34 Practice_Advisory_2060-1_Reporting_to_Board_and_Senior_Man匸1]

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LTE_3GPP_36.213-860(中文版)

LTE_3GPP_36.213-860(中文版)

3GPP
Release 8
3
3GPP TS 36.213 V8.6.0 (2009-03)
Contents
Foreword ...................................................................................................................................................... 5 1 2 3
Internet

Copyright Notification No part may be reproduced except as authorized by written permission. The copyright and the foregoing restriction extend to reproduction in all media.
© 2009, 3GPP Organizational Partners (ARIB, ATIS, CCSA, ETSI, TTA, TTC). All rights reserved. UMTS™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its members 3GPP™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI registered for the benefit of its Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners LTE™ is a Trade Mark of ETSI currently being registered for the benefit of i ts Members and of the 3GPP Organizational Partners GSM® and the GSM logo are registered and owned by the GSM Association

Autodesk Nastran 2022 用户手册说明书

Autodesk Nastran 2022 用户手册说明书
DATINFILE2 ......................................................................................................................................................... 10
MPA, MPI (design/logo), MPX (design/logo), MPX, Mudbox, Navisworks, ObjectARX, ObjectDBX, Opticore, Pixlr, Pixlr-o-matic, Productstream,
Publisher 360, RasterDWG, RealDWG, ReCap, ReCap 360, Remote, Revit LT, Revit, RiverCAD, Robot, Scaleform, Showcase, Showcase 360,
TrueConvert, DWG TrueView, DWGX, DXF, Ecotect, Ember, ESTmep, Evolver, FABmep, Face Robot, FBX, Fempro, Fire, Flame, Flare, Flint,
ForceEffect, FormIt, Freewheel, Fusion 360, Glue, Green Building Studio, Heidi, Homestyler, HumanIK, i-drop, ImageModeler, Incinerator, Inferno,
Autodesk Nastran 2022
Reference Manual
Nastran Solver Reference Manual

气泡混合轻质土使用规程

气泡混合轻质土使用规程

目次1总则 (3)2术语和符号 (4)2.1 术语 (4)2.2 符号 (5)3材料及性能 (6)3.1 原材料 (6)3.2 性能 (6)4设计 (8)4.1 一般规定 (8)4.2 性能设计 (8)4.3 结构设计 (9)4.4 附属工程设计 (10)4.5 设计计算 (10)5配合比 (13)5.1 一般规定 (13)5.2 配合比计算 (13)5.3 配合比试配 (14)5.4 配合比调整 (14)6工程施工 (15)6.1 浇筑准备 (15)6.2 浇筑 (15)6.3 附属工程施工 (15)6.4 养护 (16)7质量检验与验收 (17)7.1 一般规定 (17)7.2 质量检验 (17)7.3 质量验收 (18)附录A 发泡剂性能试验 (20)附录B 湿容重试验 (22)附录C 适应性试验 (22)附录D 流动度试验 (24)附录E 干容重、饱水容重试验 (25)附录F 抗压强度、饱水抗压强度试验 (27)附录G 工程质量检验验收用表 (28)本规程用词说明 (35)引用标准名录 (36)条文说明 (37)Contents1.General provisions (3)2.Terms and symbols (4)2.1 Terms (4)2.2 Symbols (5)3. Materials and properties (6)3.1 Materials (6)3.2 properties (6)4. Design (8)4.1 General provisions (8)4.2 Performance design (8)4.3 Structure design (9)4.4 Subsidiary engineering design (9)4.5 Design calculation (10)5. Mix proportion (13)5.1 General provisions (13)5.2 Mix proportion calculation (13)5.3 Mix proportion trial mix (14)5.4 Mix proportion adjustment (14)6. Engineering construction (15)6.1 Construction preparation (15)6.2 Pouring .............................................................. .. (15)6.3 Subsidiary engineering construction (16)6.4 Maintenance (17)7 Quality inspection and acceptance (18)7.1 General provisions (18)7.2 Quality evaluate (18)7.3 Quality acceptance (19)Appendix A Test of foaming agent performance (20)Appendix B Wet density test (22)Appendix C Adaptability test (23)Appendix D Flow value test.................................................................................. .. (24)Appendix E Air-dry density and saturated density test (25)Appendix F Compressive strength and saturated compressive strength test (27)Appendix G Table of evaluate and acceptance for quality (28)Explanation of Wording in this code (35)Normative standard (36)Descriptive provision (37)1总则1.0.1为规范气泡混合轻质土的设计、施工,统一质量检验标准,保证气泡混合轻质土填筑工程安全适用、技术先进、经济合理,制订本规程。

Synopsys OptoDesigner 2020.09安装指南说明书

Synopsys OptoDesigner 2020.09安装指南说明书
Accidental full scan proliferation by a build server farm..................................................................... 25 Solution......................................................................................................................................25
3. Troubleshooting scanning issues........................................................25
Accidental full scan proliferation by folder paths which include build or commit ID............................ 25 Solution......................................................................................................................................25
Contents
Contents
Preface....................................................................................................5
1. Scanning best practices......................................................................... 8

国际内部审计专业实务框架培训资料(PPT 56张)

国际内部审计专业实务框架培训资料(PPT 56张)
5、国际内部审计实务标准与中国内部审计准则比较

框架不同
一、内部审计实务标准及演进(续)
May 2
May 2
一、内部审计实务标准及演进(续)
3、2004年1月后国际内审实务标准修改的内容包括(续)
Practice Advisory 1330-1: Use of "Conducted in Accordance with the Standards” Practice Advisory 2100-8: The Internal Auditor’s Role in Evaluating An Organization’s Privacy Framework Practice Advisory 2100-9 Applications Systems Review Practice Advisory 2100-10 Audit Sampling Practice Advisory 2100-11 Effect of Pervasive IS Controls Practice Advisory 2100-12 Outsourcing of IS Activities


迄今为止在中国相关网站中可以查到的更新通知为2006年10月24日公布的“IIA对《 部审计专业实务标准》第1312条进行修订 ”
一、内部审计实务标准及演进(续)
3、2004年1月后国际内审实务标准修改的内容包括
Practice Advisory 1000.C1-3 Additional Considerations for Consulting Engagements in Government Organizational Settings Practice Advisory 1210.A2-1: Auditor’s Responsibilities Relating to Fraud Risk Assessment, Prevention, and Detection

41 Practice Advisory 2100-6 Control and Audit Implications of e-Commerce Activities

41 Practice Advisory 2100-6 Control and Audit Implications of e-Commerce Activities

Practice Advisory 2100-6:Control and Audit Implications ofE-commerce ActivitiesInterpretation of Standard 2100 from theInternational Standards for theProfessional Practice of Internal AuditingRelated Standard2100 Nature of WorkThe internal audit activity evaluates and contributes to the improvement of riskmanagement, control and governance systems.Nature of this Practice Advisory:Growth of e-commerce continues at a fast pace, both for business-to-business or business-to-consumer applications. Effective controls and processes are critical for successful development and implementation of an e-commerce strategy. Thus, an effective e-commerce assessment effort may be a key part of the annual audit plan for many companies. This PA provides an overview of the control and audit implications. Additional resources for practitioners are: IIA s Systems Assurance and Control (SAC) product and other technology reports and ISACA s publications. Both have developed guidelines and criteria for evaluation of electronic systems and models. Compliance with Practice Advisories is optional.1.Electronic commerce (e-commerce) is generally defined as conducting commercialactivities over the Internet. These commercial activities can be business-to-business (B2B), business-to-consumer (B2C), and business-to-employee (B2E). The growth of e-commerce has been dramatic and is anticipated to grow even more rapidly in the years ahead. The recent publication by The IIA Research Foundation, SystemsAssurance and Control (SAC), and the success of the Web-based and various e-mail IIA newsletters confirms that technology not only supports e-commerce strategies, but is an integral part. Web-based and other technology changes have a dramatic impact on society, governance, economics, competition, markets, organizational structure, and national defense. Clearly, these changes and thedramatic growth of e-commerce create significant control and managementchallenges that should be considered by internal auditors in developing andimplementing their audit plans.Understanding and Planning an E-commerce Engagement2. Continuous changes in technology offer the internal auditing profession both greatopportunity and risk. Before attempting to provide assurance on the systems and processes, an internal auditor should understand the changes in business andinformation systems, the related risks, and the alignment of strategies with theenterprise s design and market requirements. The internal auditor should reviewmanagement s strategic planning and risk assessment processes and its decisionsabout:Which risks are serious?Which risks can be insured?What current controls will mitigate the risks?Which additional compensating controls are necessary?What type of monitoring is required?3. The major components of auditing e-commerce activities are:Assess the internal control structure, including the tone set by senior management;Provide reasonable assurance that goals and objectives can be achieved;Determine if the risks are acceptable;Understand the information flow;Review the interface issues (such as hardware to hardware, software to software,and hardware to software); andEvaluate the business continuity and disaster recovery plans.4. The chief audit executive s (CAE s) concerns in performing an e-commerceengagement relate to the competency and capacity of the internal audit activity.Among the possible factors that may constrain the internal audit activity are: Does the internal audit activity have sufficient skills? If not, can the skills beacquired?Are training or other resources necessary?Is the staffing level sufficient for the near-term and long-term?Can the expected audit plan be delivered?5.Internal auditor s questions during risk assessment. The IIA s SAC publicationcan assist the internal auditor in audit planning and risk assessment. It includes a list of e-commerce areas that should be of interest to an internal auditor who isundertaking an engagement and assessing risks. The questions for internal auditors to consider are:Is there a business plan for the e-commerce project or program?Does the plan cover the integration of the planning, design, and implementation of the e-commerce system with the strategies of the organization?What will be the impact on the performance, security, reliability, and availability of the system?Will the functionality meet the end user s needs (e.g., employees, customers,business partners) as well as management s objectives?Have governmental and regulatory requirements been analyzed and considered?How secure is the hardware and software, and will they prevent or detectunauthorized access, inappropriate use, and other harmful effects and losses?Will transaction processing be current, accurate, complete, and indisputable?Does the control environment allow the organization to achieve its e-commerceobjectives as it moves from concepts to results?Does the risk assessment include internal and external forces?Have the inherent risks associated with the Internet and Internet provider (such as reliability of basic communications, authentication of users, and who has access)been addressed?Have other issues been addressed (for example, disclosures of confidentialbusiness information, misuse of intellectual property, violations of copyrights,trademark infringement, libelous statements on Web sites, fraud, misuse ofelectronic signatures, privacy violations, and reputation damage)?If outside vendors are used, has a going concern evaluation been conducted by a trusted third party who is qualified to certify the vendor?If vendors provide hosting services, do they have a tested business contingencyplan? Have they provided a recent SAS-70 report? (SAS 70 reports can offervaluable information about internal controls to user organizations.) Also, haveprivacy issues been resolved?Does the contract include audit rights?E-commerce Risks and Control Issues6. The e-commerce risk and control environment is complex and evolving. Risk can bedefined as the uncertainty of an event occurring that could have a negative impact on the achievement of objectives. Risk is inherent to every business or governmententity. Opportunity risks assumed by management are often drivers of organizational activities. Beyond these opportunities may be threats and other dangers that are not clearly understood and fully evaluated and too easily accepted as part of doingbusiness. In striving to manage risk, it is essential to have an understanding of risk elements. It is also important to be aware of new threats and changes in technology that open new vulnerabilities in information security. For management purposes, the seven key questions below can serve to identify organizational risk and targetpotential ways to control or mitigate the exposures. (Risk practitioners use a variety of different risk management approaches; these questions illustrate one approach.) Risk elements associated with the questions are displayed in brackets.(a) Risk Identification and Quantification:What could happen that would adversely affect the organization s ability toachieve its objectives and execute its strategies? [Threat Events]If it happens, what is the potential financial impact? [Single Loss ExposureValue]How often might it happen? [Frequency]How probable are the answers to the first three questions? [Uncertainty](b) Risk Management and Mitigation:What can be done to prevent and avoid, mitigate, and detect risks and providenotification? [Safeguards and Controls]How much will it cost? [Safeguard and Control Costs]How efficient would that be? [Cost/Benefit or ROI Analysis]7. Some of the more critical risk and control issues to be addressed by the internalauditor are:General project management risks.Specific security threats, such as denial of service, physical attacks, viruses,identity theft, and unauthorized access or disclosure of data.Maintenance of transaction integrity under a complex network of links to legacy systems and data warehouses.Web site content review and approval when there are frequent changes andsophisticated customer features and capabilities that offer around-the-clockservice.Rapid technology changes.Legal issues, such as increasing regulations throughout the world to protectindividual privacy; enforceability of contracts outside the organization s country;and tax and accounting issues.Changes to surrounding business processes and organizational structures. Auditing E-commerce Activities8. The overall audit objective should be to ensure that all e-commerce processes haveeffective internal controls. Management of e-commerce initiatives should bedocumented in a strategic plan that is well developed and approved. If there is a decision not to participate in e-commerce, that decision should be carefully analyzed, documented, and approved by the governing board.9. Audit objectives for an e-commerce engagement may include:Evidence of e-commerce transactions.Availability and reliability of security system.Effective interface between e-commerce and financial systems.Security of monetary transactions.Effectiveness of customer authentication process.Adequacy of business continuity processes, including the resumption ofoperations.Compliance with common security standards.Effective use and control of digital signatures.Adequacy of systems, policies, and procedures to control public key certificates(using public key cryptographic techniques).Adequacy and timeliness of operating data and information.Documented evidence of an effective system of internal control.10. The details of the audit program used to audit e-commerce activities in specificorganizations will vary depending on industry, country, and legal and businessmodels. The following is an outline of a possible e-commerce audit protocol for key areas.(a) E-commerce organization The internal auditor should:Determine the value of transactions.Identify the stakeholders (external and internal).Review the change management process.Examine the approval process.Review the business plan for e-commerce activities.Evaluate the policies over public key certificates.Review the digital signature procedures.Examine service level agreements between buyer, supplier, and certificationauthority.Ascertain the quality assurance policy.Assess the privacy policy and compliance in e-commerce activities.Assess the incident response capability.(b) Fraud The internal auditor should be alert for:Unauthorized movement of money (e.g., transfers to jurisdictions where therecovery of funds would be difficult).Duplication of payments.Denial of orders placed or received, goods received, or payments made.Exception reports and procedures: and effectiveness of the follow-up.Digital signatures: Are they used for all transactions? Who authorizes them?Who has access to them?Protections against viruses and hacking activities (history file, use of tools).Access rights: Are they reviewed regularly? Are they promptly revised whenstaff members are changed?History of interception of transactions by unauthorized persons.(c) Authentication The internal auditor should review the policies forauthenticating transactions and evaluating controls.Evidence of regular reviewsControl self-assessment (CSA) tools used by managementRegular independent checksSegregation of dutiesTools that management should have in place: firewalls (multilevel to partition e-commerce and other activities), password management, independentreconciliation, and audit trails(d) Corruption of data The internal auditor should evaluate controls over dataintegrity.Who can amend catalogs and prices or rates? What is the approvalmechanism?Can someone destroy audit trails?Who can approve bulletin board amendments?What are the procedures for ordering and recording?Is the process of online tendering providing adequate documentation?Tools that should be in place include: intrusion management (monitoringsoftware, automatic time-out, and trend analysis), physical security for e-commerce servers, change controls, and reconciliation.(e)Business interruptions The internal auditor should review the businesscontinuity plan and determine if it has been tested. Management should have devised an alternative means to process the transactions in the event of aninterruption. Management should have a process in place to address the following potential conditions:Volume attacksDenial of service attacksInadequacies in interfacing between e-commerce and financial managementsystemsBackup facilitiesStrategies to counter: hacking, intrusion, cracking, viruses, worms, Trojanhorses, and back doors(f) Management issues The internal auditor should evaluate how well businessunits are managing the e-commerce process. The following are some relevanttopics.Project management reviews of individual initiatives and developmentprojectsSystem Development Life Cycle reviewsVendor selection, vendor capabilities, employee confidentiality, and bondingPost-implementation economic reviews: Are anticipated benefits beingachieved? What metrics are being used to measure success?Post-implementation process reviews: Are new processes in place andworking effectively?Origination Date: June 12, 2003Reviewed Date: February 12, 2004All contents of this Web site, except where expressly stated, are the copyrighted property of The Institute of Internal Auditors, Inc. (The IIA®). Privacy Policy。

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

OSHA现场作业手册说明书

DIRECTIVE NUMBER: CPL 02-00-150 EFFECTIVE DATE: April 22, 2011 SUBJECT: Field Operations Manual (FOM)ABSTRACTPurpose: This instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148,Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009, whichreplaced the September 26, 1994 Instruction that implemented the FieldInspection Reference Manual (FIRM). The FOM is a revision of OSHA’senforcement policies and procedures manual that provides the field officesa reference document for identifying the responsibilities associated withthe majority of their inspection duties. This Instruction also cancels OSHAInstruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs,May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045,Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989.Scope: OSHA-wide.References: Title 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.6, Advance Notice ofInspections; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.14, Policy RegardingEmployee Rescue Activities; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1903.19,Abatement Verification; 29 Code of Federal Regulations §1904.39,Reporting Fatalities and Multiple Hospitalizations to OSHA; and Housingfor Agricultural Workers: Final Rule, Federal Register, March 4, 1980 (45FR 14180).Cancellations: OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual, November9, 2009.OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and HealthPrograms, May 17, 1996.Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised FieldOperations Manual, June 15, 1989.State Impact: Notice of Intent and Adoption required. See paragraph VI.Action Offices: National, Regional, and Area OfficesOriginating Office: Directorate of Enforcement Programs Contact: Directorate of Enforcement ProgramsOffice of General Industry Enforcement200 Constitution Avenue, NW, N3 119Washington, DC 20210202-693-1850By and Under the Authority ofDavid Michaels, PhD, MPHAssistant SecretaryExecutive SummaryThis instruction cancels and replaces OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-148, Field Operations Manual (FOM), issued November 9, 2009. The one remaining part of the prior Field Operations Manual, the chapter on Disclosure, will be added at a later date. This Instruction also cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003 Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996 and Chapter 13 of OSHA Instruction CPL 02-00-045, Revised Field Operations Manual, June 15, 1989. This Instruction constitutes OSHA’s general enforcement policies and procedures manual for use by the field offices in conducting inspections, issuing citations and proposing penalties.Significant Changes∙A new Table of Contents for the entire FOM is added.∙ A new References section for the entire FOM is added∙ A new Cancellations section for the entire FOM is added.∙Adds a Maritime Industry Sector to Section III of Chapter 10, Industry Sectors.∙Revises sections referring to the Enhanced Enforcement Program (EEP) replacing the information with the Severe Violator Enforcement Program (SVEP).∙Adds Chapter 13, Federal Agency Field Activities.∙Cancels OSHA Instruction FAP 01-00-003, Federal Agency Safety and Health Programs, May 17, 1996.DisclaimerThis manual is intended to provide instruction regarding some of the internal operations of the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), and is solely for the benefit of the Government. No duties, rights, or benefits, substantive or procedural, are created or implied by this manual. The contents of this manual are not enforceable by any person or entity against the Department of Labor or the United States. Statements which reflect current Occupational Safety and Health Review Commission or court precedents do not necessarily indicate acquiescence with those precedents.Table of ContentsCHAPTER 1INTRODUCTIONI.PURPOSE. ........................................................................................................... 1-1 II.SCOPE. ................................................................................................................ 1-1 III.REFERENCES .................................................................................................... 1-1 IV.CANCELLATIONS............................................................................................. 1-8 V. ACTION INFORMATION ................................................................................. 1-8A.R ESPONSIBLE O FFICE.......................................................................................................................................... 1-8B.A CTION O FFICES. .................................................................................................................... 1-8C. I NFORMATION O FFICES............................................................................................................ 1-8 VI. STATE IMPACT. ................................................................................................ 1-8 VII.SIGNIFICANT CHANGES. ............................................................................... 1-9 VIII.BACKGROUND. ................................................................................................. 1-9 IX. DEFINITIONS AND TERMINOLOGY. ........................................................ 1-10A.T HE A CT................................................................................................................................................................. 1-10B. C OMPLIANCE S AFETY AND H EALTH O FFICER (CSHO). ...........................................................1-10B.H E/S HE AND H IS/H ERS ..................................................................................................................................... 1-10C.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT............................................................................................................................... 1-10E. W ORKPLACE AND W ORKSITE ......................................................................................................................... 1-10CHAPTER 2PROGRAM PLANNINGI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2-1 II.AREA OFFICE RESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................. 2-1A.P ROVIDING A SSISTANCE TO S MALL E MPLOYERS. ...................................................................................... 2-1B.A REA O FFICE O UTREACH P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................................. 2-1C. R ESPONDING TO R EQUESTS FOR A SSISTANCE. ............................................................................................ 2-2 III. OSHA COOPERATIVE PROGRAMS OVERVIEW. ...................................... 2-2A.V OLUNTARY P ROTECTION P ROGRAM (VPP). ........................................................................... 2-2B.O NSITE C ONSULTATION P ROGRAM. ................................................................................................................ 2-2C.S TRATEGIC P ARTNERSHIPS................................................................................................................................. 2-3D.A LLIANCE P ROGRAM ........................................................................................................................................... 2-3 IV. ENFORCEMENT PROGRAM SCHEDULING. ................................................ 2-4A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................. 2-4B.I NSPECTION P RIORITY C RITERIA. ..................................................................................................................... 2-4C.E FFECT OF C ONTEST ............................................................................................................................................ 2-5D.E NFORCEMENT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATIONS. ....................................................................................... 2-6E.P REEMPTION BY A NOTHER F EDERAL A GENCY ........................................................................................... 2-6F.U NITED S TATES P OSTAL S ERVICE. .................................................................................................................. 2-7G.H OME-B ASED W ORKSITES. ................................................................................................................................ 2-8H.I NSPECTION/I NVESTIGATION T YPES. ............................................................................................................... 2-8 V.UNPROGRAMMED ACTIVITY – HAZARD EVALUATION AND INSPECTION SCHEDULING ............................................................................ 2-9 VI.PROGRAMMED INSPECTIONS. ................................................................... 2-10A.S ITE-S PECIFIC T ARGETING (SST) P ROGRAM. ............................................................................................. 2-10B.S CHEDULING FOR C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS. ..................................................................................... 2-10C.S CHEDULING FOR M ARITIME I NSPECTIONS. ............................................................................. 2-11D.S PECIAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (SEP S). ................................................................................... 2-12E.N ATIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (NEP S) ............................................................................... 2-13F.L OCAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (LEP S) AND R EGIONAL E MPHASIS P ROGRAMS (REP S) ............ 2-13G.O THER S PECIAL P ROGRAMS. ............................................................................................................................ 2-13H.I NSPECTION S CHEDULING AND I NTERFACE WITH C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPANTS ....... 2-13CHAPTER 3INSPECTION PROCEDURESI.INSPECTION PREPARATION. .......................................................................... 3-1 II.INSPECTION PLANNING. .................................................................................. 3-1A.R EVIEW OF I NSPECTION H ISTORY .................................................................................................................... 3-1B.R EVIEW OF C OOPERATIVE P ROGRAM P ARTICIPATION .............................................................................. 3-1C.OSHA D ATA I NITIATIVE (ODI) D ATA R EVIEW .......................................................................................... 3-2D.S AFETY AND H EALTH I SSUES R ELATING TO CSHO S.................................................................. 3-2E.A DVANCE N OTICE. ................................................................................................................................................ 3-3F.P RE-I NSPECTION C OMPULSORY P ROCESS ...................................................................................................... 3-5G.P ERSONAL S ECURITY C LEARANCE. ................................................................................................................. 3-5H.E XPERT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................................................... 3-5 III. INSPECTION SCOPE. ......................................................................................... 3-6A.C OMPREHENSIVE ................................................................................................................................................... 3-6B.P ARTIAL. ................................................................................................................................................................... 3-6 IV. CONDUCT OF INSPECTION .............................................................................. 3-6A.T IME OF I NSPECTION............................................................................................................................................. 3-6B.P RESENTING C REDENTIALS. ............................................................................................................................... 3-6C.R EFUSAL TO P ERMIT I NSPECTION AND I NTERFERENCE ............................................................................. 3-7D.E MPLOYEE P ARTICIPATION. ............................................................................................................................... 3-9E.R ELEASE FOR E NTRY ............................................................................................................................................ 3-9F.B ANKRUPT OR O UT OF B USINESS. .................................................................................................................... 3-9G.E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES. ................................................................................................. 3-10H.S TRIKE OR L ABOR D ISPUTE ............................................................................................................................. 3-10I. V ARIANCES. .......................................................................................................................................................... 3-11 V. OPENING CONFERENCE. ................................................................................ 3-11A.G ENERAL ................................................................................................................................................................ 3-11B.R EVIEW OF A PPROPRIATION A CT E XEMPTIONS AND L IMITATION. ..................................................... 3-13C.R EVIEW S CREENING FOR P ROCESS S AFETY M ANAGEMENT (PSM) C OVERAGE............................. 3-13D.R EVIEW OF V OLUNTARY C OMPLIANCE P ROGRAMS. ................................................................................ 3-14E.D ISRUPTIVE C ONDUCT. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-15F.C LASSIFIED A REAS ............................................................................................................................................. 3-16VI. REVIEW OF RECORDS. ................................................................................... 3-16A.I NJURY AND I LLNESS R ECORDS...................................................................................................................... 3-16B.R ECORDING C RITERIA. ...................................................................................................................................... 3-18C. R ECORDKEEPING D EFICIENCIES. .................................................................................................................. 3-18 VII. WALKAROUND INSPECTION. ....................................................................... 3-19A.W ALKAROUND R EPRESENTATIVES ............................................................................................................... 3-19B.E VALUATION OF S AFETY AND H EALTH M ANAGEMENT S YSTEM. ....................................................... 3-20C.R ECORD A LL F ACTS P ERTINENT TO A V IOLATION. ................................................................................. 3-20D.T ESTIFYING IN H EARINGS ................................................................................................................................ 3-21E.T RADE S ECRETS. ................................................................................................................................................. 3-21F.C OLLECTING S AMPLES. ..................................................................................................................................... 3-22G.P HOTOGRAPHS AND V IDEOTAPES.................................................................................................................. 3-22H.V IOLATIONS OF O THER L AWS. ....................................................................................................................... 3-23I.I NTERVIEWS OF N ON-M ANAGERIAL E MPLOYEES .................................................................................... 3-23J.M ULTI-E MPLOYER W ORKSITES ..................................................................................................................... 3-27 K.A DMINISTRATIVE S UBPOENA.......................................................................................................................... 3-27 L.E MPLOYER A BATEMENT A SSISTANCE. ........................................................................................................ 3-27 VIII. CLOSING CONFERENCE. .............................................................................. 3-28A.P ARTICIPANTS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 3-28B.D ISCUSSION I TEMS. ............................................................................................................................................ 3-28C.A DVICE TO A TTENDEES .................................................................................................................................... 3-29D.P ENALTIES............................................................................................................................................................. 3-30E.F EASIBLE A DMINISTRATIVE, W ORK P RACTICE AND E NGINEERING C ONTROLS. ............................ 3-30F.R EDUCING E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ................................................................................................................ 3-32G.A BATEMENT V ERIFICATION. ........................................................................................................................... 3-32H.E MPLOYEE D ISCRIMINATION .......................................................................................................................... 3-33 IX. SPECIAL INSPECTION PROCEDURES. ...................................................... 3-33A.F OLLOW-UP AND M ONITORING I NSPECTIONS............................................................................................ 3-33B.C ONSTRUCTION I NSPECTIONS ......................................................................................................................... 3-34C. F EDERAL A GENCY I NSPECTIONS. ................................................................................................................. 3-35CHAPTER 4VIOLATIONSI. BASIS OF VIOLATIONS ..................................................................................... 4-1A.S TANDARDS AND R EGULATIONS. .................................................................................................................... 4-1B.E MPLOYEE E XPOSURE. ........................................................................................................................................ 4-3C.R EGULATORY R EQUIREMENTS. ........................................................................................................................ 4-6D.H AZARD C OMMUNICATION. .............................................................................................................................. 4-6E. E MPLOYER/E MPLOYEE R ESPONSIBILITIES ................................................................................................... 4-6 II. SERIOUS VIOLATIONS. .................................................................................... 4-8A.S ECTION 17(K). ......................................................................................................................... 4-8B.E STABLISHING S ERIOUS V IOLATIONS ............................................................................................................ 4-8C. F OUR S TEPS TO BE D OCUMENTED. ................................................................................................................... 4-8 III. GENERAL DUTY REQUIREMENTS ............................................................. 4-14A.E VALUATION OF G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENTS ................................................................................. 4-14B.E LEMENTS OF A G ENERAL D UTY R EQUIREMENT V IOLATION.............................................................. 4-14C. U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE ........................................................................................................ 4-23D.L IMITATIONS OF U SE OF THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..............................................................E.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS C ITED U NDER THE G ENERAL D UTY C LAUSE. ..................F. P ROCEDURES FOR I MPLEMENTATION OF S ECTION 5(A)(1) E NFORCEMENT ............................ 4-25 4-27 4-27IV.OTHER-THAN-SERIOUS VIOLATIONS ............................................... 4-28 V.WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ......................................................................... 4-28A.I NTENTIONAL D ISREGARD V IOLATIONS. ..........................................................................................4-28B.P LAIN I NDIFFERENCE V IOLATIONS. ...................................................................................................4-29 VI. CRIMINAL/WILLFUL VIOLATIONS. ................................................... 4-30A.A REA D IRECTOR C OORDINATION ....................................................................................................... 4-31B.C RITERIA FOR I NVESTIGATING P OSSIBLE C RIMINAL/W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS ........................ 4-31C. W ILLFUL V IOLATIONS R ELATED TO A F ATALITY .......................................................................... 4-32 VII. REPEATED VIOLATIONS. ...................................................................... 4-32A.F EDERAL AND S TATE P LAN V IOLATIONS. ........................................................................................4-32B.I DENTICAL S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-32C.D IFFERENT S TANDARDS. .......................................................................................................................4-33D.O BTAINING I NSPECTION H ISTORY. .....................................................................................................4-33E.T IME L IMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................4-34F.R EPEATED V. F AILURE TO A BATE....................................................................................................... 4-34G. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-35 VIII. DE MINIMIS CONDITIONS. ................................................................... 4-36A.C RITERIA ................................................................................................................................................... 4-36B.P ROFESSIONAL J UDGMENT. ..................................................................................................................4-37C. A REA D IRECTOR R ESPONSIBILITIES. .............................................................................. 4-37 IX. CITING IN THE ALTERNATIVE ............................................................ 4-37 X. COMBINING AND GROUPING VIOLATIONS. ................................... 4-37A.C OMBINING. ..............................................................................................................................................4-37B.G ROUPING. ................................................................................................................................................4-38C. W HEN N OT TO G ROUP OR C OMBINE. ................................................................................................4-38 XI. HEALTH STANDARD VIOLATIONS ....................................................... 4-39A.C ITATION OF V ENTILATION S TANDARDS ......................................................................................... 4-39B.V IOLATIONS OF THE N OISE S TANDARD. ...........................................................................................4-40 XII. VIOLATIONS OF THE RESPIRATORY PROTECTION STANDARD(§1910.134). ....................................................................................................... XIII. VIOLATIONS OF AIR CONTAMINANT STANDARDS (§1910.1000) ... 4-43 4-43A.R EQUIREMENTS UNDER THE STANDARD: .................................................................................................. 4-43B.C LASSIFICATION OF V IOLATIONS OF A IR C ONTAMINANT S TANDARDS. ......................................... 4-43 XIV. CITING IMPROPER PERSONAL HYGIENE PRACTICES. ................... 4-45A.I NGESTION H AZARDS. .................................................................................................................................... 4-45B.A BSORPTION H AZARDS. ................................................................................................................................ 4-46C.W IPE S AMPLING. ............................................................................................................................................. 4-46D.C ITATION P OLICY ............................................................................................................................................ 4-46 XV. BIOLOGICAL MONITORING. ...................................................................... 4-47CHAPTER 5CASE FILE PREPARATION AND DOCUMENTATIONI.INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 5-1 II.INSPECTION CONDUCTED, CITATIONS BEING ISSUED. .................... 5-1A.OSHA-1 ................................................................................................................................... 5-1B.OSHA-1A. ............................................................................................................................... 5-1C. OSHA-1B. ................................................................................................................................ 5-2 III.INSPECTION CONDUCTED BUT NO CITATIONS ISSUED .................... 5-5 IV.NO INSPECTION ............................................................................................... 5-5 V. HEALTH INSPECTIONS. ................................................................................. 5-6A.D OCUMENT P OTENTIAL E XPOSURE. ............................................................................................................... 5-6B.E MPLOYER’S O CCUPATIONAL S AFETY AND H EALTH S YSTEM. ............................................................. 5-6 VI. AFFIRMATIVE DEFENSES............................................................................. 5-8A.B URDEN OF P ROOF. .............................................................................................................................................. 5-8B.E XPLANATIONS. ..................................................................................................................................................... 5-8 VII. INTERVIEW STATEMENTS. ........................................................................ 5-10A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-10B.CSHO S SHALL OBTAIN WRITTEN STATEMENTS WHEN: .......................................................................... 5-10C.L ANGUAGE AND W ORDING OF S TATEMENT. ............................................................................................. 5-11D.R EFUSAL TO S IGN S TATEMENT ...................................................................................................................... 5-11E.V IDEO AND A UDIOTAPED S TATEMENTS. ..................................................................................................... 5-11F.A DMINISTRATIVE D EPOSITIONS. .............................................................................................5-11 VIII. PAPERWORK AND WRITTEN PROGRAM REQUIREMENTS. .......... 5-12 IX.GUIDELINES FOR CASE FILE DOCUMENTATION FOR USE WITH VIDEOTAPES AND AUDIOTAPES .............................................................. 5-12 X.CASE FILE ACTIVITY DIARY SHEET. ..................................................... 5-12 XI. CITATIONS. ..................................................................................................... 5-12A.S TATUTE OF L IMITATIONS. .............................................................................................................................. 5-13B.I SSUING C ITATIONS. ........................................................................................................................................... 5-13C.A MENDING/W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS AND N OTIFICATION OF P ENALTIES. .................................. 5-13D.P ROCEDURES FOR A MENDING OR W ITHDRAWING C ITATIONS ............................................................ 5-14 XII. INSPECTION RECORDS. ............................................................................... 5-15A.G ENERALLY. ......................................................................................................................................................... 5-15B.R ELEASE OF I NSPECTION I NFORMATION ..................................................................................................... 5-15C. C LASSIFIED AND T RADE S ECRET I NFORMATION ...................................................................................... 5-16。

46PRACTICE ADVISORY

46PRACTICE ADVISORY

Practice Advisory 2120.A1-1:Assessing and Reporting onControl ProcessesInterpretation of Standard 2120.A1 from theInternational Standards for theProfessional Practice of Internal AuditingRelated Standard2120.A1 Based on the results of the risk assessment, the internal audit activityshould evaluate the adequacy and effectiveness of controls encompassing theorganization s governance, operations, and information systems. This shouldinclude:Reliability and integrity of financial and operational information.Effectiveness and efficiency of operations.Safeguarding of assets.Compliance with laws, regulations, and contracts.Nature of this Practice Advisory: Internal auditors should consider the following guidance when assessing the effective-ness of an organization s system of controls and reporting that judgment to senior management and the board of directors. The audit work performed during the year should obtain sufficient information to enable an evaluation of the system of controls and the formulation of an opinion. Compliance with Practice Advisories is optional.1. One of the tasks of a board of directors is to establish and maintain the organization sgovernance processes and to obtain assurances concerning the effectiveness of the risk management and control processes. Senior management s role is to oversee the establishment, administration, and assessment of that system of risk management and control processes. The purpose of that multifaceted system of control processes is to support people of the organization in the management of risks and the achievement of the established and communicated objectives of the enterprise. More specifically, those control processes are expected to ensure, among other things, that the following conditions exist:Financial and operational information is reliable and possesses integrity.Operations are performed efficiently and achieve effective results.Assets are safeguarded.Actions and decisions of the organization are in compliance with laws,regulations, and contracts.2. Among the responsibilities of the organization s managers is the assessment of thecontrol processes in their respective areas. Internal and external auditors providevarying degrees of assurance about the state of effectiveness of the risk management and control processes in select activities and functions of the organization.3. Senior management and the board normally expect that the chief audit executive(CAE) will perform sufficient audit work and gather other available informationduring the year so as to form a judgment about the adequacy and effectiveness of the risk management and control processes. The CAE should communicate that overall judgment about the organization s risk management process and system of controls to senior management and the audit committee. A growing number of organizations have included a management s report on the risk management process and system of internal controls in their annual or periodic reports to external stakeholders.4. The CAE should develop a proposed audit plan normally for the coming year thatensures sufficient evidence will be obtained to evaluate the effectiveness of the risk management and control processes. The plan should call for audit engagements or other procedures to gather relevant information about all major operating units and business functions. It should include a review of the major risk managementprocesses operating across the organization and a selection of the key risks identified from those processes. The audit plan should also give special consideration to those operations most affected by recent or expected changes. Those changes incircumstances may result from marketplace or investment conditions, acquisitions and divestitures, or restructures and new ventures. The proposed plan should beflexible so that adjustments may be made during the year as a result of changes in management strategies, external conditions, major risk areas, or revised expectations about achieving the organization s objectives.5. In determining the proposed audit plan, the CAE should consider relevant work thatwill be performed by others. To minimize duplication and inefficiencies, the work planned or recently completed by management in its assessments of the riskmanagement process, controls, and quality improvement processes as well as the work planned by the external auditors should be considered in determining theexpected coverage of the audit plan for the coming year.6. Finally, the CAE should evaluate the coverage of the proposed plan from twoviewpoints: adequacy across organizational entities and inclusion of a variety oftransaction and business-process types. If the scope of the proposed audit plan isinsufficient to enable the expression of assurance about the organization s riskmanagement and control processes, the CAE should inform senior management and the board of the expected deficiency, its causes, and the probable consequences. 7. The challenge for internal audit is to evaluate the effectiveness of the organization ssystem of risk management and controls based on the aggregation of many individual assessments. Those assessments are largely gained from internal audit engagements, management s self-assessments, and external auditor s work. As the engagements progress, internal auditors should communicate, on a timely basis, the findings to theappropriate levels of management so that prompt action can be taken to correct or mitigate the consequences of discovered control discrepancies or weaknesses.8. Three key considerations in reaching an evaluation of the overall effectiveness of theorganization s risk management and control processes are:Were significant discrepancies or weaknesses discovered from the audit workperformed and other assessment information gathered?If so, were corrections or improvements made after the discoveries?Do the discoveries and their consequences lead to the conclusion that a pervasive condition exists resulting in an unacceptable level of business risk?The temporary existence of a significant risk management and control discrepancy or weakness does not necessarily lead to the judgment that it is pervasive and poses an unacceptable residual risk. The pattern of discoveries, degree of intrusion, and level of consequences and exposures are factors to be considered in determining whether the effectiveness of the whole system of controls is jeopardized and unacceptable risks exist.9. The report of the CAE on the state of the organization s risk management and controlprocesses should be presented, usually once a year, to senior management and the board. The report should emphasize the critical role played by the risk management and control processes in the quest for the organization s objectives, and it should refer to major work performed by internal audit and to other important sources ofinformation that were used to formulate the overall assurance judgment. The opinion section of the report is normally expressed in terms of negative assurance; that is, the audit work performed for the period and other information gathered did not disclose any significant weaknesses in the risk management and control processes that have a pervasive effect. If the risk management and control deficiencies or weaknesses are significant and pervasive, the assurance section of the report may be a qualified or adverse opinion, depending on the projected increase in the level of residual risk and its impact on the organization s objectives.10. The target audiences for the annual report are senior executives and board members.Because these readers have divergent understandings of auditing and business, the CAE s annual report should be clear, concise, and informative. It should be composed and edited to be understandable by them and targeted to meet their informationalneeds. Its value to these readers can be enhanced by focusing on the major risk areas and including major recommendations for improvement and information aboutcurrent control issues and trends, such as technology and information securityexposures, patterns of control discrepancies or weaknesses across business units, and potential difficulties in complying with laws or regulations.11. Ample evidence exists of an expectation gap surrounding the internal auditactivity s work in evaluating and providing assurance about the state of riskmanagement and control processes. One such gap exists between management and the board s normally high expectations about the value of internal auditing services and the internal auditor s more modest expectations that derive from knowledge of practical limitations on audit coverage and from self-doubt about generating sufficientevidence to support an informed and objective judgment. The CAE should bemindful of the possible gap between what the report reader presumes and whatactually happened during the year. He or she should use the report as another way to address different mental models and to suggest improving the capacity of the function or reducing the constraints to access and audit effectiveness.Origination Date: June 18, 2001Revised Date: February 12, 2004All contents of this Web site, except where expressly stated, are the copyrighted property of The Institute of Internal Auditors, Inc. (The IIA®). Privacy Policy。

Useful_Infomation_for_Scholars_New_to_the_World_of_Science

Useful_Infomation_for_Scholars_New_to_the_World_of_Science

USEFUL INFORMATION FOR SCHOLARS NEW TO THE WORLD OF SCIENCEYu-Chi Ho, Xiaohong Guan, Xi-Ren Cao, Weibo Gong, Peter B. Luh, Houmin YanPrefaceChina is being rapidly integrated into the world community with increasing influences and plays a more and more important role in the world arena. Meanwhile, Chinese scholars and students become more and more active in international academia. Publications and professional participations have become a key measure of scholarly accomplishment. With this new trend, it become increasingly important that Chinese scholars and students get familiar with, and abide by the international standard when writing papers, submitting them for publication, dealing with editors, and applying for funding.Coincidentally, various incidents for which we have personal knowledge or have heard from reliable sources point to some problems that some Chinese scholars have with international professional societies and editorial boards. Such problems arise largely because the cultural difference between East and West but are also fueled by social incentives in Chinese academia concerning quantitative measure for performance. The old Chinese proverb of“inquiring customs upon entering a new territory”is fully applicable here.Thus it is perhaps useful to recount the “conventions and protocols” of international academia and the collective experience of more than 100 years in international publications and professional society work of the authors for the benefit of new Chinese scholars and students who are interested in an academia(vs. administrative) career.We hope the informal notes collected below will be of real use to young Chinese scholars and students.This booklet is written in both English and Chinese and we would like to publish it in bilingual format. In this way, this booklet itself could serve as an example for readers to compare the different presentation in Chinese and English when preparing a paper to be published in an international journal.Our last remark is to the order of the authorship of this booklet: the first two authors are listed based on their contributions, and the rest are listed alphabetically.Table of ContentsChapter 1 Publishing papers and Presenting Speeches1.1How to share credit and cite references1.2How to get a paper published in an international journal1.3How to give a technical talkChapter 2 Professional Participation2.1 How to serve as an associate editor2.2 How to apply for research funding2.3 How to do research and pick a research topic----Conversation with Professor Yu-Chi HoChapter 3 Miscellaneous NotesChapter 1 Publishing Papers and Presenting Speeches1.1How to Share Credit and Cite ReferencesIn scientific and literary writings it is most important “to give credit where credit is due.” After all, this is what an author lives on and the only currency in scholarly endeavor. Violation of this basic dictum can result in severe consequences. The most extreme example is plagiarism where one author steals material from another and claims to be his/her own. When discovered, the punishment is very harsh at least in the West. However, there are lesser forms of “plagiarism” or “not giving credit where it is due” and other authoring transgressions that are due to cultural difference between East and West that can result in misunderstanding and bad feelings. All entering freshman at Harvard University are given a document instructing them on the etiquette of writing a paper, proper citing of reference, and giving attribution. In order to have free sharing of ideas and at the same time respect for the intellectual property right of scholars, some basic common understanding need to be understood among all persons participating in scholarly discussion and dissemination of ideas.If one is reporting the results of another or things one learned from another, then it is customary to EXPLICYTLY acknowledge the source. It is NOT sufficient to write a couple of paragraphs of text, which are basically rephrasing of other people’s words and providing a simple numbered reference, such as [xx]. This created the impression, intentional or unintentional, that the words and ideas are the author’s own creation and the referenced author is only of minor importance. Furthermore, in general one does not report ones own “learning experience” in a paper submitted for publication consideration unless you are providing NEW significant in sights. Even then, you should explicitly acknowledge the priority of the ideas of other. Although by giving a numbered reference, you can argue you are not plagiarizing, it will nevertheless reflect badly on you. A knowledgeable reviewer of your paper will not let you get away with it. The offended author, most probably who will also be the reviewer of your paper, will not forgive you. The long-term consequences of such practice are much worse that any temporary benefit one may derive from such an act.If you wish to thank someone who has helped you in the writing or development of your paper, then thank him properly and sincerely. Never thank a person by giving the impression that she/he has personally approved your paper. This may be a sign of respect in the East. But it is bad form. Thus, one often sees at the end of acknowledgement an additional phrase “… all remaining errors are solely the responsibility of the author.” One should not be made to take responsibility for a paper unless his/her name appears as one of the authors.One more thing. It is important to treat other people’s idea and intellectual property with respect and care. A published paper can be freely passed around andshared without authorization from the original author. After all, a published paper is in the public domain. But a draft or rough ideas a colleague shared with you for comment and discussion within a limited circle should be treated with care. In particular, a PowerPoint document or transparency slides should not be distributed or used without checking with the original author. This is important because a transparency or a PowerPoint slide does not have the accompanying voice that goes author would like these used or quoted out of context. Also the creation of a good PowerPoint slide is a very time consuming task. To appropriate such a slide for personal use without attribution is a violation of intellectual property right of others. Here is an example. One of us, Ho, had a carefully prepared slide from a plenary address that many people liked including a government contract monitor who holds the power of money(literally the power of life-or-death) over the project. Yet he wrote Ho asking for specific permission to use the slide for his purpose and promised to give full attribution to Ho when using it. This is like a parent in the Eastern cultures* asking permission from his/her child to borrow something the child has created. More importantly, if scientific workers cannot be assured of this implicit understanding among colleagues, free discussion will be stifled and progress will be significantly slowed.We advise that authors be generous to collaborators who indeed make contributions. It is our opinion that it is always a good practice to share credits even though you may honestly think that the other person does not deserve it when the contributions among collaborators are not clear-cut and it is hard to judge that fairness accurately. Look at it this way, in the short run you may think you have giving away something. But in the long run, if you have staying power you will write far more on the subject than your co-author or person whom you have acknowledged. If you share a Nobel Prize with someone, you are still a Nobel Laureate and not a half Nobel Laureate. Besides, sharing credit generously will result in far less arguments and bad feelings with your colleagues. Your generosity may even be repaid someday surprisingly when you least expect it.People with integrity and principle will always tell you if they feel they don’t deserve sharing credit with you on something. It is our own principle that we have to materially contribute to a paper in ideas or in writing before our names should go on as the co-author of a paper. Many well known scholars have lived to regret that their names appeared on a paper which later on turned out to be falsified by their co-author.Finally, note in co-authored papers, the order of the name of authors is dependent on the custom of the profession. For example, in medical papers, the name order is often determined by seniority with the name of the head of the laboratory or project appearing first while the last named author is the most junior but who may have done most of the detailed work. In other cases, the first named author is the one who had original idea or contributed most to the paper. In still other cases, alphabetical orders are used. Our practice has been sequencing the authors based on contributions. This isfair, and has been the practice for IEEE in general. In most cases, the authors should be able to come to a mutually satisfactory answer. In case of dispute, our own recommendation is it never hurts to be generous in sharing credit this way. Life is too short for one to worry much about this order nor is it important in the long run.1.2 How to Get a Paper Published in an International JournalEveryone realizes that there are huge variances in the quality of international journals listed in the Science Citation Index (SCI). For a journal to be listed in the SCI is no guarantee of quality. The same goes for publishing a paper in one of the SCI journals. Thus, if a scholar or a university administration is interested in quality rather than quantity, then a count of papers published in SCI journals is no guarantee.On the other hand, at any one time, each science and technology discipline has a small list of commonly agreed upon international journals of top quality and reputation that are known to recognized experts in the field. Advisory committees and outside referees can easily provide such a list when asked by a university administration for evaluation purposes.The number of times a given paper is cited by OTHER authors in SCI is indeed a quality measure of the paper. This is the MAIN purpose of SCI. It is not the purpose of SCI to guarantee the quality of journals covered by its publications. It also should be noted that the numbers of citations vary a lot in different areas and disciplines.You need to address three types of readers in a well written paper:●The reader just wants to know the result of the paper to determine if she/hewants to read on. A good ABSTRACT serves this purpose.●The reader wants to know intuitively what is the key ideas behind this paper,how is it derived, what are the significance and implications. You can do this in one place in the introduction or an earlier section. In fact answering this will also serve to prime reader type 3.●The reader wants to know all the gory details.There are many common rules for writing a paper and making a presentation even though the kind of effort required is different. You should also consult the companion paper in this booklet on “how to give a talk”.Because the peer review system is anonymous, criticisms often times can be frank, brutal, sarcastic, or even occasionally wrong. Asian scholars often interpret such critiques as a personal attack and consider request for revision or rejection of a paper "losing face." Some even view it as "discrimination" against mi norities. Nothing can be further from the truth. Very well known scholars still get their papers rejected or request to be revised. Your job is to get your paper published not to create new enemies. As the saying goes: Don’t get mad, get even (which in this case means have the paper accepted for publication).To this extent, first and foremost, never argue or fight with the editor and thereferees/ reviewers even if you are convinced they are wrong. This is a battle you cannot win since they hold all the trump cards. Your job is to convince them or to change their minds. Thus be civil and respectful. Do not sink to the same level even if you think they are abusive. Thank the reviewers since this is an entirely voluntary effort on their part. Time is money. They have no obligation to invest time and effort to review your paper.Examine carefully all the comments made by the reviewers and by the Associate Editor (and by the Editor if applicable). Sometimes reviewers would ask for the moon, therefore it is important to differentiate those comments that must be fully addressed before the paper can be accepted from those that are desirable to be addressed. Usually a good AE or Editor will specify what are MUST, and what are desirable to have. Try to fully address the former and discuss the latter within your capability.Respond to EACH of the points raised by the· reviewer/ referee one by one. If possible respond in hard copy or in electronic form, side by side with the original points raised by the reviewer. This makes the job much easier the second time around for the reviewers and shows you have made a sincere and considerate effort to be responsive and valued their time spent on your paper. Remember again your job is to win over the reviewers not to fight with them.If you must disagree with the reviewer on some point, do it professionally with no rancor or sarcasm. If you respond point by point positively to most, the reviewers are much more likely to go along with your negative comments on some. We all realize we cannot be right all the time.After responding to the requests for revising a paper, you should also prepare the followings:● A cover letter to the corresponding editor thanking him and telling him ingeneral terms that you have responded to each of the referees in detail andthat your revised paper now merits re-consideration and re-review.●Separate and detailed point-by-point response to every one of the referee'scomments. Occasionally, some authors have a long list of explanations tothe reviewers but did nothing to the manuscript itself. This is not advisable.●Remember, the reviewers' purpose is to help you in revising your paper, notto get a response from you. Therefore, while responding to the reviewers,you have to let them know where (list the page and the line numbers) andhow in the manuscript the corresponding changes have been made.People are always impressed by the effort and organization you took in responding to their comments.One very important issue is the English. A large number of papers from Chinese authors are rejected simply because the papers are not well written. It is notuncommon to see reviewers' comments such as “ ... the paper is poorly written; there are many spelling and grammatical errors. I have to guess what the authors mean, and therefore it is difficult to judge the contribution of the paper.” In most cases, these are relevant comments and do form a strong basis for rejecting the paper. We cannot over-emphasize the importance of English. If you cannot express your ideas well, your paper will not be accepted, no matter how good your work is. For Chinese authors using English as a second language, writing a readable and understandable technical paper in English is not an easy but an achievable goal. The crucial point is that you need to pay enough attention to this matter. One hint that students often find useful is to try to write in simple and short sentences. Don't try to translate word for word sophisticated Chinese sentences. They may come out funny and wrong, and taking words literally would often lead to misinterpretation. For example, 经济法is not "Economic Law" but "Business Law." Translating 博士后流动站into "Post Doctor Mobile Station" at some Chinese websites looks funny. Actually "postdoctoral program" is a simple and appropriate expression in this case. One of the authors of tills booklet recently encountered a dramatic real life example of the problem of misinterpretation. A Chinese scholar whose English is actually quite good wrote: "I'll take my time to finish the work" when he really want to say the Chinese: "我会抓紧时间完成". In English context, however, it came out exactly opposite of what he wanted to say.Since technical papers usually require only using the present tense, simple structures such as "I am a student, and I live in China" are often good enough for expressing most ideas. Although such writing does not look beautiful nor sound interesting, the reviewers may at least feel that the paper is understandable. For beginners, help from native speakers or people with good English skills is needed. Use spelling check to make sure that all words are spelled correctly. Pay particular attention to the spellings of the names in references, because spelling check tools cannot help with these names. Remember a misspelled name in English looks just like as if your name in Chinese characters is quoted with some strokes missing. It looks awful and irresponsible, especially when the cited author happens to be the reviewer. Every effort to correct your spelling and grammar before submission is worthwhile. It is worthwhile to hire an English major to help you.An equally important issue is the organization of the paper. Often we find a paper poorly written not because of its English, but because of its bad logic and loose organization. Notations or terminology are not defined before they first appear; mathematical derivations are not well motivated; etc. As a general rule, if you feel that an idea is not expressed well, you can almost guarantee that the readers will not understand this idea. It is our experience that the author has to revise a paper many times before it can be ready for final submission.In the system field, it is also a common misunderstanding among young authors that only a paper with many mathematical symbols and equations can be good. If youare a trained mathematician, then do it. But if you are not, then you can easily make matters worse. The paper will end up being amateurish, incomplete, inconsistent, and difficult to understand. Remember in engineering papers, mathematical symbols only serve as SHORTHAND when needed. They are not a substitute for content.There may be some cultural differences here in assuming the responsibility of delivery of a technical paper. Some Chinese authors tend to believe that the reviewers and readers should share more responsibility to understand the contents of a technical paper. Many times, we heard some Chinese authors complained that the reviewers or the readers did not have enough knowledge and expertise to understand their works or did not make enough efforts to try to understand their works. However, in the international academic community, it is considered the opposite. The authors should have the ultimate responsibility to deliver a paper to the readers and to explain their complicated theory and method in a simple way such that a reader in his field with reasonable background can understand. As a matter of fact, one of the major reasons that a reviewer rejects a paper is its ambiguous presentation.Occasionally, a referee offers so much help that substantially improve the quality of the paper. In such case, you may want to offer co-authorship to the referee. This is a nice gesture that you may wish to consider sometimes. Believe us, it will help you much more than hurt you for sharing credits. You can do this by asking the editor in charge to relay the offer.Finally, remember an editor and referees can be absolutely correct that your paper is beyond redemption. The rejection letter will usually make that obvious. In that case, you should have the good sense to give up and remember it as a good lesson for your future scholarly standard. In each scholar's lifetime there really are only a few papers that will stand the test of time. Not having a given paper accepted is often not really worth the time required to make it acceptable. Unless you are totally convinced about the quality and importance of the paper, know when to stop. You should always do a cost-benefit analysis.1.3 How to Give a Technical TalkTo give a talk is an "opportunity" that you should take seri ously. It is not everyday that you have a chance for 30-60 minutes to show how smart you are to a roomful of very inte11igent people. Try to organize such an "opportunity" on your own then you’ll realize how important it is not to mess up such an opportunity.Having written a paper does not mean that you don't have to prepare for a talk. These are two different things. Preparation is everything. Rehearse your talk in front of an audience who are willing to give you frank feedbacks or use a tape or video recorder. Pay attention to time available, and to your delivery, gestures, etc.By all means use PowerPoint. Three beneficial reasons are:i. When you use both audio and visual channels of communications, you don'twasted any time in writing points down and you can affect moreinformation transfer in the same amount of time.ii. The transparencies/ slides serve as an automatic reminder of things you want to cover, in the correct order.iii.Preparing the transparencies/slides forces you to organize and rehearse your talk and helps you to uncover weak spots (this is far more importantthan most people realize).Use multiple slides or the animation feature of the PowerPoint to control the display of information on your transparencies or slides. Showing all the information on a slide at once tends to distract the audience.With PowerPoint software, animation, color, and last minute changes become very simple. By all means take advantage of these features. We cannot emphasize this enough. You will stand out above all others who do not use such modem conveniences.The repeated use of a single well thought out example to illustrate your talk at different points has multiple advantages. Two specific ones are:i It save setup time the second or third time you use the example,ii more importantly, repeating the same example reinforces and illuminates your audience's understanding of the points each time you use the example.Do not under-estimate this advantage.By the same token, everything on your slides should be examined for consistency and reinforcement of understanding. In particular,i. Never change notations half way through a talk (happens all the time becauseyou want to save effort and use an old slide from another related talk). The damage this does is a lot more than the time needed to explain the notation change. With the ease of PowerPoint you no longer have any excuse not to change, adapt, or improve your slide each time, even at the last minute.ii. If you use a graphic notation to denote something important, e. g. a square to denote a particular system, then make the graphics distinct and use it repeatedly. Don't change the size of the square or change it to an oval just for variety sake. By the same token, use one consistent name or label to denote one thing. For example, don't change calling a "design" to a "decision" just for variety.Don't be self-centered. What is interesting to you may not hold the same interest for the audience. Your duty is not to talk about what is interesting to you but to make what you talk about interesting to the audience. It is not enough just to report what you have learned but also to make the audience learn what you are reporting. You want the audience to go away thinking that they have not wasted 30-60 minutes of their time and have at least learned something interesting. You will be surprised how often an audience-centered presentation style reflected positively on you as a speaker, even years later.I n an average technical talk with transparencies or power point slides of average technical content that requires explanation, you should not have more than 15 SLIDES PER 30 MINUTES T ALK, with 10 slides preferred. This should be an ironclad rule for beginners. When you become more experienced, then you can estimate the timing better.Assuming you know exactly what you want to say and the order you want to say it, allow at least 15 minutes per slides preparation if only text is used. Spend a minimum of 30 minutes per slides if you have graphics. Thus, an hour-talk requires an average of 450 minutes or 7. 5 hours in front of a computer just for making the slides. Behind a good lecture there is a surprising amount of preparation most people just don't realize. You can never spend too much time in preparing a talk. You will never regret the time you spent on preparation either.Don't pack information and data of a paper onto a slide. The minimal size for text is 18 points.Most people cannot keep the definitions or meanings of more than four symbols in their head simultaneously. Extensive use of mathematical formula and notation will turn off people. Use symbols and notations only if they create meaningful shorthand and must be constantly reinforced.The forest is definitely more important than the trees. Particularly in a short talk,you should be prepared to gloss over details. If this offends your sensibility about precision and rigor, you can always insert a caveat for the specialist to talk to you separately.Most (probably 90%) of the speakers never observe any of the above pointers for their talk. If you only practice half of what we are preaching, you will be way ahead of the game.The golden rule is "IT IS POSSIBLE TO EXPLAIN ANYTHING TO ANYBODY IN ANY AMOUNT OF ALLOTTED TIME AT THE LEVEL THEY CAN UNDERSTAND". More specifically,●Mention main goal early to capture attention.●Use larger types. The minimum font size should be 18 points. Occasionally ingraphics 14 points can be used. Very rarely in detail graphs you can use 12 points. Corollary advantage of using larger types is to automatically restrict the amount of information you can squeeze onto one transparency.●Try to vary emphasis. A monotone delivery and uniform emphasis deaden thepresentation.●Don't slur your pronunciations and let sentences trail off. If you are not sure.Practice! Practice! and Practice!●Always define things. Your problem statement, mathematical symbol, yourgoals, etc.●Tape your talk and listen to and view it.●Experimental results should be presented with a view that the listener canreproduce it if necessary, i.e., experimental conditions defined, procedures outlined, and conclusions stated, and label your diagram and axes in graphs.●Provide a road map and use it via the device of a summary slide belowTopic 1Topic 2Topic Nto highlight sub-topical matters, i, under discussion.●Don' t overuse animation and graphics and get carried away with the power ofPowerPoint. "Form" should never overwhelm "Content".●Watch where you stand when you speak. Don't cover up the screen for someof the audience.●Don't keep the laser pointer on all the time. Use it only when you need it.●Watch your hand gestures. Don' t keep them in your pocket.●Also consult "Lecturing Heuristics" by P. H. Winstion giving every year atMIT.●Also consult Charles Campbell, "How Much B. S. Should I Put into ThisPresentation", IEEE Transactions on Professional Communications, vol. 39, no. 2, June 1996.Chapter 2 Professional Participation2.1 How to Serve as an Associate EditorThe importance of getting papers published in leading international journals could not be over-emphasized i f we want to be fully integrated into the World community, and to take our rightful place in the world arena. How to get this done successfully has been presented in the companion article "How to Get a Paper Published in International Journals " It is stated there that when interact with Editors or Associate Editors, "first and foremost, never argue or fight with the editor and the referees/reviewers even if you are convinced they are wrong. This is a battle you cannot win since they hold all the trump cards. Your job is to convince them or to change their minds." Do you want to be on the other side of the fence to be on the Editorial Boards of leading international journals? Once you are on, how to do a good job? Please read the following.Be a Good Reviewer.To start with, let us understand the process involved. As an author, we want our results to be published in leading international journals with high impact factors. We need good technical results to start with, and we need to know how to present our work in a nicely fashion. The manuscript, once submitted, has to be reviewed by multiple reviewers and by members of the Editorial Board. A journal is good for various reasons, but a key one is that it has a high quality and constructive review process. For example, IEEE journals have a highly structured and efficient review process, and their publication policy is available at 11ttp:/// about/whatis/ policies/ index. html (Chapter 6). A paper is usually reviewed by two to four reviewers, with minimum two for IEEE. As such, a journal constantly seeks good reviewers who know the areas and can provide sound and impartial reviews in a timely fashion. In view of very limited pool of good reviewers, author of one paper many times is asked to review other papers in similar areas. We can also volunteer ourselves to be reviewers to Associate Editors or Editors. Once we are asked to review a paper and can provide solid reviews and insightful and constructive comments in a timely fashion, we will be appreciated and highly sought by Associate Editors. This will facilitate the review of our own paper in an indirect way, and let us be known to Associate Editors and Editors. When there is a need for AEs, our name could then be tossed around for consideration. If we provide shallow reviews or comments without basis, this will hurt us.Become an Associate Editor.How to become an associate editor? As mentioned earlier, the first is to be a good author and a good reviewer, and let ourselves be known to the community. For。

Indradrive 系列 故障代码

Indradrive 系列 故障代码

Error MessagesF9001 Error internal function call.F9002 Error internal RTOS function callF9003 WatchdogF9004 Hardware trapF8000 Fatal hardware errorF8010 Autom. commutation: Max. motion range when moving back F8011 Commutation offset could not be determinedF8012 Autom. commutation: Max. motion rangeF8013 Automatic commutation: Current too lowF8014 Automatic commutation: OvercurrentF8015 Automatic commutation: TimeoutF8016 Automatic commutation: Iteration without resultF8017 Automatic commutation: Incorrect commutation adjustment F8018 Device overtemperature shutdownF8022 Enc. 1: Enc. signals incorr. (can be cleared in ph. 2) F8023 Error mechanical link of encoder or motor connectionF8025 Overvoltage in power sectionF8027 Safe torque off while drive enabledF8028 Overcurrent in power sectionF8030 Safe stop 1 while drive enabledF8042 Encoder 2 error: Signal amplitude incorrectF8057 Device overload shutdownF8060 Overcurrent in power sectionF8064 Interruption of motor phaseF8067 Synchronization PWM-Timer wrongF8069 +/-15Volt DC errorF8070 +24Volt DC errorF8076 Error in error angle loopF8078 Speed loop error.F8079 Velocity limit value exceededF8091 Power section defectiveF8100 Error when initializing the parameter handlingF8102 Error when initializing power sectionF8118 Invalid power section/firmware combinationF8120 Invalid control section/firmware combinationF8122 Control section defectiveF8129 Incorrect optional module firmwareF8130 Firmware of option 2 of safety technology defectiveF8133 Error when checking interrupting circuitsF8134 SBS: Fatal errorF8135 SMD: Velocity exceededF8140 Fatal CCD error.F8201 Safety command for basic initialization incorrectF8203 Safety technology configuration parameter invalidF8813 Connection error mains chokeF8830 Power section errorF8838 Overcurrent external braking resistorF7010 Safely-limited increment exceededF7011 Safely-monitored position, exceeded in pos. DirectionF7012 Safely-monitored position, exceeded in neg. DirectionF7013 Safely-limited speed exceededF7020 Safe maximum speed exceededF7021 Safely-limited position exceededF7030 Position window Safe stop 2 exceededF7031 Incorrect direction of motionF7040 Validation error parameterized - effective thresholdF7041 Actual position value validation errorF7042 Validation error of safe operation modeF7043 Error of output stage interlockF7050 Time for stopping process exceeded8.3.15 F7051 Safely-monitored deceleration exceeded (159)8.4 Travel Range Errors (F6xxx) (161)8.4.1 Behavior in the Case of Travel Range Errors (161)8.4.2 F6010 PLC Runtime Error (162)8.4.3 F6024 Maximum braking time exceeded (163)8.4.4 F6028 Position limit value exceeded (overflow) (164)8.4.5 F6029 Positive position limit exceeded (164)8.4.6 F6030 Negative position limit exceeded (165)8.4.7 F6034 Emergency-Stop (166)8.4.8 F6042 Both travel range limit switches activated (167)8.4.9 F6043 Positive travel range limit switch activated (167)8.4.10 F6044 Negative travel range limit switch activated (168)8.4.11 F6140 CCD slave error (emergency halt) (169)8.5 Interface Errors (F4xxx) (169)8.5.1 Behavior in the Case of Interface Errors (169)8.5.2 F4001 Sync telegram failure (170)8.5.3 F4002 RTD telegram failure (171)8.5.4 F4003 Invalid communication phase shutdown (172)8.5.5 F4004 Error during phase progression (172)8.5.6 F4005 Error during phase regression (173)8.5.7 F4006 Phase switching without ready signal (173)8.5.8 F4009 Bus failure (173)8.5.9 F4012 Incorrect I/O length (175)8.5.10 F4016 PLC double real-time channel failure (176)8.5.11 F4017 S-III: Incorrect sequence during phase switch (176)8.5.12 F4034 Emergency-Stop (177)8.5.13 F4140 CCD communication error (178)8.6 Non-Fatal Safety Technology Errors (F3xxx) (178)8.6.1 Behavior in the Case of Non-Fatal Safety Technology Errors (178)8.6.2 F3111 Refer. missing when selecting safety related end pos (179)8.6.3 F3112 Safe reference missing (179)8.6.4 F3115 Brake check time interval exceeded (181)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand ControlsI Bosch Rexroth AG VII/XXIITable of ContentsPage8.6.5 F3116 Nominal load torque of holding system exceeded (182)8.6.6 F3117 Actual position values validation error (182)8.6.7 F3122 SBS: System error (183)8.6.8 F3123 SBS: Brake check missing (184)8.6.9 F3130 Error when checking input signals (185)8.6.10 F3131 Error when checking acknowledgment signal (185)8.6.11 F3132 Error when checking diagnostic output signal (186)8.6.12 F3133 Error when checking interrupting circuits (187)8.6.13 F3134 Dynamization time interval incorrect (188)8.6.14 F3135 Dynamization pulse width incorrect (189)8.6.15 F3140 Safety parameters validation error (192)8.6.16 F3141 Selection validation error (192)8.6.17 F3142 Activation time of enabling control exceeded (193)8.6.18 F3143 Safety command for clearing errors incorrect (194)8.6.19 F3144 Incorrect safety configuration (195)8.6.20 F3145 Error when unlocking the safety door (196)8.6.21 F3146 System error channel 2 (197)8.6.22 F3147 System error channel 1 (198)8.6.23 F3150 Safety command for system start incorrect (199)8.6.24 F3151 Safety command for system halt incorrect (200)8.6.25 F3152 Incorrect backup of safety technology data (201)8.6.26 F3160 Communication error of safe communication (202)8.7 Non-Fatal Errors (F2xxx) (202)8.7.1 Behavior in the Case of Non-Fatal Errors (202)8.7.2 F2002 Encoder assignment not allowed for synchronization (203)8.7.3 F2003 Motion step skipped (203)8.7.4 F2004 Error in MotionProfile (204)8.7.5 F2005 Cam table invalid (205)8.7.6 F2006 MMC was removed (206)8.7.7 F2007 Switching to non-initialized operation mode (206)8.7.8 F2008 RL The motor type has changed (207)8.7.9 F2009 PL Load parameter default values (208)8.7.10 F2010 Error when initializing digital I/O (-> S-0-0423) (209)8.7.11 F2011 PLC - Error no. 1 (210)8.7.12 F2012 PLC - Error no. 2 (210)8.7.13 F2013 PLC - Error no. 3 (211)8.7.14 F2014 PLC - Error no. 4 (211)8.7.15 F2018 Device overtemperature shutdown (211)8.7.16 F2019 Motor overtemperature shutdown (212)8.7.17 F2021 Motor temperature monitor defective (213)8.7.18 F2022 Device temperature monitor defective (214)8.7.19 F2025 Drive not ready for control (214)8.7.20 F2026 Undervoltage in power section (215)8.7.21 F2027 Excessive oscillation in DC bus (216)8.7.22 F2028 Excessive deviation (216)8.7.23 F2031 Encoder 1 error: Signal amplitude incorrect (217)VIII/XXII Bosch Rexroth AG | Electric Drivesand ControlsRexroth IndraDrive | Troubleshooting GuideTable of ContentsPage8.7.24 F2032 Validation error during commutation fine adjustment (217)8.7.25 F2033 External power supply X10 error (218)8.7.26 F2036 Excessive position feedback difference (219)8.7.27 F2037 Excessive position command difference (220)8.7.28 F2039 Maximum acceleration exceeded (220)8.7.29 F2040 Device overtemperature 2 shutdown (221)8.7.30 F2042 Encoder 2: Encoder signals incorrect (222)8.7.31 F2043 Measuring encoder: Encoder signals incorrect (222)8.7.32 F2044 External power supply X15 error (223)8.7.33 F2048 Low battery voltage (224)8.7.34 F2050 Overflow of target position preset memory (225)8.7.35 F2051 No sequential block in target position preset memory (225)8.7.36 F2053 Incr. encoder emulator: Pulse frequency too high (226)8.7.37 F2054 Incr. encoder emulator: Hardware error (226)8.7.38 F2055 External power supply dig. I/O error (227)8.7.39 F2057 Target position out of travel range (227)8.7.40 F2058 Internal overflow by positioning input (228)8.7.41 F2059 Incorrect command value direction when positioning (229)8.7.42 F2063 Internal overflow master axis generator (230)8.7.43 F2064 Incorrect cmd value direction master axis generator (230)8.7.44 F2067 Synchronization to master communication incorrect (231)8.7.45 F2068 Brake error (231)8.7.46 F2069 Error when releasing the motor holding brake (232)8.7.47 F2074 Actual pos. value 1 outside absolute encoder window (232)8.7.48 F2075 Actual pos. value 2 outside absolute encoder window (233)8.7.49 F2076 Actual pos. value 3 outside absolute encoder window (234)8.7.50 F2077 Current measurement trim wrong (235)8.7.51 F2086 Error supply module (236)8.7.52 F2087 Module group communication error (236)8.7.53 F2100 Incorrect access to command value memory (237)8.7.54 F2101 It was impossible to address MMC (237)8.7.55 F2102 It was impossible to address I2C memory (238)8.7.56 F2103 It was impossible to address EnDat memory (238)8.7.57 F2104 Commutation offset invalid (239)8.7.58 F2105 It was impossible to address Hiperface memory (239)8.7.59 F2110 Error in non-cyclical data communic. of power section (240)8.7.60 F2120 MMC: Defective or missing, replace (240)8.7.61 F2121 MMC: Incorrect data or file, create correctly (241)8.7.62 F2122 MMC: Incorrect IBF file, correct it (241)8.7.63 F2123 Retain data backup impossible (242)8.7.64 F2124 MMC: Saving too slowly, replace (243)8.7.65 F2130 Error comfort control panel (243)8.7.66 F2140 CCD slave error (243)8.7.67 F2150 MLD motion function block error (244)8.7.68 F2174 Loss of motor encoder reference (244)8.7.69 F2175 Loss of optional encoder reference (245)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand Controls| Bosch Rexroth AG IX/XXIITable of ContentsPage8.7.70 F2176 Loss of measuring encoder reference (246)8.7.71 F2177 Modulo limitation error of motor encoder (246)8.7.72 F2178 Modulo limitation error of optional encoder (247)8.7.73 F2179 Modulo limitation error of measuring encoder (247)8.7.74 F2190 Incorrect Ethernet configuration (248)8.7.75 F2260 Command current limit shutoff (249)8.7.76 F2270 Analog input 1 or 2, wire break (249)8.7.77 F2802 PLL is not synchronized (250)8.7.78 F2814 Undervoltage in mains (250)8.7.79 F2815 Overvoltage in mains (251)8.7.80 F2816 Softstart fault power supply unit (251)8.7.81 F2817 Overvoltage in power section (251)8.7.82 F2818 Phase failure (252)8.7.83 F2819 Mains failure (253)8.7.84 F2820 Braking resistor overload (253)8.7.85 F2821 Error in control of braking resistor (254)8.7.86 F2825 Switch-on threshold braking resistor too low (255)8.7.87 F2833 Ground fault in motor line (255)8.7.88 F2834 Contactor control error (256)8.7.89 F2835 Mains contactor wiring error (256)8.7.90 F2836 DC bus balancing monitor error (257)8.7.91 F2837 Contactor monitoring error (257)8.7.92 F2840 Error supply shutdown (257)8.7.93 F2860 Overcurrent in mains-side power section (258)8.7.94 F2890 Invalid device code (259)8.7.95 F2891 Incorrect interrupt timing (259)8.7.96 F2892 Hardware variant not supported (259)8.8 SERCOS Error Codes / Error Messages of Serial Communication (259)9 Warnings (Exxxx) (263)9.1 Fatal Warnings (E8xxx) (263)9.1.1 Behavior in the Case of Fatal Warnings (263)9.1.2 E8025 Overvoltage in power section (263)9.1.3 E8026 Undervoltage in power section (264)9.1.4 E8027 Safe torque off while drive enabled (265)9.1.5 E8028 Overcurrent in power section (265)9.1.6 E8029 Positive position limit exceeded (266)9.1.7 E8030 Negative position limit exceeded (267)9.1.8 E8034 Emergency-Stop (268)9.1.9 E8040 Torque/force actual value limit active (268)9.1.10 E8041 Current limit active (269)9.1.11 E8042 Both travel range limit switches activated (269)9.1.12 E8043 Positive travel range limit switch activated (270)9.1.13 E8044 Negative travel range limit switch activated (271)9.1.14 E8055 Motor overload, current limit active (271)9.1.15 E8057 Device overload, current limit active (272)X/XXII Bosch Rexroth AG | Electric Drivesand ControlsRexroth IndraDrive | Troubleshooting GuideTable of ContentsPage9.1.16 E8058 Drive system not ready for operation (273)9.1.17 E8260 Torque/force command value limit active (273)9.1.18 E8802 PLL is not synchronized (274)9.1.19 E8814 Undervoltage in mains (275)9.1.20 E8815 Overvoltage in mains (275)9.1.21 E8818 Phase failure (276)9.1.22 E8819 Mains failure (276)9.2 Warnings of Category E4xxx (277)9.2.1 E4001 Double MST failure shutdown (277)9.2.2 E4002 Double MDT failure shutdown (278)9.2.3 E4005 No command value input via master communication (279)9.2.4 E4007 SERCOS III: Consumer connection failed (280)9.2.5 E4008 Invalid addressing command value data container A (280)9.2.6 E4009 Invalid addressing actual value data container A (281)9.2.7 E4010 Slave not scanned or address 0 (281)9.2.8 E4012 Maximum number of CCD slaves exceeded (282)9.2.9 E4013 Incorrect CCD addressing (282)9.2.10 E4014 Incorrect phase switch of CCD slaves (283)9.3 Possible Warnings When Operating Safety Technology (E3xxx) (283)9.3.1 Behavior in Case a Safety Technology Warning Occurs (283)9.3.2 E3100 Error when checking input signals (284)9.3.3 E3101 Error when checking acknowledgment signal (284)9.3.4 E3102 Actual position values validation error (285)9.3.5 E3103 Dynamization failed (285)9.3.6 E3104 Safety parameters validation error (286)9.3.7 E3105 Validation error of safe operation mode (286)9.3.8 E3106 System error safety technology (287)9.3.9 E3107 Safe reference missing (287)9.3.10 E3108 Safely-monitored deceleration exceeded (288)9.3.11 E3110 Time interval of forced dynamization exceeded (289)9.3.12 E3115 Prewarning, end of brake check time interval (289)9.3.13 E3116 Nominal load torque of holding system reached (290)9.4 Non-Fatal Warnings (E2xxx) (290)9.4.1 Behavior in Case a Non-Fatal Warning Occurs (290)9.4.2 E2010 Position control with encoder 2 not possible (291)9.4.3 E2011 PLC - Warning no. 1 (291)9.4.4 E2012 PLC - Warning no. 2 (291)9.4.5 E2013 PLC - Warning no. 3 (292)9.4.6 E2014 PLC - Warning no. 4 (292)9.4.7 E2021 Motor temperature outside of measuring range (292)9.4.8 E2026 Undervoltage in power section (293)9.4.9 E2040 Device overtemperature 2 prewarning (294)9.4.10 E2047 Interpolation velocity = 0 (294)9.4.11 E2048 Interpolation acceleration = 0 (295)9.4.12 E2049 Positioning velocity >= limit value (296)9.4.13 E2050 Device overtemp. Prewarning (297)Troubleshooting Guide | Rexroth IndraDrive Electric Drivesand Controls| Bosch Rexroth AG XI/XXIITable of ContentsPage9.4.14 E2051 Motor overtemp. prewarning (298)9.4.15 E2053 Target position out of travel range (298)9.4.16 E2054 Not homed (300)9.4.17 E2055 Feedrate override S-0-0108 = 0 (300)9.4.18 E2056 Torque limit = 0 (301)9.4.19 E2058 Selected positioning block has not been programmed (302)9.4.20 E2059 Velocity command value limit active (302)9.4.21 E2061 Device overload prewarning (303)9.4.22 E2063 Velocity command value > limit value (304)9.4.23 E2064 Target position out of num. range (304)9.4.24 E2069 Holding brake torque too low (305)9.4.25 E2070 Acceleration limit active (306)9.4.26 E2074 Encoder 1: Encoder signals disturbed (306)9.4.27 E2075 Encoder 2: Encoder signals disturbed (307)9.4.28 E2076 Measuring encoder: Encoder signals disturbed (308)9.4.29 E2077 Absolute encoder monitoring, motor encoder (encoder alarm) (308)9.4.30 E2078 Absolute encoder monitoring, opt. encoder (encoder alarm) (309)9.4.31 E2079 Absolute enc. monitoring, measuring encoder (encoder alarm) (309)9.4.32 E2086 Prewarning supply module overload (310)9.4.33 E2092 Internal synchronization defective (310)9.4.34 E2100 Positioning velocity of master axis generator too high (311)9.4.35 E2101 Acceleration of master axis generator is zero (312)9.4.36 E2140 CCD error at node (312)9.4.37 E2270 Analog input 1 or 2, wire break (312)9.4.38 E2802 HW control of braking resistor (313)9.4.39 E2810 Drive system not ready for operation (314)9.4.40 E2814 Undervoltage in mains (314)9.4.41 E2816 Undervoltage in power section (314)9.4.42 E2818 Phase failure (315)9.4.43 E2819 Mains failure (315)9.4.44 E2820 Braking resistor overload prewarning (316)9.4.45 E2829 Not ready for power on (316)。

国际会计准则ias中文版

国际会计准则ias中文版

国际会计准则2003年9月19日国际会计准则(IAS)目录Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements (3)Preface ...................................................................... .............................................................................. . (24)Procedure and Objective of IASB ......................................................................... (27)IAS 1: Presentation of Financial Statements.................................................................... (33)IAS 2: Inventories................................................................... .............................................................................. .55IAS 7: Cash Flow Statements ................................................................... (62)IAS 8: Net Profit or Loss for the Period, Fundamental Errors and Changes in Accounting Policies (73)IAS 10: Events After the Balance Sheet Date.......................................................................... (82)IAS 11: Construction Contracts .................................................................... .. (93)IAS 12: Income Taxes ........................................................................ (101)IAS 14: Segment Reporting .................................................................... (134)IAS 15: Information Reflecting the Effects of Changing Prices (1)50IAS 16: Property, Plant and Equipment..................................................................... . (155)IAS 17: Leases........................................................................ (169)IAS 18: Revenue ...................................................................... . (18)IAS 19: Employee Benefits...................................................................... (188)IAS 20: Accounting for Government Grants and Disclosure of Government Assistance (227)IAS 21: The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates ........................................................................ . (233)IAS 22: Business Combinations.................................................................. .. (244)IAS 23: Borrowing Costs ........................................................................ (270)IAS 24: Related Party Disclosures .................................................................. . (275)IAS 26: Accounting and Reporting by Retirement Benefit Plans (280)IAS 27: Consolidated Financial Statements ................................................................... (288)IAS 28: Investments in Associates ................................................................... . (294)IAS 29: Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies .................................................................... . (301)IAS 30: Disclosures in the Financial Statements of Banks and Similar Financial Institutions (308)IAS 31: Financial Reporting of Interests in Joint Ventures ..................................................................... (319)IAS 32: Financial Instruments: Disclosure and Presentation.................................................................. (328)IAS 33: Earnings per Share ........................................................................ .. (351)IAS 34: Interim Financial Reporting..................................................................... (365)IAS 35: Discontinuing Operations ................................................................... (376)IAS 36: Impairment of Assets........................................................................ .. (385)IAS 37: Provisions, Contingent Liabilities and Contingent Assets (410)IAS 38: Intangible Assets ....................................................................... . (426)IAS 39: Financial Instruments: Recognition and Measurement................................................................... (452)IAS 40: InvestmentProperty...................................................................... .. (504)IAS 41: Agriculture .................................................................. (520)Framework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial StatementsFramework for the Preparation and Presentation of Financial Statements架The IASB Framework is a conceptual accounting framework that sets out the concepts that underlie thepreparation and presentation of financial statements for external users. It was approved in 1989. The IASBFramework assists the IASB:.in the development of future International Accounting Standards and in its review of existingInternational Accounting Standards; and.in promoting the harmonisation of regulations, accounting standards and procedures relating to thepresentation of financial statements by providing a basis for reducing the number of alternativeaccounting treatments permitted by International Accounting Standards.In addition, the Framework may assist:.preparers of financial statements in applying International Accounting Standards and in dealing withtopics that have yet to form the subject of an International Accounting Standard;.auditors in forming an opinion as to whether financial statements conform with InternationalAccounting Standards;.users of financial statements in interpreting the information contained in financial statements preparedin conformity with International Accounting Standards; and.those who are interested in the work of IASB, providing them with information about its approach to theformulation of accounting standards.The Framework is not an International Accounting Standard and does not define standards for any particularmeasurement or disclosure issue.In a limited number of cases there may be a conflict between the Framework and a requirement within anInternational Accounting Standard. In those cases where there is a conflict, the requirements of the InternationalAccounting Standard prevail over those of the Framework.世界上许多企业都编制并且向外部使用者呈报财务报表。

美国签证check流程详解

美国签证check流程详解

1.何为CheckCheck有很多名称,比如Check,Name Check,背景调查,procedure,行政审查(221(g) Additional Administrative Process)。

但是这都不是他的官方名称,所以有人在被签证官Check之后,直接问签证官我是不是被Check了,签证官会回答No。

在美国的官方文档里,这个称为Visas Mantis。

可以参看/visa/rec ... 0Folder/C/China.htm中的简短说明:Visas Mantis is strongly recommended for applicants with a background or purpose of trip that is listed in the TAL. Please see 9 FAM Appendix G 502.1-7.1其中TAL便是大家常说的敏感专业列表,Technology Alert List。

2.Check的时间这个东西真的是因人而异吧,不要看到别人比你晚签但是早clear就认为自己被拒了,你们的情况可能根本不一样.这也是我个人的认识,我认为被Check了要分几种情况,但是无论哪一种,只要是被Check了,你的所有资料都会被送到华盛顿的VISA总部,也就是DOS。

当然,材料不是寄过去的,具体不知道是怎样的过程,但是很快。

有人说是传真到总部,但是我在官方网站中看到了Cable一词,也有可能是特殊通道过去。

反正,被Check了,你的所有资料会在当天就进入华盛顿总部的数据库。

第一种情况:你很幸运,是最快的过程。

也许虽然你被Check了,但是总部认为没有必要将你移交到安全部门进入安全审查程序。

那么,一般在3个星期之内,你的状态就会clear。

也有另外一种解释,你的材料很幸运的很快排除了安全因素,没有进入人工审查流程第二种情况:不太走运,你被送到了安全部门,就是他们说的被移交到了USCIS,或者DHS(以前的INS部门)。

SIMATIC Energy Manager PRO V7.2 - Operation Operat

SIMATIC Energy Manager PRO V7.2 - Operation Operat
Disclaimer of Liability We have reviewed the contents of this publication to ensure consistency with the hardware and software described. Since variance cannot be precluded entirely, we cannot guarantee full consistency. However, the information in this publication is reviewed regularly and any necessary corrections are included in subsequent editions.
2 Energy Manager PRO Client................................................................................................................. 19
2.1 2.1.1 2.1.2 2.1.3 2.1.4 2.1.5 2.1.5.1 2.1.5.2 2.1.6
Basics ................................................................................................................................ 19 Start Energy Manager ........................................................................................................ 19 Client as navigation tool..................................................................................................... 23 Basic configuration ............................................................................................................ 25 Search for object................................................................................................................ 31 Quicklinks.......................................................................................................................... 33 Create Quicklinks ............................................................................................................... 33 Editing Quicklinks .............................................................................................................. 35 Help .................................................................................................................................. 38

2019版《压力性损伤的预防和治疗临床实践指南》更新解读

2019版《压力性损伤的预防和治疗临床实践指南》更新解读

护理安全Nursing Safety2019版《压力性损伤的预防和治疗:临床 实践指南》更新解读杨龙飞宋冰倪翠萍刘宇林凤芝(Frances Lin)[摘要]压力性损伤是全世界常见的健康问题,常使患者处于疼痛、不适、焦虑状态,高昂的医疗费用给患 者带来负面影响。

2019年11月,由欧洲压疮咨询委员会、美国国家压力性损伤咨询委员会及泛太平洋压力性损伤 联盟联合制定的第3版《压力性损伤的预防和治疗:临床实践指南》正式发布。

2019版指南与2014版的研究相结合,更新了方法学,扩大了指南纳入研究的范围,并提出反映最新证据的建议。

本文将总结介绍2019版指南的主要内容,解读其中更新的内容,以帮助医务人员、患者、照顾者等相关人员了解最新指南的更新内容,促进本指南在压力性 损伤预防和治疗方面的临床应用,更好地提升临床实践质量。

[关键词]压力性损伤;预防;治疗;指南;解读[中图分类号]R47 [DOI] 10.3969/j.issn.l672-1756.2020.12.019Interpretation of the update of Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcer / Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline (2019 Edition) / YANG Longfei, SONG Bing, NI Cuiping, LIU Yu, Frances LIN II Nursing School of China Medical University, Shenyang, 110122, China I I I Chinese Nursing Management-2020,20(12): 1849-1854[Abstract] Pressure injury (Pressure sores/Pressure ulcer) is a potentially preventable but common adverse event which can cause pain, discomfort, anxiety to patients and add significant costs to the healthcare system. In November 2019, the third edition of the Prevention and Treatment of Pressure Ulcers/Injuries: Clinical Practice Guideline developed jointly by the European Pressure Ulcer Advisory Panel, the National Pressure Injury Advisory Panel, and the Pan Pacific Pressure Injury Alliance was officially published. Built on the research evidences included in the 2014 edition, the 2019 edition of the guideline was developed using a revised methodology which expanded the inclusion scope of study, and made recommendations that reflected the latest evidences. This article will summarize the key contents of the 2019 edition of the guideline, and compare the updated content against the previous edition which will hopefully help clinicians and caregivers develop a clear understanding of the updated content of the latest guideline. It is also hoped that this understanding and awareness will promote better uptake of the international clinical practice guideline which may ultimately improve clinical practice in the prevention and treatment of p ressure injuries.[Keywords] pressure injury; prevention; treatment; guideline; interpretation压力性损伤是全世界常见的健康 问题[1],不仅给患者带来疼痛、焦虑 情绪,还使患者住院时间延长、医疗 费用增加甚至死亡,也增加了医疗机 构的负担和卫生资源的消耗。

17515673_Connecting_the_Dots

17515673_Connecting_the_Dots
Zhang Jiuhuan, former Chinese Ambassador to Thailand and member of the Advisory Committee of the Chinese Ministry of Foreign Affairs, described China-Thailand relations as “kith and kin connected by a river and a road.” He believes
ChinaReportASEAN
Features
CONNECTING THE DOTS
The clear benefits of becoming a hub for Southeast Asia makes cooperation with China a no-brainer for Thailand
By Wang Fengjuan, Shi Guang
In recent years, China and ASEAN have reached consensus on building a community with a shared future. Within the framework of the Belt and Road Initiative (BRI) and LancangMekong Cooperation (LMC), Thailand and China have interacted with each other frequently in various fields. At this new stage of development in the new era, how will China and Thailand seize opportunities for mutually beneficial cooperation?

prob_solve_questions

prob_solve_questions

PRACTICE EXERCISES FOR PROBLEM SOLVING TESTPURPOSEThis is provided to help you understand the rules for answering the Problem Solving Test by:1. Telling you about important features of the test.2. Giving you suggestions and strategies that can help when you answer it.3. Giving you practice on questions similar to the actual test.FEATURES OF PROBLEM SOLVING TESTThere are three types of questions which require critical thinking and analytical skills:Number of Questions Understanding data presented in tables or graphs 23Understanding written paragraphs 16Solving math problems 1150 TotalYou will have 65 minutes to answer the 50 questions. You are allowed to use a calculator, although one is not required. You should use a pencil so you can erase to change an answer.Every question has five possible answers from which you must choose the most correct answer. You will not have to write any essays. You will simply mark ONE of the five answers which will be labeled A, B, C, D, E.During the actual test, you will mark your answers on a special answer sheet separate from the questions.If you mark more than one answer to a question, it will NOT be counted as correct.If you change an answer, it is important to erase your first answer so it does not appear that you have marked more than one answer.SCORINGEach correct answer adds one point to your score. Points are NOT taken off if you mark an incorrect answer.You should try to score as many points as you can.SUGGESTIONS TO GET BEST RESULTSRecent research has indicated that the following practices can lead to better scores on Problem Solving Tests, including some you should do, and some you should not do.Things you should do to score well on a Problem Solving Test:–Determine clearly the nature of the question before looking at the answer choices.–Work as fast as possible with reasonable assurance of accuracy: do not lose time on a question you do not understand.–Eliminate answers from consideration that you know are incorrect and choose from among the remaining answers.–Mark an answer to every question, even if you have to guess.Use time remaining **pletion of the test to reconsider answers.Things you should not do in answering a Problem Solving Test:–Do not read slowly and carefully through the entire test before you start working.–Do not spend time verifying questions you have already answered until you have answered every question.–Do not spend time considering an answer that is not one of the five answer choices.PRACTICE QUESTIONSHere is an example question with the correct answer marked as it should be on the answer sheet: EXAMPLE QUESTION ANSWER SHEET1.A B C D E1. A truck travels at the rate of 80 kilometers per hour.How much distance will it travel in 30 minutes?A. 80 kilometersB. 240 kilometersC. 40 kilometersD. 30 kilometersE. None of the above EXAMPLE EXPLANATION30 minutes is one half of an hour, so a truck going 80 kilometers per hour will travel 40 kilometers in half an hour.Answer C is colored in to indicate the correct answer.You will now have 25 questions to do as practice. Try to answer all of the questions in 30 minutes. Try to get the best score you can by practicing the suggestions to skip a question, or to guess, to save time.When you are ready, go to the next page and answer the practice questions as quickly as you can.Write the time when you start below. When you are finished, write the time below and determine the total amount of time used. This will give you an idea of whether you are working as quickly as you will need to do on the actual test.Time when you started:Time when you finished:Total time taken:Compare to 30 minutesPRACTICE QUESTIONSMark your answers on the attached ANSWER SHEET.TABLE 1AMOUNT OF INCOME IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES (in billions of dollars) INDUSTRY YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 Agriculture 22 26 26 30 51 Communication 14 17 18 20 21 Construction 36 43 47 52 57 Finance and Real Estate 78 90 100 108 118 Manufacturing 213 218 226 253 287 Transportation 27 30 33 36 401. Which industry had the largest increase in thedollar amount of income from Year 1 to Year 2?A. AgricultureB. ConstructionC. Finance and Real EstateD. ManufacturingE. Transportation2. Which industry had the smallest increase in thedollar amount of income from Year 1 to Year 5?A. AgricultureB. ConstructionC. Finance and Real EstateD. ManufacturingE. Transportation3. Which industry experienced the largestpercentage increase from Year 3 to Year 4?A. AgricultureB. CommunicationC. ConstructionD. Finance and Real EstateE. Manufacturing 4. Which industry experienced the least percentchange from Year 1 to Year 4?A. AgricultureB. CommunicationC. ConstructionD. ManufacturingE. Transportation5. For which industry was there the least consistentincrease in income over the period of time covered by the table?A. AgricultureB. ConstructionC. Finance and Real EstateD. ManufacturingE. TransportationGO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.TABLE 1 (REPEATED)AMOUNT OF INCOME IN CERTAIN INDUSTRIES (in billions of dollars) INDUSTRY YEAR 1 YEAR 2 YEAR 3 YEAR 4 YEAR 5 Agriculture 22 26 26 30 51 Communication 14 17 18 20 21 Construction 36 43 47 52 57 Finance and Real Estate 78 90 100 108 118 Manufacturing 213 218 226 253 287 Transportation 27 30 33 36 406. If the trend in the Transportation industry were tocontinue, its income for Year 6 would most likely be aboutA. 42 billion dollarsB. 44 billion dollarsC. 46 billion dollarsD. 48 billion dollarsE. 50 billion dollars7. In which of the following instances has the firsttype of industry named consistently had an income about half that of the second?A. Agriculture; Finance and Real EstateB. Communication; AgricultureC. Construction; Finance and Real EstateD. Finance and Real Estate; ManufacturingE. Transportation; Communication8. In how many instances did a type of industry makea gain of 10% or more over the previous yearlisted?A. 1 - 4B. 5 - 8C. 9 - 12D. 13 - 16E. 17 - 209. The type of industry showing the steadiest rate ofgrowth in income during this period wasA. CommunicationB. ConstructionC. Finance and Real EstateD. ManufacturingE. Transportation 10. In which one of the following groups did all threetypes of industry increase their respective incomes by most nearly one-third from Year 1 to Year 3?A. Agriculture; Communication; TransportationB. Agriculture; Communication; ConstructionC. Communication; Construction; TransportationD. Construction; Finance and Real Estate,TransportationE. Communication; Construction; Finance andReal Estate11. How many industries had a growth rate of at least20% from Year 1 to Year 3?A. 1B. 2C. 3D. 4E. 512. Among the following, the greatest percentageincrease in income occurred forA. Agriculture between Year 3 and Year 4B. Communication between Year 2 and Year 3C. Construction between Year 1 and Year 2D. Finance and Real Estate between Year 4 andYear 5E. Manufacturing between Year 3 and Year 4 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.Read this page and then answer the questions on the next page. You may read any part of this again while you are answering the questions.1 A personnel department should2 first of all think of itself as a3 research group. The research I am4 thinking of is a questioning of5 personnel techniques, a re-6 examining of accepted procedures.7 It is searching for facts and8 anticipating future developments.9 It is thinking about your job and10 exploring new ways of carrying it11 out.12 Secondly, a personnel depart-13 ment should equip itself with the14 knowledge and experience which will15 enable it to advise top management16 on personnel policies and, when17 appropriate, to draw management's18 attention to the employee relations19 implications of contemplated20 courses of action.21 Third, personnel people should22 work closely with line management23 in developing guidelines and proce-24 dures which will help the operating25 people carry out their responsibil-26 ities in the employee relations27 area. Such guides will put the28 specialized skills which personnel29 people have at the disposal of the30 line managers without removing the31 essential day-to-day contact they32 should have with their own people.33 Finally, the personnel depart-34 ment should perform a review or35 survey function. Are personnel36 policies and programs being admin-37 istered correctly? Are there38 particular problems which make39 modifications necessary? Are the40 programs accomplishing what they41 were intended to accomplish?42 Should changes be made to strength-43 en them? These are some important44 questions that a review function45 can help answer.13. Which two personnel functions described in thepassage appear to have the most in common?A. Research and advisoryB. Research and reviewC. Advisory and reviewD. Procedure and reviewE. Research and procedure14. "they" in line 31 refers most clearly toA. "personnel department" in lines 12-13B. "top management" in line 15C. "guidelines and procedures" in lines 23-24D. "personnel people" in lines 28-29E. "line managers" in line 3015. The questions posed in the last paragraph are oneswhich are to be answered primarily throughA. foreseeing possible developmentsB. **munication with employeesC. critical evaluationD. conscientious application of policiesE. provision of flexibility in approaches16. Why does the author regard the day-to-day contactreferred to in line 31 as "essential"?A. This is needed to search for facts andanticipate developments.B. This is important for advising top management.C. This forms the basis for developing guidelinesand procedures.D. This is basic for knowing that policies andprograms are administered properly.E. The author does not clearly say why. 17. In line 27, the function of the sentence beginning"Such guides..." is that ofA. providing a rationale.B. emphasizing a point.C. indicating an analogy.D. adding details.E. presenting evidence.18. All of the following are clearly indicated by theauthor as important for a personnel department tobe effective exceptA. looking ahead to see what will be needed inthe future.B. seeking to find new and better ways forhandling personnel matters.C. giving counsel to high-level managers onmatters of personnel policy.D. having day-to-day contacts with people in thevarious line departments.E. looking for new ways to make one's job moreeffective.19. The main point of the first paragraph is thatmembers of a personnel department shouldA. think about their jobs so they become asproductive as possible.B. have a certain kind of orientation in their work.C. produce facts rather than rely on hunches.D. re-examine accepted personnel techniques andprocedures.E. emphasize anticipation of future developments. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.20. The normal selling price of a case of soap is$10.00. During a special sale, the price wasreduced by 10%. (Note: 10% means 10 percent.) This sale price was 20% greater than the cost toproduce a case of soap. How much did it cost toproduce a case of soap?A. $9.00B. $8.00C. $7.50D. $7.00E. $6.5021. A picture on a page was reduced on a copier to60% of its original size, and this copy was thenreduced by 20%. What percent of the size of theoriginal picture was the final copy?A. 12B. 20C. 40D. 48E. 5222. In a certain department, 15% of the females and25% of the males are working on a project. 60%of the department is female. What percent of thedepartment is working on the project?A. 12B. 19C. 40D. 48E. One cannot tell from the information given.23. The total cost for five items of repair work on a carwas $195. Overhaul of the carburetor cost twiceas much as the tune-up, brake pads cost one-thirdas much as the carburetor overhaul, and alignment and wheel balancing each cost one-third as muchas the tune-up. What did the tune-up cost?A. $30B. $45C. $60D. $90E. One cannot tell from the information given. 24. A certain preparation consists of liquids x, y, and zin the proportion 5:2:1. How many gallons of thepreparation can be made from a stock of materialsconsisting of 25 gallons of x, 20 gallons of y, and 8 gallons of z?A. 25B. 40C. 80D. 53E. 5025. A product costing 60 cents per unit to produce hadbeen selling at the average rate of 1,200,000 unitsper month. After the product was improved, salesincreased to an average of 2,000,000 units permonth. However, the new product cost fivepercent more to produce. If the manufacturer'sselling price in each instance was 75 cents per unit, what was the manufacturer's added profit permonth with the newer product?A. $20,000B. $60,000C. $200,000D. $240,000E. One cannot tell from the information given.。

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Practice Advisory 2060-1:
Reporting to Board and
Senior Management
Interpretation of Standard 2060 from the
International Standards for the
Professional Practice of Internal Auditing
Related Standard
2060 Reporting to Board and Senior Management
The chief audit executive should report periodically to the board and senior
management on the internal audit activity s purpose, authority, responsibility, and performance relative to its plan. Reporting should also include significant risk
exposures and control issues, corporate governance issues, and other matters
needed or requested by the board and senior management.
Nature of this Practice Advisory:Internal auditors should consider the following suggestions when reporting to the board and senior management. This guidance is not intended to represent all the considerations that may be necessary, but simply a recommended set of items that should be addressed. Compliance with Practice Advisories is optional.
1. The chief audit executive (CAE) should submit activity reports to senior management
and to the board periodically throughout the year. Activity reports should highlight significant engagement observations and recommendations and should inform senior management and the board of any significant deviations from approved engagement work schedules, staffing plans, and financial budgets, and the reasons for them.
2. Significant engagement observations are those conditions that, in the judgment of the
CAE, could adversely affect the organization. Significant engagement observations may include conditions dealing with irregularities, illegal acts, errors, inefficiency, waste, ineffectiveness, conflicts of interest, and control weaknesses. After reviewing such conditions with senior management, the CAE should communicate significant engagement observations and recommendations to the board, whether or not they have been satisfactorily resolved.
3. Management s responsibility is to make decisions on the appropriate action to be
taken regarding significant engagement observations and recommendations. Senior management may decide to assume the risk of not correcting the reported condition because of cost or other considerations. The board should be informed of senior
management s decisions on all significant observations and recommendations. 4. The CAE should consider whether it is appropriate to inform the board regarding
previously reported, significant observations and recommendations in those instances
when senior management and the board assumed the risk of not correcting the
reported condition. This may be particularly necessary when there have been
organization, board, senior management, or other changes.
5. In addition to subjects covered above, activity reports should also compare (a) actual
performance with the internal audit activity s goals and audit work schedules, and (b) expenditures with financial budgets. Reports should explain the reason for major variances and indicate any action taken or needed.
Origination Date: January 5, 2001
Revised Date: February 12, 2004
All contents of this Web site, except where expressly stated, are the copyrighted property of The Institute of Internal Auditors, Inc. (The IIA®). Privacy Policy。

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