Modern English Lexicology 13
《英语词汇学》English Lexicology知识点归纳
English Lexicology(英语词汇学)Lexicology（词汇学）: is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words.The Nature and Scope of English lexicology：English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.The subjects that English Lexicology correlated with and extent to：English Lexicology is correlated with such linguistic disciplines as morphology(形态学), semantics(语义学), etymology(词源学),stylistics（文体论）and lexicography(词典学) The reason for a student to study English lexicology：According to the textbook, English Lexicology will definitely be beneficial for students of English.A good knowledge of morphological structures of English words and rules ofword-formation will help learners develop their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power. The information of the historical development and the principles of classification will give them a deeper understanding of word-meaning and enable them to organize, classify and store words more effectively. The understanding and their sense relations will gradually raise their awareness of meaning and usage, and enable them use words more accurately and appropriately. A working knowledge of dictionaries will improve their skills of using reference books and raise their problem-solving ability and efficiency of individual study.Chapter 1--Basic concepts of words and vocabularyWord（词的定义）: A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function. (1)a minimal free form of a language (2)a sound unity (3)a unit of meaning (4)a form that can function alone in a sentenceSound and meaning（声音与意义）: al most arbitrary, “no logical relationship between the sound which stands for a thing or an idea and the actual thing and idea itself”Sound and form（读音和形式）:不统一的四个原因（1）the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans,which does not have a separate letter to represent each other （2）the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years（3）some of the difference were creates by the early scribes（4）the borrowings is an important channel of enriching the English vocabularyVocabulary（词汇）: all the words in a language make up its vocabularyClassification of English Words：By use frequency:basic word stock&nonbasic vocabularyBy notion:content words&functional wordsBy origin:native words&borrowed wordsThe basic word stock（基本词汇）: is the foundation of the vocabulary accumulated over centuries and forms the common core of the language. Though it constitute a small percentage of the EV, it is the most important part of vocabulary.The Fundamental Features of the Basic Word Stock(基本词汇的特征):1)All-National character（全民通用性most important）2)Stability（相对稳定性）3)Productivity（多产性）4)Polysemy（多义性）5)Collocability（可搭配性）没有上述特征的words:(1)Terminology(术语) (2)Jargon（行话）(3)slang（俚语）(4)Argot（暗语）（5）Dialectal words(方言) (6) Archaisms（古语）(7) Neologisms（新词语）:Neologisms means newly-created words or expressions, or words that have taken on new meanings.(email)Content words/notional words实词(cloud, run walk, never, five, frequently) and functional words/empty words虚词(on, of, and, be, but)Native Words and Borrowed WordsNative words（本族语词）: known as Anglo-Saxon words (50,000-60,000), are words brought to Britain in the 5th century by the Germanic tribes. (mainstream of the basic word-stocks).Two other features:(1)neutral in style (2)frequent in useBorrowed words/Loan words（外来语词）: words taken over from foreign languages.(80% of modern EV)4 Types of loan words:1) denizens(同化词): (shirt from skyrta(ON))2) aliens（非同化词/外来词）:are borrowed words which have retained their original pronunciation and spelling (kowtow (CH)磕头)3) translation loans(译借词):按其他语言方式组成英语long time no see (from China)4) semantic loans（借义词）：they are not borrowed with reference to the form,but their meanings are borrowedChapter 2 the development of the English VocabularyThe Indo-European Language Family(印欧语系)The Eight Groups in Indo-European Family of Languages（8大印欧语群）The Eastern set:（1）The Balto-slavic Group（波罗的-斯拉夫语族）：Russian,Bulgarian,Polish,Czech etc. （2）The Indo-Iranian Group（印度-伊朗语族）：Hindi,Bengali,Persian etc.(3)The Armenian Group（亚美尼亚语族）：Armenian.(4)The Albanian Group（阿尔巴尼亚语族）：Albanian.The Western set:(5)The Hellenic Group（古希腊语族）：Greek.(6)The Italian Group（意大利语族）：Latin ,Romance languages(French,Italian,Spanish, portuguese,Romanian) etc.(7)The Celtic Group（凯尔特语族）：Irish,Welsh,Breton etc.(8)The Germanic Group（日耳曼语族）：Flemish,German,Dutch,Scandinavian(Norweigian, Swedish,Danish,Icelandic) etc.The Three Stages of Development of the English Vocabulary:1 Old English (450-1100) (vocabulary 50,000 to 60,000):was I high inflected language.2 Middle English (1150-1500):retaines much fewer inflections3 Modern English (1500-up to now): in fact more than 25% of modern E words come almost directly from classical languages. In Modern E, words endings were mostly lost with just a few expections.English has evolved from a synthetic language(Old English) to the present analytic language.Modes of Vocabulary Development(词汇的发展模式):1)creation创造新词：the formation of new words by using the existing materials,namely toots,affixes and other elements.(最重要方式)2)semantic change旧词新义:does not increase the number of word forms but create many more new useages of the words.3) borrowing借用外来词:constitute merely 6 to 7 percent of all new wordsReviving words or obsolete words also contributes to the growth of English vocabulary though quite insignificant.Chapter 3 Word Formation IMorpheme(词素):the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words Allomorph(词素变体): is a different variant form of a morpheme，differ in phonological and spelling form, but at the same in function and meaningType of Morpheme(词素的分类)（1）Free Morphemes（自由词素）: have complete meaning in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences. A free morpheme is one that can stand by itself. (independent).（2）Bound Morpheme(粘着语素): A bound morpheme is one that cannot stand by itself. Bound Morpheme includes two types: (1) bound root(粘附词根) (2)Affix(词缀)Affixes can be put into two groups:1)Inflectional affixes (屈折词缀):affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional,thus known as inflectional morphemes.2)Derivational affixes(派生词缀): A) prefix: A prefix comes before words. B)suffix:An adjective suffix（形容词后缀）that is added to the stem, whatever class is belongs to , the result will be an adjective.Free Morpheme =free root（自由词根）Morpheme(词素)Bound root prefixbound derivationalaffix suffixinflectionalRoot and stem（词根和词干）The differences between root and stem:A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analyzed without total loss of identity.A stem is the surplus part after the cutting of inflectional morpheme in a word with inflectional morphemes,can be further analyzed, it sometimes could be a root.Chapter 4 Word-Formation II(构词法)1.Affixation词缀法（Derivation派生法）：the formation of words by adding word-formaing or derivational affixes to stem.（1）Prefixation(前缀法)：It's the formation of new words by adding a prefixes to stems.1)Negative prefixes(否定前缀): un-,non-,in-,dis,a- ,il-,ir-,im-,etc.disobey(not obey)2)Reversative prefixes（逆反前缀）: un-,de-，dis- etc. unwrap(open)3) Pejorative prefixes: mis（贬义前缀）：mis-，mal-, pseudo- etc.misconduct(bad behaviour)4) Prefixes of degree or size(程度前缀)：arch-,extra-,hyper-,macro-,micro-,mini-,out-,over-,sub-,super-,sur-,ultra-,under-,ect. overweight5) Prefixes of orientation and attitude（倾向态度前缀）:contra-,counter-,anti-,pro- etc.anti-nuclear6)Locative prefixes（方位前缀）:extra-,fore-,inter-,intra-,tele-,trans-, etc. extraordinary(more than ordinary)7) Prefixes of time and order（时间和顺序前缀）:fore-,pre-,post-,ex-,re- etc. monorail(one rail)8) Number prefixes（数字前缀）:uni-，mono-, bi-，di-, tri-,multi-，poly- ，semi-，etc.bilingual(concerning two languages)9) Miscellaneous prefixes（混杂前缀）：auto-, neo-, pan-, vice-.vice-chairman(deputy chairman)(2)Suffixation（后缀法）: It's the formation of a new word by adding suffixes to stems.1)noun suffixes 2)adjective suffixes 3)Adverb suffixes 4)verb suffixespounding复合法（also called composition）Compounding: is the formation of new words by joining two or more stemsCompounds are written in three ways: solid连写(airmail)，hyphenated带连字符(air-conditioning)and open分开写(air force, air raid)Formation of compounds（复合词的形式）（1）noun compounds ：e.g. : air + plane = airplane,flower + pot = flower pot（2）adjective compounds ：e.g. acid + head = acid-head（3）verb compounds ：e.g. house + keep = housekeep3.Conversion转类法Conversion: is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.（功能转换，又叫零派生.functional shift/zero-derivation）4.Blending拼缀法Blending : is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. e.g: motor + hotel = motel, smoke + fog = smog, formula + translation = FORTRAN5.Clipping截短法Clipping:is to shorten a longer word by cutting a part off the original and using what remains instead.e.g. plane from airplane, phone from telephone. 四种形式：1).Front clippings删节前面(phone from telephone)2).Back clippings删节后面(dorm from dormitory)3).Front and back clippings 前后删节(flu from influenza)4).Phrase clippings 短语删节(pop from popular music)6.Acronymy首字母缩写法Acronymy:is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.（1）Initialism（首字母缩写词法）: initialisms are words pronounced letter by letter. e.g.: BBC(for British Broadcasting corporation)（2）Acronym（首字母拼音法）:Acronyms are words formed from initial letters but pronounced as a normal word. E.g.:TEFL(teaching English as a foreign language)7.Back-formation（逆生法，逆构词）Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation. It’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. (greed from greedy)8.Words From Proper Name(专有名词转成法):Names of people, places, book, and tradenames (e.g.: sir watt siemens(人名) -- watt（瓦特，电功率单位）Chapter 5 Word MeaningThe meanings of “Meaning”(“意义”的意义)Reference(所指):It is the relationship between language and the word. It is the arbitrary and conventional. It is a kind of abstraction, yet with the help of context, it can refer to something specific.Concept（概念）:which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition(认识),reflecting the objective world in the human mind.Sense（意义）:It denotes the relationship inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’Motivation(理据)：It accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.1) Onomatopoeic motivation（拟声理据）:words whose sounds suggest their meaning, for these words were creates by imitating the natural sounds or noises. Knowing the sounds of the words means understanding the meaning. E.g.: bang, ping-pong, ha ha.2)Morphological motivation （形态理据）:multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combines. E.g.: airmail, miniskirt .例外：black market, ect.3)Semantic motivation（词义理据）：refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. It explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. E.g:the foot of the mountain(foot)4)Etymological motivation （词源理据）:the history of the word explains the meaning of the word. E.g:pen-featherTypes of meaning(词义的类别)1.Grammatical Meaning（语法意义）:indicates the grammatical concept or relationships (becomes important only in actual context)2.Lexical Meaning （词汇意义）(Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word-meaning)Lexical meaning has 2 components内容: Conceptual meaning(概念意义) and associative meaning(关联意义)1）Conceptual meaning(概念意义): also known as denotative meaning(外延意义) is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.2）Associative meaning(关联意义):is the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual meaning.[4types:（1）Connotative（内涵意义）：the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations.(例如“母亲”经常与“爱”“关心”“温柔”联系起来)（2）Stylistic（文体意义）：many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.（3）Affective（感情意义）：indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.这种情感价值观分两类：褒义和贬义appreciative & pejorative（4）Collocative（搭配意义）：is the part of the word-meaning suggested by the words before or after the word in discussion.]Chapter 6 --Sense relation and semantic field（语义关系和语义场）Polysemy（多义关系）Two approached to polysemy（多义关系的两种研究方法）:1.diachronic approach(历时方法) ：from the diachronic point of view, polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. First meaning is the primary meaning , the later meanings are called derived meanings.2. synchronic approach (共时方法) : synchronically, polysemy is viewed as the coexistence of various meanings of the same word in a certain historical period of time.基本意义是central meaning , 次要意义是derived meaning.Two processes of development（词义的两种发展类型）:1.radiation（辐射型）：is a semantic process in which the primary meaning stands at thecentre and the secondary meanings proceed out of it in every direction like rayes. (e.g: face, neck)2.concatenation（连锁型）:is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word movegradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the term had at the beginning.(e.g:treacle)3.In radiation, each of the derived meaning is directly connected to the primary meaning.In concatenation, each of the later meaning is related only to the preceding one like chains. Though the latest sense can be traced back to the original, there is no direct connection in between.4.They are closely related, being different stages of the development leading topolysemy. Generally, radiation precedes concatenation. In many cases, the two processes work together, complementing each other.Homonymy（同形同音异义关系）:words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Types of homonyms(同音同形异义关系的类别)1）Perfect homonyms（完全同音同形异义词）：words identical both in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.2)Homographs（同形异义词）:words identical only in spelling, but different in sound and meaning.(最多最常见)3）Homophones（同音异义词）：words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.Origins of homonyms (同形同音异义词的来源)1）change in sound and spelling ：(eare-ear, lang-long, langian-long)2）borrowing (feria-fair, beallu-ball, baller-ball )3）Shortening(缩略): (ad-advertisement,)The differentiation of Homonyms from Polysemes（同音同形异义词和多义词的区别)：1)The fundamental difference : Homonymy refers to different words which happen to share the same form and polysemy are the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings.2)One important criterion is to see their etymology(词源)：Homonymys are from different sources. Polysemant is from the same source.3)The second principle consideration is semantic relatedness(语义关联): The various meanings of polysemant are correlated and connected to one central meaning. Meanings of different homonymys have nothing to do with one another. In dictionaries, a polysemant has its meaning all listed under one headword whereas homonyms are listed as separate entries.Rhetoric features of homonyms(同形同音异义词的修辞特色)：As homonyms are identical in sound or spelling, particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns for desired effect of, say, humor, sarcasm or ridicule.Synonymy (同义关系): one of two or more words in the English language which have the same or very nearly the same essential meaning .Types of Synonymy(同义词的类别) :(1)Absolute synonyms（完全同义词）：also known as complete synonyms are words whichare identical in meaning in all aspects, i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning, including conceptual and associative meanings.[ Absolute synonyms are restricted to highly specialized vocabulary in lexicology. ](2)relative synonyms（相对同义词）:also called near-synonyms are similar or nearly thesame in denotation, but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.(e.g: change/alter/vary, stagger/reel/totter, strange/odd/queer, idle/lazy/indolent)Sources of synonyms(同义词的来源) :1)Borrowing（借词）：最重要的来源(room-chamber, foe-enemy, help-aid, leave-depart, wise-sage, buy-purchase)2)Dialects and regional English （方言和地区英语）3)Figurative and euphemistic use of words （单词的修饰和委婉用法）:occupation/profession-walk of life, dreamer--star-gazer, drunk-elevated, lie-distort of fact.4)Coincidence with idiomatic expressions（与习惯表达一致）:win-gain the upper hand, decide-make up one’s mind, finish-get through, hesitate-be in two minds, help-lend one a hand.Discrimination of Synonyms(1)difference in denotation外延不同. Synonyms may differ in the range and intensity ofmeaning.(rich-wealthy, work-toil, want-wish-desire)(2)difference in connotation内涵不同. By connotation we mean the stylistic and emotivecolouring of words. Some words share the same denotation but differ in their stylistic appropriateness. (借词：answer-respond, storm-tempest, wood-forest, handy-manual, unlike-dissimilar, homely-domestic, fleshy-carnal.中性词：policeman-constable-bobby-cop, ask-beg-request. 古语词、诗歌：ire/anger, bliss-happiness, forlorn-distresses, dire-dreadful, list-listen, enow-enough, save-expect, mere-lake )(3)difference in application. Many words are synonymous in meaning but difference inusage in simple terms. They form different collocations and fit into difference sentence patterns. (allow sb. to do sth.- let sb. do sth. / answer the letter-reply to the letter) Antonymy (反义关系) :it is concerned with semantic opposition. Antonyms can be defined as words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms:1)contradictory terms (矛盾反义词): these antonyms truly represent oppositeness of meaning. 特点：①The assertion of one is the denial of the other. ②Such antonyms are non-gradable. They cannot be used in comparative degrees and do not allow adverbs ofintensity like “very” to qualify them . (e.g: single/married)2)contrary terms（对立反义词）: antonyms of this type are best viewed in terms of a scale running between two poles or extremes.(e.g: old/young, rich/young, big/small) The two opposites are gradable and one exists in comparison with the other.3)relative terms（关系反义词）：this type consists of relational opposites.（parent/child, husband/wife, employee/employer, sell/buy, receive-give）Some of the characteristics of antonyms(反义关系的特点):1)antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition(语义对立)2)a word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3)antonyms differ in semantic inclusion（语义内涵）4)contrary terms are gradable antonyms，differing in degree of intensity, so each has its own corresponding opposite.(hot/warm: hot-cold/warm-cool)The use of antonyms（反义词的使用）1）Antonyms are helpful and valuable in defining the meaning of words.2)To express economically the opposite of a particular thought for the sake of contrast.(e.g :now or never, rain or shine, friend or foe敌友，weal and woe哀乐)3）To form antithesis(对比法) to achieve emphasis by putting contrasting idea together. (proverbs and sayings: easy come , easy go./ more haste, less speed.)Hyponymy(上下义关系): Hyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. The meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, a cat is hyponym of animalSuperordinate and Subordinate (上义词和下义词)：use subordinates which are concrete and precise ,presenting a vivid verbal picture before the reader. Superordinates which convey only a general and vague idea.Semantic Field(语义场)Viewing the total meaning in this way is the basis of field theory.e.g.(apple, pear, peach, date, mango, orange, lemon, etc. make up the semantic field of ‘fruits’)The semantic field of the same concept may not have the same members in different language.e.g.(aunt in English, may means “父亲的姐姐，妈妈的姐姐，父亲哥哥的妻子” in Chinese.(122)Chapter 7 Changes in Word Meaning词义的演变Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it is undergoing constant changes both in form and content. Comparatively the content is even more unstable than the form.Types of Changes (词义变化的种类)1.Extension /generalization(词义的扩大): is the name given to the widening of meaning which some words undergo. It is a process by which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.(e.g: manuscript, fabulous, picture, mill, journal, bonfire, butcher, companion)2.Narrowing/ specialization(词义的缩小)：is the opposite of widening meaning. It isa process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense. Inother words, a word which used to have a more general sense becomes restricted in its application and conveys a special meaning in present-day English.(e.g: deer, corn, garage, liquor, meat, disease, poison, wife, accident, girl). [ when a common word is turned into a proper noun, the meaning is narrowed accordingly. ]3.Elevation /amelioration(词义的升华):refers to the process by which words rise from humble（粗陋的）beginnings to positions of importance. [nice, marshal, constable, angel, knight, earl, governor, fond, minister, chamberlain ]4.Degradation / pejoration(词义的降格):A process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to used in derogatory（贬损的）sense.[boor, churl, wench, hussy, villain, silly, knave, lewd, criticize, lust ]5.Transfer(词义的转移): Words which were used to designate指明one thing but later changed to mean something else have experienced the process of semantic transfer.Causes of Semantic Change(词义变化的原因)1.Extra-linguistic factors(词义演变的语言外部因素):1) Historical reason(历史原因)：Increased scientific knowledge and discovery, objects, institutions, ideas change in the course of time. E.g: pen, car, computer.2 )Class reason(阶级原因)：The attitude of classes have also made inroads into lexical meaning in the case of elevation or degradation.3) Psychological reason(心理原因)：the associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. Such slow, humble and despised occupations take more appealing names is all due to psychological reasons.2.Linguistic factors（语言内部原因）：the change of meaning may be caused by internal factors with in the language system.1)shorting缩略:gold-gold medal, gas-coal gas, bulb-light bulb, private-private soldier2)borrowing借用:deer-animal-beast3)analogy类推:Chapter 8 Meaning and Context 词义和语境Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. Modern linguists have broadened its scope to include both linguistic andextra-linguistic contexts.Two types of context（语境的种类）1. Extra-linguistic context/ Non-linguistic situation（非语言语境）：In a broad sense, context includes the physical situation as well, which embraces the people, time, place, and even the whole cultural background. (look out, weekend, landlord )2.Linguistic context/ grammatical context(语言语境)：In a narrow sense, it refers to the words, clauses, sentences in which a word appears. It may cover a paragraph, a whole chapter and even the entire book.分为两类：1) Lexical context（词汇语境）：It refers to the word that occurs together with the word in question. (e.g: paper, do)2) Grammatical context（语法语境）：It refers the situation when the meaning of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs. (e.g: become)The role of context(语境的作用)1.Elimination of ambiguity(消除歧义)1）Ambiguity due to polysemy or homonymy.2）Grammatical structure can also lead to ambiguity如何消除歧义？——①extend the original sentence ②alter the context a little2.Indication of referents(限定所指)如何限定所指？——①with clear context ②with adequate verbal context3.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaning (提供线索以猜测词义)1)definition2)explanation3)example4)synonymy5)antonymy6)hyponymy（上下义关系）7)relevant details8)word structureChapter 9 English Idioms 英语习语Idioms（习语的定义）: are expressions that are not readily understandable from their literal meaning of individual elements. In a broad sense, idiom may include colloquialisms （俗语）, Catchphrases（标语）,slang expressions （俚语）,proverbs（谚语）,etc. They form an important part of the English vocabulary.Characteristics of Idioms（英语习语的特点）1.Semantic unity （语意的整体性）：words in the idiom they have lost their individual identity. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The semantic unity of idioms is also reflected in the illogical relationship between the literalmeaning of each of the idiom.2.Structural stability(结构的稳定性):the structure of an idiom is to a large extent un changeable.1) the constituents of idioms cannot be replaced2) the word order cannot be inverted or changed3) the constituents of idioms cannot be deleted or added to, not even an article.4) many idioms are grammatically unchangeableThe fixity of idiom depends on the idiomaticity.习语性表达习惯Classification of Idioms（英语习语的分类）1. idioms nominal in nature 名词性习语(white elephant累赘物)2 .idioms adjectival in nature形容词性习语（as poor as a church mouse）3 .idioms verbal in nature 动词性习语（look into）4 .idioms adverbial in nature副词性习语（tooth and nail 拼命）5 .sentence idioms 句式习语（never do things by halves）Use of idioms（习语的使用）1.Stylistic features（文体色彩）：1）colloquialisms（俗语）2）slang （俚语）3）literary expressions（书面表达）The same idiom may show stylistic differences when it is assigned（指派）different meanings.2.Rhetorical features(修辞色彩)1) phonetic manipulation （语音处理）：（1）alliteration头韵法（2）rhyme尾韵法2）lexical manipulation（词法处理）（1）reiteration（duplication of synonyms）同义词并举[scream and shout] （2）repetition 重复[out and out]（3）juxtaposition (of antonyms) 反义词并置[here and there]3.figures of speech（修辞格）（1）simile明喻（2）metaphor暗喻（3）metonymy换喻/以名词代动作：live by one’s pen（4）synecdoche提喻/以部分代整体：earn one’s bread（5）Personification拟人法（6）Euphemism委婉语：kick the bucket(die)（7）hyperbole 夸张：a world of troubleVariations of idioms(习语的变异形式)：1.addition增加2.deletion删除3.replacement替换4.position-shifting位置转移5.dismembering分解Chapter 10 English Dictionaries 英语字典Dictionary: presents in alphabetical order the words of English, with information as to their spelling ,pronunciation, meaning, usage , rules and grammar, and in some, their etymology（语源）.Types of dictionaries(词典的种类):1.Monolingual & bilingual dictionaries（单语词典和双语词典）：最早的词典都是双语的(1).Monolingual dictionary: is written in one language (LDCE, CCELD). The headword or entries are defined and illustrated in the same language.(2).Bilingual dictionary: involve two languages (A New English-Chinese D, AChinese-English D)2.Linguistic and Encyclopedic dictionaries（语文词典与百科词典）（1）Linguistic dictionary: aim at defining words and explaining their usages in the language (spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammatical, function, usage and etymology etc.)可以是单语或是双语的（2）Encyclopedic dictionary:1）encyclopedia (百科全书):is not concerned with the language per se（本身）but provides encyclopedic information. Concerning each headword (not pronunciation, meanings, or usages) but only information.2）Encyclopedic Dictionaries: have the characteristics of both linguistic D and encyclopedia (<Chamber’s Encyclopedic English Dictionary>)3.Unabridged, desk and pocket dictionaries(大型词典、案头词典、袖珍词典) （1）Unabridged D: basic information about a word——its origin, meaning, pronunciation, cognates(同词源的),usage, grammatical, function, spelling, hyphenation, capitalization,。
大学词汇学第一章
2 weeks 1 week 1 weeks 2 weeks 1 weeks 1 weeks 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week 1 week
考Hale Waihona Puke 形式1. 平时成绩50%（出勤、作业）。 2. 提交论文50%（3000—8000字）。
Introduction
1476年，Sir William Caxton发明印刷机。 早期现代英语（Early Modern English）逐渐形成。 文艺复兴（The Renaissance, 14-17世纪） 代表人物：达.芬奇，米开朗基罗等 英国剧作家莎士比亚（William Shakespeare,15641616）
Danish Icelandic Faroese Norwegian Swedish
Gothic*
German Dutch Flemish Frisian Afrikaans Yiddish
Old English(Anglo-Saxon):(AD400-1100) ---449 First landing of the Germanic warriors in Britain ---1066 Norman Conquest in Britain Middle English:(1100-1500) ---1476 Introduction of the Printing Press by Sir Willian Caxton ---1492 Discovery of the New World Early Modern English:(1500-1800) --- 1755 Dictionary of the English language by Samuel Johnson ---1776 American Revolution Modern English:(1800-present) ----20th C World wars, scientific breakthrough Contemporary English:(present and onwards)
大学英语专业词汇学考试模拟试卷
大学英语专业词汇学考试模拟试卷(1)I. Choose the best from the four answers provided for each question. (20 points)1.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Shakespeare’s poem “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet” is a reflection of the conventionalist’s opinion concerning the relationship between sound and meaning.B.Facts have proved the naturalists to be valid concerning the relationship between sound and meaning.C.The conventionalists hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary.D.The fact that words with the same meaning have different phonological forms in different languages supports the conventionalists.2.The word “brunch” is formed from “breakfast” and “lunch”. Such a process of word-formation is called ____________.A.affixationB. back-formationC. blendingD. abbreviation3.It’s easy for us to associate “husband” with “wife”. Such an association is an application of ____________.A.the minimal-contrast ruleB.the feature-deletion and –addition ruleC.the marking ruleD.the category preservation rule4.The pair of antonyms “teach—learn” belong to ____________.plementariesB.contrariesC.conversivesD.None of the above5.The derivational antonym of “pleasant” is ____________.A.pleasureB.unpleasantC.disgustingD.not pleasant6.The pair of words “air —heir” belong to ____________.A.homographB.homophoneC.full homonymsD.none of the above7.The major difference between “propaganda” and “publicity” lies in their ____________.A.distributionB.emotional coloringC.stylistic coloringD.collocation8.The semantic relationship between “spinach” and “vegetable” is a kind of ____________.A.hyponymyB.antonymyC.synonymyD.homonymy9.____________are related in the same way as the pair of words “Mystery: Clue” are related to each other.A.Book: readerB.fruit: bowlC.door: keyD.detective: crime10.The word “nice” originally meant “foolish”, and now it means “pleasant”. This process of semantic change is called _______.A.degenerationB.generalizationC.elevationD.specialization11.Which of the following statements is NOT true about the formula “word –concept –referent”?A.A concept is the base of the meaning of a word.B.A concept is an abstraction from the referents.C.The formula shows that the word refers to the referent through a concept.D.There is a direct relationship between a word and its referent.12.____________ means using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word.A.BlendingB.ConversionC.ShorteningD.Affixation13.The semantic feature used to distinguish between “bachelor”and “spinster” is ____________.A.[Human]B.[Adult]C.[Common]D.[Male]14.____________ is characterized by full inflections.A.Old EnglishB.Middle EnglishC.Early Modern EnglishD.Modern English15.The word “gold-collar” is created by imitating the word “blue-collar”. This kind of analogy is based on ____________.A.numberB.colorC.oppositeness in meaningD.space16.In terms of register, most English idioms belong to ____________.A.colloquial Englishmon core of the English languageC.formal EnglishD.slang17.In the sentence “this is the face that has changed the future of the world”, a(n) ______ is used.A.metaphorB.metonymyC.synecdocheD.analogy18.In the following poem “All the world’s a stage, / And all the m en and women mere players, /They have their exits and entrances”, what figure of speech is used?A.simileB.hyperboleC.metaphorC.personification19.Which of the following is an example of grammatical collocation?A.lift an embargomit suicideC.avoid doingD.sound asleep20.Some puns are based on ______.A.synonymyB.hyponymyC.homonymyD.antonymyII. Judge whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F) according to the textbook. (20 points)21.According to modern lexicology, the minimal meaningful unit of a language is word.22.The same phrase can be either a free phrase or an idiom, depending on the meaning and context.23.The word “teacher” is a transparent word.24.The development of American English was plain sailing. In other words, the attitudes of both British and Americans towards American English were always positive.25.An idiom composed of “noun + and + noun” is always nominal in nature.26.Written English is always formal, while oral English is always informal.27.When you want to express your sympathy towards somebody whose grandfather has just died, it’s proper for you to say “I am very sorry that your grandpa has kicked the bucket.”28.In the word “snatch”, the sound sequence“sn” can be associated with “quick movement”. This is an example of “primary onomatopoeia”.29.“V.O.A.” is an acronym because it is formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters.30.In English, the word “edit” is created by the deletion of the supposed suffix “or” in the word “editor”. This process is called affixation.31.In the sentence “it is possible that the local court will find for him”, the phrase “find for” is an idiom.32.In terms of spelling, “honour” is American English, and “honor” is British English.33.In English, absolute antonyms are more numerous than relative synonyms.34.The central meaning of a word is always its primary meaning.35.The use of “the Kremlin” for Russian government is called metonymy.36.The word “sanctuary” originally meant “sacred place”, and later it is used to refer to “any place where refuge is provided”. This process of semantic change is called specialization.37.In terms of diction, the sentence “penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced” is written English.38.One of the differences between American English and British English lies in the form of subjunctive mood. For example, the sentence “I move that Mr. Smith be appointed Secretary” is British English, while “I move that Mr. Smith should be appointed Secretary” is American English.39.In the group of words of “black, red, yellow and color”, “color” is the superordinate, and “black, red, yellow” are the subordinates, or hyponyms.40.Modern English lexicology belongs to general lexicology.III. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10 points)41.A foreign language learner’s vocabulary can be divided into active vocabulary and ____________ vocabulary.42.Most of the English native words are of ____________ origin.43.The first authoritative English dictionary is called ____________, which was compiled by Johnson.44.“ISBN”, which stands for ____________, is an initialism often seen the in back cover ofa book.45.Small words have two features, that is, a ____________ of meanings and functions as well as flexibility of usage.46.There are two types of collocations in English, that is, ____________collocation and lexical collocation.47.Old English is a ____________ language, while modern English is mainly an analytic language.48.The variants of the same morpheme are called ____________.49.____________ is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.50.____________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word has two or more different meanings.IV. Correct the linguistic errors in the following statements with the help of your English-English dictionary. Each statement contains only ONE error. (10 points)51.He can’t find a good job because he lacks of skills.52.His theory based on a lot of data.53.He has the ability of repairing computers.54.She concerns her son’s safety.55.It’s not polite to in trude somebody when he or she is busy.56.We should refrain our friends from smoking.57.I had my teacher to recommend some books to me.58.The compositions contained so few errors that the teacher got the students correct one another’s papers.59.I never regretted not to accept his offer, for it was not where my interest lay.60.The teacher is being confused.V. Translate the following sentences into Chinese, paying special attention to idioms.(10 points)61.They came up with a plan for drastic pruning of the bloated institution.62.To Kate, calculating and cold, the most important thing was power.63.Both were workaholics who thought nothing of being at their desks at 6:30 a.m..64.There is nobody in our class but wishes to help you.65.For university students, the importance of English and computer skill cannot be overestimated in modern society.VI. Answer the following questions. Your answer should be clear and brief. (10 points)66.List seven differences between relative synonyms.67.In English, stative verbs usually cannot take the so-called progressive aspect. But there are some exceptions. List two cases in which stative verbs may take the progressive aspect.VII. Analysis and comment. (20 points)68.The following is a paragraph from a Chinese student’s essay in CET-6 entitled “Is a Test of Spoken English Necessary? Make use of the relevant theory you have learned in this course to make a comment on the diction. Do you think this is a good paragraph? Why?Because I think learning English is very important, especially to me. Well if you ask me why, I’ll tell you there are lots of reasons. Let’s look at something in job markets. And if you can’t speak English, you can’t get a good job. Don’t you believe? Then another is to communicate with foreigners. You know, if you can’t speak English, how can you make your ideas understood by them? Anyway, spoken English is getting more and more important. So a test of spoken English is necessary.69.Now you have had a general knowledge of English lexicology. Which chapter do you think is especially useful to you? And what are you going to do to improve your English in thisaspect?大学英语专业词汇学考试模拟试卷(2)I．Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the textbook. (10 points)1.The distinction between free forms and bound forms was first made by ____________, American linguist.2.A language learner’s vocabulary can be divided into ____________ vocabulary and active vocabulary.3.Most of the native words in British English are of ____________ origin.4.The _____ Conquest in 1066 introduced a large number of French words into the English vocabulary.5.There are two types of collocations in English: ____________collocation and grammatical collocation.6.American English derives from ____________ English in the seventeenth century.7.According to Martin Joos, there are five styles: frozen, formal, ____________, casual and intimate.8.____________ features refer to a set of abstracted characteristics necessary to distinguish the category which the word names from all other categories, such as [Human], [Male], etc.9.____________ is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily used of one thing is applied to another.10.____________refers to a variety of language defined according to its use in social situations.II. Judge whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (15 points)11.In th e word “nicely”, “ly” is a grammatical morpheme, while “nice” is a content morpheme.12.In the group of words “conceive, deceive, perceive, receive, conceive”, “ceive” is a root, but not a free morpheme. This example shows us that there is a difference between root and free morpheme.13.The word “book” is a transparent word because it is composed of only one morpheme and cannot be analyzed into parts.14.The word “Chinglish” is created by means of affixation.15.The suffix“-ism”can always be translated into“主义”in Chinese.16.The word “SARS” is an acronym because it is formed from the initial letters of severeacute respiratory syndrome and pronounced as letters.17.In terms of motivation, the word “scream” is an example of secondary onomatopoeia.18.The primary meaning of a word is always its central meaning.19.From the point of view of style, oral English is always informal.20.All of the idioms composed of noun + and + noun are nominal in nature.21.From the very outset, the term “American English” was used to refer to language spoken by Americans.22.In the history, the development of American English was plain sailing.23.All of the idioms belong to colloquial English, so they cannot be used on formal occasions.24.According to modern lexicology, the smallest significant element of speech is word.25.The phrase “take off” in the sentence “He took off the Prime Minister to perfection” is free phrase.III. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (10 points)26.Which of the following statements is not true as to the relationship between sound and meaning?A.The conventionalists maintain that the connection between sound and meaning is arbitrary and conventional.B.The naturalists hold that there is a natural connection between sound and meaning.C.The fact that the same phonological form can convey different meanings proves the validity of the naturalists.D.Generally speaking, of the two schools, the conventionalists are more valid.27.American English is characterized by ____________.A.conservativenessB.creativenessC.uniformityD.all of the above28.The words “air” and “heir” are ____________.A.homophonesB.homographsC.full homonymsD.none of the above29.The difference between “politician” and “statesman” mainly lies in their ____________.A.distributionB.stylistic coloringC.emotive coloringD.degree of quality30.The idiom “bag and baggage” is _______ in nature.A.nominalB.verbalC.adjectivalD.adverbial31.The relationship between “doctor” and “dentist” belongs to _______.A.synonymyB.antonymyC.hyponymyD.homonymy32.Such antonyms as “father” and “mother” are ____________.A.conversivesB.contrariesplementariesD.none of the above33.The word “beauty” originally meant “the inside and outside excellence of both man and woman”. Then it changed to mean only “outside excellence”. Now it only refers to “the outside excellence of woman”. This process is called ____________.A.elevationB.degenerationC.specializationD.generalization34.In the sentence “Beijing is very angry at the response of Washington to the Taiwan issue”,a ____________ is applied.A.metaphorB.synecdocheC.metonymyD.simile35.The word “auth” is created by deleting the supposed suffix “-or” of “author”. This process of word-formation is called ____________.A.blendingpoundingC.abbreviationD.back-formationIV. Correct the errors in the following sentences with the help of your dictionary. There is only ONE error in each sentence. (10 points)36.He had worked very hard, however, he failed to pass the exam.37.There is no need to concern with this matter.38.This novel bases on historical facts.39.She prides herself in her skill as a gardener.40.The teacher is being confused.41.He has the ability of making a very good boat.42.She denied to be the case.43.He refrained himself from smoking.44.I’m considering to change my job.45.I couldn’t help to cry.V. Translate the following sentences into Chinese. (20 points)46.Both were workaholics who thought nothing of being at their desks at 6.30 a.m. —and 6.30 p.m. as well.47.The foot of a man is to his body what the base of mountain is to the whole mountain.48.The success of English teaching depends on a teacher’s informed choice of methodology.49.There is not one of us but wishes to help you.50.She is always getting at me because I don’t keep the desk tidy.51.A good story is none the worse for being told a hundred times.52.The value of the information he has provided cannot be overestimated.53.She is under contract to star in two films a year.54.The text is too difficult for the students or the teacher, for that matter.55.For all I care, you may do what you like with him.VI. Answer the following questions briefly. (15 points)56.Shakespeare has Juliet say:“What’s in a name? That which we call a roseBy any other name would smell as sweet.”What do the above lines say to you about the relationship between the sound and meaning?57.What does onomatopoeic motivation mean? Does it contradict the statement that there is no natural connection between sound and meaning?VII. Analysis and comment. (20 points)58.Make a comment on the use of a good dictionary in English learning in no less than 300 words. Your comment must contain at least the following aspects: the relationship between English learning and the use of a dictionary; the criteria for deciding on a good dictionary; how to use a dictionary.大学英语专业词汇学考试模拟试卷(3)I. Each of the statements below is followed by four alternative answers. Choose the one that would best complete the statement. (20 points)1.Which of the following statements is NOT true?A.Shakespeare’s poem “What’s in a name? That which we call a rose / By any other name would smell as sweet” is a reflection of the conventionalist’s opinion concerning the relationship between sound and meaning.B.Facts have proved the naturalists to be valid concerning the relationship between sound and meaning.C.The conventionalists hold that the relations between sound and meaning are conventional and arbitrary.D.The fact that words with the same meaning have different phonological forms in different languages supports the conventionalists.2.The word “literature” is borrowed from ____________.A.GermanB.GreekC.FrenchD.Chinese3.The word “brunch” is created by means of ____________.A.affixationB.back-formationC.blendingD.abbreviation4.A solid grasp of the usages of small words is very important in learning English. By small words we mean ____________.A.function wordsB.monosyllabic single verbsC.phrasal verbsD.all of the above5.In terms of register, English idioms belong to ____________.A.colloquial Englishmon core of the English languageC.slangD.all of the above6.The association of “husband” with “wife” is an application of ____________.A.the minimal-contrast ruleB.the feature-deletion and –addition ruleC.the marking ruleD.the category preservation rule7.The pair of antonyms “teach—learn” belong to ____________.plemetariesB.contrariesC.conversivesD.None of the above8.The chief foreign elements in the vocabulary of the English language are _______.A.GreektinC.FrenchD.All of the above9.The derivational antonym of “pleasant” is ____________.A.pleasureB.unpleasantC.disgustingD.not pleasant10.The pair of words “air —heir” belong to ____________.A.homographB.homophoneC.full homonymsD.none of the above11.The major difference between “stubborn” and “obstinate” lies in their ____________.A.distributionB.emotional coloringC.stylistic coloringD.collocation12.The semantic relationship between “spinach” and “vegetable” is ____________.A.hyponymyB.antonymyC.synonymyD.homonymy13.____________is opposite in meaning to “fortuitous”.A.unfortunateB.stupidC.piousD.designed14.____________are related in the same way as the pair of words “Mystery: Clue” are related to each other.A.Book: readerB.fruit: bowlC.door: keyD.detective: crime15.The word “nice” originally meant “foolish”, and now it means “pleasant”. This process of semantic change is called _______.A.degenerationB.generalizationC.elevationD.specialization16.In the sentence “this is the face that has changed the future of the world”, ______ is used.A.metaphorB.metonymyC.synecdocheD.analogy17.Which of the following statement is NOT true about the formula “word –concept –referent”?A.A concept is the base of the meaning of a word.B.A concept is an abstraction from the referent.C.The formula shows that the word refers to the referent through a concept.D.A word is a label of the referent.18.English idioms are characterized by ____________.A.semantic unityB.structural stabilityC.demotivationD.all of the above19.____________ means using a form that represents one part of speech as another part of speech without changing the form of the word.A.BlendingB.ConversionC.ShorteningD.Affixation20.The semantic feature used to distinguish between “bachelor” and “spinster” is ____________.A.[Human]B.[Adult]C.[Common]D.[Male]II. Judge whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F). (20 points)21.According to modern lexicology, the minimal meaningful unit of a language is a word.22.The same phrase can be both a free phrase and an idiom, depending on its meaning.23.The word “teacher” is a transparent word.24.The development of American English was plain sailing. In other words, the attitudes of both British and Americans towards American English were positive.25.An idiom composed of “noun + and + noun” is always nominal in nature.26.Written English is always formal, while oral English is always informal.27.When you want to express your sympathy towards somebody whose grandfather has just died, it’s proper for you to say “I am very sorry that your grandpa has kicked the bucket.”28.In the word “snatch”, the sound sequence “sn” can be associated with “quick movement”. This is an example of “primary onomatopoeia”.29.“V.O.A.” is an acronym because it is formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters.30.In English, the word “edit” is created by the deletion of the supposed suffix “or” in the word “editor”. This process is called affixation.31.In the sentence “it is possible that the local court will find for him”, the phrase “find for” is an idiom.32.In terms of spelling, “honour” is American English, and “honor” is British English.33.In English, absolute antonyms are more numerous.34.The central meaning of a word is always its primary meaning.35.The use of “the Kremlin” for Russian government is called metonymy.36.The word “sanctuary” originally meant “sacred place”, and later it is used to refer to “any place where refuge is provided”. This process of semantic change is called specialization.37.In terms of diction, the sentence “penalties for overdue books will be strictly enforced” is written English.38.One of the differences between American English and British English lies in the form of subjunctive mood. For e xample, the sentence “I move that Mr. Smith be appointed Secretary” is British English, while “I move that Mr. Smith should be appointed Secretary” is American English.39.In the group of words of “black, red, yellow and color”, “color” is the superordina te, and “black, red, yellow” are the subordinates, or hyponyms.40.Modern English lexicology belongs to general lexicology.III. Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book. (10 points)41.A foreign language learner’s vocabulary can be divided into active vocabulary and ____________ vocabulary.42.Most of the English native words are of ____________ origin.43.The first authoritative English dictionary is called ____________, which was compiled by Johnson.44.“ISBN”, which stands for ____________, is an initialism often seen the in back cover ofa book.45.Small words have two features, that is, a ____________ of meanings and functions as well as flexibility of usage.46.There are two types of collocations in English, that is, ____________collocation and lexical collocation.47.Old English is a ____________ language, while modern English is mainly an analytic language.48.The variants of the same morpheme are called ____________.49.____________ is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison, in which a word or phrase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.50.____________ refers to the phenomenon that the same word has two or more different meanings.IV. Correct the errors in the following statements with the help of your English-Englishdictionary. Each statement contains only ONE error. (20 points)51.His urge to go is held in check by his desire not be rude to his guest.52.The compositions contained so few errors that the teacher got the students correct one another’s papers.53.I never regretted not to accept his offer, for it was not where my interest lay.54.She may be lacking experience, but she learns quickly.55.We are all astonished to learn that the apparently respectful professor was really a spy.56.She concerns her son’s safety.57.The water is feeling warm.58.What I did was to know the language.59.The teacher is being confused.60.The patron is owning the house.V. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short. (10 points)61.What’s the difference between radiation and concatenation?62.What’s onomatopoeia? Does it contradict the statement that there is no natural connection between sound and meaning?VI. Analyze and comment on the following questions. (20 points)63.Read the following extract and try to guess the meaning of the word in italics. Then explain what contextual clues help you work out the meaning.“Get me an avodogo, please”, Janet said, smacking her lips, but her brother, with a glance up at the branches, said that there were none ripe yet.64.Make a tree diagram to arrange the following words in order of hyponymy.apple, cabbage, food, vegetable, mutton, fruit, peach, meat, beef, orange, spinach, pork, celery。
现代英语词汇学
2) 结构方式不同， 表达的意义相反。 He dissented from the decision. He assented to the decision. His illness disabled him from pursuing his study. His recovery enabled him to pursue his study.
第七章：词的联想与搭配
防暴警察 riot police, 特困生： the most needy students 寒衣 warm clothes; 太平门 emergency exit； 自学 self-taught
候机室： departure lounge ； 昼夜服务： round-the-clock service； 未经许可车辆不得入内 authorized cars only； 顾客止步 Employees Only； 消防队 fire brigade,
第七章：词的联想与搭配
4. 范畴保持规则（the categoryPreservation Rules） 范畴保持规则，即尽可能保持词的范畴（词性）不 变。
Clark 认为这是一条消极规则即不改变词的语义特 征的最高部分。如名词或形容词的特征。 Do not change features high on the list, such as the feature [+noun] or [+adjective] 次范畴特征也要保持。 Frighten [+verb]..[+- NP]
第七章：词的联想与搭配
III. 联想与搭配的运用
He sweated profusely. Blood flew copiously. He drew heavily on the book. criticize roundly（严厉地批评） smile faintly(淡然一笑） smile broadly (笑逐颜开) fondly hope (妄想） guard jealously (警惕地保卫）
现代英语词汇学
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
III. 英语习语的整体与结构成分之间的语义关系
2. 习语的意义和构成这个习语的词的意义有一定联系 常带有隐喻和明喻色彩
to stab in the back 在背后用匕首此人——暗箭伤人 a dog in the manger 占着马槽的狗——占着茅坑不拉屎的人 to kill two birds with one stone —— 一石二鸟、 一箭双雕
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
Examples:
under the weather leave in the air使…悬而未决 do up brown 把…彻底搞好 show the white feather显示胆怯 diamond cut diamond Rank and file 普通成员
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
4. 副词性习语
heart and soul 全心全意（N+ and + N) bag and baggage 完全地 in a breeze 轻而易举地 (prep + N) with a flying colors 出色地 between the devil and the deep blue sea 进退维谷 （prep +N+ and +N)
第八章：英语习语 English Idioms
II. 英语习语的分类 1. 动词习语
1）动词+小品词
They tried to find ways of getting round （逃避）the tax laws. （V + prep) He is letting himself in for (使…陷于…) trouble. (v+ adv+ prep) He could hardly sit down under （忍受）that kind provocation. (v+ adv+ prep)
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解
Englishlexicology_英语词汇学重点讲解English lexicology英语词汇学Chapter1 basic concepts of words and vocabularyClassification of wordsChapter2 the development of the english vocabularyModes of vocabulary development 1150Chapter 3 word formationMorphemes , allomorphsChapter 4 word formation21.Affixation, prefixation suffixation ,/doc/214202390.html,pounding (characteristics formation )3.Conversion , blending , clipping , acronymy4.Initialisms , acronyms5.Back-formation , words from proper namesChapter5 word meaning1.The meanings of ‘meaning’2.Reference ,concept ,sense3.Motivation(onomatopoeic,morphological ,semantic , etymological)4.Types of meaning < grammatical , lexical , conceptual , associative> Chapter 6 sense relations and semantic field Polysemy , homonymy , synonymy , antonymyChapter 7 changes in word meaningExtension , narrowing , elevation , degradationChapter 8 meaning and context1.Types of context (extra-linguistic, linguistic)2.Role of contexta.elimination of ambiguityb.indication of referencec.Provision of clues for inferring word-meaningChapter9 english idioms1.Classification of idioms(nominal , adjectival , verbal , adverbial )2.sentence and useChapter 10 english DictionariesTypes of dictionary , three good Dictionarya.Longman dictionary of contemporaryb.Collins COBUILD english Dictionaryc. A Chinese-english DictionaryUnit 1Methods of study ,there are generally two approaches to the study of words ,namely synchronic and diachronicAims and significance of the courseLanguage study involves the study of speech sounds ,grammar and vocabulary .vocabulary has proved particularly important and certainly the most difficult .Willkins asserts ‘without grammar very little can beconveyed ,without vocabulary nothing can be conveyed’ A good knowledge of morphological structure of english words and rules of word-formation will help learners develope their personal vocabulary and consciously increase their word power.V ocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary .The term vocabulary is used in different senses1.It can refers to the total number of the words in a language2.It can stands for all the words used in a particular historical period3.Also used to all the words of a given dialectClassification of wordsWords may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency ,into content words and function words by notion ,and into native words and borrowed words by originBasic word stock have characteristics1.All national character2.Stability3.Productivity4.Polysemy5.Collocability6 Neutral in style7 Frequent in useWords void (lack)of the stated characters ,do not belong to the common core of the language ,they include the following: Terminology 术语，专有名词JargonSlang 俚语，黑话ArgotDialectal wordsArchaismsNeologismsContent words(=notional words) and function words (=empty words) Native words and borrowed wordsApart from the characteristics mentioned of the basic word stock ,in contrast to borrowed words ,native words have two other features Neutral in styleFrequent in useBorrowing words :words taken over from foreign languagesare known as borrowed words and loan words or borrowings in simple terms Loan words under four classesDenizens 同化词Aliens 异化词Translation-loans 译借词Semantic-loans 借意词The Indo-European language familyWhich can be grouped into roughly 300 language families on the basis of similarities in their basic word stock and grammar ,theIndo-Europe is one of them .it is thought to be a highly inflected language They accordingly fall into eight principle groups ,which can be grouped into an Eastern set : Balto-slavic, Indo-Iranian, American and Albanian; a Western set; Celtic , Italic, Hellenic,GermanicA historical overview of the english vocabularyThe first people known to inhabit the land were CeltsThe second major language known in England was the Latin of the Roman Legions450- < old > -1150-（Middle）-1500- -NOWModes of vocabulary developmentWe can concluded that modern english vocabulary develops through three channels < > creation , semantic change , borrowing Creation refers to the formation of new words by using the existing materials namely roots ,affixes and other elementsSemantic change means an old form which takes on a new meaning to meet the new needBorrowing has palyed a vital role in the development ofvocabulary ,particularly in earlier timesMorphemes :minimal meaningful units are known as morphemes,in other words ,th e morphemes is ‘the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words ’Chapter 5Word meaningWords are but symbols , many of which have meaning only when they have acquired reference .1.reference is the relationship between language and the word .The reference a word to a thing outside the language is arbitrary <随意的>and conventional <传统的>2.Concept<概念>=notionIn many cases meaning is used in the sense of ‘concept ’meaning and concept are closely connected but not identical3.Sense :generally speaking ,the meaning of ‘meaning’is perhaps what is termed ‘sense’ . ‘sense’denotes the relationships inside the language.Motivation <理据>Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaningOnomatopoeic motivation 拟声的理据Morphological motivation 形态的理据Semantic motivation 语义<联想>的理据Semantic motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a wordEtymological motivation 词源的理据The meaning if many words often related directly to their origins, Types of meaninga.Grammatical meaning an Lexical meaning语法和词汇意义b.Conceptual meaning and associative meaning 概念和联想意义Chapter 6The subjects that have long held the interest and attention ofsemanticists are ,polysemy 多义的, homonymy , synonymy , antonymy , and hyponymyTwo approaches to polysemyDiachronic approach and synchronic approachThe meanings were acquired by extension ,narrowing ,analogy ,transfer The development of word-meaning from monosemy to polysemy follows two courses,traditionally known as radiation and concatenation HomonymyBased on the degree of similarity ,homonyms fall into three classes:perfect homonyms ,homographs and homophones1.Perfect homonyms are words identical both in sound and spelling but different meaning .Bank n. The edge of the river ,lakeBank n . An establishment for money businessBear n. A large heavy animalBear v. To put up withDate n. A kind of fruitDate n. A boy or a girl friend2.Homographs are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaningBow n. Bending the head as a greetingBow n. The device used for shooting arrowsSow v. To scatter seedsSow n. Female adult pig3.Homophones are words identical only in sound butdifferent in spelling and meaningDear n. A loved personDeer n.a kind of animalRight a. correctWrite v.to put down on paper with a penRite n. Ceremonial procedureSon n. A male child of someoneSun n. The heavenly body from which the earth gets warmth and light Of three types ,homophones constitute the largest number and are most commonOrigins of homonymsChange in sound and spellingBorrowingShortingAs homonyms are identical in sound or spelling ,particularly homophones, they are often employed to create puns<双关>for desired effect of ,say, humor,sarcasm or ridicule<嘲弄> On Sunday they pray for you and on Monday they prey <折磨>on you So-called pious<虔诚的>gentleman and ladies 善男信女The sardonic tone is unmistakable 讽刺的语气是不言而喻的SynonymySynonymy is one of the characteristic features of vocabulary of natural languagesTypes of synonyms1. Absolute synonyms also known as complete synonyms are words which are identical in meaning in all its aspects,both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning ,including conceptual and associative meanings2. Relative synonymy also called near-synonyms are similaror nearly the same in denotation,but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of given quality.For example .to change a thing is to put another thing in its place ;to altera thing is to alter it in different manner and at different times .’A man change his habits ,alters his conduct ,and varies his manner of speaking’Look at stagger /reel/totter.stagger implies unsteady movement characters by a loss of balance and failure to maintain a fixed course . Stagger under a heavy load ;reel suggests a swaying or lurching so as to appear on the verge of falling .Silent沉默的，无言的，寂静的/ tacit , shine闪耀，发光/ glitter 华丽夺目，炫耀/sparkle闪耀，活跃，焕发活力和才智/glare强光，瞪眼，炫耀, different/ various, idle空闲的，懒惰的，无意义的/lazy/indolent , strange奇怪的/odd 古怪的/ queer,古怪的，可疑的large / huge庞大的/tremendous极大的，巨大的，惊人的，极好的/colossal Sources of synonyms1.BorrowingAs a result of the borrowing ,words of native origin form many couplets and triplets with those from other language2.Dialects and regional english3.Figurative an euphemistic4.Coincidence with idiomatic expressionsDiscrimination of synonymsThe differences between synonyms boil down to three areas: denotation , connotation ,and application1.Difference in denotation .‘I did not comprehend his arguments ,although i understood the language , and all the sentences’A lump of sugar一块糖, a slice of meat一片肉, a chunk ofwood , a sheet of paper A cake of soapTypes of antonyms1.Contradictory termsThe assertion of one is the denial of the otherAnother distinctive feature of this category <类型>is that such antonyms are non-gradable2.Contrary terms3.Relative termsHolds water <站得住脚的>Characters of antonyms1.Antonyms are classified on the basis of semantic opposition.words denoting nature, quality or state of things have many antonyms2.A word which has more than one meaning can have more than one antonym3.Antonyms differ in semantic inclusion .pairs of antonyms are seen as marked and unmarked terms respectively4.Contrary terms are gradable antonymsDestitute / opulent dull / livelyHyponymyHyponymy deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion.That is the meaning of more specific word word is included in that of another more general word .For instance ,tulip and rose are hyponyms of flowerSuperordinate termsHammer , saw , screwdriver ,spanner, plaice, cod , herring ,sole Semantic field <领域>The massive word store of a language like english an be conceived of as composed around a number of meaning areas.An integrated system of lexemes interrelated in sense 语义相互关联It is general belief that.....Personal address system 个人称呼KinshipTypes of changesWord-meaning changes by modes ofExtension< 扩展>,narrowing<缩小> ,degradation< 降格>,elevation< 升格>,and transferCauses of changes: it is in response to some needExtra-linguistic factors1.Historical reason2.Class reason3.Psychological 心理学的，精神上的reasonThe role of context <语境>1.Elimination of ambiguity <消除歧义>2.Indication of referents <限定所指>3.Provision of clues for inferring word -meaning <为猜测词义提供线索>①Definition②Explanation③Example④S ynonymy⑤Antonymy⑥Hyponymy⑦Relevant details⑧Word structureChapter 9Idioms consists of set phrases and short sentences ,which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas .therefore, idioms are colorful ,forcible andthought-provoking.For example ,fly off the handle (become excessively angry) and put up with ( tolerate)In a board sense ,idioms may included colloquialisms ,slang experience, proverbs .Character of Idioms1.Semantic unityBeing phases or sentences ,idioms each consist of more than one word ,but each is a semantic unity. Idiom have their respective literal meanings .for instance, till the cows come home Keep in mind take offto no avail like a breeze2.Structural stability 结构稳定First the constituents of idioms cannot be replacedLip service <support only="" in="" words="" ,not="" fact="" bdsfid="283"> is not to be changed into mouth service . Kick the bucket bury the hatchet。
LUnit13研究生英语听说教程提高级第三版
Thumbs up
Approval (USA, UK, Russia) Highly offensive (Iran) Rude (Australia)
The V sign
Victory (UK, USA, most of world) Peace (USA from the 1960s era)
?newwords?slang俚语?articulate清楚明白地说?project生动地表演?watchthevideoclipandtrytonotedownthesixstepsshementionswatchthevideoclipandtrytonotedownthesixstepsshementions
communications [pl]: The technology employed in transmitting messages.
...a communications satellite munications equipment
Classification of communication Written communication
Activity 1: game playing
We’ll play a game called “passing the message”. The rules of the game 1. Each group is made up of 4-5 people. The first person reads the sentences on the slip of paper for 30 seconds and tries to remember them. 2. He or she recites the sentences to the person sitting behind. 3. The second person recites the sentences to the person sitting behind and so on. 4. The last person writes the sentences on a piece of paper. 5. This is oral work, so only the last person can write down the sentences.
现代英语词汇学语义特征
knowledge of the conceptual meaning of words. Two words are synonymous if they contain all the same sense components, e.g. both father and male parent can be given the same definition [+HUMAN +ADULT +MALE +MARRIED] even though they clearly differ in connotation, the one (Which one? And what exactly?) having connotative meaning, the other evoking no association.
6. subtle / delicate A. There is a very subtle difference between “citizen rights” and “human rights”.
B. This is a delicate situation. We must handle it with great care. C. She looked very delicate, but she was very energetic and had a strong will. Delicate: 需要谨慎处理和对待 becoming ill easily; not strong 容
第四章：词的语义特征
语义特征（semantic features）是对人类抽象活动的一 种概括。，属于元语言（metalanguage ）。 用来描写任何语言的语义。 如：具有语义特征A，记作[+A]；不具有语特征A，记作 [-A]。 “The analysis of word meaning is often seen as a process of breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components”(Leech 1981:84) The meaning of words are made up of combinations of their sense components. Minimal distinctive feature or properties. What make up the sense of word and in turn define the word.
英语词汇学(英文版)English Lexicology (IV)
English lexicology (III)
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�
10.2 Causes of changes
� Euphemism: The substitution of
a mild, indirect, or vague expression for one that may be offensive, disagreeable, harsh, or blunt.
� Weakening of
terrific, fantastic, marvelous, splendid, magnificent, wonderful, superb, tremendous, overpowering, fabulous…… � horrible, outrageous, awful, dreadful….
English lexicology (III)
18
�
10.2 Causes of changes
� garbage collector------sanitation engineer
� gardener-----landscape architect � servant----domestic engineer
just like a mirror, reflecting everything that exists in human society. Naturally, it records the speech and attitude of different social class.
�
Villain, clown, churl � Democracy, revolution, liberalism, communism, landlord, trade union
英语词汇学intro
9
About the course
ORIENTATION
10
1.1 Aims of the course
– Give a systematic description of the English vocabulary.
• Oral presentation • Short essay • Final exam
14
An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology
AN OVERVIEW
15
• The 3 basic elements of English
– speech sounds – grammar – vocabulary
11
1.2 Significance of the course
– Develop your personal vocabulary and consciously increase your word power (active vocabulary).
– Understand word-meaning and organize, classify and store words more effectively.
– Ultimately improve your receptive and productive skills in language processing as well as language production.
12
1.3 Arrangements
An Introduction to Modern English Lexicology
A /bull-ˋcalf is a young bull.
Aˋtoy /factory produces toys. A /toy ˋfactory is a model of a factory used as a toy.
With grammar:
Vocabulary and grammar are organically related to one another. In learning a language, attention to grammar is as important as attention to vocabulary. Grammar , for example, tells us how to form words into sentences
超音位特征对语义搭配的影响在英语中是司空见惯的。例 如： He is a French teacher.
孤立地来看French teacher，我们很难判别French在与 teacher搭配时是什么意思。 但是在特定超音位的语境中，当我们赋予French一个主重音， Teacher一个次重音，这时，He is a French teacher就有 了明确的意义，即：他是一位法语教师。
salary (original) a sum of money given to Roman soldiers to enable them to buy salt (政府按时发给古罗马军人 一些买盐的钱) (present) fixed payment made by employer at regular intervals to employees (薪水) holiday (original) holy day, a day of religious significance (宗教节日，神圣的日子） (present) day of festivity or recreation
lexicology-references
Reference books-6
• • • • • 李福印，2006，语义学概论，北京大学出版社 林汝昌1993，语义学入门，华中理工大学出版社 利奇，1987，语义学，上海外语教育出版社 伍谦光，1988，语义学导论，湖南教育出版社 徐烈炯，1995，语义学，语文出版社
Reference books-7
•
Dictionarຫໍສະໝຸດ es-2• Doltish, G. M., 1997. Random House Webster’ Dictionary of American English (ESL Dictionary)，Random House Inc.收 词5万。美国英语词典。例句较简短。词 组较少。美语音标。义项数量一般。59.9 元/本。
Related textbooks-5
• 冯世梅，English lexicology/英语词汇学（英文版），中国水利水电出 版社，2000。 • 杨良生，An introduction to modern English lexicology，河南人民出 版社，1991。 • 隋晓冰，现代英语词汇学概论，哈尔滨工程大学出版社，2005。 • Liu Xiaohong，English lexicology，冶金工业出版社，2003。 • 剡璇，实用英语词汇学，西北工业大学出版社，2006。 • 丁建新，现代英语词汇学教程/a course in modern English lexicology， 重庆大学出版社，2004。 • 曹京华，实用现代英语词汇学/Practical English lexicology，国防工 业出版社，2007。
English lexicography-1
• • • • • • • • • 石肆壬译，词典学论文选译，商务印书馆，1981 徐振忠，英文词典实用指南，华东师范大学出版社，1995 章宜华，语义学与词典释义，上海辞书出版社，2002 黄建华，词典论，上海辞书出版社，2001 文军，英语词典学概论，北京大学出版社，2006 黄建华，双语词典学导论，商务印书馆，1997 李明，双语词典编纂，上海外语教育出版社，2001 曾东京，双语词典研究，上海外语教育出版社，2003 赵彦春，认知词典学探索，上海外语教育出版社，2003
英语词汇学自考重点
各章重点内容串讲：Introduction1.Lexicology（名词解释题）（1）Definition: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics, inquiring into the origins and meanings of words（WNWD）.本句翻译：词汇学是语言学的一个分支，它主要是研究词汇的来源以及意义（词汇学的定义）。
（2）Domain: English lexicology aims at investigating and studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages.本句翻译：它研究的是英语词汇的形态结构，同时它还研究英语词汇的语义结构、英语词汇的发展历史和英语词汇的形成与用法。
2.Methods of Study（单选题/名词解释题）（1）Two approachesThere are generally two approaches to the study of words, namely synchronic and diachronic.synchronic 共时法diachronic 历时法（2）Definition: A, synchronicFrom a synchronic point of view, words can be studied at a point in time.However, if we take a diachronic perspective, we will consider the word historically, looking into its origin and changes in form and meaning.1.word（名词解释）（1）a minimal free form of a language1）Therefore, we can say that a word is a minimal free form of a language（词是语言中的最小的自由形式）2）that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic function.（词有固定的读音，固定的意义，固定的句法功能。
early modern english近代英语
early modern english近代英语1. Modern英语(English)2. Old英语(Old English)3. Middle英语(Middle English)4. Vocabulary词汇5. Grammar语法6. Pronunciation发音7. Spelling拼写8. Literature文学9. Translation翻译10. Renaissance文艺复兴11. Manuscript手稿12. Sonnet十四行诗13. Play戏剧14. Printing printing15. Vernacular方言16. Bible圣经17. Epic史诗18. Metaphor隐喻19. Dramatic戏剧的20. Romance浪漫的21. Ode颂歌22. Famous著名的1. Early Modern English replaced Middle English in the late 15th century.近代英语取代了中古英语，大约在15世纪末。
2. Shakespeare's plays were written in Early Modern English.莎士比亚的戏剧是用近代英语写的。
3. The vocabulary of Early Modern English expanded due to overseas exploration.近代英语的词汇因为海外探索而扩充。
4. The grammar rules of Early Modern English are closer to Modern English than to Middle English.近代英语的语法规则与现代英语更接近，而不是中古英语。
5. The pronunciation of Early Modern English had some differences from Modern English.近代英语的发音与现代英语有一些不同。
Modern English Lexicology
Modern English LexicologyIntroduction of LexicologyⅠlexicologyThe term lexicology comes from Greek morphemes “lexis” and “logos”; the former means “word or phrase”, while the latter “a department of knowledge”. Hence the literalmeaning of lexicology is the “science of the word”, a subbranch of linguistics dealing with vocabulary.Ⅱ Lexicology mainly concerna. the meaning and making of wordsb. the ways and manners word makingc. the ups and downs in their individual fortunesd. where they come frome. what they have been throughf. the whys and hows of their appearance and disappearanceⅢ Divisions of lexicologyLexicology consists of “general lexicology” and “special lexicology”; the former explores the words and vocabulary of language in general and investigates their regularity, whereas the latter studies words of a particular language.Ⅳ Sub-branches of lexicologyIn our course book, semantics is considered to be independent subject. However, othertheorists claim that semantics, which investigates the nature, structure, and the development and change of word meaning, is a sub-branch of lexicology.The other branches are listed as follows:ⅰ EtymologyIt studies the meaning, origin, and history of individual words and their development.ⅱ Historical lexicologyIt studies from a historical point of view the development of vocabulary as a whole on the basis of etymology.ⅲ Phraseology (Idiom)It mainly deals with set expressions or idioms.ⅳ Lexicography is concerned with the writing and compilation of dictionaries.Ⅴ Significance of learning lexicologyⅰThe students’ vocabulary will be greatly enlargedIt enables the students to acquire valuable principles concerning the formation and usage of English words. By using a large number of roots and affixes they have learned, students are likely to guess and infer the meaning of new wordsⅱA sound knowledge of lexicology enables the students to choose appropriate words for different purposes.Lexicology touches on archaism, colloquialism, neologism, dialect, slang, jargon，taboo, euphemism, layers of word meaning, etc.Three Historical Periods of English DevelopmentⅠOld English (450-1150) (Anglo-Saxon):The beginning of Old English is marked by the arrival of the Germanic tribes called Angles, Saxons, and Jutes. People generally refer to Anglo-Saxon as Old English. Old English is a highly inflected language. In this period, many Latin words and Scandinavian words came into the English language.ⅡMiddle English (1150-1500)Middle English period began with the Norman Conquest. In this period, many words of French and Dutch origins were borrowed into English. The Norman Conquest started a continual flow of French words into English. The English were defeated but not killed off, nor were they driven from their country. They reduced to the status of an inferior people. Norman French became the polite speech. The native tongue was a despised language, which was left to the use of boors and serfs.ⅢModern English (1500-Now)Modern English began with the establishment of printing in England. Because of the influence of the Renaissance Movement, many words of Latin and Greek origins, etc came into English. Also because of the fast development in science and technology, many new words were created. Though borrowing remained an important means of English vocabulary expansion ，yet more words were created through word formation.Growth of Present-day English VocabularyMajor Causes of Present-day English Vocabulary Expansionⅰthe rapid development of modern science and technologyⅱthe social, economic and political changesⅲthe influence of other cultures and languageMethods of word-formationIn English, there are various ways of word-formation such as affixation, conversion, composition, blending, backformation, shortening, etc.ⅠaffixationAffixation is a method a word-formation by which new words (derivatives) are created by adding affixes to roots. It is subdivided into prefixation and suffixation. Prefixation is the formation of words with the help of the prefixes. The major prefixes can be classified into 10 categories by their meaning.ⅰnegative prefixesⅱReversative prefixesⅹNumber prefixesⅡConversionConversion is a way of word-formation which turns a word of a certain part of speech into a word of another part of speech without adding any affixes; therefore, it is also known as zero derivation.ⅢNoun to verb conversionIn contemporary English, there is a tendency of “a preponderance of noun over verb”. Roughly speaking, about 60% of our new words are nouns. Therefore, it is obvious that we cannot depend on the existing verbs alone to express the ideas and actions of all the newly coined nouns. In addition, there are only a few verb-forming affixes such as be-, en-, -ify, -ize. As a result, the nouns have to take the functionOf the verbs, that is, a huge number of verbs are coined by means of conversion. For instance, nearly every noun representing different parts of our body has given rise to a verb, e.g. to head, to shoulder, to face, to toe.ⅰVerb to noun conversion1) He desired to be a scientist. He had a desire to be a scientist.(2) We found a nice little restaurant. The little restaurant is quite a find.(3) He bores everyone. He is a great bore.(4) I covered the table with a cloth. The cloth is a cover.(5) He walks just like his father. His walk is just like his father’s.(6) This is the place where the two rivers divide. This is the divide between the two rivers.ⅱThe right and left branchingThe verb + adverb/preposition combinations can also be converted into nouns, for instance: e.g. We are sorry to arrive late, but the car broke down.Our car had a breakdown on the road.ⅲAdjective to noun conversionThis conversion is classified into two groups: partial conversion and complete conversion.ⅳAdjective to verb conversionMany verbs are converted from adjectives, for instance:a. She often bares her heart to her intimate friends.b. The dog bared its teeth in a snarl.。
《英语词汇学》课程教学大纲
《英语词汇学》教学大纲一、课程编号：1501013二、课程名称：英语词汇学（English Lexicology）三、学分、学时：2学分，32学时四、教学对象：外国语学院英语专业三年级学生五、开课单位：英语系六、先修课程：无七、课程性质、作用、教学目标(含知识、能力、素质的要求)课程性质：专业基础选修课作用：本课程为英语专业高年级阶段的知识性课程，对英语词汇作全面而系统的介绍，使学生系统地掌握英语词汇在构词、意义、词源等方面的基本知识，培养学生的词汇意识，提高学生记忆词汇、理解词汇和应用词汇的能力，为高级英语学习打好扎实基础。
目标：通过本课程的学习，使学生系统地掌握英语词汇在构词、语义理据、词义类型、词源、词义关系、词义变化、短语动词和习语等方面的基本知识，具备一定的词汇意识，提高记忆词汇、理解词汇和应用词汇的能力。
八、教学内容课内讲授内容及学时安排：1. Basic concepts & Development of English vocabulary2. Word FormationMorphemesAffixationCompoundingConversionBlendingClippingAcronymBackformation3. Word Meaning4. Sense Relations & Semantic Field5. Changes in Word Meaning6. English Idioms7. English Dictionaries九、实践性环节的内容、要求： 无十、多媒体教学手段运用的要求要求课内教学的全过程采用多媒体教学手段，即要求在配备用多媒体设备的教室上课。
十一、教材和参考书●张维友主编《英语词汇学》外语教学与研究出版社2000●汪榕培主编《英语词汇学教程》上海外语教育出版社2000●汪榕培主编《英语词汇学教程》（教学参考用书）上海外语教育出版社2000●汪榕培主编《英语词汇学教程读本》上海外语教育出版社2005●陆国强主编《现代英语词汇学》(新版) 外教社2000十二、考核方式闭卷书面考试成绩评定：平时练习和课堂表现（30%）＋闭卷笔试（70%）十三、教学大纲说明课程的重点和难点：Basic concepts, word formation, sense relations and English idiomsThe Teaching Plan of English Lexicology1. Course description:English lexicology is a theoretically-oriented course. It is chiefly concerned with the basic theories of words in general and of English words in particular. This course aims at studying the morphological structures of English words and word equivalents, their semantic structures, relations, historical development, formation and usages. In addition, an introduction of English dictionaries is covered at the end with the purpose of improving students’ skills of using instrumental books. In spite of its heavy theoretical color, this course is practical as well, for we will deal with copious stocks of words and idioms, and study a great many usage examples. Besides, after each chapter, there will be “questions and tasks” designed to deepen students’ learning.2. Course objectives：In this selective course of 32 teaching hours,Students will obtain a good knowledge of morphological structure of English words and rules of word formation.Students will haCoffin, Judith & Robert Stacey Western Civilizations New Y ork: W.W.Norton & Company 2005Hu, Wenzhong (edit). A Dictionary of British and American Culture. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 1995.Y u, Zhiyuan(edit). English-Speaking Countries: A Survey. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press. 2000.Encyclopedia BritannicaEncyclopedia Americanave a deeper understanding of word-meaning and be able to organize, classify and store words more effectively.Students will raise their awareness of word meaning and usage, and be able to use words more accurately and appropriately.Students will improve their skill of using English dictionaries which is very helpful for self study.3.Content1) Basic concepts & Development of English vocabulary2) Word Formation●Morphemes●Affixation●Compounding●Conversion●Blending●Clipping●Acronym●Backformation3) Word Meaning4) Sense Relations & Semantic Field5) Changes in Word Meaning6) English Idioms7) English Dictionaries1.Teaching materials:Zhang，Weiyou. English Lexicology. Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching andResearch Press, 2000.Wang, Rongpei A Survey of English Lexicology. Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 20002.Ways of teachingMultimedia is employed throughout the whole classroom teaching. A great number of examples of word meaning and usage will be given to deepen the students’ understanding of lexicological theories and rules. Open questions are designed for classroom discussion.3.The way of examination:Final examination is a combination of objective items and essay questions. Final exam makes 70% of the total mark, while classroom performance, quiz and homework make 30% of the total mark4.Reference books recommended for students：●Y ang, Chenghu. Reference Book for English Lexicology. Beijing：ChinaRenshi Press, 2000.●Lu, Guoqiang. Modern English Lexicology(New Edition). Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000.Wang, Rongpei. A Survey of English Lexicology(Teacher’s book). Shanghai: Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press, 2000。
英语专业本科词汇学教师ppt课件Cha
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Old English was a highly inflected language. Nouns, pronouns, adjectives, verbs and adverbs had complex endings or vowel changes marking distinction of number, case and of gender.
(ME) And he seide, A man hadde twei sones: 12 and the ʒonger of hem seide to the fadir. Fadir. Ʒyue me the porcioun of catel. that fallith to me. And he departide to hem the catel. 13 And not aftir many daies. whanne alle thingis weren gederid togider, the ʒonger sone wente forth in pilgrymage in to a fer countre; and there he wastide hise goodis in lyuynge lecherously.
Modern English (1500—1700: Early; 1700—the present: Late): Sources of the new words: Latin and Greek (Renainssance): Latin (scientific and abstract words), chemist, scientific, vacuum, theory, education, exist; Greek (literary, technical and scientific words), drama, comedy, tragedy, physics Romance languages (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, Rumanian and others developed from Latin 罗曼语；拉丁语系诸语言): French, café; Italian, concert, piano, balcony; Spanish, cargo, cigar, cocoa; Portuguese, pagoda Other European languages: German, nickel, zinc; Dutch, freight; Russian, vodka, tsar Non-European languages: Australian, boomerang, kangaroo; Arabic, sugar, alcohol; Chinese, loquat; Japanese, kimono; African, zebra
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But since the early 1970s, many speakers of British English have begun to use “Do you have…?” as the Americans do. To ask a similar question in the past, “Did you have…?” is used by Americans, while “Have you got…” is used by the English. (2) The past participle form for “get”: American English has two past participle forms for “get”—got and gotten, while British English only has only one-got.
AmE.: Trunk, private school, instructor, bedspread, basement, elevator, bucket, overpass, intersection, required subject, elective subject, news-stand, outlet, eye-glasses, baby carriage
2. Difference between British and American English
2.1 Differences in pronunciation( p. 200) 2.2 Differences in grammar British English grammar, comparatively speaking, is conventional, whereas that of American English is inventive. The following are some main divergencies. (1) the use of “have”: it was noted that to ask “Do you own something at this moment”, Americans used “Do you have...? While the English used “ Have you got…?”
1.3 popularity of slang American English is known for its copious slang expressions and the popularity of slang is regarded as one of its marked traits. Here are examples of some popular slang expressions: You bet. He is a big cheese. hole up
(6) The treatment of “come” and “go”: AmE. BrE. Come look at it Come and look at it Go tell her about it Go and tell her about it In American English, “come” and “go” can be followed directly by bare infinitive, but in British English the connector “and” should be used in between.
(3) The treatment of a repeated subject after the indefinite pronoun “one”: a. One should do one’s best for one’s motherland. b. One should do his best for his motherland. In British English, “one” is repeated, while “he” is used in American English. (4) Differences in prepositions: AmE. BrE. behind I put it in back of the shed.
The American pronunciation still keeps some characteristics of the English language of the 17th and 18th centuries and is somewhat old fashioned as compared with that of British English. In addition, the Americans have kept a number of old words or old uses of words no longer usual in British English. For example, “mad” in American English still keeps the meaning of “angry”, which was lost long ago in standard British English. Another example is “druggist”.
Modern English Lexicology
Session 13 American English
Lecturer: Liu Qian
1. Characteristics of American English
1.1 creativity Creativity is an outstanding feature of American English, which is embodied in vocabulary and grammar. Creativity in vocabulary can be illustrated by the influx of new words into American English. Examples are: computernik, standee, wordsmith, cellophane, disc jon vocabulary In speaking about the differences in vocabulary between the British and American variants of English, it is necessary to point out that the bulk of the vocabulary belong to general English and that Americanisms and Briticisms are found chiefly in colloquial English. The most noticeable difference in vocabulary lies in that the English and Americans use different words to express the same idea or object, e.g:
Dress designer David and Elizabeth holed up in the workshops like a couple of atomic scientists.
1.4 simplicity The simplicity of American English lies in its simplified spelling and the use of short words. To illustrate, the British English word-endings such as -our, -mme, ogue in words like labour, programme, dialogue, etc, are replaced by -or, -m, -og respectively. Double “l” in “traveller” etc. is simplified to single “l”, “ou” in “mould” and the like to “o”. For the sake of simplicity, Americans like to use short words such as ban, probe, sue, pro, homo, perm and many others.
But when “get” is used in the meaning of “have” or “be obliged”, “got” can be used as past participle in American English, otherwise the Americans prefer “gotten”, eg: a. He hasn’t got the nerve to do it. b. He has got to do it. c. He has gotten permission to go. d. He would have gotten there sooner if he had left earlier.
1.2 conservatism A second quality often attributed to American English is its conservativeness-the preservation of old features of the language which have gone out of use in standard British English. How do we pronounce the following words? fast, past, mast, half The vowel sound /æ / in words like fast, past, mast, half was abandoned in Britain at the end of the 18th century.