimens made of the AISI304L austenitic stain-less steel.The notch effect on the early crack growth,the R-ratio effect,and the inﬂuence of the loading sequence are modeled.The stress analysis is conducted by using theﬁ-nite element method implementing a robust cyclic plastic-ity model.The predicted results are compared with the results of the crack growth experiments.2.Crack growth modelingIn the present investigation,the fatigue approach devel-oped by Jiang and co-workers(Jiang and Feng,2004a;Jiang et al.,2007)is used to model the crack growth of the stain-less steel304L.The approach is based on the assumption that any material point fails if the accumulation of the fa-tigue damage reaches a critical value on a material plane.A fresh crack surface will form on the material plane at the material point.Essentially,the approach consists of two major computational steps:a)Elastic–plasticﬁnite element(FE)stress analysis forthe determination of the stress and strain history atany material point of a component,and,b)Application of a multiaxial fatigue criterion utilizingthe stress and strain obtained from the previous stepfor the determination of crack initiation and crackgrowth.The following sub-sections describe the methods em-ployed in the current study.2.1.Cyclic plasticity model and multiaxial fatigue criterionEarlier studies indicate that an accurate stress analysis is the most critical part for the fatigue analysis of the mate-rial(Jiang and Kurath,1997a,b;Jiang and Zhang,2008; Kalnaus and Jiang,2008;Jiang et al.,2007).If the stresses and strains can be obtained with accuracy,fatigue life can be reasonably predicted by using a multiaxial fatigue criterion.The elastic–plastic stress analysis of a notched or cracked component requires the implementation of a962 F.Fan et al./Mechanics of Materials40(2008)961–973cyclic plasticity model into FE software package.The selec-tion of an appropriate cyclic plasticity model is crucial for an accurate stress analysis of a component subjected to cyclic loading.Cyclic plasticity deals with the non-linear stress–strain response of a material under repeated external loading.A cyclic plasticity model developed by Ohno and Wang (1993,1994)and Jiang and Sehitoglu (1996a,b)is used in the present FE simulations of the stress and strain response in a notched or cracked component.The model is based on the kinematic hardening rule of the Armstrong–Frederick type.Basic mathematical equations constituting the model are listed in Table 1.A detailed description of the plasticity model together with the procedures for the determination of material constants can be found in corresponding refer-ences (Jiang and Sehitoglu,1996a,b ).The choice of the cyc-lic plasticity model was based on its capability to describe the general cyclic material behavior including cyclic strain ratcheting and stress relaxation that occur in the material near the notch or crack tip.The plasticity model listed in Table 1was implemented into the general purpose FE package ABAQUS (2007)through the user deﬁned subroutine UMAT.A backward Euler algorithm is used in an explicit stress update algo-rithm.The algorithm reduces the plasticity model into a non-linear equation that can be solved by Newton’s meth-od.The corresponding consistent tangent operator is de-rived for the global equilibrium iteration,which ensures the quadratic convergence of the global Newton–Raphson equilibrium iteration procedure (Jiang et al.,2002).A critical plane multiaxial fatigue criterion developed by Jiang (2000)is used for the assessment of fatigue dam-age.The criterion can be mathematically expressed as follows,d D ¼r mrr 0À1m 1þr r fb r d e p þ1Àb s d cpð1ÞIn Eq.(1),D represents the fatigue damage on a material plane and b and m are material constants.r and s are the normal and shear stresses on a material plane,and e p and c p are the plastic strains corresponding to stresses r and s ,respectively.r 0and r f are the endurance limit and the true fracture stress of the material,respectively.r mr is a memory stress reﬂecting the loading magnitude.For constant amplitude loading,r mr is equal to the maximum equivalent von Mises stress in a loading cycle.The use ofMacCauley bracket hi ensures that when r mr 6r 0the fati-gue damage is zero.The critical plane is deﬁned as the material plane where the fatigue damage accumulation ﬁrst reaches a critical value,D 0.The Jiang multiaxial fatigue criterion has been success-fully applied to the fatigue predictions of a variety of mate-rials (Ding et al.,2007a,b;Feng et al.,2005;Gao et al.,to appear;Jiang,Ding,and Feng,2007;Jiang et al.,2007;Zhao and Jiang,2008).The incremental form of the criterion (Eq.(1))does not require a separate cycle counting method for general loading conditions.Any fatigue criterion making use of the stress/strain amplitude or range requires the deﬁnition of a loading cycle or reversal.Therefore,a cycle counting method is needed to deal with the variable ampli-tude loading.Although the rain-ﬂow cycle counting meth-od is widely accepted for counting the loading reversals/cycles,it is not well deﬁned for general multiaxial loading.The second feature of the criterion expressed by Eq.(1)is its capability to predict the cracking behavior.The Jiang fa-tigue criterion is a critical plane approach which is capable of predicting different cracking behavior through the intro-duction of constant b in Eq.(1).The value of constant b is selected to predict a particular mode of cracking based on the smooth specimen experiments.It has been shown (Jiang et al.,2007;Zhao and Jiang,2008)that the predic-tions of the cracking behavior based on the Jiang criterion are generally more accurate than the predictions based on the other multiaxial criteria such as the Fatemi–Socie mod-el (Fatemi and Socie,1988),the Smith–Waltson–Topper model (Smith et al.,1970)and the short-crack based crite-rion (Döring et al.,2006).Table 2lists the material constants used in the cyclic plasticity model and the fatigue model for stainless steelTable 1Cyclic plasticity model used in the ﬁnite element simulations Yield functionf ¼ðe S À~a Þ:ðe S À~aÞÀ2k 2¼0e S ¼deviatoric stress~a¼backstress k =yield stress in shear Flow lawd ~e p ¼1hh d ~S :~n i ~n ~n¼normal of yield surface h =plastic modulus function ~e p ¼plastic strain Hardening Rule~a¼P Mi ¼1~aði Þ~aði Þ¼i th backstress part d ~a ði Þ¼c ði Þr ði Þ~n À~a ði Þk k r ði Þ v ði Þþ1~a ði Þ~aði Þk k !dp M =number of backstress parts (i =1,2,3,...M )dp =equivalent plastic strain increment c (i ),r (i ),v (i )=material constantsTable 2Material constants for SS304L Cyclic plasticity constantsElasticity modulus E =200GPa Poisson’s ratio l =0.3k =115.5MPac (1)=1381.0,c (2)=507.0,c (3)=172.0,c (4)=65.0,c (5)=4.08r (1)=93.0MPa,r (2)=130.0MPa,r (3)=110.0MPa,r (4)=75.0MPa,r (5)=200.0MPa v (1)=v (2)=v (3)=v (4)=v (5)=8.0Fatigue constants r 0=270MPa;m =1.5;b =0.5;r f =800MPa;D 0=15000MJ/m 3F.Fan et al./Mechanics of Materials 40(2008)961–973963304L.The cyclic plasticity material constants were ob-tained from the cyclic stress–strain curve which was ob-tained from the experiments on the smooth specimens under fully reversed tension-compression loading.A com-plete description of procedure for determination of mate-rial constants can be found in corresponding references (Jiang and Sehitoglu,1996a,b ).The fatigue material con-stants were determined by comparing the fatigue data un-der fully reversed tension-compression and that under pure torsion (Jiang,2000).2.2.Finite element modelRound compact specimens with a thickness of 3.8mm were used in the crack growth experiments.The geometry and the dimensions of the specimen are shown in Fig.1.The crack growth experiments were conducted in ambient air.The specimens were subjected to constant amplitude loading with different R -ratios (the minimum load over the maximum load in a loading cycle)and high–low se-quence loading.All of the experiments started without a pre-crack,except two specimens tested under the follow-ing loading conditions:R =0.85,D P /2=0.54kN and R =À1,D P /2=5.0kN.More detailed information of the experiments and the experimental results were reported in a separate presentation.Due to the small thickness,plane-stress condition was assumed for the round compact specimen.Four-node plane-stress elements were used in FE mesh model.The FE mesh model shown in Fig.2was created by using the FE package HyperMesh (Altair HyperMesh,2004).Due to the symmetry in geometry and loading,only half of the specimen was modeled.To properly consider the high stress and strain gradients in the vicinity of the notch or crack tip,very ﬁne mesh size was used in these regions.The size of the smallest elements in the mesh model was 0.05mm.There were approximately 3058to 5067ele-ments used in the mesh model depending on the cracksize.The knife edges for the attachment of the open dis-placement gage in the specimen (Fig.1)were not modeled because the free end of the specimen does not affect the stress and strain of the material near the crack tip or notch.Referring to the coordinates system employed in Fig.2,the tensile external load,P ,is applied in the y direction uni-formly over nine nodes on the upper surface of the loading hole.To mimic the actual loading condition,the compres-sive load is applied in the negative y direction uniformly over nine nodes on the lower surface of the loading hole.The displacements in the x direction of the middle nodes on the upper edge of the loading hole are set to be zero.The displacements in the y direction for all the nodes on the plane in front of the crack tip or the root of the notch are set to be zero.In order to consider the possible contact between the upper and lower surfaces of a crack,the FE model incorpo-rates the contact pairs deﬁned in ABAQUS (2007).The crack surface of the lower symmetric half of the specimen is considered as a rigid surface which acts as the master surface.The corresponding crack surface of the upper half of the specimen serves as the slave surface.2.3.Determination of crack growth rateFor continuous crack growth under constant amplitude loading with small yielding,a simple formula was derived for the determination of the crack growth rate (Jiang and Feng,2004a ),d a d N ¼AD 0;ð2Þwhere,A ¼Zr 0D D ðr Þd r ;ð3Þr is the distance from the crack tip and r 0is the damaging zone size ahead of the crack tip where the fatigue damage is non-zero.D D (r )is the maximum fatigue damage per loading cycle with respect to all possible material planes at a given material point.D D (r )is determined by integrat-ing Eq.(1)over one loading cycle,D D ¼Icycler mrr 0À1m 1þr r fb r d e p þ1Àb s d cpð4ÞFig.1.Geometry and dimensions of the round compact specimen (all dimensions inmm).Fig.2.Finite element mesh model.964 F.Fan et al./Mechanics of Materials 40(2008)961–973for a given material point once the stress–strain response at the point is known.In Eq.(3),A denotes the damaging area enclosed by the D D(r)–r curve.Fig.3shows the distribution of D D(r)along the x-direc-tion for Specimen C01which was subjected to constant amplitude loading with R=0.1and D P/2=2.475kN. According to the fatigue criterion,Eq.(1),a material plane will accumulate fatigue damage when the memory stress is higher than the endurance limit and the material point experiences plastic deformation.For a cracked component, only the material near the crack tip accumulates fatigue damage.The values of D D(r)are determined along all ra-dial directions in a polar coordinate system with its origin being at the crack tip.The direction at which the crackgrowth rate is a maximum or the value of A is a maximum is the predicted cracking direction.The corresponding crack growth rate is the predicted crack growth rate.2.4.Crack initiation and early crack growth from notchThe approach described in the previous sub-sections as-sumes that a material point fails to form a fresh crack on the critical plane when the accumulation of the fatigue damage on the critical material plane reaches a critical va-lue,D0.The rule applies to the initiation of a crack and the crack extension after a crack has been formed.Therefore, the approach uniﬁes both the initiation and the subse-quent crack propagation stage.The distribution of the stress-plastic strainﬁeld in the vicinity of a notch root, however,inﬂuences the early crack growth,which should be properly considered.The deﬁnition of crack initiation used in the current study is different from that of the traditional way.The crack initiation of a fatigue crack is judged by using the fa-tigue criterion,Eq.(1).Once the fatigue damage on a mate-rial plane for the material point at the notch root reaches the critical fatigue damage,D0,the notched member is called to have initiated a fatigue crack.The FE stress analysis is conducted with the notched member for the designated loading condition.For a notched component,the maximum fatigue damage occurs at the notch root.The fatigue damage per loading cycle can be determined and it can be plotted as a distribution along the radial direction from the notch root.Fig.4shows an example for Specimen C20(R=0.2,D P/2=2.0kN,notched depth a n=7.38mm,notch radius=2.0mm).The distance,r,from the notch root is along the x-axis(refer to Fig.1).D D i denotes the fatigue damage per loading cycle on the critical plane during crack initiation.D D i is a function of the location of the material point.The maximum fatigue damage occurs at the notch root during crack initiation.The crack initiation life is predicted to be,N i¼D0D D in;ð5Þwhere N i is the predicted crack initiation life,D0is a mate-rial constant,and D D in is the fatigue damage per loading cycle on the critical plane at the root of the notch.D D in is D D i shown in Fig.4when r=0.During crack initiation,the fatigue damage is also accu-mulated in the vicinity of the notch root and should be considered in the determination of the crack growth near the notch.The area where the fatigue damage accumula-tion is non-zero during crack initiation(Fig.4)is referred to as the notch inﬂuencing zone(NIZ).For a specimen un-der a given loading condition,the NIZ can be determined by applying the fatigue criterion,Eq.(1),with the stress and strain histories outputted from the FE analysis.For Specimen C20shown in Fig.4,the NIZ size is approxi-mately0.85mm ahead of the notch root.For each material plane at any material point,the total fatigue damage at the end of the fatigue crack initiation is N i D D i.It should be reiterated that the discussion is based on the assumption that the material is stable in stress–strain response and the applied loading is constant ampli-tude.The crack growth rate within the NIZ can be deter-mined by using the following equation with the consideration of pre-existing fatigue damage accumulation (Ding et al.,2007a):d ad N¼AD0ÀN i D iðrÞ:ð6Þwhere A is the damage area enclosed by the D D(r)–r curve, as explained in Section2.3.In Eq.(6),N i and D D i(r)are re-lated to the fatigue damage accumulation during crack ini-tiation in the NIZ.For a given crack size within the NIZ the FE analysis is conducted.The distribution of the fatigue damage per loading cycle,D D(r),can be determined as a function of the distance from the crack tip,as shown in Fig.3.The enclosed area made by the D D(r)–r curve is A in Eq.(6).For any direction radiated from the crack tip, the direction which has the highest crack growth rate isF.Fan et al./Mechanics of Materials40(2008)961–973965the predicted cracking direction and the corresponding crack growth rate is the predicted crack growth rate.It can be seen that the difference between the crack growth rate determination near the notch(Eq.(6))and that away from the notch root(Eq.(2))lies in the consideration of the fatigue damage caused during the crack initiation stage.Generally,the stress–strain response becomes stabi-lized after a limited number of loading cycles.It was shown (Jiang and Feng,2004a)that the predicted crack growth re-sults obtained based on the stress–strain response from the10th loading cycle were very close to those based on the stabilized stress and strain response.Therefore,the FE analysis for a given notch or crack length under a desig-nated loading amplitude is conducted for10loading cycles. The stress and strain results at the10th loading cycle are used for the fatigue analysis.The stress and strain results obtained from analyzing the notched component during crack initiation will deter-mine the fatigue damage per loading cycle for each mate-rial plane at each material point.Eq.(5)is used to determine the crack initiation life.FE stress analyses are conducted with different crack lengths for a given loading condition.When the crack tip is within the notch inﬂuenc-ing zone,Eq.(6)is used for the crack rate determination.D D i(r)in Eq.(6)is the fatigue damage per loading cycle for a given material point during crack initiation.Once the crack grows out of the NIZ,Eq.(2)is used for the crack growth rate determination.In fact,D D i(r)is determined during crack initiation.As a result,Eq.(6)can be used for both situations since D D i(r)is zero for the material points out of the notch inﬂuencing zone.It should be noticed that the FE simulation is conducted cycle by cycle mimicking the real crack growth procedure. The crack initiation life is determinedﬁrst.The crack growth rates at several crack lengths are predicted by using the approach.Therefore,the prediction is the relationship between the crack growth rate,da/dN,and the crack length for a given notched component.With the crack initiation life obtained from using Eq.(5),the relationship between the crack length and the number of loading cycles can be established through a numerical integration.Simulations are also conducted for the high–low step loading conditions.In a high–low step loading experiment, an external load with higher loading amplitude is applied until a crack length reaches a certain value.The amplitude of the external load is switched to a lower value in the sec-ond loading step.In the simulations for the high–low load-ing sequence,one special consideration is made.The memory stress,r mr,in Eq.(1)is kept the same before and immediately after the change of the external load from a higher amplitude to a lower amplitude.After an extension of the crack in the second loading step,the memory stress returns to that under the lower constant amplitude loading.3.Results and discussion3.1.Crack growth experimentsThe material under consideration in the present study is AISI304L austenitic stainless steel which belongs to the class of metastable steels of300-series.Austenitic steels display a R-ratio effect when subjected to constant ampli-tude loading,as has been shown for AISI304(Mei and Morris,1990)and AL6-XN(Kalnaus et al.,2008).The experimental data used in the present investigation was the results of a series of experiments conducted by the authors.Fatigue crack growth experiments were performed using round compact specimens made of stainless steel 304L.The compact specimens were machined from an as-received cold rolled round bar.The bar had a diameter of41.28mm.The dimensions of the specimens are shown in Fig.1.The U-shaped notches were made through EDM (Electric Discharge Machining).The width of the slot in the specimen is0.2mm.One side of the specimen was pol-ished to facilitate the observation of the crack growth using an optical microscope with a magniﬁcation of40. The loading conditions included constant amplitude load-ing with R-ratios ranging fromÀ1to0.85and two-step high–low sequence loading.Detailed description of the experiments and the results were reported in a separated presentation.Fig.5shows the experimental results under constant amplitude loading with different R-ratios.Ten specimens were subjected to constant amplitude loading with different loading amplitudes and six R-ratios.Clearly, the R-ratio has an effect on the crack growth of the mate-rial.The notch effect is reﬂected in the crack growth results presented in Fig.5.It can be found that,except in the case of the specimen with a relatively large notch radius under R=À1loading,the notch effect on the crack growth is not signiﬁcant.For the R=À1case(Specimen C24,notch966 F.Fan et al./Mechanics of Materials40(2008)961–973。

CFRP_补强含表面裂纹钢板受拉疲劳试验研究

第 39 卷第 3 期2023 年6 月结构工程师Structural Engineers Vol. 39 ， No. 3Jun. 2023CFRP补强含表面裂纹钢板受拉疲劳试验研究李筑轩1，2陈涛1，2，*（1.同济大学工程结构性能演化与控制教育部重点实验室，上海 200092； 2.同济大学建筑工程系，上海 200092）摘要对碳纤维增强复合材料（CFRP）补强含表面裂纹钢板进行系列试验，主要研究了表面裂纹深度、长度和CFRP单双面补强对疲劳寿命和裂纹扩展的影响，分析补强前后裂纹深度方向扩展速率的规律以及相关应变变化规律。

试验研究结果表明，裂纹深度增加会显著降低疲劳寿命，CFRP补强可在一定程度上提高疲劳寿命并减缓裂纹扩展，最高可提升疲劳寿命至未补强试件的两倍。

对于含表面裂纹钢板试件而言，双面CFRP补强效果与单面补强效果近似，两者相差不大。

关键词表面裂纹， CFRP，疲劳试验，疲劳寿命Fatigue Tension Tests on CFRP Reinforced Steel Plateswith Surface CracksLI　Zhuxuan1，2CHEN　Tao1，2，*（1.Key Laboratory of Performance Evolution and Control for Engineering Structures （Ministry of Education），Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China； 2.Department of Structural Engineering，Tongji University， Shanghai 200092， China）Abstract A series of tests were carried out on carbon fiber reinforced plastics （CFRP） reinforced steel plates with surface cracks. Then some factors affecting the fatigue life and crack propagation were studied. These factors included the dimensions of surface cracks and the CFRP reinforcement. In addition， the strain history and the crack propagation rates in depth direction before and after reinforcement were analyzed. The research results show that the increase of the crack depth will significantly reduce the fatigue life. Furthermore，the CFRP reinforcement can improve the fatigue life and slow down the crack propagation to a certain extent. It can increase fatigue life up to twice that of unreinforced specimens. For the steel plates with surface cracks， the double-sided CFRP reinforcement is similar to that of single-sided reinforcement.Keywords surface crack， CFRP， fatigue experiment， fatigue life0 引言钢材在国家经济繁荣，社会福祉和生活质量方面发挥着关键作用［1］。

铁矿石国际出口贸易合同中英文版2024标准一

20XX 专业合同封面COUNTRACT COVER甲方：XXX乙方：XXX铁矿石国际出口贸易合同中英文版2024标准一本合同目录一览第一条定义与术语解释1.1 铁矿石1.2 国际出口1.3 贸易合同1.4 中英文版1.5 2024标准第二条合同主体2.1 卖方信息2.2 买方信息第三条货物描述3.1 货物种类3.2 货物质量3.3 货物数量3.4 货物包装第四条价格与支付条款4.1 价格条款4.2 支付方式4.3 支付时间第五条交付与运输5.1 交付方式5.2 运输方式5.3 运输时间5.4 运输风险第六条检验与质量异议6.1 检验标准6.2 质量异议期限第七条违约责任7.1 卖方违约7.2 买方违约第八条争议解决8.1 协商解决8.2 调解解决8.3 仲裁解决8.4 法律适用第九条合同的生效、变更与终止9.1 合同生效条件9.2 合同变更9.3 合同终止第十条保密条款10.1 保密内容10.2 保密期限10.3 泄露后果第十一条不可抗力11.1 不可抗力事件11.2 不可抗力后果第十二条合同的附件12.1 附件列表12.2 附件的有效性第十三条合同的翻译与版本13.1 翻译责任13.2 合同版本第十四条其他条款14.1 双方约定14.2 第三方受益人14.3 法律变更14.4 合同修正第一部分：合同如下：第一条定义与术语解释1.1 铁矿石本合同所称铁矿石，是指卖方根据合同约定向买方提供的铁含量较高的矿石，具体品种、规格和质量等详见附件一。

1.2 国际出口本合同所称国际出口，是指卖方按照合同约定，将铁矿石运输至买方指定的目的港，完成交货的过程。

1.3 贸易合同本合同是由合法成立的卖方和买方之间签订的，旨在明确双方在铁矿石国际出口贸易中的权利和义务的法律文件。

1.4 中英文版本合同分为中文版本和英文版本，两种版本具有同等法律效力。

如有歧义，以中文版本为准。

1.5 2024标准本合同所称2024标准，是指根据国际铁矿石贸易惯例和2024年双方约定的标准，对铁矿石的质量、数量、包装等进行检验和验收的标准。

钢铁方面单词中英文对照

强磁选高(抗拉)强度钢固定碳(挥发份以外的碳) 高频感应炉废钢钢屑包装渗碳固体渗碳高络铸铁高碳钢工具钢碳素工具钢空气冷却低共熔混合物共晶体<金> 程序分析低温退火再结晶退火中间退火标称应力过冷冷却过度过热矿石法<钢> 单位生铁耗矿石量矿比<铁> 矿渣炉渣出渣口渣口矿渣水泥炉渣水泥大块矿石块矿焦块块焦块煤球状渗碳体<金> 球状珠光体<金> 破裂模数可弯性弯曲性缠卷装置缠卷装置卷取机
粘结剂 Binder 硬拉钢丝(拉丝时断面收 Hard drawn steel wire 缩率大于10%) 长期时效变化硬度硬度试验轻轨死(焙)烧<色> 轻油硬化淬透性<金> 淬硬性可淬性淬透性曲线<金> 淬火温度淬火组织<金> 表面活性剂理论重量高级铸铁优质铸铁高炉高炉煤气鼓风炉高炉尘高炉灰矿渣水泥高锰铸钢高锰钢废铁高(氧化)铝耐火材料高压(炉顶)操作<铁> 高碱度烧结矿<铁> 焦焦炭高温剂人工时效热脆性固溶体固熔热处理高磷生铁高磷铸铁高强度磁选 Secular change Hardness Hardness test Light rail Dead burning Light oil Hardening Hardenability Hardenability Hardenability Hardenability curve Hardening temperature Hardened structure Surface active agent Theorotical weight High silicon cast iron High silicon cast iron Blast furnace Blast furnace gas Blast furnace gas Blast furnace flue dust Blast furnace flue dust Blast furnace cement High mangan steel casting High mangan steel Iron scrap High alumina refractory High top pressure operation High basicity sintered ore Coke Coke Pyrometer Artificial aging Hot shortness Solid solution Solution heat-treatment High phosphorus pig iron High phosphorus cast iron High intensity magnetic separation

铁矿石外贸合同中英对照

编号：_____________铁矿石外贸合同SELLER：___________________________BUYER：____________________________签订日期：_______年______月______日SELLER卖方：COMPANY公司名：NAME AND TITLE签字人姓名和职务：ADDRESS地址：CITY AND STATE城市：COUNTRY国家：DIRECT PHONE NUMBER电话：EMAIL ADDRESS电子邮件：BUYER买方：COMPANY公司名：NAME AND TITLE签字人姓名和职务：ADDRESS地址：CITY AND STATE城市：COUNTRY国家：DIRECT PHONE NUMBER电话：EMAIL ADDRESS电子邮件：Whereas Seller agrees to sell to Buyer and Buyer agrees to buy from Seller Iron Ore under the following terms and conditions. The Seller and the Buyer are individually referred to as “party” and collectively referred to as the “parties”.有鉴于根据以下条款和条件，卖方同意向买方出售及买方同意向卖方购买铁矿石。

卖方和买方都是单独称为“一方“，合称为“双方“。

该提单的日期应被视为解除和交货日期。

买方同意向卖方提供合同签署中的目的港和货物数量（s），缔约商定后，双方均应按协议的程序执行。

PRODUCT DELIVERYThe date of Bill of Lading shall be considered the date of delivery. Delivery shall begin in FORTY FIVE DAYS (45 days) after receipt and confirmation of an operative financial instrument acceptable to the Seller. The Seller shall have the right to deliver earlier than agreed in this contract giving notice to all designated parties as required herein， with the approval of the Buyer. The product shall be shipped to the relevant provisions of this contract with the shipment to be forwarded to destination port(s) in minimum shipments of Seventy Thousand (70，000) metric tons per lift +/- 5%. Total number of shipments shall be according to shipping schedule.提单的日期应被视为交货日期。

造纸机械外贸行业专业术语总结

造纸机械外贸行业专业术语总结造纸常用英语paper：纸sheet：纸页paper web：纸幅base paper for corrugated board：瓦楞纸板原纸untrimmed web width：抄宽，毛纸宽trimmed web width：切边后纸幅宽度trim strip width：切边宽度（复卷机，切纸机）operating speed（of machine）：（纸机）抄速machine width：机宽paperboard，cardboard，board：纸板pulp，stock，stuff：浆，浆料pulp preparing，stock preparation：备浆chest：浆池（stock）tank：（浆）池，槽vat：槽，浆槽sump，storage：贮（油、液）槽，集（油）池dump chest：卸料池clogging：堵塞，堵浆coarse screenings，rejects：浆渣reject，rejects，rejected stock，rejections，ejects：筛渣，浆渣junk:垃圾，废料tailings：尾浆，浆渣operation：工作原理，操作，运行maintenance：维护tearing（breaking）strength：撕裂度（橡胶）tensile properties，tensile breaking strength：抗张强度（stock，pulp，stuff）consistency：浆浓filler retention：填料的留着率filler，fillings，loading material：填料ash content：灰分wet strength：湿强度air permeability：透气度，透气性burst，bursting strength，pop strength：耐破度burst factor：耐破因子fold：折叠folding endurance，folding strength：耐折度bending stiffness：弯曲挺度smoothness：平滑度whiteness：白度ring crush compression resistance：环压强度（箱板纸和瓦楞纸的重要指标）ring stiffness：环压挺度flat crush resistance：平压强度（瓦楞芯纸）beater：打浆机refiner:精浆机、打浆机beating degree：打浆度.SR：肖氏打浆度Canadian freeness standard(CFS,cfs)：加拿大标准游离度basis weight，grammage：定量，克重（specific）gravity：比重bend strength：弯曲强度bending chip：耐折叠纸板Wind [waind] ，winding：卷纸winder，rewinder：卷纸机，复卷机fluting paper，corrugated paper：瓦楞纸papermaking：抄纸，造纸pulp and paper technology：制浆造纸工艺AOCC：美国旧瓦楞纸，美国进口废纸（American old corrugated case）abietene acid ：松香酸absolute dry，bone dry(B.D.,b.d.)，oven dry(O.D.,o.d.)：绝对干度（绝干）air dry(A.D.,a.d.)：风干（含水量20%）absolute humidity：绝对湿度accepted stock：合格浆料，良浆accept：合格品，良浆bearing：轴承additive：添加剂approach flow （of stock）：（浆料）上网approach flow system（纸机上的）流浆系统pulper，aquapulper，hydrapulper：水力碎浆机ash，ash content：灰分，灰分含量back liner：纸板芯层，纸板衬层back side，drive side：：传动侧，传动面fore side，service side，tending side，tender side：操作侧，操作面weak white liquor：稀白液strong（thickened）white water：浓白水baffle：挡板，挡水板，挡浆板blotting capacity：吸墨性能cellular board，corrugated board：瓦楞纸板board，paperboard：纸板liner board：挂面纸板lining board：衬里纸板couch roll：伏辊breaking length：裂断长breast box：网前箱breast roll：胸辊brightness：亮度broke：损纸waste：废（纸），废（水）brooming：帚化bulk：松厚（度）burst：破裂（度），耐破度calender：压光机calender bowl：压光辊calender section：压光部Caliper卡尺，卡钳，thickness：厚度cambered roll，crownedroll：中高辊crown controlled roll：可控中高辊maintenance:维护,维修carrier roll：导网辊coating：涂布coater：涂布机coatings：涂料centriclone，centrifugal cleaner，centricleaner，cyclean：锥形除渣器chain conveyer：链式运输机，链板机check plate：止动板，挡板check valve止回阀，clack valve，non-return valve：单向阀，止逆阀chute：溜槽，斜槽，送料槽clear cutting：净切边side cut clearance：刀距，间隙coarse screen：粗筛slot/hole ：筛缝/筛孔coarse screenings，ejects：浆渣consistency transmitter：浓度传感器cooling cylinder，cooling drum：冷缸spacing:间隔，空隙core：纸芯couch break：伏辊断头couch press，couch roll：伏辊squirt：水针couch vacuun tranfer：伏辊真空引纸装置cutter：切纸机cylinder：缸，圆网dry cylinder：烘缸threading：领纸，引纸guide roll：校正辊，导辊decker：浓缩机deckle：定边装置，定幅装置deflake：碎解，分层（片），剥片knead：揉搓defoam：消泡dehydrate，dewater：脱水distributor roll：（涂料）分配辊，匀浆辊evener（roll）：匀浆辊perforator：匀浆辊holey roll，holy roll：整流辊，匀浆辊dry line：水线dry end，drying nest，dryer section，dryer part：干燥部dumping valve，emptying valve：放料阀，放浆阀eject valve：排渣阀enriched water：浓白水foil：案板face wire，facing wire：外网，面网inner wire：里网，衬网felt stretcher：毛毯张紧器，毛毯张紧辊pick：粘辊，掉毛，掉粉filler：填料filler retention：填料留着率finished roll：成品纸卷finished weight：净重，纸卷重量flow approach：流浆系统，浆料流送系统flow chart，flow diagram，flow sheet：流程图flow distributer，flow evener：整流器，匀浆器，匀浆辊pressure gauge，pressure meter：压力表flow sensor：流量传感器form，forming：（纸页）成形forming box：成形箱forming section，forming sector：成形区，成形部forming table，fourdrinier table：网案Fourdrinier：长网造纸机+++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ fourdrinier part，fourdrinier section：网部Fourdrinier wet end：湿部fractionation：分级，筛分run-in，test run：对…试车，试运转grooved roll：沟纹辊head tank：高位槽in-line basis weight controller：机上定量控制装置in-line moisture controller：机上水分含量控制装置ink absorbency：吸墨性能Kraft：牛皮纸，硫酸盐浆，牛皮浆bleach：漂白unbleached pulp（stock）：未漂浆leading roll：导纸辊leading strips，leading through tape，tail ：引（领）纸纸条lick up，licking，tail threading：引纸tail shooter：切纸水针lifting，hoist，elevation：提升，起吊long direction，longitudinal ，machine direction：纵向（的）cross direction：横向machine direction：纸机纵向lubrication：润滑machine pit，wire pit：（纸机）白水坑ventilation：通风procedure：过程，工艺过程，方法，程序，步骤profile：外形，轮廓，全幅profile caliper（thickness）：全幅横向厚度reel：纸轴，纸卷，卷筒纸，卷纸refine：精磨，精制，磨浆refiner：磨浆，精磨机，精浆机guard（s）：安全罩，防护装置 protection regulate，adjust：调节right（left）hand machine：右（左）手机rotor：转子stator：定子，底刀ripper：纵切机slitter：纵切机，纵切刀saveall：白水回收器，白水回收装置shower：喷水，喷水管（器）size，sizing：胶料，涂胶，施胶size resistance，sizing degree：施胶度spare parts：备件spray cutter，squirt，squirt cut，tail cutter：水针trim shower，trim squirt：水针nozzle cutter：切边水针stainless steel：不锈钢stretcher：张紧辊suction couch （roll），vacuum couch：真空伏辊upright，vertical：立式的horizontal:水平的,卧式的water shed：（网上）纸幅水线，分水界线yield：得率suction box：（真空）吸水箱SymBelt TM roll：靴压辊（二压的上辊）shoe：靴套，belt皮套Sym-ZL roll：（二压下辊）talc powder：滑石粉rig of “port-a-bar”type：手动葫芦lubrication shower：润滑喷水管设备词汇辊筒式卷纸机Friction reel/winder送风机Blowing machine排风机Exhaust blower排风扇Exhaust fan鼓风炉Blast furnance鼓风口Blasting nozzle鼓风机Blower喷气嘴Air nozzle排气管Air outlet flue气压洗浆机Air pressure washer气压表/气压计Barometer带式给料器Belt feeder无极调速机Belt speeder双卷复卷机Biwinder刮板成型器Blad former刮板夹网成形器Blad gap former刮刀/刀口Blade刀架Blade holder喷方阀Blow off valve喷放管Blow pipe锅炉房Boiler room抛光机（磨光机）PolisherC型夹网辊筒成型器 C gap roll former配电盘Cabinet panel离心机Centrifugal machine旋翼筛Centrisorter盘刀/复卷机固定刀Circular slitting knife设备结构词汇回头辊Return roll压榨辊Press roll卷纸架Roll stand卷纸杠Reel lever卷取缸Reel-up drum压纸辊Dancer roll/ catch roll舒展辊，毛毯展毯辊Spreader roll弓形辊/ 弧形辊/舒展辊Bowed roll/cheese roll 石辊Stone roll导辊Guide roll吸水毛毯Absorbent felt施胶辊/涂料辊Applicator roll毛毯自动校正器Automatic felt guide毛毯自动张紧器Automatic felt stretcher自动磨刀机Automatic knife grinder自动校网器(辊) Automatic wire guide (roll) 送纸器Sheet feeder引纸烘缸Lead dryer/Baby dryer预压榨辊Primary press / Baby press roll 小挤水辊/背辊/支撑辊Back roll/ backup roll轴承Bearing弯曲辊Bending roll下伏辊Bottom couch roll下压榨辊Bottom press roll底辊Bottom roll胸辊Breast roll压光辊Calendar roll导网辊Wire leading roll引纸辊Leading paper roll传递辊Carrying roll铸铁辊Cast iron roll纸机基础板Soleplate/ baseplate驱网辊Wire-drive roll复合辊Compound roll真空伏辊Vacuum couch吸移辊Suction roll导毯辊Felt-guiding roll造纸行业专业术语打浆Pulp beating烘缸组排列方式Arrangement of dryer cylinders 自动操纵装置Automatic manipulation device 张力控制Tension control 回流Back flow蔗渣浆Bagasse pulp原纸Base paper/ body paper无极调速系统Stepless speed regulation system 黑液Black liquor/ lye漂白浆Bleached pulp混合浆池Blending chest混合槽Blending tank纸板加工Board converting盘纸Bobbin paper纸板厂Board mill涡流Bow wave增白剂Brightening agent光泽压榨Brilliance press损纸Broke损纸处理Broke disposal催化剂Catalyst白水回收槽/捕集槽Catchall tank操作走台Catwalk辊筒跳动Chattering of rolls化学药品回收Chemical recovery外径Outer diameter内径Inner diameter缸体Cylinder block/shell时效处理Aging treatment浇铸Casting熔炼Smelting水压试验Water pressure testing预压榨Primary press抄造克重Basis weight数控机床Numerical control machine 地磅Weight bridge地秤Floor scale手拉葫芦Chain block遥控Remote control变压器Transformer打包机Baling machine/baler圆盘式纵切机Slitting machine机械行业专业术语叉车Forklift车床,机床Lathe刨床Planer铣床Miller镗床Borer/boring machine钻床Driller磨床Grinder冲床Punching machine铆合机Riveting machine/staker油压机hydraulic machine/hydraulic press 回火Tempering 接待客户及饭桌词汇馒头Steamed bread/buns粥/糊Porridge包子Stuffed steamed bun主食Staple food/main food饮料Beverage白酒White spirit红酒Red wine葡萄汁Grape juice桃汁Peach juice橙汁Orange juice苹果汁Apple juice苹果醋Apple vinegar豆浆Soybean milk绿豆Mung bean绿豆汤Mung bean soup烧饼Chinese cake/Chinese baked roll 烙饼Baked pancake 煎饼Pancake黑木耳Black fungus白木耳/银Tremella/white fungus耳茄子Eggplant芹菜Celery青菜Green vegetable蒜台Young garlic shoot蒜苗Garlic shoot蒜头/大蒜Garlic洋葱Onion丝瓜Loofah豆角Long bean/kidney bean 豆芽Bean sprout腰果Cashew nut辣的Hot酸的Acerbic黄瓜Cucumber番茄Tomato河鱼River fish海参Holothurian龙虾Lobster河虾Shrimp鲤鱼Cyprinoid/ crap菠萝Ananas / pineapple榴莲Jackfruit橘子Tangerine桔子Orange山药Chinese yam化妆品Makeup/cosmetic陶瓷Ceramics您辛苦了You are laborious!业务与贸易关连用语accept order 接受订货amendment修正annual sales 年销售额at sight 见票即付balance 余额bank draft 汇票bargain goods 廉价品batch 批次bid 出价bid sales 投标买卖bill of landing 提单bills receivable应收票据bulk cargo 散装货business transaction 商业交易carbon copy 打字副本cargo collection 揽货carton 纸箱cash in advance 预付现金catalogue 型录cheque 支票claim 索赔clearance goods 清仓品correspondence bank往来银行custom broker 报关行D/A 承兑交单D/P 付款交单deferred payment 分期付款deferred shipment 分期装运delivery on spot 当场交货delivery time 交期delivery order 交货单discount on draft 贴现documentary draft跟单汇票down payment 订金enclosure 附件endorsement 背书enquete 调查favorable price 合宜价格foreign exchange 外汇free on board船上交货价idea price 希望价格Japanese Industrial 日本工业规格invoice 发票margin 利润net weight 净重no payment 拒绝付款odd item 零头open account 交互计算over looked 疏漏pamphlet 小册子partial shipment 分批装船patent 专利paying price 合算价格payment method 付款方式port of destination 目地港port of trans-shipment 转口港price decending 减价quotation 报价单price rising 涨价procurement 采办prompt delivery 即时交货purchasing agent 采购代理商rebate 回扣reference 查询remittance 汇款repeat order 追加订货request letter 请求函rumor 风评second hand goods 二手货shipper货主shipping 装船shipping mark 唛头shipment 出货sold out 卖完sole agent 总代理商special discount特别折扣sample order 指样订货standing 信用情形storage charge 仓租subcontract 外包subject to finalconfirmation 有待确认之报价supplier 供应商tie-in sale 搭售trade fair 商展会trans-shipment 转运transferred 已转运wharf 码头组装、冲压、喷漆等专业词汇Assembly line 组装线Layout 布置图Conveyer 流水线物料板Rivet table 拉钉机Rivet gun 拉钉枪 Screw driver 起子Electric screw driver/ automatic screwdriver 电动起子Pneumatic screw driver 气动起子worktable 工作桌 OOBA 开箱检查fit together 组装在一起fasten 锁紧(螺丝) fixture 夹具(治具) pallet 栈板barcode 条码 barcode scanner 条码扫描器fuse together 熔合 fuse machine 热熔机repair 修理 operator 作业员QC 品管 supervisor 课长ME 制造工程师 MT 制造生技cosmetic inspect 外观检查inner parts inspect 内部检查thumb screw 大头螺丝 lbs. inch 镑、英寸EMI gasket 导电条 front plate 前板rear plate 后板 chassis 基座bezel panel 面板 power button 电源按键reset button 重置键 Hi-pot test of SPS 高源高压测试Voltage switch of SPS 电源电压接拉键sheet metal parts 冲件plastic parts 塑胶件 SOP 制造作业程序material check list 物料检查表 work cell 工作间trolley 台车 carton 纸箱sub-line 支线left fork/ forklift 叉车stamping factory 冲压厂painting factory 烤漆厂molding factory 成型厂common equipment 常用设备uncoiler and straightener 整平机punching machine 冲床robot 机械手 hydraulic machine 油压机lathe 车床 planer ('plein);|刨床miller 铣床grinder 磨床driller 钻床linear cutting 线切割staker=reviting machine 铆合机to move, to carry, to handle 搬运 be put in storage 入库pack packing 包装 to apply oil 擦油to file burr 锉毛刺 final inspection 终检to connect material 接料 to reverse material 翻料wet station 沾湿台cleaning cloth 抹布to load material 上料to unload material 卸料to return material/stock to 退料scraped |'skræpid 报废scrape ..v.刮;削deficient purchase 来料不良manufacture procedure 制程deficient manufacturing procedure 制程不良oxidation |' ksi'dei 氧化scratch 刮伤dents 压痕 defective upsiding down 抽芽不良defective to staking 铆合不良 embedded lump 镶块feeding is not in place 送料不到位stamping-missing 漏冲trailer=long vehicle 拖板车compound die 合模die locker 锁模器pressure plate=plate pinch 压板 bolt 螺栓thickness gauge 厚薄规 gauge(or jig)治具power wire 电源线 buzzle 蜂鸣器defective product label 不良标签 identifying sheet list 标示单screwdriver holder 起子插座 pedal 踩踏板stopper 阻挡器 flow board 流水板hydraulic handjack 油压板车pallet 栈板 glove(s)手套glove(s) with exposed fingers 割手套 thumb 大拇指forefinger 食指 midfinger 中指ring finger 无名指 little finger 小指band-aid 创可贴 iudustrial alcohol 工业酒精alcohol container 沾湿台 head of screwdriver 起子头sweeper 扫把 mop 拖把 vaccum cleaner 吸尘器rag 抹布 garbage container 灰箕/dustpangarbage can 垃圾箱 garbage bag 垃圾袋chain 链条 jack 升降机production line 流水线 chain 链条槽magnetizer 加磁器 lamp holder 灯架to mop the floor 拖地 to clean the floor 扫地to clean a table 擦桌子 air pipe 气管packaging tool 打包机 packaging 打包missing part 漏件 wrong part 错件excessive defects 过多的缺陷 critical defect 极严重缺陷major defect 主要缺陷 minor defect 次要缺陷not up to standard 不合规格dimension/size is a little bigger 尺寸偏大(小)cosmetic defect 外观不良slipped screwhead/slippery screw head螺丝滑头thread 滑手 speckle 斑点 mildewed=moldy=mouldy 发霉rust 生锈 deformation 变形 burr(金属) flash(塑件)毛边poor staking 铆合不良 excesssive gap 间隙过大grease/oil stains 油污 inclusion 杂质painting peel off 脏污 shrinking/shrinkage 缩水mixed color 杂色 scratch 划伤poor processing 制程不良 poor incoming part 事件不良fold of pakaging belt 打包带折皱painting make-up 补漆discoloration 羿色 water spots 水渍polishing/surface processing 表面处理exposed metal/bare metal 金属裸露 lack of painting 烤漆不到位delivery deadline 交货期 die repair 模修enterprise plan = enterprise expansion projects 企划die worker 模工 to start a press 开机stop/switch off a press 关机 classification 整理regulation 整顿cleanness 清扫 conservation 清洁 culture 教养qualified products, up-to-grade products 良品defective products, not up-to-grade products 不良品board 看板 feeder 送料机 sliding rack 滑料架die change 换模 to fix a die 装模to take apart a die 拆模 to repair a die 修模packing material 包材 basket 蝴蝶竺plastic basket 胶筐 isolating plate baffle plate; barricade 隔板carton box 纸箱 to pull and stretch 拉深to put material in place, to cut material,to input 落料to impose lines 压线 character die 字模 transportation 运输not up to grade, not qualified 不合格material change, stock change 材料变化 feature change 特性变更evaluation 评估prepare for, make preparations for 准备parameters 参数 rotating speed, revolution 转速manufacture management 制造管理abnormal handling 异常处理steel plate 钢板roll material 卷料manufacture procedure 制程 operation procedure 作业流程to switch over to, switch---tothrow--over switching over 切换engineering, project difficulty工程瓶颈 stage die 工程模to stake, staking, reviting 铆合add lubricating oil 加润滑油 shut die 架模shut height of a die 架模高度 analog-mode device 类模器die lifter 举模器 argon welding 氩焊vocabulary for stamping冲压常词汇stamping, press 冲压punch press, dieing out press 冲床approval examine and verify 审核to return delivenry to./to send delinery back/to retrn of goods 退货to put forward and hand in 提报 acceptance = receive 验收abrasion 磨损reverse angle = chamfer 倒角to take apart a die 卸下模具to load a die 装上模具to tight a bolt 拧紧螺栓to looser a bolt 拧松螺栓easily damaged parts 易损件breaking.(be)broken,(be)cracked 断cushion 缓冲magnalium 镁铝合金magnesium 镁金metal plate 钣金lathe 车mill 锉plane 刨grind 磨drill 钻boring 镗blinster 气泡fillet 镶;嵌边through-hole form 通孔形式lower plate 下模板die pad 下垫板 pin gate 针点浇口long nozzle 延长喷嘴方式 sprue 浇口;溶渣OEM Original Equipment Manufacture 原设备制造NHK North of Hongkong 中国大陆PRC People's Republic of China中国大陆N/A Not Applicable 不适用 REV Revision 版本JIT Just In Time 零库存 C=0 Critical=0 极严重不允许AM Ante Meridian 上午 PM Post Meridian 下午REF Reference 仅供参考 CONN Connector 连接器CAV Cavity 模穴 CAD Computer Aid Design 计算机辅助设计ASS'Y Assembly 装配,组装 IC Integrated Circuit 集成电路T/P True Position 真位度 WDR Weekly Delivery Requitement 周出货需求C/T Cycle Time 制程周期 L/T Lead Time 前置时间(生产前准备时间)3C Computer,Commumcation,Consumer electronic 消费性电子4MIH Man,Materia,Money,Method,Time 人力,物力,财务,技术,时间LED Light-Emitting Diode 发光二级管检验量测工具用语autocollimator 自动准直机benchcomparator 比长仪block gauge 块规bore check 精密小测定器calibration 校准caliper gauge 卡规check gauge 校对规clearance gauge间隙规clinoretee 测斜仪comparator 比测仪cylinder square 圆筒直尺depth gauge 测深规dial indicator 针盘指示表dial snap gauge 卡规digital micrometer 数位式测微计 feeler gauge 测隙规gauge plate 量规定位板height gauge测高规inside calipers 内卡钳inside micrometer 内分卡interferometer 干涉仪leveling block平台limit gauge 限规micrometer 测微计mil 千分之一寸monometer 压力计morse taper gauge 莫氏锥度量规 nonius 游标卡尺optical flat 光学平晶optical parallel光学平行passimeter 内径仪position scale 位置刻度profile projector 轮廓光学投影仪protractor 分角器radius 半径ring gauge 环规sine bar 正弦量规snap gauge 卡模square master 直角尺stylus 触针telescopic gauge 伸缩性量规 working gauge 工作量规表面处理关连用语age hardening 时效硬化ageing 老化处理air hardening 气体硬化air patenting空气韧化annealing 退火anode effect 阳极效应carbide 炭化物carburized case depth浸碳硬化深层carburizing 渗碳cementite 炭化铁chemical plating 化学电镀chemical成形不良用语aberration 色差bite 咬入blacking hole 涂料孔(铸疵) blacking scab 涂料疤blister 起泡blooming 起霜blow hole 破孔blushing 泛白body wrinkle 侧壁皱纹breaking-in冒口带肉bubble 膜泡burn mark 糊斑burr 毛边camber 翘曲cell 气泡center buckle 表面中部波皱check 细裂痕checking 龟裂chipping 修整表面缺陷clamp-off 铸件凹痕collapse 塌陷color mottle 色斑corrosion 腐蚀crack 裂痕crazing 碎裂crazing 龟裂deformation 变形edge 切边碎片edge crack 裂边fading 退色filler speak 填充料斑fissure 裂纹flange wrinkle 凸缘起皱flaw 刮伤flow mark 流痕galling 毛边glazing 光滑gloss 光泽grease pits 污斑grinding defect 磨痕haircrack 发裂haze 雾度incrustation 水锈indentation 压痕internalporosity 内部气孔mismatch偏模mottle 斑点necking 缩颈nick 割痕orange peel 橘皮状表面。

福步外贸词汇

先上传一点紧固件常用英语!螺纹大径：Major Diam中径：Pitch diam底径：Minor diam通止规：Go/No go gauge机械性能：mechanical and physical propertiesunified thread 统一英制螺纹Lustrate hydrogen after galvanizing to avoid hydrogen embrittlement 镀后去氢，防止氢脆Case carburization 表面渗碳With across flats 对边With across corners 对角Radius of fillet 头下圆角Transition thread length 过度螺纹Wrenching height 扳拧高度Rockwell 铬氏硬度Vickers 维氏硬度Brinell 布氏硬度Metallography microscope 金相显微镜Salt spray device 盐雾试验箱Tensile testing machine 拉力试验机Cold forming 冷打Hot forging 红镦P C 8 = property class 8 机械性能8级原材料：Raw material球化退火：Annealing冷拔：Drawing冷镦：Forming机加工：Machining螺纹成型：Roll Threading热处理：heat-treatment表面处理：finish去氢：Lustrating hydrogen检验：Inspection包装：Packing入库：Stocking车床：lathe磨制：grinding红打：hot forging冲压：punching1 标准GB（国标）DIN（德制）JIS（日标）ANSI（美标）BA（英制）2 螺纹M. MF (公制牙)UNC.UNF(美制牙)BSW.BSF(英制牙)3 海关编码73181500 螺栓73181600 螺帽73182100 垫圈又是一点点。

常用废旧金属中英文对照

常用废旧金属中英文对照废钢和不锈钢类1号熔炼用重废钢(#1HMS) No. 1 heavy melting steel 2号熔炼用重废钢(#2HMS) No. 2 heavy melting steel 边角废钢busheling新薄钢板切边废钢New Black Sheet Clippings 打包废钢bundles.破碎废钢Shredded Scrap.300不锈钢Stainless Steel 300 Series 400不锈铁Stainless Steel 400 Series废不锈钢Stainless Steel Scrap可乐钢瓶Soda Cannister带铁不锈钢Irony Stainless Steel冷轧夕钢片Cold Roll Silicon Steel Sheet 热轧夕钢片Hot Roll Silicon Steel Sheet 卷夕钢片Silicon Steel Coil废线类的中英文对照1号粗电缆No. 1 Cable2号粗电缆No. 2 CableWater-Proof Cable1号铜电线No.1 Insulated Copper Wire 2号铜电线No.2 Insulated Copper Wire 低级铜电线Low Grade Copper Wire灰皮通讯线Grey Alpath干通讯电缆Dry Alpath油通讯电缆Jelly Alpath ２合１铜电线2 in 1 Copper Steel Wire铜铝电缆Copper Aluminum Cable纯铝线EC WireACSR67%捆装（钢芯铝绞线）ACSR 67% (Bale)ACSR67%卷装（钢芯铝绞线）ACSR 67% (Coil)胶皮铝线67%Insultaed Aluminum Wire 67%混合三心铝线Triplex Aluminum Wire铝线+铜铝线luminum Wire + Cu/Al Wire铅笔电线Lead Cable铝猪肠线铁猪肠线Tech Cable w/Steel胶猪肠线Tech Cable白发泡线White Coax带铁白发泡线White Coax w/Steel黑发泡线Black Coax带铁黑发泡线Black Coax w/Steel白泥铜管Pyronetax铅皮电缆Lead Cable铅皮通讯缆Lead Communication Cable 铁边8字线Figure 8汽车电线Auto Cable汽车切线Shredded Auto Wire飞机线Aircraft Wire废铝类货名的中英文对照干净6063Clean Extrusion带漆6063Painted Extrusion带胶6063Thermal Extrusion带铁6063Irony Extrusion6063切头6063 clip东岸6063 Extrusion 10/10 Type 干净6061Clean 6061带铁6061Irony 6061干净5052Clean 5052带胶50525052 w/Viny1干净3003Clean 3003干净1100Clean 1100新铝片Tough/Taboo(MLC)旧铝片Taint/Tabor(Old Sheet) 易拉罐UBC带漆围栏铝片Tale(Painted Siding)Tablet(Litho Sheet)纯铝水箱Aluminum Radiator铜铝水箱Talk(Al/Cu Radiator)铝屑7000Telic 7000 Series铝屑6000Telic 6000 Series铝屑A380Telic A380铝屑A356Telic A356含胶铝屑Aluminum Turning w/Plastic 纯铝线EC Wire纯铝线段EC Wire Nodules窗帘铝Venetion Blinds沙窗铝Aluminum Screen汽车铝切片Aluminum Auto Shreds带铁铸铝Irony Aluminum Casting干净铸铝TenseTarry (Aluminum Pistons)带铁活塞铝Irony Aluminum Pistons小车轮Car Wheel大车轮Truck Wheel餐盘铝Aluminum Foil高级铝箔High Grade Aluminum Foil带胶铝箔Aluminum Foil w/Plastic夹塑铝片Aluminum Sheet w/Plastic带铁铝片Irony Aluminum Sheet新飞机铝片Aircraft Aluminum Sheet旧飞机铝片Old Aircraft Aluminum Sheet 铝渣Aluminum Dross蜂窝铝Honeycomb车窗铝Aluminum/Stainless Rollstock废铜类货名的中英文对照1号光亮线Barley1号火烧线Berry 1号机切铜线段Clove(No 1 Cu Wire Nodules) 机切电话线线段Tel Wire Nodules电话线线段Tel Wire Nodules w/SN2号紫杂铜Birch/Cliff1号铜管Candy机器铜Embony黄杂铜Honey干净铜水箱Ocean(Copper Radiator)带铁铜水箱Irony(Copper Radiator)干净铜铝水箱Talk(Al/Cu Radiator)带铁铜铝水箱Irony Al/Cu Radiator汽车小水箱Heater Cores干净黄铜水表Clean Brass Water Meter带铁黄铜水表Irony Brass Water Meter黄铜屑Brass Turning高级铜杂High Grade Copper Bearing 低级铜杂Low Grade Copper Bearing 铜渣Copper Dross铜灰Copper Ash杂品类的中英文对照电表Electric Meter瓦斯表Gas Meter带铁黄铜水表Irony Brass Meter路灯Street Light白铁管冷却器Stainless Condensor黄铜管冷却器Brass Condensor铝变压器Aluminum Transformer铜变压器Copper Transformer铜铝变压器Cu/Al Transformer连桶变压器Transformer with Case光管变压器Ballast小变压器Small Transformer带铁汽车水箱Irony Copper Radiator带铁铜铝水箱Irony Cu/Al Radiator带铁铝水箱Irony Aluminum Radiator 带铁活塞环Irony Piston带铁汽车波箱Irony Transmission汽车起动器Starter小马达Small Motor马达转子Armature马达定子Stator直流马达Direct Current Motor (DC) 铝壳马达Motor with Aluminum Case 压碎马达Shredded Motor化油器Carburetor锌杂Irony Zinc Breakage铝杂Irony Aluminum Breakage 紫铜杂Copper Breakage黄铜杂Brass Breakage攴盘铝Aluminum Foil有胶铝泊Aluminum Foil with Plastic 汽车水箱头Auto Radiator Ends空调水箱头Cu/Al Radiator Ends打包机边脚料Baler Sweeping切片机边脚料Shredder Sweeping铜冷却器头Condensor Head冰箱压缩机Refrigerator Compressor 铝渣Aluminum Dross铜渣Copper Dross电子废料Computer/Electronic Scrap废铜类货名的中英文对照中文英文1号光亮线Barley1号火烧线Berry1号机切铜线段Clove(No 1 Cu Wire Nodules)机切电话线线段T el Wire Nodules电话线线段T el Wire Nodules w/SN2号紫杂铜Birch/Cliff1号铜管 Candy机器铜Embony黄杂铜Honey干净铜水箱Ocean(Copper Radiator)带铁铜水箱Irony(Copper Radiator)干净铜铝水箱Talk(Al/Cu Radiator)带铁铜铝水箱Irony Al/Cu Radiator汽车小水箱Heater Cores干净黄铜水表Clean Brass Water Meter带铁黄铜水表Irony Brass Water Meter 黄铜屑Brass Turning 高级铜杂High Grade CopperBearing低级铜杂Low Grade CopperBearing铜渣Copper Dross铜灰Copper Ash废铝类货名的中英文对照中文英文干净6063 Clean Extrusion带漆6063 Painted Extrusion带胶6063 Thermal Extrusion带铁6063 Irony Extrusion6063切头6063 clip东岸6063 Extrusion 10/10 Type 干净6061 Clean 6061带铁6061 Irony 6061干净5052 Clean 5052带胶5052 5052 w/Viny1干净3003 Clean 3003干净1100 Clean 1100新铝片T ough/Taboo(MLC)旧铝片Taint/Tabor(Old Sheet) 易拉罐UBC带漆围栏铝片Tale(Painted Siding)印刷铝片Tablet(Litho Sheet)纯铝水箱Aluminum Radiator 铜铝水箱Talk(Al/Cu Radiator) 铝屑7000 Telic 7000 Series铝屑6000 Telic 6000 Series铝屑A380 Telic A380铝屑A356 Telic A356含胶铝屑Aluminum Turningw/Plastic纯铝线EC Wire纯铝线段EC Wire Nodules窗帘铝Venetion Blinds沙窗铝Aluminum Screen汽车铝切片Aluminum Auto Shreds带铁铸铝Irony Aluminum Casting干净铸铝Tense干净活塞铝Tarry (Aluminum Pistons)带铁活塞铝Irony Aluminum Pistons小车轮Car Wheel大车轮Truck Wheel餐盘铝Aluminum Foil高级铝箔High Grade Aluminum Foil带胶铝箔Aluminum Foilw/Plastic夹塑铝片Aluminum Sheetw/Plastic带铁铝片Irony Aluminum Sheet新飞机铝片Aircraft Aluminum Sheet旧飞机铝片Old Aircraft Aluminum Sheet铝渣Aluminum Dross蜂窝铝Honeycomb车窗铝Aluminum/Stainless Rollstock废线类的中英文对照1号粗电缆No. 1 Cable2号粗电缆No. 2 Cable防水电缆Water-Proof Cable 1号铜电线No.1 Insulated Copper Wire2号铜电线No.2 InsulatedCopper Wire低级铜电线Low Grade CopperWire灰皮通讯线Grey Alpath干通讯电缆Dry Alpath油通讯电缆Jelly Alpath２合１铜电线 2 in 1 CopperSteel Wire铜铝电缆Copper AluminumCable纯铝线EC WireACSR67%捆装（钢芯铝绞线）ACSR 67% (Bale)ACSR67%卷装（钢芯铝绞线）ACSR 67% (Coil)胶皮铝线67% InsultaedAluminum Wire 67%混合三心铝线TriplexAluminum Wire铝线+铜铝线Aluminum Wire +Cu/Al Wire铅笔电线Lead Cable铝猪肠线BX Cable铁猪肠线Tech Cable w/Steel 胶猪肠线Tech Cable 白发泡线White Coax带铁白发泡线White Coax w/Steel黑发泡线Black Coax带铁黑发泡线Black Coax w/Steel白泥铜管Pyronetax铅皮电缆Lead Cable铅皮通讯缆Lead Communication Cable铁边8字线Figure 8汽车电线Auto Cable汽车切线Shredded Auto Wire 飞机线Aircraft Wire杂品类的中英文对照电表Electric Meter瓦斯表Gas Meter带铁黄铜水表Irony Brass Meter路灯Street Light白铁管冷却器Stainless Condensor黄铜管冷却器Brass Condensor铝变压器Aluminum Transformer铜变压器Copper Transformer 铜铝变压器Cu/Al Transformer 连桶变压器Transformer with Case光管变压器Ballast小变压器Small Transformer 带铁汽车水箱Irony Copper Radiator带铁铜铝水箱Irony Cu/Al Radiator带铁铝水箱Irony Aluminum Radiator带铁活塞环Irony Piston带铁汽车波箱Irony Transmission汽车起动器Starter小马达Small Motor马达转子Armature马达定子Stator直流马达Direct Current Motor (DC)铝壳马达Motor with Aluminum Case压碎马达Shredded Motor化油器Carburetor锌杂Irony Zinc Breakage铝杂Irony Aluminum Breakage紫铜杂Copper Breakage黄铜杂Brass Breakage攴盘铝Aluminum Foil有胶铝泊Aluminum Foil with Plastic汽车水箱头Auto Radiator Ends 空调水箱头Cu/Al Radiator Ends 打包机边脚料Baler Sweeping 切片机边脚料Shredder Sweeping铜冷却器头Condensor Head冰箱压缩机Refrigerator Compressor铝渣Aluminum Dross铜渣Copper Dross电子废料Computer/Electronic Scrap废钢和不锈钢类的中英文对照1号熔炼用重废钢(#1HMS) No. 1 heavy melting steel2号熔炼用重废钢(#2HMS)No. 2 heavy melting steel边角废钢busheling新薄钢板切边废钢New Black Sheet Clippings打包废钢bundles.破碎废钢Shredded Scrap. 300不锈钢Stainless Steel 300 Series 400不锈铁Stainless Steel 400 Series废不锈钢Stainless Steel Scrap 可乐钢瓶Soda Cannister带铁不锈钢Irony Stainless Steel 冷轧夕钢片Cold Roll Silicon Steel Sheet热轧夕钢片Hot Roll Silicon Steel Sheet卷夕钢片Silicon Steel Coil。

货运保险鉴定常用词汇

货运保险鉴定常用词汇锅炉Boiler 锅炉房Boiler Room备用锅炉水仓Boiler water Tank 邦津曲线图Bonjean\'s Curve Plan吊杆Boon 善意的Bona Fide债券，公债Bond 红利，奖金Bonus由...运载的Borne 由...负担Be Borne by瓶装的Bottled 最低限度Bottom Line船底Bottom 船底外板Bottom Plate分舱壁Boundary Bulkhead 船首Bow主锚Bower Anchor 箱形梁Box Beam肘，托架船宽Breadth宽深比Breadth Depth Ratio 极端宽度Breadth Extreme最大宽度Breadth Maximum 模宽Breadth Molded 船楼甲板Break Deck 碎浪Breaker驾驶台，船桥Bridge 船桥甲板Bridge Deck铜Brass 来谈谈实质性问题Get Down to Brass Tacks简况报告Brief Status Report 简略地Briefly盐水管Brine Pipe 残破（损）Broken&Torn(Damaged)亏仓Broken Space 预算Budget大块，大批Bulk 散装In Bulk散装货，统装，大宗货Bulk Cargo 散装货集装箱，大包装，大容器Bulk Container散货船Bulk Freighter 散粮Bulk Grain舱壁Bulkhead 燃料燃料仓Bunker燃煤Bunker Coal 燃油Bunker Oil浮力Buoyancy 浮筒Buoy业务Business 开发部Business Exploitation Dept. 商号名称Business Name 业务性质Business Nature业务部接费Business Overhead 业务范围Business Scope商业信用情况Business Standing 电报Cable请电告Kindly Cable Us 房舱，卧室Cable锚链、电缆Cable 练习生Cadet帆布风筒Canvas Ventilator 要求Call for取消删去Cancel 桅帽Cap(Mast)容量图Capacity Plan 船长Captain船长桥楼Captain’s Bridge 船长室Captain’s Cabin资本Capital 注意标记Care Mark护货板Cargo Batten Cargo Boom吊货滑车Cargo Block 载货甲板Cargo Deck货仓Cargo Hold 吊货钩Cargo Hook装货灯Cargo Lamp 装货灯Cargo Light定期货舱Cargo Liner 吊货网Cargo Net货油Cargo Oil 货油泵Cargo Oil Pump 载货图Cargo Plan 吊货索Cargo Sling货位Cargo Space 积载系统Cargo Storage Factor 货物查询单Cargo Tracer 起货绞车Cargo Winch 木匠Carpenter 承运人Carrier海难casualty 承受Carry运输业者，工具Carrier 装运技术条件Carrying Technical Requirement适宜装载Fit for Carrying 搬运费Cartage穿堂，穿廊Casing Side 随便，非正式Casual付现价格Cash Price 先付货款Cash With Order天桥(轮上) Cat Walk 目录Catalog,Catalogue分类Category 待定To be Categorized限汇、汇率上限Ceiling Price 舱底板Ceiling浮心Center of Buoyancy 漂心Center of Floatation 重心Center of Gravity 浸心Center of Immersion 压力中心Center of Pressure 干舷证书Certificate of Free Board满载水线证书Certificate of Loadline 证书Certificate产地证Certificate of Origin 品质证Certificate of Quality数量／重量证Certificate of Quantity／Weight签(出、发)证机关(当局)Certifying(Issuing)Authority 链Chain 锚链房Chain Locker室Chamber 海图Chart海图室Chart Room 轮机长Chief Engineer大副Chief Mate 大副Chief Officer大管事Chief Steward 商会Chamber of Commerce费用Charge 包租(船、飞机等)，租船Charter租船合约Charter-party？C／P 支票Check, Cheque不记名支票Cheque to Bearer 记名支票Cheque to Order检验点Check Points 鉴重Check Weighing审核人Checked BY 抽查Randomly Checking药害Chemical Injury 主任化验师Chief Chemist 主任鉴定人Chief Curveyor 理货组长Chief Tallyman贸促会China Council for Promotion of International Trade中外合资经营Chinese-foreign Joint Ventures 冷藏室Chilling Chamber精选品Choice 次等铁板Second Choice Iron Sheet 引文(证、用) Citation 通函，传单Circular索赔，索偿Claim 向...索赔 A Claim with...楔耳Cleat 倾斜仪Clinometers闭甲板型Close Shetter Deck 向...提出索款Claim Against...for提出索赔Lodge a Claim for... 愿意理赔HonourYour Claim索赔付款Claim Payment 索赔期Claim Period说明，澄清Clarity 向…查明Be Clarified with…碰撞，碰损Clash 泥土Clay无夹杂泥沙Free From Clay&Sand 纯净的Clean 光票Clean Bill 清洁提单Clean B/L清洁的Clear 清晰透明Clear&Transparent明文，用一般文字In Clear 结关Clearance票据交换Clearing 票据交换所Clearing House笔误Clerical Mistakes 客户Client接受订单Close an Order 围板Coaming海岸Coast 信号旗Code Flag代号Code No 密码，电码Code系数Coefficient 膨胀系数Coefficient of Expansion 隔弄柜Cofferdam 冷藏Cold Storage防撞舱壁Collision Bulkhead 附属担保品Collateral Security托收，代收Collection 客货船Combination Vessel 正在（开始）流行Come into V ogue Worldwide 远销Command a Ready Market in评论Commend 受用户好评Highly Commended by Customers注释，注解Comment 商业，商务Commerce商业发票Commercial Invoice 商业汇票Commercial Draft佣金Commission 回佣Return Commission商品Commodity 公司Company会同In Company with 企业标准Company Standard 舱位Compartment 罗盘Compass补偿贸易Compensation Trade 主管当局（机关）Competent Authority完满的，完成的Complete 一套完整的A Complete Range of成套Complete Set 折衷方法Compromise强制性要求Compulsory Feature 约（推）皮重Computed Tare关注Concern 敬启者To Whom It May Concern成交Conclusion of Business 具体说明Stage Concretely同意Concurrence 条款，条件Conditions证实，确认Confirm 接受订单Confirm an Order 不需确认No Confirmation Will Follow 遵守，符合Conform(to)与…（相符）In Conformity with(to) 货物符合合同Comformity of the Goods搞错了Confused …with… 批次混乱Lots Confused 同意Consent 连续日Consecutive Days经…同意Have the Consent of 未经…同意Without the Consent of受货人，受托人Consignee 寄售，交运的货物Consignment发货通知书Consignment Note 发货人，委托人Consignor常数Constant 常数及备料Constant and Store消耗量Consumption 输送机Conveyor欲详情请问货主Consult Vendors for Details 联系Contact联系人Person to Contact 传染病Contagion (Contagious) Disease集装箱Container 集装箱租赁Container Leasing集装箱码头Container Terminal 集装箱堆场Container Yard？C.Y.异味，受污染Contaminated 未受污染Not Comtaminated内容不详Contents Unknown 目录Table of Contents进口成分Imported Contents 继续Continue接下页Continued on Next Page 待续To Be Continued生产流水线Continuous Production Unit 合同Contract成交小样Contracted Sample 合同尺码单Contracted Size List买卖双方Contracting Parties 方便Convenience普通货船Conventional Ship 将N折算成Convert N to M坐标Coordinate 联络员，协调官Co-ordinator 核，轴心Core 校正Corrention校正表Correction Table 波形舱壁Corrugagted Bulkhead法人，公司Corporation 同期Corresponding Period 连署，背签Countersign 航路Course盖板Covering Board 盖板Covering Plate僧帽通风筒Cowl Head Ventilator 承载，投保Cover 可信性Credibility 信用，贷款，贷方，记入贷方Credit抓斗Crab 驳船Craft起重机Crane 易倾船Crank Vessel船员，水手Crew 横截面，横剖面Cross Section 划线支票Crossed Check 套汇率Cross Rate优质产品Crowned Product 流通货币Currency往来帐Current Account 时价Current Price排水量曲线Curve of Displacement 稳心曲线Curve of Metacenter稳度曲线Curve of Stability 静负荷Dead Load报关行Customs Broker 关税Customs Duty习惯皮重Customary Tare 顾客第一Customers Supreme港口习惯快速Customary Quick Despatch？C.Q.D. 日常膳食费Daily Lodging&Boarding Charges伤残，损坏，残损Damage 损坏程度Extent of Damage严重损坏Badly Damaged 验残Survey of Damaged Cargo危险品Dangerous Cargo 危险品一览表Dangerous Cargo List资料Data 到达日期Date of Arrival结关日期Date of Clearance 提货日期Date of Delivery出口日期Date of Departure 卸货日期Date of Discharge开船日期Date of Sailing 有效日期，限期Date of Expiry承兑后若干日（付款）Days after Acceptance 见票后若干日（付款）Days after Sight宽限日，优惠期Days of Grace 空仓费Dead Freight 载重量Dead Weight 载重货物Dead Weight Cargo 载重量表Dead Weight Scale 载重吨位Dead Weight Tonnage尊敬的先生（女士）Dear Sir(Madam) 忠实于你的（结束语）Yours Truly忠实于你的Yours Sincerely 忠诚于你的Debenture 债券Debit 借方，记入借方Debt债，债务Deck 甲板Deck Beam甲板梁Deck Department 甲板部Deck Drain甲板泄水孔Deck Drain 甲板线Deck Line航海日志Deck Log Book 驾驶员Deck Officer甲板板Deck Plating 甲板泄水孔Deck Scupper深舱Deep Tank 变形Deformation甲板货Deck Cargo 缺陷，疵项Defect（严）重缺陷MAJ Defect 轻（次要）缺陷MIN Defect延期付款Deferred Payment 缺乏不足Deficiency货物包装不良Deficient Packaging 交货Delivered Goods Delivery提货单Delivery Order 即期汇票Demand Draft(Sight Draft)延迟费Demurrage 起程Departure船深Depth 舱深Depth of Hold吊杆Derrick(Derrick Boom) 吊杆柱Derrick Post说明，叙述Describe 详情如下Described Below详细说明Described in Detail 货物名称Description of Goods短少，残损种类Description of Loss/Damage 发货，发送Despatch(Dispatch)目的港Destination 害虫Detructive Insects细节，详情Details 详情如下Details as Follows详细检验Detailed Inspection 柴油Diesel Oil柴油机Diesel Engine 尺度Dimension餐室Dining Room 餐厅Dining Room 使用说明Dining Saloom 卸货Discharge卸货港Port of Discharge 卸毕日期Date of Completion of Discharge开卸Start(Commence)Discharging 监卸Supervision of Discharge折扣，贴现Discount 不符，分岐Discrepancy退票，拒付Dishonour 拆开Disconnect不符合Discrepancy 消毒Disinfect卸装Dismounting 速遣费Dispatch Money排水量Displacement 排水量系数Displacement Coefficient排水量表Displacement Scale 排水表吨位Displacement Tonnage分舱壁Divisional Bulkhead 争议Dispute溶化Dissolve 距离Distance变形Distorted 分布Distribution刻度Division 股息，红利Dividend造船厂，修船厂Dock Yard 文件，证件，单据document跟单的documentary 跟单汇票documentary Bill承兑汇单documents Against Acceptance 付款交单documents Against Payment汇票，吃水Draft 船尾吃水Draft Aft船首吃水Draft Forward 吃水计Draft Gauge吃水标志Draft Mark 泄水孔Drain Hole泄水管Drain Pipe 泄水柜Drain Tank吃水Draught 会客室Drawing Room任选Draw at Random 抽取Draw out钻凿Drilling 开具给Draw to以…付款Draw on 按…开具Draw against（汇票等）付款人，受Drawee （汇票等）出票人Dawer漂流Drift 干货仓Dry Cargo Hold乾坞Dry Dock 双挂号信Double-registered Letter 及时付款Duly Honoured 完全符合…Duly in Compliance with…到期日Due Date 倾销Dumping垫仓物料Dunnage 由于，因为Due to及时，按时Duly 值更驾驶员Duty Officer发电机室Dynamo Room 功率计Dynamometer早的，早期Early 尽早As Early As Possible50年代初The Early 1950’s 十二月上旬Early Dec. 退潮Ebb Tide 有效的，效率高的Effective Efficient 弹性仓壁Elastic Bulkhead 肘管Elbow(Pipe)电焊Electric Arc Welding 电气设备Electric Installation电工Electrician 升降机，卷扬Elevator电焊Electric Welding 电磁单位Electro Magnetic Unit？E.M.U.电子伏特Electron V olt 椭园度Ellipticity伸长率Elongation 造型美观Elegant in Design有资格受惠Eligible for Preference 雇员Employee 雇主Employer 附上，封入的Enclosed附件Enclosures 紧急的Emergency--Emmer机仓棚Engine Casing 机仓Engine Room轮机员，工程师Engineer 机仓日志Engineer’s Log Book十二月底End Dec. 罐盖和罐底End Pieces背书Endorse 受让人，被背书人Endorsee背书Endorsement 转让人，背书人Endorser畅销Enjoy a Good Market 享有盛誉Enjoy a High Requtation使你了解此事Enlighten You on This Matter 等于Equal to …赤道Equator 等量的Equivalent to尔格（功的单位）Erg 磨蚀Erosion入境签证Entrance Visa 押运Escort确认的，法定的，开立的Established 等吃水Even Keel膨胀阱Expansion Hatchway 证据，实现Evidence 超过Exce ed by … 结泄Exchange Settlement（国产）货物税，消费税Excise Tax 不包括Excluding专用，专门的Exclusively 业务部Execution Department负责人Executive 执行经理Executive Manager工厂交货价Ex Factory 销路很好Expanding Market膨胀阱Expansion Trunk 预计天数Expected Number of Days催交Expediting 请加紧Pls Expendite to费用Expense 自费At One’s Own Expense加班费Over Time Expenses 期满Expire有效期Expiration Date 已过期Have Expired…日期满Expire on… 期满Expiry出口Export 出口仓单Export Manifest陈列Expose 展销Expose for Sale日晒Exposure to Sunlight 空运邮包快件Express Air-parcel目的港船上交货价Ex Ship 展延Extension分机号码Extension Number 内外包装Exterior and Interior Packing外包装情况External Condition 外部缺陷External Defect附加费Extra Charges 总长Extreme Length事实Fact 因为Due to the Fact That…系数，率Factor 定期集市，展览会，交易会Fair 安全系数Factor of Safety 式样美观Fair in Style本届交易会The Current Fair 特级（的）Fancy工艺美术品Fancy Folkcrafts of Art 最左边Far Left 款式新颖Fashionable Style 测深仪Fathometer有利于，受益Favour 以卖方为受益人In Favour of the Setters图文传真Fax(Fasimile) 锅炉水Feed Water备用锅炉水柜Feed Water Reserve Tank 漏斗仓口Feeder注入管Filling Pipe 火警器Fire Alarm灭火器Fire Extinguisher 救火管Fire Extinguishing Hose灭火泡沫Fire Foam 大付First Officer(Chief Mate) 渡轮Ferry Launch 罚款，罚金Fines平板车Flat car 框架集装箱Flat Rack Container船队Fleet 一切海损不赔偿Free of All Average数字，图Figure 文件，存档File填好，填写Fill in 最后的Final以…为准Taken As Final 有销路Find a Ready Market（测定）结果，检验发现的情况Findings 优质产品证书Fine Quality Certificate加工和工艺Finish&Workmanship 表面光洁度Surface Finish最初的，第一First(Initial) 上半年In the First Half of the Year急电First Priority 适用性Fitness for Purpose剥落Flake off 法兰Flange按时（单位时间）计费Flat Rate 灵活多样的方式Flexible Ways班机Flight 乘…航班On Flight…水上起重机Floating Crane 流动保险单Floating Policy涨潮Flood Tide 溢水管Flooding Pipe流体压力Fluid Pressure 折叠，份Fold1式6份（1正6付）In 6 Fold 遵守，按Follow 证书随后附上Cert,to Follow Soon 雾号钟Fog Bell 船首尾线，纵向Fore and Aft 船首货房Fore Cabin 船首楼Fore Castle 船首楼甲板Fore Castle Deck 工头Fore Man 前部Fore Part船首尖舱Fore Peak 船首尖水轮Fore Peak Water Tank船首垂线Fore Perpendicular 舱口旁短梁Fork Beam外汇Foreign Exchange 寄上Forward远期外汇Forward Exchange 运输行Forwarding Agent不洁提单Foul Bill of Lading 平安险Free of(Form)Particular Average(Insurance)货物运输，货物，运费Freight 货轮Freighter新货上市Fresh Supplies Come 干舷甲板Free Board Deck干舷标志Free Board Mark 逸气管Freeing Pipe自由港Free Port 运费Freight货船Freight 运费到付Freight Collect运费单Freight List 运费已付Freight Prepaid运费吨Freight Ton 自由表面Free Surface冷冻室Freezing Chamber 氟，弗里昂Freon淡水Fresh Water 淡水线Fresh Water Line淡水舱Fresh Water Tank 淡水热带载线Fresh Water Tropical Load Line燃料，燃油Fuel 燃料消耗量Fuel Consumption燃油Fuel Oil 燃油舱Fuel Oil Tank整集装箱船Full-container Ship 满载Full Load全速Full Speed 烟囱Funnel烟囱棚Funnel Casing 烟囱盖Funnel Cover厨房Galley 工班Gang舷梯Gangway 齿轮，装置，器具Gear总布置图General Arrangement 一般的，综合的General共同海损General Aargo 杂货General Cargo经理办公室Business Dept. 概述Information总经理Manager 分公司经理Manager of Branch （经理部）经理Manager of Dept. 办公室Office 桁材Girder 仓库保管员Godown Keeper鹅颈式通风筒Goose Neck Ventilator 谷物Grain散货容量Grain Capacity 重力柜Gravity Tank加油工Greaser 栏杆Guard Rail回转罗盘Gyro Compass 半梁Half Beam半宽水线图Half Breadth Plan 半速Half Speed锤击试验Hammering Test 搬运费Handling Charge 庇阴甲板Harbour Deck 仓口Hatch仓口闩Hatch Bar 仓口压条Hatch Batten仓口楔耳Hatch Batten Cleat 仓盖板Hatch Board 仓口桁梁Hatch Carling 仓口活动梁架Hatch Carrier仓框Hatch Coaming 仓盖板Hatch Cover仓口端梁Hatch End Beam 仓口Hatch Opening仓盖布Hatch Tarpauline 舱口楔Hatch Wedge仓口位Hatch Way 锚链筒Hawse Pipe大缆Hawser 水头Head of Water暖气管Heating Coil 重吊杆Heavy Derrick横倾Heel 舵工Helmsman同潮High Water 中拱Hogging起重机Hoist 仓Hold舱梁Hold Beam 货仓容量Hold Capacity仓顶板Hold Ceiling 货仓口梯Hold Ladder货仓支柱Hollow Stanchion 空心支柱Hollow Pillar 漏斗驳船Hopper 马力Horse Power软管Hose 软管接头Hose Connection冲水试验Hose Test 医院Hospital气垫船Hovercraft 船壳Hull船号Hull Number 船体说明书Hull Specifcation 船体强度Hull Strength 消防栓Hydraut水压试验Hydraulic Test 静水力曲线图Hydrostatic Curve Plan半制成品Half-finished Goods 犹豫Hesitate及时…Do Not Hesitate to 容纳，货舱Hold持（执）票人Holder 正当执票人Holder in Due Course重合同Honour the Contract 殷勤招待Hospitality 抵押Hypothecate 难以辩认Illegible标记不清Marks Illegible 碰伤Impact公正的结论Impartial Findings 破冰船Ice Breaker 冷藏室Ice Chamber 下沉Immersion船内，向船中心Inboard 在关栈中In Bond散装In Bulk 英寸倾力距Inch Trim Moment？I.T.M.华侨试验Inclining Experiment 倾度计Inclino Meter所得税Income Tax 股份有限公司Incorporated Company承受Incur 独立核算Independent Accounting指示，读数Indication 单个的，个别的Individual 一式二份In Duplicate 告知Inform(Advise,Notify) 消息，情况Information 有益的Informative初稳度Initial Stability 内底Inner Bottom一式四份In Quadruplicate 查询Inquire询盘（价）Inquiry 检验证明书Inspection Certificate 设备，装置Installation 绝缘仓Insulated Hold说明书Instruction Manual 不足，不适当Insufficiency保险，保险额Insurance 保险证书Insurance Certificate保险单Insurance Policy 被保险人Insured绝缘材料Insulating Material 绝缘试验Insulation Test投保金额Insured Amount 保险人，承保人Insurer 国际讯号旗International Code of Signal 利益，利息Interest有关各方Interested Parties 利率Interest Rate国际货币基金International Monetary Fund 间隔Interval检验项目Interventions Requested 一式三份In Triplicate技术引进Introducing of Technology from Abroad 发票Invoice不可撤消的Irrevoable 不可撤消信用证Irrevocable Letter of Credit签发Issue(Issurance) 开（发）证银行Opening(Issuing) Bank绳梯Jacob’s Ladder 合股公司，股份公司Joint Stock Company法人Juridical Person 应急锚Jury Anchor应急舵Jury Rudder 龙骨Keel龙骨底吃水Keel Draft 龙骨线Keel Line内龙骨Keelson 密切注意Keep a Close Water for 防潮Keep Away from Moisture 切勿受潮Keep Dry 节、厘/小时Knot 标签Label劳务费Labour Service Charge 梯Ladder女盥洗室Ladies Lavatory 卸下Landed (Discharged)实卸件数Actual Landed 用驳船运Landed by Lighter从…船上卸下Landed Ex m/s 卸下数量Quantity Landed起货Landing 大量的Large Amts(Lquantities)of块装较大Larger in Piece 大号Larger Size最后的，耐久的Last 前面装过的货Last Cargo前航次On the Last V oyages 上上个月The Month Before Last以后Later 以后At Later Day待以后通知To Be Advised Later 最新的，最迟的Latest最迟At(the) Latest 装运期限，最迟装运期Latest Date of Shipment艇Launch 洗衣室Laundry盥洗室Lavatory 垂线间长度Length between Perpendiculars？L.B.P.层厚，层Layer 重点厂Leading Factory密封性检验Leakage Test 得知Learn离开，留下Leave 吊上吊下Left on/Left off举重力Lifting Capacity 诉讼费Legal Expenses法定检验Legal Inspection 法币Legal Tender总长Length Overall？L.O.A. 节省时间Less Down Time减去10%折扣Less 10%Discount 备忘录Letter of Intent信用证Letter of Credit 保证书（函）Letter of Guarantee抵押书Letter of Hypothecation 赔偿保证书Letter of Indemnity债务Liabitities 责任Liability盖Lid 救生艇Life Boat救生圈Life Buoy 救生衣Life Jacket救生圈Life Ring 举重装置Lifting Gear灯Light 空载状态Light Condition空载排水量Light Displacement 空载吃水Light Draft驳船Lighter 驳船费Lighterage舷窗Light Port 轻排水量Light Ship空载水线Light Water Line 污水道Limber污水道盖Limber Board 邮船，定期船Liner(Vessel) 有限公司Limited Company 规格齐全A Full Line of Specification业务范围，主要业务Lines of Business 带缆船Liner 链环Link 清算,付清Liquidation清单,横倾List 装载Load装船前Before Loading 装船时间Date/Loading起运地Loading Port 贷款Loan载荷Load 满载吃水Load Draught载重标记Loading Mark 满载吃水线Load Line满载吃水线证书Load Line Certificate 装货Loading装货单Loading List 装货港Loading Port当地市场惯例Local Usage 提出,住宿Lodge室,库Locker 航海日志Log航海日志Log Book 纵梁Longitudinal纵仓壁Longitudinal Bulkhead 纵浮心Longitudinal Centre of Buoyancy？L.C.B.纵漂心Longitudinal Centre of Floatation？L.C.F. 纵重心Longitudinal Centre of Gravity？L.C.G.纵稳心Longitudinal Metacentre 盼早日答复Look Forward To Your Reply丢失,损失(耗),亏短(率)Loss 下半部Lower Half右下角Lower Right Corner 下甲板Lower Deck底仓Lower Hold 下甲板仓,三层柜Lower Tween Deck低潮Low Water 行李房Luggage Room运木材船Lumber Carrier 总数(额,计)Lump Sum Charge费用合计…A Lump Sum Rate of … 一次费用在内In Lump一次总付Lump Sum Payment 自动仓盖Mac’gregor机仓Machinery Room 军火房Magazine处女航Maiden V oyage 邮件室Mail Room主甲板Main Deck 主机Main Engine主桅Main Mast 人孔Man Hole挡水Manger Plate 信汇Mail Transfer厂家Maker 常务董事Managing Director载货清单Manifest 明显,边缘,盈余Margin水险,海上保险Marine Insurance 唛头,标记Mark 合格标志Mark of Conformity 标明毛重Marked GR WT标明皮重Marked Tare 标明重量Marked Weight市场Market 桅Mast船长Master 标准纸箱Master Carton事故报告Master’s Report 桅脚Mast Housing麻袋,赠脚垫,蒲包Mat 大付收据Mate’s Receipt麻包装运Packed In Mat Bales 到期Maturity平均吃水Mean Draught 总平均吃水Mean of Mean(Draft)平均速率Mean Speed 载货容积Measurement Capacity餐室Mess Room 稳定高度Metacentre Height商品,货物Merchandise 符合…要求Meet…Requirement口信,信息Message 稳心半径Metacentre Radius中垂线Midperpandicular 船中Midship船中剖面系数Midship Coefficient 船中剖面图Midiship Section想法Mind 部优Ministry Prize错误Mistake 误解Misunderstanding后桅Mizzen Mast 模宽Molded Breadth模深Molded Depth 模吃水Molded Draught每纵倾一厘米力距Moment of Trim 1cm 停泊在…泊位Moor at Berth系船装置Mooring Arrangement 导缆洞Mooring Hole导缆孔Mooring Pipe 内燃机船Motor Vessel？M.V. 模宽Mould Breadth 模深Mould Depth模吃水Mould Draught 抵押Mortgage最惠国条款Most-favored-nation Clause 作相应的让步Make a Corresponding Move菌状通风筒Mushroom Ventilator 互助(利)Mutual Assistance(Benefit)船名Name of Vessel 自然通风Natural Draft(Ventilation)船籍Nationality of Vessel 驾驶台Navigation Bridge 航海灯Navigation Lamp 净吨位Net Tonnage协商,议付Negotiation 议付银行Negotiationg Bank 净,净吨Net/Nett 现金实价Net Cash新闻,消息News 夜更Night Watch不许可,无限No Allowance for 工休日,节假日Non Business Days非水密仓壁Non-watertight Bulkhead 非水密门Non-watertight Door公证人Notary Public 注明,指明,提及Note提及,(预先)通知Notice 不再经通知Without Further Notice短少/残损通知单Notice of Loss/Damage 准备就绪通知Notice of Readiness放行通知Rleasing Notice 告知,通知Notify(Advise,Inform)反对Objection 对…有异议Lodge an Objection to(against)不得不(做)Obliged to 感谢M.Obliged to M得到Obtain 临时检验Occasional Survey海运提单Ocean Bill of Lading 海运,海运单Ocean Freight尺寸不符Off Size 发盘(价)Offer向…报价Make an Offer to 存根,留度Office Copy 办公时间Office Hour 高级船员Officer公务航海日志Officer Log Book 燃油仓Oil Bunker 油布Oil Cloth 耗油量Oil Consumption加油工Oiler 燃油Oil Fuel燃油仓Oil Fuel Tank 油管Oil Pipe油泵Oil Pump 油仓,油柜Oil Tank已装运提单On Board Bill of Lading 见票即付,即期On Demand预约保险Open Cover 多…吨M/T Are Over货物溢短单Over Landed(and)Shortlanded Cargo List 加班费Overtime Payment透支Overdraft 逾期Overdue船东监督员Owner’s Inspector 件号Package No包装单Packing List 包装不当(妥)Improper Packing 装箱单Packing List 包装不牢固Insecure Packing 包装马虎Negligent Packing 包装不良Unsound Packing工休日Paid Holidays 配膳室Pantry邮政包裹Parcel Post 包裹收据Parcel Receipt零件清单Parts List 零件号Part No.分批Partial Shipment 单独海损Particular Average 隔板Partition 内分小格With Small Partitions合伙Partnership 当事人Party敝甲板型Open Shelter desk 乐意接受意见Open to Ideas通车Open to Traffic 开口向下Open Side Down使用说明书Operation Manual 选购件Option随卖方意见,由卖方选择At Seller’s Option 可选购Optionally Available次序(顺序),订货Order 向…订货Order Placed With…完好的,正常,齐全无误In Order 发现…没有问题Found…in Order凭样订购Order against Sample 订货单Order Sheet 普通股Ordinary Stock(Shares) 起点,产地Origin原来的,正本Original 产量,结果Outcome船外,船侧Out Board 外底Outer Bottom外底板Outer Bottom Plating 外壳Outer Hull外层的,表面的Outer 外套木箱With Outer Wooden Cases概述,概要,介绍Outline 如…中所述As Outlined in 外捆铁皮Outside Tied with Steet Strap 越过Over 船外放水阀Over Board Discharge Valve 溢水管Over Flow Pipe当事者the Parties Concerned 平价,票面价值,法定值Par value专利Patent 样本,式样Pattern/Specimen通过Pass 把关To Hel the Pass符合试验Pass Test 合格的Passed由…认可Passed by 受款人,收款人Payee付款人Payer 付款银行Paying Bank尖舱Peak Tank 定期检验Periodical Survey永久变形Permanent Set 永久备品Permanent Store 固定通风筒Permanent Ventilator (机械的)性能,作业Performance性能特性Performance Characteristics 性能鉴定Performance Testing垂线Perpendicular 照片Photo彩色照片Photochrome 影印件Photocopy支柱Pillar 引水旗Pilot Flag管Pipe 管系分布图Pipe Arrangement管凸缘Pipe Flange 管子隧道Pipe Tunnel管系Piping 管系图Piping Plan纵摇Pitching 平面图Plan平台甲板Platform Deck 向某人订购某商品Place an Order for Sth.with Sb.订货Place the Order 明码电Plain Telegram高兴Pleasure 柏氏标志(载线标志)Pilmsoll’s Mark 塑料袋Polybag 塑料布Polypropylence Sheet浮箱,囤船Pontoon 浮桥Pontoon Bridge船尾楼Poop 船尾楼甲板Poop Deck左舷,港口Port 左舷Port Side登记港Port of Registry 支柱起重机Post Crane塑料编织袋Polywoven Bag 正的,阳性的Positive 邮政汇票Postal Money Order 委托书Power of Attorney预先通知,提前通知Pre-advised 优先股Preference(Preferred)Stock保险费Premium 筹备委员会Preparatory Committee存在Presence 在…存在下In the Presence of …因含有On Account of Presence 提示Presentation 装船前Pre-shipment 压力(机),按下Press紧压包,机包Press Packed Bale 国际市场上通用的Prevail on the World Market现行的Prevailing 防止Prevent价格Price 大幅度削价At a Greatly Reduced Price 低价竟销Competitive Sales at Lowered Prices 确定价格To Set the Price收盘价格Closing Price 落价Declining Price期货价格Forward Price 定价Nominal Price价目表Price List 现货价格Spot Price开标价格Tenders Price 主要的,委托人Principal加工品Processed Goods 纵剖面图Profile服务项目简介Profile of Services 不准分批装运Partial Shipments Prohibited形式发票Proforma Invoice 项目,工程Project推进器Propeller 车叶Propeller Blade推进器柱Propeller Post 船尾轴Propeller Shaft正常,恰当的Proper 工作正常In Proper Working Order性质Property 提出,建议Propose敬酒To Propose a Toast 装船计划Proposed Shipping Schedule按照比例Pro Rata 拒付证书Protest甲板开口防护Protection of Deck 锚链管盖Protection Plate提供,规定Provide 船上提供的Provided on Board 食物库Provision Store 滑车Pulley泵Pump 购买Purchase目的,用途Purpose 供检验用For Inspection Purpose 事务长Purser 后甲板Quarter Deck舵工Quarter Master 询问,疑问Query一式四份Quadruplicate 一式五份Quintuplicate电报报价Quote Fees by Cable 报价Quotation名列第一Rank First 雷达Radar散热器Radiator 报务员Radio Officer栏干,扶手Rail 汇率Rate of Exchange达到Reach 防鼠隔Rat Guard读(出)Read 改为Read as回扣Rebate 收据Receipt一收到你方答复On(Upon)Receipt of YR Reply 收到In Receipt of…收到…天内Within…Days after Receipt of备运提单Received for Shipment Bill of Lading定型Recongnized Type 认可标准Reconginized Standards使用说明Recommendations for Use 校（纠）正，整流Rectify涉及，参照Refer 下称Refer to/Hereafter as 向…打听Refer to…for 编号**Reference NO.**成交样品Reference Sample 冷却能力Refrigerationg Capacity冷藏室Refrigerating Chamber 拒绝Refuse拒付Payment Refused 拒接订单Refuse an Order 考虑，致意Regard 谨致问候(With) Best Regard 关于With Regard to 登记总吨位Registered Gross Tonnage登记净吨位Registered Net Tonnage 抱歉Regret很抱歉We Regret That 很遗憾发现We Regret to Find一般的，普通的Regular 调整，控制Regulate偿付Reimburse(Reimbursement) 传达，转交Relay…to…保留Remain 另一半The Remaining Half汇款，转交Remit(Remittance) 邮汇Postal Remittance（契约等的）展期Renewal 澄水柜Renovating Tank回答，答复Reply 请求，要求Request需求，要求Require(Requirement) 公积金，储备Reserves储备浮力Reserve Buoyancy 备用锅炉水仓Reserve Feed Water Tank备用油仓Reserve Oil Bunker 方面，尊敬，遵守Respect在各方面In All Respects 各方面均符合Conform in Every Respect to阻力Resistance 餐室Restaurant分别的Respective 责任方Responsible Party另售Retail 保留Retain回复，返回Return 请回复Pls Reply by Return回电Return Telex 反过来in Return表明，发现Reveal 收入，税收Revenue正反二面可穿外衣Reversible Coat 变味Reversion of Flavour可撤消的Revocable 可撤消信用证Revocable Letter of Credit循环信用证Revolving Letter of Credit 报酬，好处Reward支骨Rib 浸水状态Riddled Condition倒正螺丝Rigging Screw 危险Risk铆钉Rivet 铆钉孔Rivet Hole横摇Rolling 绳梯Rope Ladder过滤箱Rose Box 腐烂的，坏的Rotten粗暴搬运Rough Handling 圆满结束Round off来回程租船Round-trip Charter 垃圾桶Rubbish Shoot舵Rudder 操舵装置Rudder Gear舵柱Rudder Post 止舵器Rudder Stopper舵杆筒Rudder Trunk 避碰法规Rules of Road途径Route 时价Ruling Price常用滑车Running Block 破裂Rupture尽速寄来订单Rush Yours Orders 船期Sail Schedule安全载重Safe Load 帆，航行Sail帆船Sailor 水手Sailor推销业务Sales Campaign 成交确认书Sales Confirmation销售合同Sales Contract 营业部，门市部Sales Department销售部Sales Division 经销/服务（维修）部Sales/Service Office销量Sales V olume 样品Sample符合样品Up to Sample 取样日期Date of Sampling 施救船Salvage Boat 餐厅，会客室Saloon卫生的Sanitary 标尺，刻度Scale刮刀Scraper 隔板Screen Board屏仓壁Screen Bulkhead 推进器，螺钉Screw船尾轴Screw Shaft 泄水孔Scupper 泄水管Scupper Pipe 舷窗，小仓口Scuttle海底门Sea Chest 远洋船Sea Going Vessel密闭设备Sealing Arrangement 海员，水手Sea Man 二管轮Second Engineer 二付Second Mate二付Second Officer 横剖面面积Sectional Area抵押品，有价证券Security 选择，等级Selection 自动平仓Self Trimming 高级轮机员Senior Engineer高级军官，高级驾驶员Senior Officer 随信附上Sending Enclosed高级鉴定师Senior Surveyor 第二付总经理Senior Vice-president分开，分离Separate 另文In a Separate Paper每隔一天On a Separate Day 服务Service使用年限Service Life 维修手册Service Manual航海速率Service Speed 常用水柜Service Tank过滤柜Setting Tank 结帐，清算Settlement六分仪Sextant 卸扣Shackle轴Shaft 轴隧Shaft Alley轴隧Shaft Tunnel 浅水船Shallow Draught Vessel 锚杆Shank 滑轮Sheave舷弧Sheer 侧面型线图Sheer Plan船壳板Shell 外壳板Shell Plate遮蔽甲板Shelter Deck 舱口活动桁梁Shifting Beam防动板Shifting Board 船令Ship’s Age船用物料Ship’s Elements 船方负责人Ship’s Executive船舶日志Ship’s Log Book 船用备料Ship’s Store装货，交运，交运的货物Shipment 托运人，船方Shipper装船通知Shipping Advice 装运单据Shipping document由…飞机（轮船）装运Shipped per Aircraft(S.S/M.S) 缺件Short Item短缺（的）Short Landed 短装（的）Short Loaded 原装短少Short-packing by the Consignor 短重Short-weight不久Shortly 即期汇票Sight Draft舷桥Short Gangway 边肋骨Side Frame舷窗，舷灯Side Light 边桁材Side Stringer窥孔Side Hole 窥孔Sight Port信号Signgal 信号旗Signal Flag信号灯Signal Lamp 信号字母Signal Letters旅游大客车Sight Seeing Bus 发霉现象Signs of Mould辛氏倍数Simpson’s Multiplier 真诚的Sincere单层麻袋Single Strong Jute Bag 下沉，泄水斗Sink 糖汁（浆）Sirup(Syrup) 姐妹船，同型船Sister Ship 情况Situation 实际情况Actual Situation尺寸（码），规格Size 尺码表Size Chart按大小分级Size Grading 天窗Skylight平湖Slack Water 横摆（吊杆）Slew叫索Sling 吊链Sling Chain滑钩Slip Hook 浪纹Slippage慢速Slow Speed 吸烟室Smoking Room浸水Soak 污水管Soil Pipe固体压载Solid Ballast 水深可疑Sounding Doubtful？S.D.测量管Sounding Pipe 测深杆Sounding Rod单张汇票Solar 分等级（唛）Sort as per Grade(Marks)分级，分类Sorting(grading/Classification) 间距Spacing备件，零件Spare Parts 护货板Spar Ceiling规定，规格Specification 特别货仓Special Cargo Locker速率Speed 斑点，计数Speck Count急件Speed Post 防溅设备Spurge Guard纤维长度Staple Length 开始，开动Start报告书Statement 稳度Stability支柱Stanchion 预备Stand By右舷Starboard 右舷，右边Starboard Side特等舱Stateroom 统计Statistics法定甲板线Statutory Deck Line 情况Status汽笛Steam Whistle 蒸汽绞车Steam Winch蒸汽起锚机Steam Windlass 铁皮Steel Strap操舵，转向Steering 操舵装置Steering Gear操舵杆Steering Rod 操舵轮Steering Wheel船首柱Stem 船首波Stem Wave打印，型版喷刷Stencil 船尾Stern船尾轴Stern Shaft 装卸工人Stevedore装卸指导员Stevedore Foreman 庶务员Steward难倾船Stiff Vessel 股票Stock股票交易所Stock Exchange 股东Stockholder(Shareholder)仓库，仓库品Store 仓库Store Room止回阀，防风暴阀Storm Valve 装载图Stowage Plane装载，理舱Stow 贮藏，积载情况Stowage积载因素Stowage Factor 铁腰子，捆扎Strap四角固定Corner Strapped 双道腰子捆扎With 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金融英语：大宗商品交易英汉对照

大宗商品交易公司一直都是期货合约和其他衍生品合约的主要使用者，这是他们风险管理最重要的部分。

这些公司以物流、仓储和对商品形式的其他转变作为核心业务，在承受净价风险方面没有比较优势，因此，他们通过交易所交易或场外柜台交易的衍生品来对冲大部分价格风险。

但如果商品交易公司普遍都进行风险对冲，他们对风险往往都会有不同的管理政策，采取不同的策略，实施不同的流程。

另外，尽管大宗商品价格风险通常被认为是多数交易公司面临的最大风险，但其他风险尤其是信用风险和操作风险也是确实存在的，而且牵涉到公司具体的政策、流程和策略。

因此，并不存在一个适合所有大宗商品交易者的独一无二的具体的风险管理制度。

然而，支持本次研究的荷兰托克公司，这家大型全球化交易公司的经验，可以作为大宗商品交易者风险管理的代表性例子。

通过一些上市的商品交易公司的信息披露可以看出，托克公司的风险管理办法与多数大宗商品交易公司的做法是一致的。

风险管理程序托克公司的风险管理是高度集权式的。

公司设一名首席风险官，直接向首席运营官和管理委员会汇报。

首席风险官是风险委员会成员，风险委员会其他成员还包括公司董事和高级交易员。

风险委员会成员定期会面，对风险敞口进行评估和管理，并比照普遍市场状况调整策略。

首先风险官负责监察风险模型的改进，对模型进行评估和测试。

首席风险官独立于公司“前端”部门的营收业务操作。

托克公司另外设有一个衍生品交易委员会，负责实施公司的风险管理政策。

衍生品交易委员会对风险承受界限和风险集中程度进行评估，并观察确认市场显露的风险和机会。

这个过程高度依赖风险信息的收集、分析和分配。

部分信息是关于实物商品和衍生品合约头寸的“硬”数据，其他硬数据还包括其交易的大宗商品的历史和当前价格，以及分析这些数据的模型—我将会在后面详细讨论风险衡量和风险建模。

使用这些数据和分析方法，托克公司得以对总体风险敞口和具体的交易账户风险制定标准。

公司同时在全司范围和每个交易团队范围内对这些定量的风险标准设定界限，当一个团队的量化风险临近界限时会收到通知。