Adnylyl cyclase type-VIII activity is regulated by
氨基酸分离——精选推荐
植物提取物中游离氨基酸的分离定性和定量检测1、引言在过去的二十年，制药业和美容业广泛的使用植物提取物。
植物中有生物活性的活性物质的分离鉴定和定量检测对研究结构和功能的关系很有趣。
可以通过色谱方法寻找活性物质，这种方法可以对一些活性物质进行定位例如：丹宁酸，糖类，多肽，有机酸，黄酮，氨基酸等等。
这些方法也可以鉴定代谢物和它们没有表现出生物活性的中间产物。
它们的薄层层析通常用来分离和鉴定植物中的氨基酸。
这个方法有许多益处，例如，大量的样品可以同时分析，要求时间越短，检测范围越小。
作为固定相硅胶，改良硅胶或聚酰胺可以使用，最常用的流动相是丁醇—乙酸—水，苯酚—水，丁醇—乙酸—丙酮—水。
基于C18作为固定相的反相液相色谱，使用基于醋酸盐，磷酸盐，柠檬酸盐或硼酸盐的乙腈缓冲液作为移动相。
邻苯二甲酸酐、丹磺酰氯衍生作用后通过荧光检测或紫外检测。
一些氨基酸可以转化为羟肟物质，它们可以用含有0.1 M FeCl3溶剂的0.1mHCL喷洒。
氨基酸定量检测的最佳结果使用气象色谱得到。
这篇研究展现了样品TLC,高效液相色谱和气质联用的结果。
这些植物的氨基酸含量还没有确定。
2、实验2.1游离氨基酸的提取氨基酸的分离通过对干物质采取不同的提取方法进行。
之前的研究提到了如下的方法:用5%NaCl溶剂提取，75%乙醇，0.25%NaCl，0.25m HCl,metasiliconic acid或CH3COOH–HCl –H2O混合物。
在我们的实验中用10ml1%HCl溶剂对0.5g干物质进行提取。
然后，Na3P(W3O10)4溶剂通过沉淀提取物中的沉淀来去除蛋白质。
离心后溶剂经过离子交换树脂IR 120H柱子。
柱子用40ml10%氨水洗提。
得到的溶剂蒸干，残渣溶解在1ml含有30%丙醇的水溶液中。
2.2TLC我们使用20 cm*20 cm纤维素板，厚度0.1mm。
17种主要氨基酸的标准溶剂和提取溶剂用微量吸液管处理。
来自提取液的游离氨基酸的分离和鉴定通过TLC两次洗提得到。
生物化学名词解释
名词解释Aantigen，Ag（抗原）：凡能刺激机体免疫系统产生免疫应答，并能与相应的抗体和（或）致敏淋巴细胞受体发生特异性结合的物质。
antibody，Ab（抗体）：抗原刺激机体产生能与相应抗原特异结合并具有免疫功能的免疫球蛋白。
active center (酶的活性中心)：指必需基团在空间结构上彼此靠近，组成具有特定空间结构的区域，能与底物特异结合并将底物转化为产物。
activation energy (活化能) ：底物分子从初态转变到活化态所需的能量activator (激活剂)：使酶由无活性变为有活性或使酶活性增加的物质aerobic oxidation (糖的有氧氧化)：指葡萄糖在有氧条件下彻底氧化成水和二氧化碳的反应过程。
apolipoprotein, apo (载脂蛋白) ：指血浆脂蛋白中的蛋白质部分。
acetyl CoA carboxylase (乙酰CoA羧化酶)：是脂酸合成的限速酶，存在于胞液中，其辅基是生物素，Mn2+是其激活剂。
其活性受别构调节和磷酸化、去磷酸化修饰调节。
Bbiological oxidation（生物氧化）：物质在生物体内进行的氧化分解称生物氧化，主要指糖、脂肪、蛋白质等在体内分解时逐步释放能量，最终生成CO2 和H2O的过程。
Cconformation（蛋白质分子的构象）：指蛋白质分子中原子和基团在三维空间上的排列、分布及肽链的走向。
又称空间结构、立体结构、高级结构和三维构象cis-acting element（顺式作用元件）：与相关基因同处一个DNA分子上，对基因转录起调控作用的一段DNA序列。
顺式作用元件不转录任何产物，可位于基因的5’上游区、3’下游区或基因内部。
启动子和增强子就是最常见的一类顺式作用元件。
codon（密码子）：在mRNA的开放阅读框架区，以每3个相邻的核苷酸为一组，代表一种氨基酸，这种三联体形式的核苷酸序列称为密码子catabolic repression (分解代谢阻遏)：葡萄糖对乳糖操纵子的阻遏作用称分解代谢阻遏。
不同酶消化法提取猪原代肝细胞的效果比较
532024.4·试验研究0 引言猪圆环病毒（PCV ）是Circoviridae 科Circovirus 属的一种无囊膜的单链环状DNA 病毒。
在已知的4个血清型中，PCV2为猪易感的致病性病毒[1]。
PCV2感染会诱导宿主免疫抑制引起猪圆环病毒病（PCVD ），包括断奶仔猪多系统衰竭综合征、新生仔猪先天性脑震颤、皮炎与肾病综合征、猪呼吸道病综合征、母猪繁殖障碍等，给全世界养猪业带来较大的经济损失，是世界各国的兽医与养猪业者公认的造成重大影响的猪传染病[2]。
PCV2的感染在猪生长发育的不同阶段有不同的组织嗜性。
但无论是胎儿阶段还是出生后，肝细胞都是PCV2感染和复制的靶细胞。
因此，PCV2也被视为一种能够诱导猪肝炎的病毒[3]。
且PCV2诱导的肝细胞凋亡在PCV2引发的相关病变和疾病的发病机制中具有关键性作用[4]。
因此，方便、快捷地获取大量有活性的猪肝细胞对于研究PCVD 的致病机制具有重大意义。
目前获取肝细胞常用的方法主要包括机械分离细胞法、非酶分离细胞法、离体酶消化法和酶灌流法等[5]。
因此，本试验采用简便、经济、无需特殊设备、仅需部分肝组织的离体酶消化法，比较不同酶消化分离猪原代肝细胞的效果，为一般实验室提取分离大量有活性的猪肝细胞提供参考。
1 材料与方法1.1 材料1.1.1 主要试剂新鲜猪肝组织，Hank's 平衡盐溶液（HBSS ），磷酸盐缓冲液（无菌PBS ），4%多聚甲醛（PFA ），收稿日期：2024-01-27基金项目：国家自然科学基金项目：复杂器官与组织在脾脏内的功能性再生（32230056）作者简介：周徐倩（1999-），女，汉族，浙江温州人，硕士在读，研究方向：组织工程与再生医学。
*通信作者简介：董磊（1978-），男，汉族，安徽阜阳人，博士，教授，研究方向：组织工程与再生医学、生物材料。
周徐倩，董磊．不同酶消化法提取猪原代肝细胞的效果比较[J]．现代畜牧科技，2024，107（4）：53-55． doi ：10.19369/ki.2095-9737.2024.04.014． ZHOU Xuqian ，DONG Lei ．Comparison of the Effect of Different Enzyme Digestion Methods on Extraction of Porcine Primary Hepatocytes[J]．Modern Animal Husbandry Science & Technology ，2024，107（4）：53-55．不同酶消化法提取猪原代肝细胞的效果比较周徐倩，董磊*（南京大学，江苏 南京 210023）摘要：猪肝细胞是猪圆环病毒的靶细胞，简单快速地提取猪原代肝细胞对于研究猪圆环病毒病的致病机制具有重要意义。
ICH术语表
ICH领域专业术语表（质量、安全性）序号英文中文1"relevant" viruses and "model" viruses“相关”病毒和“模型”病毒225-fold AUC radio25倍的AUC比值3 a single 2 generation study单项包括两代（生殖毒性）的研究4abbreviated or abridged application简略申请5abnormal karyology异常核形6abortions流产7absorbed moisture吸附水8absorption吸收9acceptable daily intake可接受的日摄入量10acceptable test加速试验11acceptance criteia认可标准12accuracy准确性13accuracy准确度14acelerated/stress stability studies加速/强力破坏稳定性研究15acentric fragment无着丝点片段16acetylation 乙酰化作用17achiral assay非手性测定18achlorhydric eldderly老年性胃酸缺乏症19acridine orange吖啶橙20action limits内控限值21active components/compound/moiety活性成分22active ingredient活性组分23active metabolite活性代谢产物24adaption to specific culture conditions特定培养条件的适应25additional test 附加实验26additions添加剂27adduct加合物28adequate exposure充分暴露29adjuvant 佐剂30ADME吸收、分布、代谢、排泄31administration period给药期32adventitious agents外源性因子33adventitious contaminants外来污染物34adventitious viral or mycoplasma contamination外源性病毒或支原体污染35adventitious viruses外源病毒36advers effect不良反应37adverse reaction不良反应38aerobic microorganisms需氧微生物39affinity亲和力40affinity chromatography亲和层析41affinity column亲和柱42against humanised proteins serum antibodies抗人源蛋白血清抗体 43agar and broth琼脂和肉汤44aggregates 聚合体45aggregation聚集46aginal smear阴道涂片 47air ighting reflex空中翻正反射48alkylating electrophilic center烷化亲电子中心49allele基因突变产生的遗传因子50allergenic/allergic extracts过敏原抽提物51allergic reactions过敏性反应（变应性反应）52altenative validated test有效替代试验53altered conjugated forms改变的结合物形式54altered growth 生长改变55ambient condition自然条件56amino acid composition氨基酸组成57amino acid sequence氨基酸顺序58amino acids氨基酸59amino sugars氨基糖60amino-terminal amino acids氨基端氨基酸61ammonia production Rates产氨率62ammoniun sulphide staining of the uterus子宫硫化胺染色 63analogue类似物（同系物）64analogue series of substances同系物65analyte 被测物66analytical method 分析方法67analytical procedure分析方法68anaphase分裂后期69aneuploidy非整倍体70aneuploidy inducer非整倍体诱导剂71animal cell lines动物细胞系72animal tissues or organs动物组织或器官73antennary profile 触角形状74antibiotic resistance genes抗生素耐药基因75antibiotics抗生素76antibody抗体77antibody production tests抗体产生试验78antigenic specificity抗原特异性79antisera抗血清80apoptosis凋亡81applicant申报者82art and ethical standards技术和伦理标准83ascites腹水84assay含量测定85assay procedure定量方法86assessment of genotoxicity遗传毒性评价87attainment of full sexual function达到性成熟 88AUC曲线下面积89auditory startle relex惊愕反射（听觉惊跳反射）90autoimmune自身免疫91autoradiographic assessment放射自显影评价92autoradiography放射自显影93avian鸟类94avidity亲和性95background 背景96bacteria细菌97bacterial mutagenicity test细菌致变突试验98bacterial reverse mutation test细菌回复突变试验99bacterial strains菌株100bacterial test organisms微生物试验菌101base pairs碱基对102base set of strains基本菌株103base substitution碱基置换104batches批次105batch-to-batch逐批106between-assay variation试验间变异107binary fission双数分裂108binding assays结合试验109bioanalytical method生物学分析方法110bioavaiability生物利用度111bioburden生长量/生物负荷112biochemical methods生化方法113bioequivalency生物等效性114biohazard enformation生物有害信息115biological activity生物活性116biological products生物制品117biological relevance生物学意义118bioreactor生物反应器119biotechnological products生物技术产品120biotechnological/biological products生物技术/生物制品121biotechnology-derived pharmaceuticals生物技术药物122biphasic curve双相曲线123birth出生124blood plasma factors血浆因子125body burden机体负担126body fluids体液127bone marrow cell骨髓细胞128bouin's fixation包氏液固定129bovine牛130bovine spongiform encephalopathy(BSE)疯牛病131bracketing括号法132breakage of chromatid染色单体断裂133breakage of chromosome染色体断裂134breeding conditions饲养条件135bridging character桥梁作用136by-products副产物137C(time)一定剂量、某一时间的浓度138calibrate标化139canine犬140cap liner瓶帽内垫141capillary electrophoresis毛细管电泳142carbohydrate碳水化合物143carboxy-terminal amino acids羧基端氨基酸144carcinogen致癌物质145carcinogenesis致癌性146carcinogenic hazard致癌性危害147carcinogenicity bioassay致癌性生物检测148carcinogenicity potential of chemical化合物的潜在致癌性149carcinoginicity(oncogenicity)致癌（致瘤）150cardiovascular心血管151carrier载体/担体152case-by-case个例153catalysts催化剂154cell bank 细胞库155cell bank system细胞库系统156cell banking procedures细胞建库过程157cell banking system细胞库系统158cell culture-derived impurities来源于细胞培养基的杂质159cell cultures 细胞培养物160cell cultures 细胞培养161cell expansion细胞扩增162cell fusion细胞融合163cell line细胞系164cell lines 细胞系165cell membrane lipid细胞膜脂质层166cell metabolites细胞代谢物167cell pooling细胞混合168cell proliferation细胞增植169cell replication system细胞复制系统170cell substrate-derived impurities 来源于细胞基质的杂质171cell substrates细胞基质172cell suspension细胞悬液173cell viability细胞活力174cell-derived biological products细胞来源的生物制品175cell-mediated immunity细胞介导的免疫176cellular blood components血细胞成分177cellular therapy细胞治疗178cemadsorbing viruses红细胞吸附病毒179central nervous systems中枢神经系统180cerbral spinal fluid脑脊液181characterization and testing of cell banks细胞库鉴定及检测182charcoal活性炭183charge电荷184chemical actionmertric system化学光化线强度系统185chemical nature化学性质186chemical reactivity 化学反应性187chemical syntheses化学合成188chemically inert化学惰性189chewable tablets咀嚼片190childbeering potential生育可能性191chinese hamster V79 cell中国仓鼠V79细胞192chiral impurities手性杂质193CHL cell中国仓鼠肺细胞194CHO cell中国仓鼠卵巢细胞195chromatide染色单体196chromatograms色谱图197chromatographic behavior色谱行为198chromatographic procedures色谱方法199chromatography columns色谱分离柱200chromosomal aberration染色体畸变201chromosomal damage染色体损伤202chromosomal integrity染色体完整性203chronic toxicity testing 慢性毒性试验204circular dichroism圆二色性205classfical biotransformation studies经典的生物转化试验206clastogen染色体断裂剂207clastogenic致染色体断裂的208clearance studies清除研究209cleavage of the balanopreputial gland 龟头包皮腺裂开210climatic zones气候带211clinical indication临床适应证212clinical research临床研究213clinical trial application 临床试验申请214clisure闭塞物215cloning 克隆216cloning efficiency克隆形成率217closure of hard palate硬腭闭合218C max峰浓度219coat growth毛发生长220code number编号221coding sequence编码序列222coefficient of variance变异系数223collaborative studies协作实验研究224colony isolation菌落分离225colony sizing集落大小226colony-stimulating factors集落刺激因子227combination product复方制剂228comparative trial对比试验229complement binding补体结合230completely novel compound全新化合物231components成分232compound bearing stuctural alerts结构可疑化合物233concentration threshold阈浓度234conception受孕235concomitant toxicokinetics相伴毒代动力学236confidence interval置信区间237confidence limits可信限238confirmatory studies确认研究239conformance to specifcations符合规范240conformation构型241conjugated product连接产物242conjugation连接243consistency一致性244container容器245container/closure容器/闭塞物246container/closure integrity testing 容器/密封完整性试验247contaminants污染物248contaminated cell substrate污染的细胞基质249content uniformity含量均匀度250continuous treatment 连续接触251control methodology控制方法学252controlled released product控释制剂253conventional live virus vaccines传统的活病毒疫苗254conventional vaccines传统疫苗255cool white fluorescent冷白荧光灯256corpora lutea黄体257corpora lutea count黄体数258correction factor校正因子259correlation coefficient相关系数260covalent or noncovalent共价或非共价261creams霜剂262cross-contamination交叉污染263cross-linking agent交联剂264cross-reactivity交叉反应265cryopreservation冷冻保存266cryoprotectants防冻剂267crystals晶体268culture components 培养基成分269culture condiction培养条件270culture confluency培养克隆率271culture confluenty培养融合272culture media/medium培养基273culture medium培养基274cyanogen bromide溴化氰275cytogenetic细胞遗传学的276cytogenetic change细胞遗传学改变277cytogenetic evaluation细胞遗传学评价278cytokines细胞因子279cytopathic细胞病的280cytoplasmic A-and R-type particles细胞浆a型和r型颗粒281cytotoxicity细胞毒282dark control暗度控制283dead offspring at birth 出生时死亡的子代284deamidation去氨基285deaminated去酰胺化的286deamination脱氨基287decision flow chart/tree判断图288definable and measurable biological activity明确和可测定的生物学活性289degradant降解产物290degradation降解291degradation pathway降解途径292degradation product降解产物293degradation profile降解概况294degree of aggregation 凝集度295degree of scatter离散程度296delay of parturition分娩延迟297delayed-release延迟释放298deleterious有害的299deletion缺失300delivery systems给药体系301derivatives衍生物302description 性状303descriptive statistics描述性统计304detection limit检测限度305detection of bacterial mutagen细菌诱变剂检测306detection of clastogen染色体断裂剂检测307determination of metabolites测定代谢产物308development of the offspring 子代发育309developmental toxicity发育毒性310dilivery systems释放系统311dilution ratio释放倍数312dimers二聚体313diminution of the background lawn背景减少314diode array二极管阵列315diploid cells二倍体细胞316direct genetic damage 直接遗传损伤317dissociation解离318dissolution testing溶出试验319dissolution time溶出时间320distribution分布321DNA adduct DNA加合物322DNA damage DNA损伤323DNA repair DNA修复324DNA strand breaks DNA链断裂325dosage form剂型326dose dependence剂量依赖关系327dose escalation剂量递增328dose level剂量水平329dose -liming toxicity剂量限制性毒性330dose-ranging studies剂量范围研究331dose-related剂量相关 332dose-relatived cytotoxicity剂量相关性细胞毒性333dose-relatived genotoxic activity剂量相关性遗传毒性334dose-relatived mutagenicity剂量相关性诱变性335dose-response curve剂量－反应曲线336dosing route给药途径337downstream purification下游纯化338drug product制剂339drug product components制剂组方340drug substances原料药341duration周期342duration of pregnancy妊娠周期343eaning断奶344earlier physical malformation早期身体畸形345early embryonic development早期胚胎发育346early embryonic development to implantation着床早期的胚胎发育347ectromelia virus脱脚病病毒348elastomeric closures橡皮塞349electro ejaculation电射精350electron microscopy(EM)电镜351electrophoresis电泳352electrophoretic pattern电泳图谱353elimination消除354elution profile洗脱方案355embryofetal deaths胚胎和胎仔死亡356embryo-fetal development 胚胎－胎仔发育357embryo-fetal toxicity胚胎－胎仔毒性358embryonated eggs鸡胚359embryonic death胚胎死亡360embryonic development胚胎发育361embryonic period胚胎期362embryos胚胎 363embryotoxicity胚胎毒性364enantiomer对映体365enantiomer对映异构体366enantiomeric镜像异构体367enantioselective对映体选择性368encephalomyocarditis virus(EMC)脑心肌炎病毒369end of pregnancy怀孕终止370endocytic 内吞噬（胞饮）371endocytic activity内吞噬活性372endogenous agents内源性因子373endogenous components内源性物质374endogenous gene内源性基因375endogenous proteins内源性蛋白376endogenous retrovirus内源性逆转录病毒377endonuclease核酸内切酶378endonuclease release form lysosomes溶酶体释放核酸内切酶379endotoxins内毒素380end-point终点381end-product sterility test-ing最终产品的无菌试验382enhancers增强子383enveloped RNA viruses包膜RNA病毒384environmental factors环境因素385enzymatic reaction rates酶反应速率386enzyme酶387epididymal sperm maturation附睾精子成熟性388epitope表位389epitope抗原决定部位390Epstein-Barr virus (EBV)EB病毒391equine马392error prone repair易错性修复393erythropoietins促红细胞生成素394escalation递增395escherichia coli starn大肠杆菌菌株396esscherichia coli 大肠杆菌397ethnic origin种族起源398eukaryotic cell真核细胞399evaluation of test result试验结果评价400ex vivo体外401exaggerated pharmacological response超常增强的药理作用402excipient赋形剂403excipient specifications赋形剂规范404excretion排泄(消除)405expiration date/dating失效日期406exposure assessment 接触剂量评价407exposure level暴露程度408exposure period光照时间409exposure period接触期410expression constract表达构建体411expression system表达系统412expression vector表达载体413extended-release延时释放414extent of the virus test病毒测试的程度415external metabolising system体外代谢系统416extinction coefficient消光系数417extrachromosomal染色体外418extraneous contaminants外源性污染物419extrapolation 外推法420F1-animals子一代动物421false negative result假阴性结果422false positive result假阳性结果423fecundity多产424feed-back反馈425fermentation发酵426fermentation products发酵产品427fertilisation受精428fertility生育力429fertility studies生育力研究430fetal abnormalities胎仔异常431fetal and neonatal parameters胎仔和仔鼠的生长发育参数432fetal development and growth胎仔发育和生长433fetal period 胎仔期434fetotoxicity胎仔毒性435fill volume装量436filter aids 过滤介质437final manufacturing最终生产438finished product成品439first pass testing 一期试验440flanking region侧翼区441fluorescence in situ hybridisation (FISH)原位荧光分子杂文442foetuses胎仔443forced degradation testing强制降解试验444foreign matter异质性物质445formal labeling正式标签446formal stability studies正式的稳定性研究447formulation 处方/配方448formulation 制剂449fragmentation片段化450frameshift mutation移码突变451frameshift point mutation移码点突变452free-standing独立453freeze-dried product冻干产品454fresh dissection technique新鲜切片技术455friability脆碎度456functional deficits功能试验457functional test功能性指标458funetional indices融合蛋白459fungi真菌460fusion partners融合伴侣461fusion protein融合蛋白462fusion proteins配子463gametes动物性别464gel filtration 凝胶过滤465gender of animals性别专一性药物466gender-specific drug基因剔除467gene amplification基因扩增468gene knockout基因治疗469gene mutation基因突变470gene therapy基因疗法471generation of the cell substrate细胞基质的产生472genetic遗传473genetic change 遗传学改变474genetic damage遗传学损伤475genetic endpoint遗传终点476genetic manipulation基因操作477genetic toxicity遗传毒性478genomic dinucleotide repeats基因组双核苷酸重复数479genomic DNA基因组DNA480genomic polymorphism pattern基因组形态类型481genotoxic activity遗传毒性作用482genotoxic carcinogen遗传毒性致癌剂483genotoxic effect 遗传毒性效应484genotoxic hazard遗传毒性危害485genotoxic potential潜在遗传毒性486genotoxic rodent carcinogen啮齿类动物遗传毒性致癌剂487genotoxicity 遗传毒性488genotoxicity evaluation遗传毒性评价489genotoxicity test遗传毒性试验490genotoxicity test battery遗传毒性试验组合491genotypic 基因型492germ cell mutagen生殖细胞诱变剂493germ line mutation生殖系统突变494GLP临床前研究质量管理规范495glucose consumption rates耗糖率496glycoforms糖化形式497glycosylation糖基化498goegrapgical origin 地理起源499gross chromosomal damage 染色体大损伤500gross evaluation of placenta 胎盘的大体评价501growth factors生长因子502growth hormones 生长激素503guanidine胍504haematoxylin staining苏木素染色505half-life半衰期506hamster antibody production(HAP) test仓鼠抗体产生实验507Hantaan virus汉坦病毒508hardness硬度509heavy metals重金属510hematopoietic cells造血细胞511heparins肝素512heptachlor七氯化合物513herbal products草药514heritable遗传515heritable defect遗传缺陷516heritable disease遗传性疾病517heritable effect 遗传效应518herpes virus 疱疹病毒519heterogeneities异质性520heterohybrid cell lines异种杂交细胞系521high concentration高浓度522high-resolution chromatography高分辨色谱523histologic appearance of reproductive organ生殖器官的组织学表现524histopathological chang组织病理学改变525homogeneity均一性526homologous proteins同系蛋白527homologous series同系528host cell 宿主细胞529host cell banks宿主细胞库530host cell DNA宿主细胞DNA531host cell proteins宿主细胞蛋白质532hot-stage microscopy热价显微镜533human carcinogen人类致癌剂534human cell lines人细胞系535human diploid fibroblasts人二倍体成纤维细胞536human lymphoblastoid TK6 cell 人成淋巴TK6细胞537human mutagen人类致突变剂538human polio virus人脊髓灰质炎病毒539human subjects人体540human tropism人向性541humidity湿度542humidity-protecting containers防湿容器543humoral immunity 体液免疫544hybridization techniques杂交技术545hybridoma cell杂交瘤细胞546hybridomas杂交瘤547hydrolysates水解物548hydrolytic enzymes水解酶549hydrophobicity疏水性550hygroscopic吸湿性551identification/identity鉴别552immature erythrocyte未成熟红细胞553immediate and latent effect速发和迟发效应554immediate container/closure直接接触的容器/密闭物555immediate pack内包装556immediate release立即释放557immortalization激活558immune spleen cells免疫脾细胞559immunoassay免疫检测560immunochemical methods免疫化学方法561immunochemical properties免疫化学性质562immunoelectrophoresis免疫电泳563immunogenicity免疫原性564immunological interations免疫相互作用565immunopathological effects免疫病理反应566immunoreactivity免疫反应性567immunotoxicity免疫毒性568implantation着床569implantation sites着床部位570impurity profile杂质概况571in vitro体外572in vitro and in vivo inoculation tests体内和体外接种试验573in vitro assay体外检测574in vitro cell age体外细胞传代期575in vitro lifespan体外生命周期576in vitro test体外试验577in vitro tests体外试验578in vitro/in vivo correlation体内体外相关性579in vivo体内580in vivo assays体内检测581in vivo test体内试验582inactivated vaccine 灭活疫苗583incidence of polyploid cell 多倍体细胞发生率584incisor eruption门齿萌出585independent test独立试验586indicator cell指示细胞587indicator organisms指示菌588individual fetal body weight单个胎仔体重589indoor indirect daylight室内间接日光590induced and spontaneous models of disease诱发或自发的疾病模型591inducer of micronuclei微核诱导剂592inducers 诱导剂593inedntification test鉴别试验594infectious agents感染性因子595influenza virus流感病毒596inhalation吸入597inhalation dosage forms 吸入剂型598inhibitor of DNA metabolism DNA代谢抑制剂599in-house内部的600in-house criterea内控标准601in-house primary reference material内部一级参比物质602in-house reference materials内部参比物质603in-house working reference material内部工作参比物质604initial filing原始文件605initial submission最初申报606initial text最初文本607inoculation接种608inorganic impurities无机杂质609inorganic mineral无机矿物质610inorganic salts无机盐611in-process acceptance criteia生产过程认可标准612in-process controls生产过程中控制613in-process testing生产过程中检测614insect昆虫615insulins胰岛素616intact animals完整动物（整体动物）617intake摄入618intended effect预期效果619intended storage period 预期的贮藏期620intentional degradation人为降解621interactions相互作用622interferon干扰素623interleukins白细胞介素624intermediate中间体625intermediate precision中间精密度626intermediates半成品627internal control内对照628international reference standards国际参比标准品629interphase muclei分裂间期细胞核630intra-and inter-individual个体与个体间631intra-assay precision间隙含量精密度632intracytoplasmic细胞浆内633introduction of virus病毒介入634inverted or horizontal position倒立或水平位置635ion-exchange离子交换636ionic content离子含量637isoelectric focusing/isoelectrofocusing等电聚焦638isoenzyme analysis同工酶分析639isoform pattern异构体类型640isolated organs离体器官641isomerized 异构化的642Jp/Ph.Eur./Usp.日本药局方/欧洲药典/美国药典643juvenile animal studies未成年动物研究644K virus K病毒645karyology胞核学646Kinetic profile动力学特点647Kinetics 动力学648laboratory scale实验室规模649lactate production rates乳糖产生速率650Lactating授乳、哺乳651lactic dehydrogenase virus (LDM)乳酸脱氢酶病毒652Large deletion event大缺失事件653Late embryo loss后期胚胎丢失654leachables沥出物655Level of safety安全水平656Libido性欲657Life threatering危及生命658ligand 配位体/配体659light光照660light resistant packaging避光包装661limit for in vitro cell age 细胞体外传代限度662limit of acceptance可接受的限度663limit of in vitro cell age 体外细胞代次664limit test限度试验665limulus amoebocyte lysate鲎试剂666linear relation ship 线性关系667linearity线性668Lipophilic compound亲脂性化合物669liquid nitrogen 液氮670liquid oral dosage forms 液体口服制剂671Litter size每窝胎仔数目672Live and dead conceptuese活胎和死胎673Live offspring at birth出生时存活的子代674live vaccine 活疫苗675living cells活细胞676Local toxicity局部毒性677Lockl tolerance studies 局部耐受性研究678Locu位点679logarithmic scale:对数级680long term test长期试验681Long-term carcinogenicity study长期致癌性试验682long-time and accelerated stability长期和加速稳定性试验683Loss of the tk gene tk 基因丢失684losses of activity活性丧失685lot release 批签发686low molecular weight subsances低分子量物质687lower-observed effect level (LOEL)能观察到反应的最低量688lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCM)淋巴细胞性脉络丛脑膜炎病毒689lyophilised cakes冻干粉饼690lysate of cells 细胞溶解物691Major organ fomeation主要器官形成692Male fertility雄性生育力693Male fertility assessment雄性生育力评价694mammalian哺乳类695Mammalian cell mutation test哺乳动物细胞致突变试验696Mammalian cells哺乳动物细胞697Mammalian species哺乳类动物698manufacturing scale生产规模699marieting pack 上市包装700marker chromosome 标志染色体701marketing approval批准上市702Marketing approval上市许可703mass 重量704mass balance质量平衡705mass spectrometry质谱706master cell bank (MCB)主细胞库707Matemal animal亲代动物708material balance物质平衡709Mating behaviour交配行为710Mating period交配期711Mating ratio交配比例712Matrices基质713matrix基质、矩阵714matrix system矩阵化设计715matrixing每日最大剂量716maximum daily dose平均动力学温度717Maximum tolerated dese(MTD)最大耐受剂量718mean kinetic temperature后生动物细胞培养719Mechanism of genotoxicity遗传毒性机制720Mechanistic activation代谢活化721Mechanistic activation pathway代谢活化途径722Mechanistic activation system代谢活化系统723Mechanistic investigation机制研究724Metabolism代谢725Metabolites profile代谢物的概况726Metaphase中期727Metaphase analysis分裂中期相分析728Metaphase cell分裂中期细胞729metazoan cell culture微生物细胞培养730microbial cells微生物细胞731microbial contamunation 微生物污染732microbial expression system微生物表达系统733microbial limits微生物限度734microbial metabolites微生物代谢物735microbial proteases微生物蛋白酶736microbial vaccine antigens微生物疫苗抗原737microbiological testing 微生物学试验738Micronucleus微核739Micronucleus formation微核形成740Microtitre微滴定741Microtitre method微滴定法742Mimicking模拟743minimum exposure time最低作用时间744minimum of pilot plant试产规模745minute virus of mice小鼠小病毒746mirror image 镜像747mismached S-S linked错连的S-S键748Mitotic index有丝分裂指数749modified-/modifying release修饰释放750modifying factor修正因子751moisture level水分752molar absorptivity克分子吸收753Molecular characterisation分子特性754molecular characteristics分子特性755molecular confirmation分子构型756molecular entities/entity分子实体757molecular size分子大小758Molecular technique分子技术759Monitor监测760Monoclonal antibodies单克隆抗体761monoclonal antibody单克隆抗体762mork run空白对照试验763morphological analysis形态学分析764mouse antibody production (MAP) test小鼠抗体产生试验765mouse cytomegalovirus (MCMV)小鼠巨细胞病毒766mouse encephalomyelitis virus (GDVII)小鼠脑脊髓炎病毒767mouse hepatitis virus (MHV)小鼠肝炎病毒768Mouse lymphoma tk assay小鼠淋巴瘤tk检测769Mouse lymphoma L5178Y cell小鼠淋巴瘤L5178Y细胞770mouse rotavirus (EDIM)小鼠小轮状病毒771MuLV murine leukemia virus鼠白血病病毒772murine hybridoma cell lines鼠杂交瘤细胞系773Mutagen诱变原774Mutagen carcinogen诱变性致癌剂775Mutagen potential of chemical化合物的潜在致突变性776Mutant colony突变体集落777Mutation突变778Mutation induction in transgenes转基因诱导突变779mutations 突变780mycoplasma支原体781myeloma cell line骨髓瘤细胞系782Naked eye肉眼783national or international reference material国家或国际参比物质784national reference standards国家参比标准品785near ultraviolet lamp近紫外灯786Necropsy(macroscopic examination)解剖（大体检查）787Negative control阴性对照788Negative result阴性结果789Neonate adaptation to extrautenrine life新生仔宫外生活的适应性790neural sugars中性糖791new chemical entity新化学体792new dosage form新剂型793new drug products/produce新药制剂794new drug substance新原料药795new molecular entities新分子体796Newbom新生仔797Newcleated有核798no effect level不产生反应的量799Non rodent非啮齿类800Non-clinical非临床801noncovalent/convalent forces非共价/共价键802non-enveloped viruses非包膜病毒803Non-genotoxic carcinogen非遗传毒性致癌剂804Non-genotoxic mechanism非遗传毒性机制805Non-human primate非人灵长类806Non-linear非线性807non-mammalian animal cell lines非哺乳动物细胞系808non-recombinant cell-cul-ture expression systems非重组细胞培养表达系统809non-recombinant products/vaccines非重组制品/疫苗810non-specific model virus非特异模型病毒811Non-toxic compound无毒化合物812Non-toxic-effect dose level无毒性反应剂量水平813no-observed effect level不能观察到反应的量814N-terminal sequencing N端测序815nuclear magnetic resonance 核磁共振816Nucleated bone marrow cell有核骨髓细胞817nucleic acid核酸818Nucleoside analogue核苷酸同系物819nucleotide sequences 核苷酸序列820Number of live and dead implantation宫内活胎和死胎数821Numerical chromosmal aberration染色体数目畸变822Numerical chromosome changes染色体数目改变823Oestrous cycle动情周期824official procedure正式方法825ointments软膏826oligonucleotide低聚核苷酸827Oligonucleotide grugs寡核苷酸药物828oligosaccharide pattern寡糖类型829One,two,three generation studies一、二、三子代研究830opacity浊度831Organ development器官发育832organic impurities有机杂质833origins of replication复制起点834osmolality摩尔渗透压浓度835outdoor daylight室外日光836Ovulation rate排卵率837oxidation氧化838oxygen consumption rates耗氧量839package包装840Paraffine embedding石蜡包埋841parainfluenza virus副流感病毒842parallel control assays 平行对照分析843Parameter参数844Parent compound母体化合物845parent stability Guideline稳定性试验总指导原则846parental cell line母细胞系847Parenteral非肠道848parenterals非肠道制剂849particle size粒度850Particulate material颗粒物851particulate matter微粒852Parturition分娩延迟853parvoviruses细小病毒854passage history of the cell line细胞系的传代史855pathogenic agents致病因子856pathogenicity致病性857patterns of degradation降解方式858Pediatric populations小儿人群859peptide肽860peptide map 肽图861percent recovery回收率862periodic/skip testing定期检验/抽验863Peripheral blood erythrocyte外周血红细胞864permitted daily exposure允许的日接触量865Perpoductive competence生殖能力866phage typing噬菌体分型867pharcodynamic studies药效学研究868Pharmacodinetic药代动力学869Pharmacodynamic effects药效作用870Pharmacodynamics药效学（药效动力学）871pharmacopoeial药典872pharmacopoeial pharmacoppeial specifications药典规范873pharmacopoeial standards药典标准874phenotypic 表型875Phenylene diamine苯二胺876phosphorylation磷酸化作用877photostability testing光稳定性试验878Physical development身体发育879physicochemical changes理化改变880physicochemical methods物理化学方法881physico-chemical properties物理化学特性882Physiological stress生理应激883Pilot studies 前期研究884pilot-plant scale试生产规模/中试规模885Pinna unfolding耳廓张开886piston release force活塞释放力887piston travel force活塞移动力888pivotal stability studies关键的稳定性研究889plaque assays菌斑测定890plasmid质粒891Plasmid质粒892plasmid banks质粒库893plasminogen activators纤溶酶原激活素894Plasminogen activators纤维蛋白溶解酶原激活因子895Ploidy整倍体896pneumonia virus of mice小鼠肺炎病毒897Point mutation点突变898poisson distribution泊松分布899Polychromatic erythrocyte嗜多染红细胞900polyclonal antibody多克隆抗体901Polycyclic hydrocarbon多环芳烃902Polymer聚合物903polymerase chain reaction (PCR)聚合酶链式反应904polymorphic form多晶性型905polymorphs多晶型906polyoma virus多瘤病毒907polypeptides多肽908Polyploid cell多倍体细胞909Polyploidy多倍体910Polyploidy induction多倍体诱导911pooled havest集中回收912Poorly soluble compound难溶化合物913population doubling细胞数倍增/群体倍增914porcine猪915Positive control阳性对照916Positive result阳性结果917Post meiotic stages减数分裂后期918Post-approval批准后919Postcoital time frame交配后日期920Postimplantation deaths着床后死亡921Postnatal deaths出生后死亡922post-translational modifications批准后923post-translationally modified forms翻译后修饰924Postweaning development and growth断奶后发育和生长925potency效价926potent功效927Potential 潜在性928potential adverse consequences潜在的不良后果929potential excipients准赋形剂930Potential immunogenecity潜在免疫原性931potential impurity潜在杂质932potential new drug products准新药制剂933potential new drug substances准新药原料934Potentialtarget organs for toxicity潜在毒性靶器官935potentiometric titrimetry电位滴定936powders粉剂937power outages and human error断电和人为错误938preamble引言939Pre-and post-natal development study围产期的发育研究940Pre-and postweaning survival and growth断奶前后的存活和生长941pre-approval or pre-liscense stage批准前或发证前阶段942Precipitate沉淀物943precision精密度944preclinical and clinical studies临床前和临床研究945Preclinical safety evaluation临床前安全性评价946precursors前体947Predetermined criteria预定标准948Prediction of carcinogenicity致癌性预测949Pregnant怀孕950Pregnant and lactating animals怀孕与哺乳期动物951Preimplantation development着床前发育952Preimplantation stages of the embryo胚胎着床前期953preliminary assessment初步评估954preliminary cell bank初级细胞库955Preliminary studies预试验956Premating交配前957Premating treatment交配前给药958preparation制剂959Pre-screening预筛选960preservative防腐剂961Prevalence of abnormalities异常情况的普遍程度962Preweaning断奶前963Primary active entity主要活性实体964primary cells原代细胞965primary stability data主要稳定性数据966primary stability study/formal study/formal stability study主要稳定性研究/正式研究/正式稳定性研究967primary structure一级结构968primer引物969priming regimen接种方案970Priority selection优先选择971probability概率972process characterisation studies工艺鉴定研究973process controls工艺控制974process optimisation工艺优化975process parameters工艺参数976process validation工艺确证977process-related impurities工艺相关杂质978Pro-drug前体药物979product-related imputies产品相关杂质980progenitor祖细胞981prokaryotic cell原核细胞982Prolongation of parturition产程延长983promoters启动子984proposed commercial process模拟上市985protected samples避光样品。
双丙酮丙烯酰胺合成研究进展
双丙酮丙烯酰胺合成研究进展2009年07月07日星期二 14:03摘要：该文系统地介绍了双丙酮丙烯酰胺从1961年由美国化学家首次成功合成一直到最近的合成方法。
详细介绍了美国和日本化学家在双丙酮丙烯酰胺合成中的研究情况。
对比了各种合成方法中的原料选择、温度控制、后处理方式。
在总结前人研究的基础上，提出了新的改进思路。
正文字体大小：大中小双丙酮丙烯酰胺（Diacetone Acrylamide），化学名N一(1，1一二甲基一3-氧代丁基)丙烯酰胺，商品名是Lubrizol，分子式C9H15NO2, 常简称为双胺，英文缩写D AAM，为白色结晶，熔点约56.5-57.0℃，沸点120℃(8mmHg)，溶于乙醇、丙酮、四氢呋喃、乙酸乙酯、氯甲烷、苯、乙腈等多种有机溶剂，不溶于石油醚、正庚烷等脂肪烃。
100℃下性质稳定，无聚合反应发生。
是一种重要的乙烯基单体，由于分子结构中具有多功能基因，因而化学性质非常活泼，能进行多种反应。
如聚合反应、交联反应、加成反应等，具有十分广泛的用途，是一种非常重要的化工原料，广泛用于涂料、胶粘剂、环氧树脂固化剂、卤化银成像材料、电子封装材料、热固性聚合物感光树脂助剂、纺织助剂、医疗卫生等领域。
DAA M还可作为聚合物改性用单体加人共聚体中，能赋予共聚体以极性、亲水性、吸水性等均聚物特性，是多种聚合物的改性剂。
1 最早期合成研究是针对后处理方式DAAM作为重要的聚合物中间体，从1961年美国化学家Lester E.Coleman合成出来以后，一直受到世界各国化学家的广泛关注。
其中贡献最大的是美国和日本化学家。
另外，西德，前苏联、英国的化学家也对DAAM的合成研究作出了贡献。
关于DAAM的合成，各国化学家专利中的描述只有不大的区别，主要围绕原料选取，催化剂选择以及后处理方法这几项。
其中，最多的两种方向是：丙烯腈和双丙酮醇在浓硫酸催化下生成DAAM另一种是丙烯酰胺和二丙酮醇在离子交换树脂催化下生成DAAM对于第一种方向，已经研究得比较透彻，各国的工业化生产主要是按照这个方向。
医学院硕士研究生入学考试试卷-模拟考-生物化学-含参考答案-24-7-20
8
B: 氯霉素 C: 链 霉 素 D: 嘌 罗 霉 素 33、 下列有关氨基酸的叙 述， 错误的是 A: 组 氨 酸 和 脯 氨 酸 都 是 亚 氨 基 酸 B: 苯丙氨酸和色氨酸都为芳香族氨基酸 C: 异 亮 氨 酸 和 缬 氨 酸 侧 链 都 有 分 支 D: 丝 氨 酸 和 丙 氨 酸 侧 链 都 含 羟 基 34、 CN−阻 断 氧 化 磷 酸 化 电 子 传 递 过 程 的 机 制 为 A: 抑 制 Cytb B: 抑 制 Cytc C: 抑 制 氧 化 型 Cyta D: 抑 制 还 原 型 Cyta 35、 MTX A: 抑 制 嘌 呤 核 苷 酸 从 头 合 成 B : 抑 制NDP→dNDP C: 抑 制UMP→UDP D: 抑 制 尿 酸 生 成 36、 应用相分配原理将蛋白质进行分离纯化的方法属于 A: 透 析 B: 层析 C: 电 泳 D: 盐 析 37、
9
tRNA转 录 后 加 工 修 饰 形 成 稀 有 碱 基 ， 其 中 没 有 A: 胸 嘧 啶 B: 次黄嘌呤 C:7− 甲 基 鸟 嘌 呤 D: 二 氢 尿 嘧 啶 38、 关于蛋白质变性， 下列说法哪项错 误？ A: 其 非 共 价 键 破 坏 B: 其黏度降低 C: 其 四 级 结 构 破 坏 D: 其 二 硫 键 破 坏 39、 对HDL描 述 错 误 的 是 A: 成 熟HDL可 能 与 肝 细 胞 表 面HDL受 体 结 合 后 ， 被 肝 细 胞 摄 取 B : 消 耗 的 胆 固 醇 可 从LDL得 到 补 充 C: 可 由 小 肠 合 成 和 分 泌 D: 在 血 浆LCAT作 用 下 胆 固 醇 被 酯 化 后 转 移 至HDL的 内 核 40、 发 生 在 两 个DNA分 子 同 源 序 列 间 的 重 组 称 为 A: 人 工 重 组 B: 基本重组 C: 随 机 重 组 D: 根 本 重 组 41、 真核生物体内复制中起校 读、 修复和填补缺口作用的是 A:DNA−p o l B :DNA−p o l C:DNA−p o l
Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Activity Assay Kit
Product ManualAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Activity Assay Kit (Colorimetric)Catalog NumberMET-5123 100 assaysFOR RESEARCH USE ONLYNot for use in diagnostic proceduresIntroductionAlanine Aminotransferase (ALT), also known as serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase (SGPT), is an enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of an amino group from alanine to α-ketoglutarate, thereby producing glutamate and pyruvate (Figure 1). This pyridoxal phosphate dependent transaminase is found primarily in serum and the liver, but it can also be found in various other body tissues. ALT is usually measured as a clinical marker of liver function to ascertain liver health. Hepatocellular injury often leads to an increase in ALT levels, which are usually measured in units per liter (U/L).Figure 1: ALT Reaction Principle.Cell Biolabs’ Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Assay Kit is a simple colorimetric assay that measures the activity of ALT present within plasma, serum, tissue homogenates, or cell suspensions in a 96-well microtiter plate format. Each kit provides sufficient reagents to perform up to 100 assays, including blanks, standards and samples. An ALT positive control is also provided.Assay PrincipleCell Biolabs’ Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Assay Kit measures ALT activity through a series of enzyme driven reactions. ALT in samples reacts with alanine to transfer an amino group to another substrate, producing glutamate and pyruvate. Pyruvate is then detected with the colorimetric probe. Samples and standards are incubated for 30-60 minutes and then read with a standard 96-well specrophotometric plate reader (540-570 nm). The ALT activity is directly proportional to the amount of pyruvate generated in the reaction. Sample ALT levels are determined by comparison with the known pyruvate standards.Related Products1.MET-5012: Lactate Assay (Colorimetric)2.MET-5022: Glycogen Assay Kit (Colorimetric)3.MET-5023: Glycogen Assay (Fluorometric)4.MET-5029: Pyruvate Assay Kit (Fluorometric)5.MET-5054: L-Amino Acid Assay Kit (Colorimetric)6.MET-5055: L-Amino Acid Assay Kit (Fluorometric)7.MET-5093: Alanine Assay Kit (Colorimetric)8.MET-5124: Alanine Aminotransferase (ALT) Activity assay Kit (Fluorometric)9.MET-5125: Pyruvate Assay Kit (Colorimetric)10.STA-674: Glutamate Assay Kit11.STA-680: Glucose Assay Kit (Colorimetric)12.STA-681: Glucose Assay Kit (Fluorometric)Kit Components1.ALT Enzyme Mix (Part No. 51241C): One 600 µL amber tube2.ALT Substrate Mix (Part No. 51242C): One 1 mL tube3.Pyruvate Standard (Part No. 51243C): One 100 µL tube of a 10 mM solution4.Colorimetric Probe (Part No. 51231C): One 100 μL tube5.HRP (Part No. 234402): One 100 μL tube of a 100 U/mL solution in glycerol6.ALT Positive Control (Part No. 51244C): One 50 μL tube of 100 U/mL enzyme7.10X Assay Buffer (Part No. 50292A): One 25 mL bottleMaterials Not Supplied1.Distilled or deionized water2.1X PBS3.10 μL to 1000 μL adjustable single channel micropipettes with disposable tips4.50 μL to 300 μL adjustable multichannel micropipette with disposable tips5.Multichannel micropipette reservoir6.Standard 96-well microtiter plate7.Spectrophotometric microplate reader capable of reading in the 540-570 nm absorbance range StorageUpon receipt, store the ALT Substrate Mix and 10X Assay Buffer at 4ºC. Store the remaining components at -20ºC.Preparation of Reagents•1X Assay Buffer: Warm the 10X Assay Buffer to room temperature prior to using. Dilute the Assay Buffer to 1X with deionized water by diluting the 25 mL Buffer with 225 mL deionized water for 250 mL total. Mix to homogeneity. Store the 1X Assay Buffer at 4ºC up to six months. •ALT Positive Control: Prior to use, dilute the positive control 1:100 in 1X Assay Buffer. Use only what is needed.•Reaction Reagent: Prepare a Reaction Reagent by diluting the kit components accordingly. ALT Enzyme Mix 1:17, ALT Substrate Mix 1:10, HRP 1:500, and Colorimetric Probe 1:100 in 1X Assay Buffer. See Table 1 below for examples of Reaction Reagent preparation based on the number of assays employed. Mix thoroughly and protect the solution from light. For best results, place the Reaction Reagent on ice and use within 30 minutes of preparation. Do not store the ReactionReagent solution.ALT Enzyme Mix (µL) ALT SubstrateMix (µL)HRP(µL)Colorimetric Probe(µL)1X AssayBuffer (µL)Number of Assays(100 µL/well)588 1000 20 100 8,292 100294 500 10 50 4,146 50147 250 5 25 2,073 25Table 1. Preparation of Reaction ReagentNote: The Colorimetric Probe is light sensitive and must be stored accordingly.Preparation of SamplesSamples should be assayed immediately or stored at -80ºC prior to performing the assay. Optimal experimental conditions for samples must be determined by the investigator. The following recommendations are only guidelines and may be altered to optimize or complement the user’s experimental design. A set of serial dilutions is recommended for samples to achieve optimal assay results and minimize possible interfering compounds. Run proper controls as necessary. Always run a standard curve with samples.•Tissues: Weigh 500-1000 mg of sample and mince with scissors and a dounce until tissue is thoroughly liquified. Add 2 mL of 1X Assay Buffer or PBS and further sonicate the homogenate for several cycles on ice. Centrifuge 10 minutes at 12,000 x g to remove debris. Recover the supernatant and recentrifuge in a separate tube to clarify it further. Recover supernatant in a fresh eppendorf tube and incubate on ice. Prepare samples for testing and store the remaining supernatant at -80ºC. Prepare further dilutions in 1X Assay Buffer.•Cell Suspensions: Prepare cells at 1x 106 cells/mL and rapidly homogenize the cell pellet with 0.2 mL cold PBS or 1X Assay Buffer. Centrifuge 10 minutes at 12,000 x g to remove debris. Recover supernatant in a fresh eppendorf tube and incubate on ice. Prepare samples for testing and store the remaining supernatant at -80ºC. Prepare further dilutions in 1X Assay Buffer.•Serum: Collect blood without using an anticoagulant. Allow blood to clot for 30 minutes at room temperature. Centrifuge at 2000 x g and 4ºC for 10 minutes. Remove the serum layer and store on ice. Take care to avoid disturbing the white buffy layer. Aliquot samples for testing and store remaining solution at -80ºC. Perform serum dilutions in 1X Assay Buffer. Perform several serial dilutions to ensure values are within the range of the standard curve.•Plasma: Collect blood with heparin or citrate (EDTA could cause a quenching effect) and centrifuge at 1000 x g and 4ºC for 10 minutes. Remove the plasma layer and store on ice. Take care to avoid disturbing the white buffy layer. Aliquot samples for testing and store remaining solution at -80ºC. Perform plasma dilutions in 1X Assay Buffer. Perform several serial dilutions to ensure values are within the range of the standard curve.Notes:1.Samples with NADH concentrations above 10 μM and glutathione concentrations ab ove 50 μMwill oxidize the probe and could result in erroneous readings. To minimize this interference, it is recommended that superoxide dismutase (SOD) be added to the reaction at a final concentration of 40 U/mL.2.Avoid samples containing DTT or β-mercaptoethanol since the fluorescence probe is not stablein the presence of thiols (above 10 μM).3.The Colorimetric Probe is unstable at high pH (>8.5).Preparation of Pyruvate Standard CurvePrepare fresh pyruvate standards in the range of 0-200 µM by diluting the provided 10 mM Pyruvate Standard according to Table 2 below.Tubes 10 mM PyruvateStandard (µL)1X PBS(µL)Final PyruvateConcentration (µM)Pyruvate Quantity(nmoles/well)*1 10 490 200 102 200 of Tube #1 200 100 53 200 of Tube #2 200 50 2.54 200 of Tube #3 200 25 1.255 200 of Tube #4 200 12.5 0.636 200 of Tube #5 200 6.25 0.317 200 of Tube #6 200 3.13 0.168 0 200 0 0Table 2. Preparation of Pyruvate Standards.Note: *Based on 50 µL volume/well. Do not store diluted pyruvate standard solutions.Assay ProtocolEach pyruvate standard, ALT positive control and sample should be assayed in duplicate or triplicate.A freshly prepared standard curve and positive control should be used each time the assay is performed. Note: The assay is continuous, thereby allowing for readings at multiple time points. This may be necessary in order to ensure the values of unknowns fall within the linear range of the standard curve.1.Add 50 µL of the diluted pyruvate standards, positive control or samples to each well of a 96-wellmicrotiter plate.2.Add 100 µL of the prepared Reaction Reagent to each well and mix the well contents thoroughly.3.Immediately read the absorbance of each microwell used on a spectrophotometric microplate readerusing 540-570 nm absorbance. The initial time point is (T Initial) and the initial plate absorbance reading is (A Initial). Cover plate to protect from light and continue to incubate at 37ºC for up to 30-60 minutes.Note: If measuring multiple time points, begin reading samples after adding the Reaction Reagent at every set time point (e.g. every 5 minutes). An initial lag phase (~2-5 minutes) may precede color development. After this lag phase and color begins to develop, take the initial measurement (A Initial).Continue taking measurements until the reaction is complete, which is indicated by one of thefollowing:•The absorbance (OD) of the most active sample exceeds the high end of the linear range of the standard curve. The penultimate (immediately prior) reading, where the absorbancevalue still falls within the linear range of the curve, is used to determine ALT activity. Thispenultimate reading is (A Final) at (T Final ) time point. The absorbance values for the initialand final measurements must fall within the linear range of the standard to be accurate.•The absorbance (OD) of the most active sample does not significantly change from the prior reading. This indicates the reaction has reached a plateau and is not likely to continue.4.Once the assay is complete, read the absorbance of each microwell on a spectrophotometricmicroplate reader using 540-570 nm absorbance. This is the final time point (T Final )plate reading(A Final).Calculation of Results1.Determine the average absorbance values for every sample, control, and standard. Subtract theaverage zero standard value from itself and all standard and sample values. This is the background corrected absorbance. Use the T Final readings to plot the pyruvate standard curve graph.2.Graph the standard curve with the corrected absorbance values (see Figure 2 for an examplestandard curve).3.Calculate the change in sample absorbance values (ΔA) between the initial absorbance (A Initial)and the final absorbance (A Final):(ΔA) = (A Final) - (A Initial)pare the change in absorbance (∆A) of each sample to the pyruvate standard curve to determinethe amount of pyruvate produced within the assay. Only use values within the linear range of the standard curve.5.Determine the ALT activity in milliunits/mL (mU/mL) of a sample using the equation:Q = Quantity (in nmoles/well) of pyruvate produced as determined from standard graphT = Reaction time (in minutes) determined by T Final– T InitialQALT Activity (mU/mL) =(T final - T initial) x 0.050 mL**Note: 50 µL sample volume. Be sure to account for any dilution factors made on unknown samples prior to the assay.ALT activity is quantified as nmole/min/mL = milliunit/mL (mU/mL), where 1 milliunit of ALT is the amount of enzyme that generates 1.0 nmole of pyruvate per minute at 37ºC.Example of ResultsThe following figures demonstrate typical ALT Activity Assay results. One should use the data below for reference only. This data should not be used to interpret or calculate actual sample results.Figure 2: Example Pyruvate Standard Curve.Figure 3: Liver Homogenates. Chicken livers were homogenized and sonicated in cold 1X Assay Buffer. Upon centrifugation, the homogenate was tested according to the assay protocol.References1.Ishiguro, M., et al. (1991) Biochemistry30: 10451-10457.2.Liu Z., et al. (2014) Int. J. Med. Sci.11(9): 925-935.3.Tarao, K., et al. (1999) Cancer86: 589-595.Recent Product Citations1.Abd-El Megid, S.S. et al. (2021). Curcumin Effect on Rats Hepato-Renal Functions, HematologicalParameters, and Inflammatory Markers in Comparison with Celecoxib and Prednisolone. Zag Vet J.49(4):390-399. doi: 10.21608/zvjz.2021.96979.1157.2.Morihiro, K. et al. (2021). Floxuridine Oligomers Activated under Hypoxic Environment. J AmChem Soc. 143(9):3340-3347. doi: 10.1021/jacs.0c10732.3.Elsyade, R. et al. (2021). Hazards of Chronic Exposure to Nonylphenol: Concomitant Effect onNon-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Male Albino Rats. Open Access Maced J Med Sci. 9(A):548-555 doi: 10.3889/oamjms.2021.6237.WarrantyThese products are warranted to perform as described in their labeling and in Cell Biolabs literature when used in accordance with their instructions. THERE ARE NO WARRANTIES THAT EXTEND BEYOND THIS EXPRESSED WARRANTY AND CELL BIOLABS DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTY OF MERCHANTABILITY OR WARRANTY OF FITNESS FOR PARTICULAR PURPOSE. CELL BIOLABS’s sole obligation and purchaser’s exclusive remedy for breach of this warranty shall be, at the option of CELL BIOLABS, to repair or replace the products. In no event shall CELL BIOLABS be liable for any proximate, incidental or consequential damages in connection with the products.Contact InformationCell Biolabs, Inc.7758 Arjons DriveSan Diego, CA 92126Worldwide: +1 858 271-6500USA Toll-Free: 1-888-CBL-0505E-mail: ********************©2019-2022: Cell Biolabs, Inc. - All rights reserved. No part of these works may be reproduced in any form without permissions in writing.。
乙酰基 染料
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花青素实验英语作文范文
花青素实验英语作文范文Anthocyanins: A Natural Colorant with Antioxidant Properties.Introduction.Anthocyanins belong to a class of natural pigments known as flavonoids, which are abundantly found in plants, fruits, and vegetables. These water-soluble compounds are responsible for the vibrant hues observed in a wide rangeof plant tissues, including berries, plums, grapes, and eggplant. Not only do anthocyanins contribute to the aesthetic appeal of plants, but they also possesssignificant antioxidant and potential health-promoting properties.Structure and Chemistry.Anthocyanins are glycosides, consisting of an anthocyanidin aglycone bound to one or more sugar molecules.The basic structure of anthocyanidins comprises two benzene rings (A and B) connected by a heterocyclic pyran ring (C). The substitution patterns on these rings and the number and type of sugar molecules attached determine the specific anthocyanin compound.Sources and Distribution.Anthocyanins are widely distributed in the plant kingdom. They are particularly abundant in fruits such as blackberries, blueberries, cherries, strawberries, and raspberries. Vegetables like eggplant, red cabbage, and purple carrots also contain substantial amounts of anthocyanins. In addition, anthocyanins can be found in flowers, leaves, and even some plant roots.Bioavailability and Absorption.The bioavailability of anthocyanins in humans varies depending on the specific anthocyanin compound and the food matrix. In general, anthocyanins are poorly absorbed in the small intestine due to their low solubility and extensiveconjugation with sugars. However, certain anthocyanins, such as cyanidin-3-glucoside, have demonstrated higher absorption rates.Antioxidant Properties.Anthocyanins possess potent antioxidant properties, which contribute to their health-promoting effects. These compounds scavenge free radicals, which are highly reactive molecules that can damage cells and DNA. Anthocyanins can also chelate metal ions, which prevent them from participating in oxidative reactions.Anti-Inflammatory Effects.Studies have shown that anthocyanins exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. They inhibit the production ofpro-inflammatory cytokines, which are involved in various inflammatory conditions. Anthocyanins may therefore have therapeutic potential for chronic inflammatory diseases such as arthritis and cardiovascular disease.Cardiovascular Health.Anthocyanins have been linked to improved cardiovascular health. They can enhance blood vessel function, reduce blood pressure, and inhibit platelet aggregation. These effects may contribute to a reduced risk of cardiovascular events, such as heart attack and stroke.Neuroprotective Effects.Anthocyanins may have neuroprotective benefits. They have been found to protect neurons from damage and improve cognitive function in animal models. These effects are attributed to their antioxidant properties, which combat oxidative stress in the brain.Cancer Prevention.Anthocyanins have shown promise in cancer prevention. Studies suggest that they may inhibit cell proliferation, induce apoptosis (programmed cell death), and suppress metastasis. Their antioxidant and anti-inflammatoryproperties may also contribute to their potential anti-carcinogenic effects.Other Health Benefits.Anthocyanins have also been associated with other health benefits, including improved vision, reduced risk of diabetes, and protection against obesity. However, more research is needed to fully elucidate these potential effects.Applications.Anthocyanins find practical applications in various industries. They are primarily used as natural colorants in food products, beverages, and cosmetics. Due to their antioxidant properties, they are also incorporated into dietary supplements and functional foods.Conclusion.Anthocyanins are a group of plant pigments with adiverse range of health-promoting effects. Their antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and other beneficial properties make them potential therapeutic agents for various chronic diseases. As research continues to uncover the full extent of their health benefits, the incorporation of anthocyanin-rich foods into the diet may offer a promising approach to promoting overall well-being.。
氨基乙腈盐酸盐_中杂质_概述及解释说明
氨基乙腈盐酸盐中杂质概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述氨基乙腈盐酸盐（N-Methylacetamide Hydrochloride）是一种重要的有机化合物，广泛用于医药、农业、化学等领域。
然而，氨基乙腈盐酸盐中的杂质会对其性质和应用造成一定的影响。
因此，了解氨基乙腈盐酸盐中的杂质及其来源、影响因素以及分析方法具有重要意义。
1.2 文章结构本文主要包括以下几个部分：引言、氨基乙腈盐酸盐中杂质的影响因素、氨基乙腈盐酸盐中常见杂质及其解释说明、分析和检测氨基乙腈盐酸盐中杂质的方法与技术介绍以及结论。
1.3 目的本文旨在系统地介绍氨基乙腈盐酸盐中的各种杂质，并分析这些杂质对该化合物性质和应用领域可能造成的限制。
同时，我们还将探讨分析和检测氨基乙腈盐酸盐中杂质的方法和技术，为相关领域的研究人员提供参考。
最后，我们将总结对氨基乙腈盐酸盐中杂质的重要性，并探讨未来可能的研究方向。
通过本文的撰写，旨在促进对氨基乙腈盐酸盐中杂质的深入了解，为其应用领域提供更加全面准确的数据支持。
2. 氨基乙腈盐酸盐中杂质的影响因素2.1 杂质的来源氨基乙腈盐酸盐中的杂质可以来自多个方面。
首先，在合成过程中，可能会引入一些未反应完全的起始物、副产物或未完全纯化的中间体。
其次，储存和运输过程中可能会有外源性的杂质进入样品，比如灰尘、空气污染物等。
此外，容器和仪器设备等也可能作为潜在引入杂质的来源。
2.2 杂质对氨基乙腈盐酸盐性质的影响存在杂质会对氨基乙腈盐酸盐的性质产生一定影响。
首先，它们可能改变样品的化学性质，导致溶解度、稳定性和反应活性等方面发生改变。
其次，某些杂质还可能降低样品的纯度和产率，并对其它物理特性如熔点、沸点以及颜色等造成影响。
此外，汽油和金属离子等杂质还可能对样品产生毒性作用或加速其分解反应。
2.3 杂质对氨基乙腈盐酸盐应用领域的限制氨基乙腈盐酸盐被广泛应用于医药、农药、染料和化工等领域。
然而，存在杂质会限制氨基乙腈盐酸盐在某些应用领域的使用。
阿法链道酶分子式
阿法链道酶分子式
1. 阿法链道酶是什么：
#### 阿法链道酶（Alanyl Transferase，也被称为Ala-t）是一种常染色体显性（X-遗传）的定向运载编码型草酶。
它是一种特殊的氨基酸转移酶，能够将阿罗基酰转移到其他氨基酸及其衍生物上。
它是一种生物质乙烯酶，可促进植物体中的多肽碳链的合成、衍生及定向转移。
2. 阿法链道酶分子式：
#### 阿法链道酶的分子式是C10H19N3O7S，由10个碳原子、19个氢原子、3个氧原子、7个硫原子和1个氮原子组成，分子量为305.36 Da。
它是由两个结构稳定的低分子量蛋白质复合物组成的，包括脯氨酸氨基酶（PAL）亚基和羧甲基转移酶（ADT）亚基。
3. 阿法链道酶的结构和功能：
#### 阿法链道酶由上述两个稳定低分子量蛋白质复合物组成，其结构复杂、CD密度高、等温因子低，要求细胞具有较强的表达和修饰能力。
它具有催化脯氨酸氨基酶和羧甲基转移酶的双重功能，能够促进阿罗基酰不断缩短长链氨基酸串，如此一来形成简短的脯氨酸，有助于定向转移阿罗基酰酸的合成及衍生，进而促进植物体内多肽碳链的生物合成与衍生。
4. 阿法链道酶的调控和缺陷：
#### 阿法链道酶在植物体内合成及衍生多肽碳链的过程中起重要作用，因此其表达和修饰能力受到进行精细调控。
阿法链道酶的调控主要依赖于植物细胞的动态机制，比如穿膜蛋白的动态调节对阿法链道酶表达和功能的影响，也受细胞核内蛋白质的调节影响。
植物的阿法链道酶缺陷可能会造成植物根系及叶片表皮组织受损、叶片伤口愈合及抗菌能力减弱及植株死亡等植物生长发育和发育过程中不正常的现象。
三水合盐酸伊立替康结构式
三水合盐酸伊立替康结构式
伊立替康（化学名：三水合盐酸伊立替康）是一种常用的药物，常用于治疗哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病等呼吸系统疾病。
它的化学结构式如下：
C20H21NO7S
伊立替康是一种白色结晶粉末，可溶于水。
它的分子量为453.45。
在药物研发和临床应用中，伊立替康已经被广泛使用，并且已被证明在缓解气道炎症和扩张气道等方面具有显著的疗效。
伊立替康的结构中含有苯环和噻吩环，这两个环对于其药理作用至关重要。
伊立替康通过与β2受体结合，激活腺苷酸环化酶，增加环磷酸腺苷（cAMP）的产生，从而促使平滑肌松弛，扩张气道，减少痉挛。
此外，伊立替康还能抑制炎症细胞的活化，减少炎症介质的释放，从而起到抗炎作用。
伊立替康的药效持续时间相对较长，通常可维持12小时以上，因此，患者只需每天使用一次即可达到稳定的疗效。
此外，伊立替康还可以与其他药物联合使用，如糖皮质激素等，以进一步增强治疗效果。
然而，伊立替康也有一些副作用，如头痛、心悸、颤抖等。
因此，在使用伊立替康时，患者应根据医生的指导进行合理用药，并定期复诊，以确保疗效和安全性。
伊立替康是一种重要的药物，具有广泛的临床应用价值。
它通过扩张气道、减少炎症反应，从而有效治疗哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺疾病等呼吸系统疾病。
然而，患者在使用伊立替康时需要注意副作用，并遵循医生的指导进行合理用药。
只有这样，才能确保药物的疗效和安全性，使患者能够获得更好的治疗效果。
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Discussion/Conclusions
• Different Gβ isoforms varied in their efficacies - Gβ1γ2 or Gβ2γ2 showed more efficacy than Gβ3γ2 and Gβ4γ2 - Gβ5 had no effect
• Characterized by receptors with 7 TMS regions
• Largest family of cell surface receptors
• Receptor propagate signal by association with G-proteins
G-protein
Adnylyl cyclase type-VIII activity is regulated by Gβγ
subunits
Debora Steinera, Daniella Sayaa, Easter Schallmacha, William F. Simondsb, Zvi Vogela
aDepartment of Neurobiology, The Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
procedure
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Results
Discussion/Conclusions
• Agonist activation of µ-opioid receptor inhibits AC-VIII in a dose dependent manner
- α, β, and γ
G-proteins (continued)
• G-proteins are named by their α subunit
- Gs – activates adenylyl cyclase - Gi - inhibits adenylyl cyclase - Gq – activates phospholipase C
• Inhibition is sensitive to PTX, revealing that this effect on AC-VIII activity is mediated via Gi/o proteins
• Gβγ subunits inhibit AC-VIII activity while Gα do not
• To study the effect of various Gβ and Gγ subunits as well as of Gβγ scavengers on AC-VIII activity.
Experimental Design
• COS – 7 Cells
- developed from CV-1 African green monkey kidney line by the transformation of the normal cells and origin defective mutant of simian virus 40 (SV 40) that codes for the wild type virus-T antigen
• IBMX and RO-20-1724 were added followed by addition of ionomycin and FS in the presence and absence of morphine
• Reaction was terminated by perchloric acid • Supernatant was applied to column separation
• Gαi/o subunit exchanges its GDP for GTP • Both Gαi/o and Gβγ dimers become
available to interact with effectors
Adenylyl Cyclase (AC)
• Integral membrane proteins • Important in many cellular signals and
polymerase - ACYc domain
Structure
• AC- many stimulatory & inhibitory receptors
• Activated by binding of G-proteins
AC Regulation
• Stimulated by: - G-protein
• Cells transfected with plasmids containing appropriate cDNAs
• Incubated for 24 hrs. • Assayed for AC activity
AC activity
• Cells preincubated with 3H adenine and washed with DMEM containing HEPES and bovine serum albumin
• Gβ1 inhibited AC-VIII activity in the presence of all γ subunits except for γ5
pathways • Catalyses the conversion of ATP to cAMP
- cAMP functions as second messenger • Activated or inhibited by G-proteins • 9 known adቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱnylyl cyclases in mammals
- Forskolin (vasodilator) - Ionomycin
• AC VIII also regulated by Ca2+/Calmodulin
(/cgi/content/full/274/12/8012)
Objectives
• To understand the regulation of AC-VIII under activation of various inhibitory receptors
bMetabolic Diseases Branch, NIDDK, National Institute of Health, Bethesda, MD, 20892, USA
Received 30 January 2005; accepted 15 March 2005
G-protein coupled receptors
Conversion of ATP to cAMP
Structure
• Twelve hydrophobic, transmembrane sections
- two bundles of 6 transmembranes segments
• Two catalytic domains - palm domain- similar to DNA
• G-proteins are negatively regulated by RGS proteins
µ-opioid receptors
• G-protein coupled receptor with morphine as a ligand
• Liagand (opiate) stimulates the µ-opioid receptors activates Gi/o proteins
- popular research tool for transfection experiments with recombinant plasmids
• Rat µ-opioid receptor in pCMV-neo
Cell culture and transfection
• COS-7 cells cultured in Dulbecco’s Modified Eagle’s Medium (DMEM)
• Named because bind guanine nucleotides
- GDP and GTP
• Function of G-proteins influenced by which nucleotide is bound
- GDP = inactive - GTP = active
• Three subunits