外文资料及其翻译

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外文资料与中文翻译

外文资料及中文翻译
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外文资料及其翻译

Theory System of SuspensionProbation, general, refers to a penalty for sentenced to criminal, in compliance with certain conditions, not enforce the punishment system. Sin ruling Probation, first apply to Britain. But it is only for some prisoners for reprimanded,And ordered to make a statement of repentance, vowed not to repeat, we had the delivery supervision, began in and release a kind of means.The system of suspension, since since the creation of more than years of history, has now become a criminal law by national by a formal criminal law system.The current criminal law, countries by mainly have the suspension of the punishment that suspension, the penalty to Sue the suspension of the execution of gentle three.Our country criminal law stipulated to probation, belong to punish the suspension of the execution, i.e. on original punishment conditions do not comply with a penalty system.According to article 72 of the criminal code to the provisions of article 77, China's criminal law's probation, is refers to the people's court for a criminal sentenced to criminal detention, three years imprisonment of criminals, according to its the circumstances of the crime and his demonstration of repentance think the suspension of the execution original punishment does not to harm the social, stipulate a test period, the suspension of the execution of the punishment, if the criminal sentenced in test period from making new crime, or not been found, or no leakage sin violates laws, rules and regulations, and the relevant provisions, original punishment. No longer execution of the system.This is our country criminal law the general system of suspension.Probation, but not penalty punishment specific use a kind of system, penalty discretion is one of the basic contents of the system.Suspension sentenced to a punishment must be declared as a prerequisite.The basic characteristics of the suspension performance: one is the criminal crime is lighter, less harmful to the society, has his demonstration of repentance think the suspension of the execution punishment will no longer cause harm to society on the premise of that offenderssentenced to a punishment, and at the same time announced the suspension of the execution.Second, in a certain period of execution of the sentence to keep the possibility that in the test period, the criminals don't make new crime, or not been found sin, or no leakage violation of laws, regulations or the relevant provisions, original punishment will no longer execution;If it again new crime, or found leaking, it should be revoked sin before the probation, crime and the punishment imposed for punishment in accordance with the principle of combined punishment for several crimes, decides to implement the punishment;Any violation of laws, rules and regulations, or relevant regulations, should be revoked probation, the original punishment shall be executed.in the declaration of punishment system, or says probation hesitate declared socialist, namely young misdemeanor punishment of the accused, although after the determined for guilty, but not only pay the execution, and still not declared guilty, and within a certain period, if HangZhuang test their good deeds after this period is to forgive the punishment.The existence of the system of suspension has its inevitability:1,From our system of suspension of the social effect and see.(1)Is helpful to arouse the enthusiasm of the self-improvement.To meet the conditions for the criminal system of suspension, put them in the society transformation, which can reduce the supervision and regulation in place to avoid cross infection caused by a vicious circle, at the same time also is able to eliminate the phenomenon with others antagonism government, encouraging them to consciously, QiJiuTuXin ideology reconstruct.(2)The negative factors to promote positive factors, for the development of the production.The criminal was sentenced to probation in accept reform in the process, they will redouble efforts to work, and do more contribution to the society, so as to wash off her past shame, thanked the government to their leniency.(3)Is propitious to mobilize social forces, to criminals for education reform.The system of suspension is the essence of social forces to light punishment on to make supervision reform.The probation in society, make make their life in mass in, can arouse the masses and all social forces to criminals, education reform supervision.(4)To the stability of the society, the stability and promoting comprehensive control of public security work.(5)Helped to lighten the pressure of reform-through-labour institutions reform-through-labour institutions focused on reconstruction felons are contacted.2, Suspension of the system from the important meaning of the look.(1)Probation can help to avoid the disadvantages of short-term freedom penalty, to play the penalty function optimization.(2)Probation help to better achieve the aim of penalty.The penalty important goal of the offender is to prevent crime.The way to realize the purpose of penalty is mainly to the criminal sentenced to and punishment, but this mainly depends on the subjective efforts in the offender to self-discipline social life get in the special prevention effect, this will be a criminal detention in detention facilities in punishment, in order to give priority to jail in heteronomy get special prevention effect, rather more reliable.(3)Is to realize the socialization of punishment of suspension system guarantee important.The sentence is suspended avoid punishment because the actual, with all kinds of adverse effect, not from society in under the condition of the majesty of the law, both feeling, also experience to legal and social tolerance, and thus more conscientiously carry out reform task, received the actual punishment effect, and to avoid the actual punishment for all sorts of bad influence brought.In China, the suspension of the existing problems and reasons(a),Legislative provisions, apply the principle of suspension of sentence is the lack of specific, scientific evaluation standard, leading to the region for probation differences, the wide gap between the case.The provisions of article seventy-two of the criminal law of the suspension of the legal conditions, only "sentenced to three years in prison under the condition is relatively" certain must objective standard, the other two conditions "performance", "step to repentance will no longer cause harm to society" is more is a subjective criteria.For criminals are applicable probation, mainly depends on the judge's subjective understanding and judgment, that depends on the judge for criminals forgiveness degree.The judge in the case of different also, thesame judge in different period, due to similar case subjective understanding of the variable is bigger, its not the same judgment.Because the judge group for suspension of the significance and the effect, so there are also know gap between regions also has the work suspension of the parable case in point in the majority, and in to probation to point to namely ShiXing be in the majority.Similar to the punishment of the case there is a big gap, leading to the integrity of the punishment, authority to set up the judicial justice is damaged, the image.Suspension of the provisions of the applicable principle and general too the main performance of the:(1)"Performance" step to repentance of specific meaning clearly.In practice, some think that as long as their criminal facts explain, you can believe that there is a step to repentance and suspension performance;Some think, suspension is the defendant must have sincere his demonstration of repentance should not only make a confessed his crime fact, and other actions, such as: truthfully explain partners in crime, actively take remedial measures to prevent the occurrence of harmful consequences, to carry out actively spoils or financial compensation, back to surrender, etc.Understand and grasp of the different standards, a direct impact on the suspension of the balance of the applicable.(2)"Not to harm the social" strong, lack of evaluation of subjectivity auxiliary standards.So that some subjective vicious deep, nature, serious harm to society and the crime with only the judge think won't harm the social and sentenced to probation, result the probation period is not made new crime.(3)Legislation on probation applicable guidance is unknown.Say commonly, the criminal negligence because its subjective vicious is not big, should be advocated many sentenced to probation, and serious harm the social nature of the crime, such as robbery, rape, and drug trafficking, etc should be restricted or prohibited convicted probation.But legislation and not corresponding judicial guidelines, cause shall be awarded the probation is not found, and should not be convicted of suspension of sentence is sentenced to warrant a situation occurred frequently;The legislation, which leads to unknown spirit of suspension of sentence supervision and correct difficult.(2),To the duty crime is the probation is too wide, and the requirements of the people down on corruption formed the voices of the strong contrast.A law-abiding citizen, abuse their power of criminals by the masses scold called "corrupt", our people for these people, whom he hope judicial organs shall be severely punished corrupt elements of very strong voice.And, in fact, at present the bribery and corruption, abuse, the suspension of the duty crime is much higher than the proportion of other properties of the crime.At present, corruption and bribery crime of suspension of the average ratio of more than 40%, in some places of more than 60%.Malpractice crime more than economic crime probation ratio, average rate of more than 50%, and in some time inside probation rates as high as 80% above, quite a lot of dereliction of duty crime in quite some time is 100% probation.To suspension of the duty crime is the tendency of abuse of too much, too, that the people think that the party and the government anti-corruption is "full of hot air", make "GuanGuanXiangHu", dampened the people involved in the struggle against corruption enthusiasm, the impact of the struggle against corruption thorough development.Lead to corruption and bribery crimes such as suspension of the high proportion of both judicial practice of historical reason, also have law enforcement know factors.To sum up the main have the following:1,To economic crime, be given a lighter punishment of practice influence.In 89 by economic criminals better urged to notice of surrender to surrender, and positive spoils the criminal to back in the larger a lighter and reduce prices.For cash policy, was a large number of judicial organs with the economic crime notice spirit in "method" for down the processing.On the notice period after a period time, judicial organ for investigation, prosecution, trial smoothly economic crimes, in fact also the notification of the spirit be put on the economic crime for leniency, ten thousand yuan of above fifty thousand yuan of above, be exempt of suspension of sentence is often the case to appear.History of the economic crime had appeared on the practice, in part from law enforcement personnel and law enforcement agencies formed the duty crime can light the lighter the misunderstanding.2,"For the duty crime shall be convicted and punished, already enough to preventits again use the possibility of duty crime" point of view, is causing judicial organs of the duty crime suspension of the important reasons.Some judicial personnel to think, once the duty crime molecules that has been shall be convicted and punished in fact deprived of their duties, and has lost to use its position on the conditions of the crime, so make has lost, have the possibility of can achieve the purpose of the special prevention.In such a thought under the control of, often can lead to the duty crime sentencing light-duty, in part to pass weak duty crime control. For probation 3,Suspension of sentence regulation measures on the duty crime is easy to carry out one of the causes of the suspension of the many.The duty crime molecular original stable job unit, applicable to the probation, generally all can better implement the effective supervision, won't cause investigation, supervision of out of control.Therefore, the duty crime molecular former unit is responsible for supervision become more reason for suspension.4,The duty crime molecular political achievement, "special talent" often becomes the suspension of the reason.Generally speaking the duty crime molecules in the former unit all have certain duties, have a plenty of unit, the person in charge of the department, have certain ability to work.Some in the work before the achievements is relatively conspicuous, or has an art.Such people often cause people to the sympathy of the crime and feel sorry for.Therefore, law enforcement in the criminal punishment decision, also often be sorry about the mood by the infection, hold "JiangGongBuGuo", "put it a horse," "give way" mentality, and let the light of suspension.5,Because evidence problems of probation.Some evidence in the trial of the case, the court sentenced to change ShiXing not sure, found not guilty and sleep indulgence, and probation.Some cases be cross-examined, crime after the amount change, have to sentence suspended prison sentence.(3),Lack of institutionalized probation investigation standard, supervision not to have zhang .According to the provisions of the criminal law, the people's court for probation by judgment, and crimes of suspension of sentence by the public security organ in the supervision and inspection, responsible for crimes place unit ororganizations at the grass-roots level give cooperation.Clear the decision authority and investigation regulatory authorities can seem to and orderly development criminals the relevant supervisory work suspension, but in fact a rainy day.Because of the lack of regulation and probation for specific provisions of the regulatory system, causes the probation investigation and supervision practice is differ, all different levels of existence the question.1,Make delivery on probation supervision, judicial organs and public security organs has not been set up between the effective and standard of the delivery of the system.；The country at present in the delivery of the probation officer got problems on the practice, some not-issued by the court probation make delivery note, the public security organ to the investigation is carried out;Some of the court's decision to make, let probation by judgment to make to the local public security organs for registration.Some court judgment on probation after become effective delivery delays will regulatory documents to the public security organ, some even leak delivered.Some of this should be made by the suspension of the written judgment to the local public security organ to report for duty, but consciously or unconsciously not to report, late to report for duty;Some make a decision after the probation report to public security organs not work out, causing the take off probation officer got in fact tube.Because the job for the joining of is not standard, the timely, in practice, the public security organ fails to fully grasp the areas under their jurisdiction in time of suspension of sentence of make happen from time to tome, investigated the influence and the supervisory work of comprehensive effective development.Appear afore-mentioned the causes of phenomena: one is to the criminal procedure law of our country of suspension of sentence that did not make delivery regulation, the judicial explanations and too general to cause practice, practice two different understanding of's law and judicial interpretations according to provisions of the act not delivered all does not have a responsibility, suspended for holding the terms of delivery of the work of the mandatory law guarantee, made part of judicial personnel who fails to perform its responsibilities.Three is in reality the judiciary of professional level is not high, sense of responsibility, no correct understanding of thelegislation intended, work, causing some hot potato legal document delivered without the service.2,On probation investigation and make supervision, for lack of corresponding standards do exist, the formalism and surface of the phenomenon.The current suspension of the investigation of the supervision to make work, as is the systematic standard file for execution of the composition of the organization, investigation and its duties, the content of the investigation, investigated the ways and measures not follow, can according to chapter of suspension of understanding and all supervision work attitude, combined with the local actual condition of principle, on its own, formulate some regulation to restricted and regulated, due to a lack of unified regulation in the practical work, all has the big gap.Some will examine the main obligation implementation and supervision, and some to implement segment police organizations at the grass-roots level;Some regulations to be responsible monthly regulatory objects for a face-to-face investigation and education, others provisions once a quarter, and even every half an year;Some provisions made probation told not to go out, others work business regulation can work long time go out to play, but with the king unit set up the system of the entrusted investigation.Also have individual unit will examine and oversight responsibility for simple understanding to make again whether probation to make new crime, probation investigation only implement responsibility on the paper, actually let no matter.In the eyes of the masses to produce is "fine" probation, "probation" and "not equal the punishment" in fact, weaken the system of suspension of social, legal effect.3,Lack of suspension of execution supervision ways, content and process of the specific provision, the system of suspension of the lag of standardization construction, which was the inspection and supervision probation existing in the main reason for the disorder.Three, perfection of the legislation of our country the system of suspension From the view of the current situation in judicial practice, probation have accounted for all the imprisonment, 20% of the criminals.。

外文翻译---触发器

英文资料及中文翻译FLIP-FLOPS1 IntorduceIn this passage, we show how to design flip-flops, which operate as one-bit memory cells. Flip-flops are also called latches. Logic circuits constructed using flip-flops can have the present output be a function of both the past and present inputs. Such circuits are called senfiential logic circuits.All flip-flops are based on the same principle: Positive feedback is used to produce a circuit that is bistable . A bistable circuit is one that has two stable operating points. Which operating point the circuit is in is called the state of the circuit. If the state can be sensed and changed, then the circuit can function as a one-bit memory element.The simplest bistable circuit is constructed using two inverters in a loop as shown in Figure 1－1.This circuit only has two nodes, A and B. Because of the inverters, if A is high, B must be low and vice versa; hence, the circuit has two stable states.The operation of the bistable circuit can also be viewed using a plot of the transfer characteristic of the two inverters in series, as shown in Figure 1－2. Part (a) of the figure shows the static transfer characteristic of one of the inverters. When the input voltage is below the threshold (a logical ZERO), the output voltage is high (a logical ONE). When the input voltage is greater than the threshold, the output voltage is low. In part (b) of the figure, we show the transfer characteristic that results from putting both inverters in series. Any solution of the equations for this circuit must also lie on this characteristic. Because of the external connection, the input and output voltages of the series connection of the two inverters must be the same. Therefore, we draw a line with a slope of unity on the plot as well. This line is called the load line, because it represents the external load connection for the two inverters in series. Any solution of the equations for this circuit must also lie on the load line. Therefore, when the equations are simultaneously solved, the only possible operating points are found where the straight line intersects the transfer characteristic. There are three intersections on the plot, but only two of them are stable, as we will now demonstrate.The point where the load line intersects the middle of the transfer characteristic is not stable. To see that this statement is true, suppose for the moment that the circuit is at this point. If the input voltage increases at all (due to noise or some change in the circuit), the output voltage of the inverters must also increase. But the output is input,so as it increases, it causes further increases in the output, and the original change is magnified. This positive feedback will quickly drive the circuit to the top operating point shown. At that point, the input and output of the two-inverter chain are high and the midpoint (νB in Figure 1－1) is low, so the circuit is stable and can remain in this state forever. If we started at the midpoint and let the input voltage decrease a bit, we would end up at the lower operating point, which is again stable.In the sections that follow, we show how we can move this bistable circuit from one operating point to the other. The internal positive feedback will then hold the circuit at that state until we deliberately change it; hence, the circuit has memory.Figure 1－1A bistable circuit(a)(b)Figure 1－2 (a) One inverter and its transfer characteristic(b) The transfer characteristic for two inverters in series and theload line for the circuit2 The Set-Reset Flip-FlopA set-reset (SR) flip-flop is shown in Figure 2－1(a). A table describing thefunction of the circuit is shown in part (b) of the figure, and the schematic symbol isVoshown in part (c). This function table is similar to a truth table, but it describes a dynamic situation, not a static one. The output is the output at some discrete time, denoted by Q n , and the table includes an entry for the previous state of the flip-flop (Q n-1). Although the circuit is drawn differently, the two NOR gates are in series, just like the inverters in Figure 1－2(b). The configuration shown here is usually described as cross coupled. The flip-flop has two outputs that are complements of each other. We usually consider the Q output to be the state of the flip-flop.(a)（b ）(c)Figure 2－1 (a) An SR flip-flop,(b) a table describing the circuits function(c) the schematic symbol.The circuit operates in the following way: If both inputs (S and R) are zero, the previous state is retained. Suppose, for example, that Q n-1 is high (i.e., ONE). Then the output of the bottom NOR, which is -Q n-1, will be low (i.e., ZERO), independently of what S is. In this case, both inputs to the top NOR are low, so its output is high, as originally assumed. Now suppose that Q n-1 is low. In this case,both inputs to the bottom NOR are low, so -Q n-1 is high. Therefore, the output of the top NOR, Q n-1, will be low, as assumed. QNow consider what happens when the set input, S, goes high while R remains low. The output of the bottom NOR, -Q n-1 , will now go low, independent of what the previous state of the circuit was. With R low as well, this guarantees that Q n will go high (i.e, the flip-flop has been “set”). Note that S does not have to stay high. Once the flip-flop is set, the S input can go low again, and the state will be retained. This sequence of events is illustrated in Figure 2－2 The figure shows that there is some delay through each gate, so it takes a time t d for the change at the gate input to affect its output.Figure 2－2 A timing diagram for the SR flip-flop. The arrowsindicate which transition causes the followingchange.The operation of the reset input is similar. If R goes high while S is kept low, the output of the top NOR, Q n , will go low (i.e., the flip-flop is “reset”). With Q n and S both low, the bottom NOR output will be high. The reset input can go low again, and this new state will be retained. This sequence is also illustrated in Figure 2－2.Finally, we note that both inputs should not be allowed to go high at the same time. If this happens, both NOR outputs go low, so Q and -Q are not complements anymore. Also, if both inputs are high and then go low at exactly the same time, we can’t predict what the resulting output state will be, since both outputs will try to go high, which is a condition that cannot be sustained. Which output will actually stay high depends on mismatches in the NOR gates and cannot be predicted. 3 The JK Flip-FlopThe fact that the output of an SR flip-flop is undefined if both inputs go high is troublesome in many applications. The JK flip-flop avoids this problem and is more flexible in its operation. The JK flip-flop is a clocked flip-flop; that is, it requires a separate clock input to operate. This clock signal is usually a square wave with a fixed period. Logic circuits that require a clock and that only allow output transitions to occur in synchrony with the clock are called synchronous-logic circuits. The clock R SQQ\can be generated using an astable multivibrator.(a)(b)(c)Figure 3－1 (a) A JK flip-flop made using an SR flip-flop. (b) TheSchematicsymbol for a JK flip-flop (c) the functiontable. (The flip-flop only changes state when the clockis high.)A JK flip-flop is shown in Figure 3－1(a); the schematic symbol is shown in part (b) of the figure, and the function table is shown in part (c). The AND gates serve to enable the inputs to the SR flip-flop. That is, only when the clock is high are the J and K inputs able to affect the SR flip-flop. In addition to needing the clock to be high, the J input affects S only if the SR flip-flop is currently reset, and the K input affects Ronly if the flip-flop is currently set. Therefore, we see that when both J and K are low, S and R will be low, and the flip-flop will holdits present state just like the SR flip-flop. When J is high and the flip-flop is currently reset (i.e., -Q n-1 is high), the flip-flop will be set when the clock goes high, independently of what K is. If K is high QQ\and the flip-flop is currently set (i.e., Q n-1 is high), the flip-flop will reset when the clock goes high, independently of what J is. It follows that if both J and K are high, the flip-flop will toggle its state when the clock goes high. When operated in the toggle mode, a JK flip-flop is sometimes called a T flip-flop.The JK flip-flop as shown in Figure 3－1has a major problem: It will work only if the clock pulse width (i.e., the time the clock is high) is short compared with the propagation delay of the gate. To understand this limitation, consider what happens when J and K are both high and Q n-1 is low. In this case, the output of the flip-flop will toggle when the clock goes high, as indicated in the function table. But, if the output toggles and the clock is still high, the output will toggle again . This process will repeat until either the clock goes low or J or K changes. In order to avoid this problem, we use master-slave JK flip-flop.A master-slave JK flip-flop is shown in Figure 3－2. The master flip-flop is enabled when the clock is high, so the data are latched into the master during that portion of the clock cycle. During that time, c is low and the slave is disabled and holds the previous value. Then the clock goes low, c goes high and enables the slave. The data from the master are then transferred to the slave and show up at the output. Since the master and slave flip-flops are never enabled at the same time, the output will not continue to toggle if the clock is held in any one state for too long. The clock does have to remain in each state long enough to allow for the propagation delay through one of the flip-flops.Figure 3－2 A master-slave JK flip-flopIn designing a master-slave JK flip-flop, we must carefully consider the propagation delays of the individual gates to prevent the slave from changing before it should. For example, in the figure, the data on S M and R M can change one gate delay after the clock goes high. The slave clock, which is c, goes low one inverter delay after the clock goes high. We must be sure that the slave clock changes before theQQ/output of the master flip-flop can change; otherwise, the data will pass on through to the slave and we will not have accomplished our purpose. Similarly, when the clock goes low, we must be sure that the master is disabled before the slave outputs can change.The JK flip-flop just described is level-triggered flip-flop; that is, the master is enabled when the clock level is high, and the slave is enabled when the clock level is low. The problem with level-triggered JK flip-flops is that they are sensitive to glitches on the inputs at certain points in the operation. For example, suppose that the previous state of the flip-flop was Q=0 and that we are now ready for the next clock cycle. Suppose further that J=0 and K=1, so we are resetting the flip-flop again; in other words, we don’t want the state to change. In this case, while the clock is high, both S M and R M are low, so the master flip-flop output should not change. However, if a positive glitch occurs on the J input prior to the clock going low, it can pass through to S M and set the master flip-flop. Since Q is low, the AND gate driving R M is disabled, so we don’t h ave any opportunity for the flip-flop to be reset. As a result, when the clock goes low, this error will be passed on to the slave. A similar situation exists if we are trying to set the flip-flop when it is already set. A positive glitch on the K input can cause an erroneous reset. This problem is sometimes called ones catching, since the flip-flop has captured an erroneous ONE. We could make the problem far less likely to occur if we used a clock with a very short positive pulse, but a much better solution is to use an edge-triggered JK flip-flop.An edge-triggered JK flip-flop is shown in Figure 3－3(a), and the schematic symbol is shown in part (b) of the figure. The triangle inside the block in part (b) indicates that the flip-flop is edge-triggered. as explained in a moment, and the bubble indicates that it is negative edge triggered (i.e., the input is latched on the negative-going edge of the clock ).(a) (b)Figure 3－3 (a) An edge-triggered JK flip-flop (b) the schematic symbol for J CK Q Q/itTo understand how this circuit operates, we need to first examine the input gate structure. Consider, for example, the situation where Q=0 and we want to set the flip-flop, so J=1. Part of the input structure is shown in Figure 3－4(a) for this case, and the corresponding waveforms are shown in part (b) of the figure.(a) (b) Figure 3－4(a) A part of the input circuit when Q=0.(b) The resulting waveforms.The bubbles at the input of the second gate invert the inputs so that the AND is true when both inputs are low. Because Q=0, we know that =1. Now, with J=1, the output of the NAND gate, J c , will be the inverse of the clock, delayed by one gate delay. Therefore, when the clock goes low, J c will go high one gate delay later, as shown. During that gate delay, both inputs to the second gate are low, so the AND is true and S goes high. In other words, the negative edge of the clock has produced a narrow pulse on the S line as a result of the J input being high. Similarly, if the K input is high and Q=1, a negative clock edge will produce a narrow pulse on the R line. In this way, the SR flip-flop is set or reset only on the negative clock edge. As long as the J and K inputs are held constant for some short time prior to the clock edge (called the setup time) and are held constant for some short time after the clock edge (called the hold time), the circuit is insensitive to glitches on the inputs. It is also possible to make positive edge-triggered circuits4 The D Flip-FlopA D flip-flop is shown is Figure 4－1(a), and its schematic symbol is shown in part (b) of the figure. This flip-flop implements a digital delay; that is, the output at the end of each clock cycle is equal to the input on the previous cycle, as seen in the function table in part (c) of the figure －hence the name D flip-flop. This particular circuit is positive-edge triggered, so the output changes state slightly after the C Q Q/JcS==11CJcSpositive-going edge of the clock. The output is insensitive to the value of the D input, except for a brief time before (the setup time) and after (the hold time) the positive clock edge. D flip-flips are commonly used in shift registers and counters, as discussed in the next section.(a)(b)(c)Figure 4－1 (a) A D flip-flop (b) its schematic symbol (c) the function table. Clocked flip-flops also frequently have asynchronous clear and preset inputs, as shown for a D flop-flop in Figure 4－2. The preset input will set the flip-flop so that Q=1 at any time, regardless of the state of the clock; that is what is meant by being asynchronous. In similar fashion, the clear input will clear the flip-flop so that Q=0 at any time.Figure 4－2 A D flip-flop with preset and clear inputsC QQ/触发器1简介本文，我们将介绍如何设计可作为一位存储单元的触发器。

毕业论文-外文资料翻译[管理资料]

附件1：外文资料翻译译文数据库简介1．数据库管理系统（DBMS）。

众所周知，数据库是逻辑上相关的数据元的集合。

这些数据元可以按不同的结构组织起来，以满足单位和个人的多种处理和检索的需要。

数据库本身不是什么新鲜事——早期的数据库记录在石头上或写在名册上，以及写入索引卡中。

而现在，数据库普遍记录再可磁化的介质上，并且需要用计算机程序来执行必需的存储和检索操作。

在后文中你将看到除了简单的以外，所有数据库中都有复杂的数据关系及其连接。

处理与创建、访问以及维护数据库记录有关的复杂任务的系统软件包叫做数据库管理系统（DBMS）。

DBMS软件包中的程序在数据库极其用户间建立了接口（这些用户可以是应用程序员、管理员以及其他需要信息和各种操作系统的人员）。

DBMS可组织、处理和显示从数据库中选择的数据元。

该功能使决策者可以搜索、试探和查询数据库的内容，从而对在正式报告中没有的、不再出现的且无计划的问题作出回答。

这些问题最初可能是模糊的并且是定义不清的，但是人们可以浏览数据库直到获得问题的答案。

也就是说DBMS将“管理”存储的数据项，并从公共数据库中汇集所需的数据项以回答那些非程序员的询问。

在面向文件的系统中，需要特定信息的用户可以将他们的要求传送给程序员。

该程序员在时间允许时，将编写一个或多个程序以提取数据和准备信息。

但是，使用DBMS可为用户提供一种更快的、用户可以选择的通信方式。

顺序的、直接的以及其它的文件处理方式常用于单个文件中数据的组织和构造，而DBMS能够访问和检索非关键记录字段的数据，即DBMS能够将几个大文件中逻辑相关的数据组织并连接在一起。

逻辑结构。

确定这些逻辑关系是数据管理者的任务，由数据定义语言完成。

DBMS 在存储、访问和检索操作过程中可选用以下逻辑结构技术：（1）表结构。

在该逻辑方式中，记录通过指针链接在一起。

指针是记录中的一个数据项，它指出另一个逻辑相关的记录的存储位置，例如，顾客主文件的记录将包含每个顾客的姓名和地址，而且该文件中的每个记录都由一个帐号标识。

外文资料与中文翻译

附录：外文资料与中文翻译外文资料：AbstractYears of introduction and absorption, of the accounting profession of China about the internationalization of accounting theory and practice has been more mature understanding of and cognition. China's accounting internationalization mainly includes two aspects: one is the internationalization of accounting standards, accounting internationalization. China's accounting standards with international accounting standards coordination has achieved positive progress, to a certain level of dialogue, but there are certain problems, internationalization of accounting practice subject to promote and strengthen internationalisation.key words: accounting internationalization; Accounting standards internationalization; Internationalization of accounting practiceInternationalization of accounting refers to the due to the needs of the development of international economy, management requires countries in accounting policy and handling accounting affairs gradually adopt internationally accepted accounting practices, in order to achieve the international communication of accounting behavior, coordination, standard and unified, namely USES the internationally accepted principles and methods to deal with and report on the country's economic business.China's accounting internationalization mainly includes two aspects: one is the internationalization of accounting standards, namely in the formulation, revision and improvement of accounting standards in the process of fully drawing on the international practice, reflects the international accounting practice, make accounting standards under the guidance of in the world comparable and effective accounting information; Second, internationalization of accounting practice, namely the enterprise in the process of operation and management, advanced accounting methods should be adopted, improve enterprise management efficiency and effectiveness, to adapt to the needs of international competition. In these two aspects, China's accounting standards with international accounting standards coordination has achieved positive progress, but there are certain problems, internationalization of accounting practice subject to promote and strengthen the process ofinternationalization.First, the present situation of the accounting internationalization in our country(a) the accounting internationalization is a very important aspects of accounting standards internationalization. At present, the world's major stock exchange has more and more foreign companies, because of the problems caused by the differences of accounting standards is more and more. Mercedes is a typical example, Germany to the United States, according to German accounting rules, the company is profitable, but according to the accounting standards, it becomes a loss of company. As a result, the United States, Japan, Europe and southeast Asia, are in serious problems to accounting standards internationalization. The international accounting standards constantly progress, has been relatively complete, 41, have been formulated to America's accounting rules have been established for more than 100, has 13 item of concrete accounting criterion of our country, by contrast, we have a lot of aspects need to improve. Secondly, on the function of the accounting standards for performance. As a business language, accounting function should only be let investors by reading the financial report and understand the financial condition and operating performance. But also gives some accounting standards in our country to standardize the behavior of enterprise capabilities, which will undoubtedly affect the implementation of accounting standards. In addition, the gap is mainly embodied in the enterprise merger, financial tools, income tax and the provision for bad debt, etc. Objectively speaking, our country in the aspect of the construction of accounting standards has made great progress, since 1992, has been successively promulgated 13 item of concrete accounting standards, and in 2001 enacted the new enterprise accounting system, regulations in enterprise accounting system of accounting policies and accounting recognition, measurement standard, and the core principles of the international accounting standards has basically the same, for example, the international accounting standards require that the ending inventory in accordance with the cost and net realisable value what is low valuation, "enterprise accounting system" also require companies to the ending inventory in accordance with the cost and net realisable value in terms of what is low. "Enterprise accounting system", as it were, the prescribed accounting and international accounting standards, it for our country to achieve international standards laid a solid foundation of accounting practice.(2) the Chinese composition of the accounting information users and the demandfor accounting information, and Angle on remaining gap with the developed market economy countries. Most listed companies still belongs to the state-owned holding companies, "a dominant", country is enterprise's biggest shareholder. From the perspective of corporate governance, there may be two types of problems, the sort of question is big shareholders owner absence, the sort of question is that the government will consciously or unconsciously interfere the enterprise management. These two kinds of problems will affect the accounting information, which can lead to big shareholders cannot produce effective demand of high quality accounting information, the latter is likely to make accounting information provide with more human factors, in accordance with the requirements for general market mechanism design of the accounting standards may not achieve its expected goals.(3) from the market system and the development degree, China's market economy is still in a stage of development, has yet to be further improved in many ways. China's market economy although has obtained rapid development in recent years, however, China is still in the process of transformation from planned economy to market economy, so the market system is imperfect, the development degree of market needs to be improved.Second, the problem of accounting internationalization in China(a) accounting standards enforcement mechanism is not perfect. Though set in accordance with international accounting practice of accounting standards to achieve internationalization of accounting practice provides the system safeguard, but whether it can achieve the purpose to see the status of the accounting practice. One set is again good accounting standards, if not effective execution, that become a dead letter, accounting internationalization is useless.(2) the accounting information distortion. Due to the limitations of accounting personnel level, belittle the role of financial accounting information, as well as the interests of the driver and arbitrariness of accounting policies used in the accounting work in our country, not accuracy, even abuse the phenomenon more serious, and other reasons, led to China's long-term serious accounting information untrue, inaccurate accounting information can also let alone international comparability. That is to say, the accounting practice in our country is far from meet the requirements of accounting standards of quality and internationalization level.(3) accounting practice quality low level development. Low quality of accounting practice is offset by our efforts for the internationalization of accountingstandards, affected the accounting and the international reputation of the enterprise in our country, also affected the investment environment of our country. More importantly, the false information will seriously affect the whole social economy early warning mechanism, the economic crisis, especially increase the risk of the financial crisis.Third, speed up the internationalization of China's accounting practice to take countermeasures(a) perfect the Chinese accounting standard execution mechanism. Current should further promote the internationalization of accounting standards, in particular, to obey the basic purpose of financial reports, highlight the information needs of investors and creditors, straighten and relations of traditional accounting system, accounting standards to avoid chaos in the criterion and system relation. Should also speed up the criterion formulation, to adapt to the needs of economic development, to expand the depth and breadth of standards to improve its maneuverability, strive for the financial information main stakeholders actively participate in the development of principles, mobilize all social forces in carrying out standards development, training, publicity, research work, make the rules as soon as possible.(2) improve the corporate governance mechanism, regulate the financial behavior of listed companies. To further enhance the company's management in a timely and fully, disclosing financial information consciousness, prompted the truly improve the quality of company management, rather than blindly YiShi very trading profit manipulation and unfair related party transactions, etc. Meanwhile, the government should also give more regulatory powers, the CSRC as has the right to determine the audit of certified public accountants qualification of listed companies, listed companies shall have the right to illegal, certified public accountants shall be penalized, etc., in order to better regulate the financial behavior of listed companies.(3) improve the quality level of certified public accountants. To improve domestic CPA's professional technical and professional moral level, improve the independent, objective and fair practice consciousness, make it as soon as possible to the international level. In strengthen the certified public accountant professional technology, professional ethics and social responsibility and so on various aspects quality at the same time, should also step into - open domestic accounting services market, encourage the international well-known accounting firms and domestic accountant firms to carry out various and a wide range of project cooperation,gradually formed a batch of brand effect of domestic firms.(4) popular modern accounting knowledge and ideas. Corporate leaders such as correct understanding what kind of legal responsibility of financial statements, accounting statements and investment decisions, what kind of relationship in the credit decisions, the accounting information in what sense influence investment credit decisions, there is a what kind of connection between all kinds of accounting statements, and improve the transparency of accounting information to improve the enterprise's financing costs, improve market image, what is the point, why not according to whether the goods have been issued for revenue recognition, and to see whether the risks and rewards have transfer, etc. Only make the accounting knowledge and ideas gained popularity or set, the importance of accounting information and accounting work to thorough popular feeling, accounting system, accounting standards in order to get the respect they deserve.In addition, to establish a set of perfect accounting personnel training system, on the cultivation of accounting personnel, should not only by increasing the international accounting standards, foreign language, network technology and other new teaching content and improve the system of accounting professional exam to make international accounting talents, and should attach great importance to the subsequent education of current accounting personnel, make the accounting personnel can timely update the concept of knowledge, a comprehensive understanding of the international accounting practices, improve service quality.(5)in speed up the internationalization of accounting, but should also fully consider China's national conditions and characteristics. As countries of the political system, economic system, legal environment, cultural environment and so on is different, lead to the applicability of the accounting principles and methods is also different. Accounting standards was produced in a specific environment, China's national conditions more unique than western countries, this determines the development of Chinese accounting can't blindly and ignore the characteristic of its emphasis on internationalization, too much emphasis on their own characteristics to a large extent can hinder the internationalization, and emphasis on internationalization will greatly weaken their characteristics, we must seriously deal with the relationship between the two, to make the internationalization of accounting practice.中文翻译：摘要几年的引进和吸收，中国会计界对有关会计国际化方面的理论和实务已有比较成熟的明白得和熟悉。

外文资料及翻译

外文翻译ANALYSIS OF HVAC SYSTEM ENERGYCONSERVATIONIN BUILDINGSABSTRACTE conomic development and people's increasing demand for energy, but the nature of the energy is not inexhaustible. Environment and energy issues become increasingly acute, if no measures are taken, then the energy will limit the rapid economic development of the question.With the improvement of living standard, building energy consumption in the proportion of total energy consumption is increasing. In developed countries, building energy consumption accounts for 40% of total energy consumption of the community, while the country despite the low level of socio-economic development, but the building energy consumption has nearly 30% of total energy consumption, and still rising. Therefore, in western countries or in China, building energy consumption is affecting the socio-economic status of the overall development of the question. In building energy consumption, the energy consumption for HVAC systems has accounted for 30% of building energy consumption -50%, with the extensive application of HVAC, energy consumption for HVAC systems will further increase Great. HVAC systems are often coupled with high-quality electric energy, and our power and relatively tight in some areas, lack of energy supply and demand which is bound to lead to further intensification of contradictions. Therefore, energy-saving heating, higher professional requirements is inevitable across the board.KEYWORDS:energy-saving，HVAC1. Energy saving design measures should be takenRapid changes in science and technology today, area HVAC new technologiesemerge, we can achieve a variety of ways of energy saving HVAC systems.1.1 Starting from the design, selecting, designing HVAC systems, so that the efficient state of the economy running.Design is a leading engineering, system design will directly affect its performance. The building load calculation is an important part of the design, a common problem is that the current design of short duration, many designers to save time, wrong use of the design manual for the design or preliminary design estimates of cold, heat load with the unit construction area of cold, heat load index, direct construction design stage as hot and cold load to determine the basis, often making the total load is too large, resulting in heating equipment, air conditioning is too large, higher initial investment, operating costs, increased energy consumption.1.2 using the new energy-saving air-conditioning and heating comfort and healthy mannerAffect human thermal comfort environment of many parameters, different environmental parameters can get the same effect of thermal comfort, but for different heat and moisture parameters of the environment of its energy consumption air conditioning system is not the same.1.3 Actual situation of a reasonable choice of cold and heat sources, seek to achieve diversification of cold and heat sourceWith the extensive application of HVAC systems on non-renewable energy consumption also rose sharply, while the broken part of the ecological environment are becoming increasingly intensified. How to choose a reasonable heating sources, has caused widespread concern of all parties.1.4 to enhance the use of hot and cold recycling of the work, to achieve maximum energyHVAC systems to improve energy efficiency is one of the ways to achieve energy-saving air-conditioning. Heat recovery system installed mainly through energy recovery, with the air from wind energy to deal with new, fresh air can reduce the energy required for processing, reducing the load, to save energy. In the choice of heat recovery, the should be integrated with the local climate Tiao Jian, Jing Ji situation, Gong Cheng actual situation of harmful exhaust gases of the situation in avariety of factors Deng integrated to determine the Xuanyong suitable heat recovery, so as to achieve Hua Jiao Shao's investment, recovery of more heat (cold) the amount of purpose.1.5 focus on development of renewable energy, and actively promoting new energyAs the air-conditioning systems used in high-grade, non-renewable energy resources and environmental problems caused by the increasingly prominent, have to develop some reasonable and effective renewable energy to ease the current tensions. To heat (cold) and solar and other renewable resources used in air conditioning and refrigeration, has certain advantages, but also clean and pollution-free. Ground Source Heat Pump is a use of shallow and deep earth energy, including soil, groundwater, surface water, seawater, sewage, etc. as a cold source in winter and summer heat is not only heating but also a new central air-conditioning system cooling.2. Saving design problemsAchieve energy-saving HVAC systems, now has a lot of mature conditions, but in practical applications there are some problems：2.1 The issue of public awareness of energy conservationThe past is not enough public understanding of energy, and on the air conditioning is also very one-sided view. For a comfort of air conditioning system or heating system, should the human body has a very good comfort. But the prevailing view now is: the colder the better air-conditioning, heating the more heat the better. This is obviously we seek the comfort of air conditioning is contrary to the view. In fact, this not only greatly increase the energy consumption of air conditioning heating, indoor and outdoor temperature and because of the increase, but also to the human body's adaptability to different environmental decline, lowering the body immunity. Therefore, we need to improve advocacy efforts to change public to the traditional understanding of air conditioning and heating, vigorous publicity and promotion in accordance with building standards and the cold heat energy metering devices to collect tolls, raise public consciousness of energy.2.2 The design concept of the problemReasonable energy-saving design is a prerequisite. At present, some designers due to inadequate attention to design empirical value when applied blindly, resulting in the increase of the initial investment, energy consumption surprising, therefore recommended that the government functions and the energy-saving review body, to increase the monitoring of the HVAC air-conditioning energy saving efforts enhance staff awareness of energy conservation design, so that energy conservation is implemented.2.3 The promotion of new technologies issueNew technology in the HVAC system for energy conservation provides a new direction. Such as ground source heat pump systems, solar cooling and heating system, not only to achieve efficient use of renewable energy, and can bring significant economic benefits, is worth promoting. However, as with any new technology, these new technologies are often high in cost, and the geographical conditions of use have certain limitations, and technically there are still many areas for improvement to improve. Therefore, new energy-efficient technologies, we should be according to local conditions, sum up experience, and actively promote.3. ConclusionHVAC systems saving energy in the building occupies a very important position, should attract enough attention to the designer. Designers should be from a design point of view fully into account the high and strict compliance with energy standards energy saving ideas to run through all aspects of the construction sector. Energy-saving technologies and renewable energy recycling, the Government and other relevant departments should support and vigorously promoted. And the design, construction, supervision, quality supervision, municipal administration and other departments should cooperate closely and pay close attention to implementing a cold, heat metering devices to collect tolls, so people really get benefit from energy efficient building, energy-saving construction and non-heating energy efficient building can not have the same charge standard. At the same time to raise public awareness of energy conservation, and vigorously promote the development of new energy-saving technologies to achieve sustainable development of society.References[1] "residential design standard" DBJ14-037-2006.[2] "Public Buildings Energy Efficiency Design Standards" DBJ14-036-2006.[3] "Technical Specification for radiant heating" JGJ142-2004.析暖通空调系统在建筑中的节能问题摘要经济的发展使人们对能源的需求不断增加,但是自然界的能源并不是取之不尽,用之不竭的。

统计学论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

中英文对照资料外文翻译文献Policies for Development of Iron and Steel IndustryThe iron and steel industry is an important basic industry of the national economy, a supporting industry for realizing the industrialization and an intensive industry in technologies, capital, resources and energy, and its development requires a comprehensive balancing of all kinds of external conditions. China is a big developing country with a comparatively big demand of iron and steel in the economic development for a long time to go. China's production capacity of iron and steel has ranked the first place in the world for many years. However, there is a large gap in terms of the technological level and material consumption of the iron and steel industry compared with the international advanced level, so the focus of development for the future shall be put on technical upgrading and structural adjustment. In order to enhance the whole technical level of the iron and steel industry, promote the structural adjustment, improve the industrial layout, develop a recycling economy, lower the consumption of materials and energy, pay attention to the environmental protection, raise the comprehensive competitive capacity of enterprises, realize the industrial upgrading, and develop the iron and steel industry into an industry with international competitive capacity that may basically satisfy the demand of the national economy and social development in terms of quantity, quality and varieties, we have formulated the policies for development of the iron and steel industry according to the relevant laws and regulations and the domestic and internationalsituations that the iron and steel industry faces so as to guide the sound development of the iron and steel industry.Chapter I Aim of the PolicyAccording to the requirement of our country's economic and social development and the situation of resources, energy and environmental protection, the production capacity of iron and steel shall maintain at a reasonable scale, which may be specifically resolved in the relevant planning. The comprehensive competitive capacity of iron and steel industry may reach to the international advanced level so that China may become a large country in iron and steel production and a great power country in world-wide competitive.By the year 2010, through the means of structural adjustment of products, the proportion of good iron and steel products shall be elevated considerably, the majority of products shall be basically satisfied the development requirements of most industries in the national economy such as construction, machinery, chemical industry, auto-mobiles, household appliances, vessels, traffic, railway, military industry and new industries.We may elevate the industrial concentration by means of organizational and structural adjustment of the iron and steel industry, and expand the scale of those backbone enterprise groups with comparative advantages by means of amalgamate and reorganization . By 2010, the number of iron and steel smelting enterprises shall be considerably reduced and the production capacity of the iron and the output of steel enterprise groups that rank top 10 in the domestic market shall be reached to 50 % and above of the national total production capacity; by 2020, the proportion shall bereached to 70% and above.By means of layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, by 2010, the unreasonable layout shall be improved; by 2020, a comparatively reasonable industrial layout that complies with the supply of resources and energy, allocation of traffic and transportation, supply and demand of the market and environmental capacity shall be formed.According to the concept of sustainable development and recycling economy, we should elevate the comprehensive level of environmental protection and resource utilization, and should save energy and lower consumption. We should elevate the comprehensive utilization capacity of waste gases, water and rubbishes to the largest possible extent, strive for the goal of realizing "zero discharge" and establish iron and steel factories of the recycling type. The iron and steel enterprisesmust develop the business of generating power by using reclaimed heat and energy. An iron and steel associated enterprise with the production scale of more than 5 million tons shall strive for the goal of having more than enough power to support itself and providing the surplus to outsiders. By 2005, the comprehensive energy consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to 0.76 ton of standard coal, the comparable energy consumption for each ton of iron shall be lowered to 0.70 ton of standard coal and the water consumption for each ton of steel shall be lowered to less than 12 tons in the whole industry; by 2010, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.73 ton of standard coal, 0. 685 ton of standard coal and less than 8 tons of water, respectively; by 2020, the corresponding index shall be lowered to 0.7 ton of standard coal, 0.64 ton of standard coal and less than 6 tons of water, respectively. That is, in the coming 10 years, the iron and steel industry shall, on the precondition that the total consumption of water resources decreases and the total energy consumption increases by a small margin, and realize a proper development in total quantity.Before the end of 2005, all the wastes as discharged by iron and steel enterprisesshall have been met the standards of the state and local provisions, and the total discharge volume of major wastes shall have been met the controlling index as verified by the local environmental department.Chapter II Industrial Development PlanningThe state shall guide the iron and steel industry to develop in a sound, sustainable and harmonious manner through the development policies and the mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry. The mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry shall be formulated by the National Development and Reform Commission (hereinafter referred to the NDRC) in collaboration with other relevant departments.An enterprise group with a production capacity of more than 5 million tons in 2003 may, according to the state mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry and the overall planning of the city where it is located, formulate the planning of its own, which shall be implemented upon the approval of the State Council or the NDRC after making necessary cohesion and balancing efforts. The specific construction projects of the planning shall not be required to be subject to the examination and approval or verification of the NDRC, but shall be organized and implemented by the enterprise itself after such formalities for examination and approval of land, environmental protection, security and credit have been handled, and shall be reported to the NDRC for archival filing according to the relevant provisions.The development of any other iron and steel enterprise shall also meet the requirements of the development policies and mid- and long-term development planning of the iron and steel industry.Chapter III Adjustment of Industrial LayoutAdjustment of Industrial LayoutArticle 10For the adjustment of industrial layout, we should take such conditions as mineral resources, energy, water resources, traffic and transportation, environmental capacity, market allocation and overseas resources into account in a comprehensive manner. For the layout adjustment of the iron and steel industry, we shall not establish any new iron and steel associated enterprise alone, independent iron-smelting or steel-smelting factory as a general principle. It's not encouraged to establish any independent steel-rolling factory. We should, on the basis of those established enterprises that meet relevant conditions and in combination with merger and relocation, carry out reform and expansion in those regions with such comparative advantages as water resources, raw materials, transportation and market consumption. We should combine new increase of production capacity with elimination of backward production capacity and shall not, as a general rule, substantially expand the production capacity.In the important regions of environmental protection, the regions in serious short of water, the urban district of big cities, the iron and steel smelting and production capacity shall not be expanded any more. Those enterprises established within the districts shall, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure, equipment structure and product structure, cut production and move to other places so as to meet the requirements of environmental protection and resource economization.Thinking over the bulk ores, energy, resources, water resources, transportation condition and the domestic and overseas market the large-scale iron and steel enterprises shall be mainly located along the coastal areas. The iron and steel enterprises in inland regions shall, in combination with the local market and bulk ore resources, determine their production according to the mines available, and shallregard the sustainable production as the main factor for consideration other than strive for any expansion of production scale.There are abundant resources of iron mines in the Anshan-Benxi region in north-east China, which is near the production bases of coal and has a certain condition of water resources. According to the development strategy of vitalizing the old north-east industrial base, the iron and steel enterprises in this region shall, according to the requirements of associated reorganization and establishing a top-quality production base, eliminate the backward production capacity so as to build up a large enterprise group with international competitive capacity. .As the region of North China is in short of water resources and the production capacity and level thereof is low and excessive, we should, according to the ecological requirements of environmental protection, put the focus on structural adjustment, carry out merger and reorganization, strictly control the continuous over-increase of production factories and expansion of production capacity. We should relocate the Capital Steel Corporation and the reorganize it with the iron and steel industry of Hebei Province.The steel material market in North China has a big potential. However, the layout of iron and steel enterprises thereof are over-intensified and thus, the large backbone enterprises with comparative advantages within this region may, in combination of the adjustment of organizational structure and product structure, elevate their production concentration and international competitive capacity .As the central-southern region has abundant water resources andconvenient water transportation, the south-east coastal regions shall make full use of the advantage of deep waters and good harbors to build up large iron and steel associated enterprises in combination with the industrial reorganization and the relocation of urban steel factories.There are abundant water resources in the west-south regions, and in thePanzhihua-Xichang area has a large storage capacity of iron mines and coal resources but with inconvenient transportation. The key backbone enterprises existed shall improve their equipments level, adjust the variety structure, develop high-value-added products, determine the production capacity according to the sustainable supplying capacity of bulk ores rather than blindly pursue the increase of quantity.As the west-north region is in short of bulk iron ores and water resources, the backbone enterprises existed shall put the focus on satisfying the requirement of local regional economic development other than pursue the expansion of production scale, and shall make good use of the mineral resources in neighboring countries actively.政策发展钢铁工业钢铁工业是国民经济的重要基础产业，是实现工业化和技术，资本密集型产业的支撑产业，资源和能源，以及它的发展需要各种外部条件的综合平衡。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。

程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。

一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。

而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。

这是一项令人痛苦的工作。

但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。

我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。

这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。

Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。

有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。

我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。

除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。

本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。

15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。

早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。

但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。

为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。

IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。

我自己的域名是。

所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。

外文资料原文及译文

外文资料原文及译文南通大学法政与管理学院2009年06月HOW DO THE CHINESE PERCEIVE HARMONIOUSCORPORATE CULTURE:An Empirical Study on Dimensions of Harmonious Corporate CultureLianke SONG，Hao YANG，Lan YANGABSTRACT The Sixth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China points out creating harmonious culture is an important task for building socialist harmonious society. Building harmonious culture needs all companies to create harmonious culture, because a company is a basic social unit. Henceforth, many Chinese companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture. Scholars must study basic theories for harmonious corporate culture. This study tried to answer two questions: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind and how do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture? Firstly, this paper analyzed background of harmonious corporate culture from Chinese traditional culture and era needs. Secondly, authors designed an open-ended questionnaire and sent them to employees in Jiangsu and Shanghai. 329 questionnaires were collected and 291 questionnaires were valid, representing a response rate of 88.45%. Thirdly, this study explored dimensions of harmonious corporate culture and identified different viewpoints from different group. Finally, this paper discussed the results and pointed out limitations of this study and future research. The results of this paper were on basis of defining, measuring, analyzing, and creating harmonious corporate culture.1. THEORETICAL BACKGROUND AND QUESTIONSThe Fourth Plenary Session of the 16th Central Committee of the Communist Party of China puts forward building socialist harmonious societies and the sixth plenary session of the 16th central committee of the communist party of China points out creating harmonious culture is an important task for building socialist harmonious society. Building harmonious culture needs all companies to create harmonious culture, because a company is a basic social unit[1].Why do Chinese corporations advocate harmonious corporate culture? Maybe Chinese traditional culture and era needs are responsible.Chinese philosophy has a history of several thousand years. Its origins are often traced back to the Book of Changs (yi jing), which introduced some of the most fundamental terms of Chinese philosophy. Its first flowering is generally considered to have been in about the 6th century BC, but it draws on an oral tradition that goes back to Neolithic times.The Tao Te Ching (dao de jing) of Lao Tzu (lao zi) and the Analects (lun yu)of Confucius (kong zi) both appeared around the 6th century BC, around the time of early Buddhist philosophy.Confucianism focuses on the fields of ethics and politics, emphasizing personal and governmental morality, correctness of social relationships, justice, traditionalism, and sincerity. Confucianism and legalism are responsible for creating the world’s first meritocracy. Confucianism was and continues to be a major influence on Chinese culture. Harmonious culture is meant to respect the tradition of established virtue under Confucius upon "harmony with differences" while exploring extensively our cultural resources and cultural ideas or beliefs.The Chinese schools of philosophy, except during the Qin Dynasty, can be both critical and tolerant of one another. Despite the debates and competition, they generally have cooperated and shared ideas, which they would usually incorporate with their own.Harmony was a central concept in Chinese ancient philosophy. Confucian, Taoist, Buddhist and Legalist that are the major Chinese traditions all prize “harmony” as an ultimate value, but they disagree on how to achieve it. Confucians in particular emphasize the single-character term for “harmony” (he), which appears in all of Confucianism’s “Four Books and Five Classics” (si shu wu jing). The most forceful articulation of identification of personal and communal harmony comes from the Doctrine of the Mean (zhong yong), which defines harmony as a state of equilibriumw here pleasure, anger, sorrow and joy are moderated and restrained, claiming “all things in the universe to attain the way”.During the Industrial and Modern Ages, Chinese philosophy began to integrate the concepts of Western philosophy. Chinese philosophy attempted to incorporate democracy, republicanism and industrialism. Mao Zedong added Marxism, Stalinism and other communist thoughts. The government of the People’s Republic of China initiates Socialism with Chinese Characteristics.The theoretical bases of harmonious socialist society are Marxism-Leninism, Mao Zedong Thoughts, Deng Xiaoping Theory, and the important thought of "Three Represents" (That is, the CPC must always represent the development trend of China's advanced productive forces, the orientation of China's advanced culture, and the fundamental interests of the overwhelming majority of the people in China.).Six main characteristics of a harmonious society are democracy and the rule of law, fairness and justice, integrity and fraternity, vitality, stability and order, and harmony between man and nature. The principles observed in building a harmonious socialist society are as the following: people oriented; development in a scientific way; in-depth reform and opening up; democracy and the rule of law; properly handling the relationships between reform, development and stability; and the participation of the whole society under the leadership of the Party.The authors tried to define harmonious corporate culture: harmonious corporate culture is the corporate culture that adheres to people-oriented principle and considers harmony as a core concept, by managing in good faith and scientific administration to achieve harmony among enterprises, society and nature, and eventually make enterprises develop harmoniously and healthily.Chinese traditional culture is the basis of harmonious corporate culture. Era need is the direction of harmonious corporate culture. “Harmonious Corporate Culture” is a new identification and is different from any existent conceptions. What is harmonious corporate culture? This study wants to answer this question by analyzing Chinese viewpoints from open-ended questionnaires.Question 1: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind?Harmonious corporate culture is a new and special conception for Chinese. General views of Chinese can be found by searching dimensions of harmonious corporate culture. In fact, different people have different ideas. Maybe there are differences among different groups, which can be classified by sex, age, education and position. This study will find and explain those differences.Question 2: How do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture?Today, many Chinese companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture. Understanding conception and characters of harmonious corporate culture are very important. This paper will answer two questions which are the basis of this field.2. METHODS2.1 Sample and ProcedureThe empirical analysis was carried out in Jiangsu and Shanghai. J iangsu’s economic and social development has always been taking the lead in China. Shanghai is China’s chief industrial and commercial centre and one of its leading centres of higher education and scientific research. They both lie in center of China’s eas t coast. We can know what modern Chinese are thinking and hoping by studying employees in Jiangsu and Shanghai.Questionnaires couldn’t be counted because we used both paper version and computer version. From January 2007 to January 2008, authors sent questionnaires to employees who worked in Jiangsu and Shanghai. 329 questionnaires were returned and 291 questionnaires were valid, representing a response rate of 88.45%.Table 1 summarizes the key statistics for the sample used in the study.Table 1 Characteristics of the sample2.2 MeasuresThe authors designed an open-ended questionnaire based on the purpose of the study. This scale only used one question to collect information for answering question 1 of this study. This question is “Please use ten words or ten sentences to describe harmonious corporate culture”.3. RESULTSThis research found out that there were some similar viewpoints about harmonious corporate culture from collected questionnaires. The authors classify these viewpoints into 15 dimensions after holding 10 study group meetings. Some dimensions were identified based on China’s traditional culture and present policies. Table 2 lists 15 dimensions in English and Chinese because of some dimensions with Chinese characteristics.Table 2 Dimension and frequency of harmonious corporate cultureThis s tudy calculated dimensions’ frequencies from different groups to know different people’s ideal harmonious corporate culture. Table 3 shows statistics for male’s and female’s viewpoints on harmonious corporate culture.Table3 Frequency and order of harmonious corporate culture from female and male4. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION4.1 ResultsSome companies advocate building harmonious corporate culture and some companies boast that they possess harmonious corporate culture after the central government calls on all society to create harmonious culture. But what is harmonious corporate culture? Some scholars wanted toexplain it, but nobody has answered this question by empirical study. The authors answered question 1 of this study by analyzing collected data. A lot of standpoints were found, but some standpoints could be integrated as one because they possess same meaning but are described with different words. The study group held 10 meetings to discuss harmonious corporate culture dimensions based on questionnaires. Finally, 15 dimensions were identified. They are People oriented, steady development, scientific administration, vitality, stability and order, fraternity and concord, unity and cooperation, fairness and impartiality, democratic participation, managing in good faith, pursuing excellence, social responsibility, energy conservation and environmental protection, incorporating things of diverse nature, and common development and win-win situation. The result answered question 1: What is harmonious corporate culture in Chinese mind?Dimensions were arranged on frequency. People oriented ranked first. People oriented in China has three sources: Max’s study of humanity; “People first” descending from Chinese history and new anthropocentric[2]. The Chinese like speaking “people oriented” relating to Chinese traditional culture. The genesis of people oriented is traceable to the Western Zhou Dynasty and people oriented became the core thought of Confucianism which influenced the Chinese deeply. Many archaism were concerned with people oriented, such as “The pe ople are the most important element in a state; next are the gods of land and grain; least is the ruler himself[3].”(min wei gui, she ji ci zhi, jun wei qing) Many scholars also considered people oriented is the core and basis of harmonious corporate culture[4][5].This paper compared different groups’ viewpoints to answer question 2 -- how do different Chinese perceive harmonious corporate culture?People oriented, unity and cooperation, vitality, and fraternity and concord were ranked from 1 to 4 by female and male. The same results made the authors surprised. But they are different in fifth dimension. The fifth of female is democratic participation and the fifth of male is stability and order. Female status was lower than male in ancient China. Female had to comply with the three obedience and the four virtues (san cong si de) in past. The three obediences (obey her father before marriage, her husband when married, and her sons in widowhood) and the four virtues (morality, proper speech, modest manner and diligent work) of women in ancient China, which were spiritual fetters of wifely submission and virtue imposed on women in feudal society. Female status is improving after female deputy attended the first National Congress of the Communist Party ofChina. Today, Chinese female think much of the rights of women, so democratic participation is the fifth dimension. The ancient belief “Men’s work centers around outside, women’s work centers around the home[6]”(nü zheng wei hu nei, nan zheng wei hu wai) which c ame from The Book of Changes (yi jing). Man had to work hard in society to earn money and get honour for his family. Today, both man and woman work in government, company, school, hospital and so on, but man always plays a major role and assumes primary responsibility in society and at home for traditional culture. The change is fast and the competition is fierce in modern society, so man is facing great pressure. This is the reason why man hopes to live and work in a more stable environment, so stability and order is the fifth dimension.People oriented, unity and cooperation, and vitality were ranked from 1 to 3 by Managerial employee and Nonmanagerial employee. Scientific administration and democratic participation were ordered as the fourth dimension by managerial employee. Managerial employee looks deeper and thinks further than nonmanagerial employee because managerial employee is at higher level and holds more responsibility in organization. Managerial employee cares about management questions. Fraternity and concord was ordered as the fourth dimension by nonmanagerial employee. Nonmanagerial employee concerns less about enterprises’ overall operation and management state than managerial employee does. They understand harmonious corporate culture from their own specific the work and life. Nonmanagerial employee does specific task and needs direct corporation. They believe that the staffs’ civilized language and behaviours, mutual understanding, the warm atmosphere of interpersonal relationships in the enterprise are very important aspects of harmonious corporate culture. Nonmanagerial employee cares about good relationship. Generally speaking, the differences of the harmonious corporate culture dimensions understanding between managerial employee and nonmanagerial employee are closely related to their location in the organizational structure and their working content in the enterprise.People oriented was ordered as first dimension and unity and cooperation was ordered as the second dimension by all persons whatever their education background is Vitality was ordered as the third dimension by all responders except persons who got a master or doctor degree. The responders whose highest education qualification over master degree ordered scientific administration as the second dimension too. The person holding advanced academic degree has more opportunity to be promoted to managerial position, so they think scientific administration is very important in aharmonious environment. Compared with other groups，the relatively higher education group who get undergraduate degree, are more interested in stability and order, fairness and impartiality dimensions. People in this group are the middle and high-level managers in the enterprise, that is, not only they are familiar with the overall state of the enterprise, but also they understand deeply internal staffs’ living conditions characteristics. Therefore, they put more attention on stability and order, fairness and impartiality dimensions.All groups ordered people oriented, unity and cooperation, and vitality as most important three dimensions. The same results showed what core contents for harmonious corporate culture are.4.2 Limitations and Future ResearchThis study was just an exploratory study. The authors searc hed harmonious corporate culture’s dimensions by open-ended questionnaire. But the validity of these results need to be proved by more studies. The authors will design close-ended questionnaire based on this study and collect new data. Dimensions of harmonious corporate culture will be confirmed by exploratory factor analysis and confirmatory factor analysis.This paper only discussed what harmonious corporate culture is. In the future, how to create harmonious corporate culture should be studied.The authors compared viewpoints from different sex, position and education. Age, birthplace, nationality and work experience influence individual thought too. Different opinions from different groups should be identified in future study.China should act as not only the defender of Chinese culture but an explorer and promoter of the new harmonious culture. Harmony is the social theme for present China. Studying basic theory of harmonious corporate culture will contribute to our society.REFERENCES[1] Lianke SONG, Dongtao, YANG, Hao YANG. Why do companies create harmonious cultures? Comparing the influence of different corporate cultures on employees. Enterprise Management and Change in a Transitional Economy. 2008. p595-603.[2] LU Wanglin. On theoretic s ource of “human oriented” -- analyzing the scientific factor of “scientific development view” from one point of view. Hebei Academic Journal, 26 (5), 2006,p228-230.[3] Mencius. The Mencius. Warring States time.[4] Liangbo CHENG, Lincheng JING. An search on creating harmonious corporate culture. Group Economy, (17), 2007, p294-295.[5] Xiangkui GENG. Extracting kernel of Confucianism to create harmonious corporate culture. Theoretical Research, (3), 2007, p47-48.[6] The Book of Changes.中国人如何认识和谐企业文化？——关于和谐企业文化维度的实证研究宋联可杨浩杨兰摘要党的十六届六中全会指明建设和谐文化是构建社会主义和谐社会的重要任务。

外文资料及翻译

外文资料原文High Productivity —A Question of Shearer LoaderCutting SequencesK. Nienhaus, A. K. Bayer & H. Haut, Aachen University ofTechnology, GERR ecent l y, t he focus in underground longwal l coal mi ni ng has been on i ncreasi ng t he inst al l ed m ot or power of s hearer loaders and armoured face conve yors (AFC), m ore sophi st i cat ed support cont rol s yst em s and l onger face l engt h, in or der to reduce cos ts and achi eve hi gher producti vi t y. These efforts have res ul t ed i n hi ghe r out put and previ ousl y uns een face advance rat es. The t rend t owards“bi gger and bet t er” equi pm ent and l a yout schem es, however, i s rapi dl y neari ng the li mi t at i ons of t echni cal and economi cal feasi bi li t y.To reali se furt her producti vi t y i ncre as es, organi sat ional changes of l ongwall m i ni ng procedures l ooks l ike the onl y r easonabl e ans wer. The benefit s of opt i-m is ed s hearer loader cutt i ng sequences, l eadi ng t o bett er perform ance, are di s cus sed i n t hi s paper.IntroductionsTradi ti onal l y, i n underground l ongwal l m i ni ng operati ons, s hearerloaders produce coal usi ng ei ther one of t he fol lowi ng cutt ings equences: uni-di recti onal or bi-di recti onal c ycl es. Besi des t hesepre-domi nant m ethods, al t ernat i ve mi ni ng c ycl es have al so beendevel oped and s uccessfull y appli ed in underground hard coal mi nes al l over t he worl d. The hal f-web cut ti ng c ycl e as e.g. uti liz ed i n R AG Coal Int ernati onal’s Twent ym i l e Mine in Colorado, US A, and t he“Opt i-C ycl e” of M atl a’s S out h Afri can short wal l operati on m ust bem enti oned i n t hi s cont ext. Ot her mi nes have al so t est ed s i mi l ar but modi fi ed cut ti ng c ycl es res ul ti ng i n i m proved out put, e.g.im provem ent s i n t erms of product iv-it y i ncreas es of up to 40 % are thought possi bl e。

外文参考文献(带中文翻译)

外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the financesector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more i ts “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs, but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more.Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to l ending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPME’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70 areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing itinto EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs: •The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive,which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, whichstrengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating w ill also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to easetransparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】

南京理工大学紫金学院毕业设计（论文）外文资料翻译系：机械系专业：车辆工程专业姓名:宋磊春学号:070102234外文出处：EDU_E_CAT_VBA_FF_V5R9(用外文写)附件：1。

外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文.附件1：外文资料翻译译文CATIA V5 的自动化CATIA V5的自动化和脚本：在NT 和Unix上：脚本允许你用宏指令以非常简单的方式计划CATIA。

CATIA 使用在MS –VBScript中(V5.x中在NT和UNIX3。

0 )的共用部分来使得在两个平台上运行相同的宏。

在NT 平台上：自动化允许CATIA像Word/Excel或者Visual Basic程序那样与其他外用分享目标。

ATIA 能使用Word/Excel对象就像Word/Excel能使用CATIA 对象。

在Unix 平台上:CATIA将来的版本将允许从Java分享它的对象。

这将提供在Unix 和NT 之间的一个完美兼容。

CATIA V5 自动化：介绍（仅限NT）自动化允许在几个进程之间的联系:CATIA V5 在NT 上：接口COM：Visual Basic 脚本(对宏来说)，Visual Basic 为应用（适合前:Word/Excel )，Visual Basic。

COM（零部件目标模型)是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象。

Automation 是一种“微软“技术,它使用一种解释环境中的COM对象。

ActiveX 组成部分是“微软“标准于几个应用程序之间的共享对象,即使在解释环境里。

OLE（对象的链接与嵌入）意思是资料可以在一个其他应用OLE的资料里连结并且可以被编辑的方法(在适当的位置编辑）.在VBScript,VBA和Visual Basic之间的差别：Visual Basic(VB）是全部的版本。

它能产生独立的计划,它也能建立ActiveX 和服务器。

它可以被编辑。

VB中提供了一个补充文件名为“在线丛书“(VB的5。

外文资料与中文翻译

河南理工大学万方科技学院电气与自动化工程系2010届毕业生英文文献专业：电气工程及其自动化班级：07电气1班学号：0720120027姓名：王烙印时间：年月日英文资料Single-Chip Microcomputer dormancy computing reset and the anti-interference ability is perfect Abstract:Introduce a kind of dormancy of using- restore to the throne in the operation way and improve the anti-interference ability method of the one-chip computer,Analyse its scope of application, provide and use the circuit concretely; Combine the instance, analyze the characteristic of the hardware and software design under these kind of operation way. Keyword: Single-Chip Microcomputer Restore to the throne, dormancy, anti-interferencePreface:With the development at full speed of the micro electric technique, the performance of the one-chip computer improves rapidly, demonstrate the outstanding advantage in the operation, logic control, intelligent respect, replaced and enlarged the measuring that the circuit made up, control circuit by digital logical circuit, operation originally to a great extent, use very extensively. But because it have system halted, procedure run critical defect of flying etc, make it limit in a lot of important application of occasion. A lot of technology in anti-interference , for example set up the software trap, add the hardware to guard the gate in dog's circuit etc, can make this problem have better settlement, but still the existing problem: ① Guard the gate dog at the movement, mean and appear mistake already and run some time, this is not allowed in some occasions; ②Procedure appear circulation mistake very much sometimes, but just guard the gate dog control link include and enter, adopt and guard the gate as to such a mistake dog unable to discern; ③In measure and control cycle among the long system, one-chip computerspend wait for the peripheral hardware a large amount of time, will be interfered too when carry out and wait for the order. To these situations, we have tried the method restored to the throne voluntarily in practice, alternate pulse of adopting etc or restore to the throne waking according to external terms to the one-chip computer up. After being restored to the throne each time, the one-chip computer carries out the corresponding procedure, enters dormancy in time after finishing carrying out the task, wait to be restored to the throne neatly. Have solved above-mentioned problems well with this method, and has got better result in the agricultural voltage transformer comprehensive protector experiment. Now take 51 serial one-chip computers as an example and probe into the concrete principle and implementation method, restored to the throne the signal as the high level.1 A principle and implementation method1.1 Unconditional regular resetUse timer, special clock chip or other pulse generator in a certain part of the regular produce reset signal. This method is especially suited for measuring instrument; this kind of method is especially suitable for the measuring instrument. In not running actually, sample the analog quantity of introduction with A/D converter often, then store showing. This course is very fast, but steady for reading, the data per second are only upgraded 1 -2 times, a large amount of time of CPU is used for waiting. Let CPU carry out and enter dormancy directly after the task , restore to the throne and wake by external world up It carry out the next operation, this is to restore to the throne the law regularly In this way can make anti-interference ability strengthen greatly , have 2 points mainly: ①. At the dormancy, procedure stop run can appear PC indicator disorderly procedure that causes run and fly. Work time in dormancy proportion 1:9, that is to say 1 s have 0.1 time of s used for measuring, sending off showing,there is time dormancy of 0.9s, the probability that the procedure is interfered is 1/10 while running at full speed, whole anti-interference ability raise by 10 times. ② Because every 1s is restored to the throne once unconditionally, once present the system halted during a job, can certainly resume when restored to the throne next time. As to only instrument that show, some reading mistake that 1s appear accidentally there is no memory to the next measurement, be could bear, belong to “pass” mistake. This kind is restored to the throne the advantage of dog's circuit for guarding the gate regularly, first, change waiting time into a dormancy state, time to shorten and may be interfered; Second, avoided happening that the dog controls the death circulation of the link to include guarding the gate.1.2 The external condition is restored to the throne the lawSome arrival that export or measure is controlled by the outside. For instance, the hot form of heating, rotate the pulse produced and calculate heat by hot water wheels, there is no hot water to flow, there is no heat to export, CPU only need in fact keep number value, do not need to count. Can imagine hot water wheels rotate when parking warm , CPU idle in will it be will it be one season autumn spring and summer, If let dormancy its , measure have water wheels pulse constantly, anti-interference ability can strengthen greatly. So, so long as link up the restoring to the throne of the pulse of the water wheels and CPU, the water wheels rotate a circle each time, CPU is restored to the throne once, hot form can work normally , this is restored to the throne the law by the external condition . Similar application have half electron kilowatt-hour meter , go on one count just when the machinery degree wheels and transfers to a circle, users do not need the electricity, CPU has been knowing the dormancy all the time . The restoring to the throne in the interval not to be regular, but confirmed according to the external condition of this method. In someoccasions, the time of the dormancy will be very long, very effective to improving anti-interference ability.2 The hardware realizes the main point2.1 Restored to the throne regularly unconditionallyGenerally it has 2 kinds of methods. ①Use the timer or the special-purpose clock chip to be restored to the throne. Fig1, in order to use the timing circuit that 555 circuit makes up; Can use the clock chips of X1126, etc, wake CPU up with the alarm signal after setting up warning time. This kind of method is suitable when the long interval is made, can also follow the result of this operation ，determine to wake time up in alarm next time temporarily, very flexible and convenient. ②The signal of using the system to be inherent is as reducing the pulse regularly. Use 50Hz worker power make reducing after having a facelift frequently, already omit the timer, gathered the corresponding signal for the phase place which measured the electric current signal at the same time, as Fig. 2 shows.2.2 External conditions are restored to the throneSend external condition pulse to and is restored to the throne the end son after having a facelift. To that above-mentioned water wheels or the ammeter spend a pulse produced, can use Schmitt's trigger to have a facelift; For writing down the instrument of the biggest or minimum，can use the window comparator. In order to realize the electrification that is regulated，can use the electronic electric potential device, establish upper and lower limits with the order of the one-chip computer.2.3 Reduce cycle and restored to the throne the high electricity at ordinary timesIn Fig3, restored to the throne the signal during high level Tr, the one-chip computer is in the state of restoring to the throne, the proceduredoes not run, anti-interference ability is the strongest; After the high level, the one-chip computer begins to hold the conduct procedure. That is to say, are restored to the throne and suitable for the time that the procedure carries out during the low level Td of the signal, this time should be greater than the execution cycle of the procedure each time. It is restore to the throne cycle and restore to the throne high level of signal take empty than very much important to choose rationally. As to simple to show instrument, restore to the throne cycle determine data break cycle, low electricity is it measure, hence over all time shown to greater than to want at ordinary times; otherwise, it can’t present forever the mistake of the intact executive program. Monolithic integrated circuit in Ts and Tr period all can effectively the antigambling, but is best the unnecessary time arrangement in Tr. When the program time is long, as far as possible the request reduces Tr,it may join the differentiating circuit, like chart 1 center C30, R26, D9.2.4 Have the electricity to measure and restore to the throne manuallySome systems in its initialization and run-time need first electrical impulses. Restored to the throne and already become the beginning condition of normal running each time while adopting the way of restoring to the throne to run, it is unable to distinguish and have the electricity for the first time. In some pin connects the electric capacity of one Leif to the ground, measure this pin after being restored to the throne, if low level to have electricity for the first time. Give system set up one restore to the throne button, that is to say a common one manual to restore to the throne, this button is not joined and being restored to the throne in the end, is connected in parallel in the electric capacity both ends to the ground of above-mentioned pins.Result:Conclusion Anti-interference is an important problem in an electronic design, especially Important in the one-chip computer. This is because the one-chip computer has procedures to run particularity that flies, the consequence that it is interfered may be the system halted, may send out various kinds of mistakes or illegal movements before the system halted too, make the whole system produce the mortality mistake. So, only guarantee it is not enough yet for one-chip computer not to crash, study how to reduce the risk interfered, it can befault-toierant how is it after and make mistakes. This text is it act as some exploration from two these to try hard, hope these elementary opinions can play some function of casting a brick to attract jade, helpful to everybody; Hope to every colleague explore together, improve our design level together.中文翻译单片机的休眠运算复位和抗干扰能力完善摘要：介绍了一种通过运算复位来改善抗干扰能力的重复使用的单片机，分析其适用范围，提供和分析其所使用的电路，结合实例分析在某些运行方式下的软硬件设计。

外文参考文献(带中文翻译)

外文资料原文涂敏之会计学 8051208076Title:Future of SME finance（/docs/pos_papers/2004/041027_SME-finance_final.do c）Background – the environment for SME finance has changedFuture economic recovery will depend on the possibility of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to exploit their potential for growth and employment creation.SMEs make a major contribution to growth and employment in the EU and are at the heart of the Lisbon Strategy, whose main objective is to turn Europe into the most competitive and dynamic knowledge-based economy in the world. However, the ability of SMEs to grow depends highly on their potential to invest in restructuring, innovation and qualification. All of these investments need capital and therefore access to finance.Against this background the consistently repeated complaint of SMEs about their problems regarding access to finance is a highly relevant constraint that endangers the economic recovery of Europe.Changes in the finance sector influence the behavior of credit institutes towards Crafts, Trades and SMEs. Recent and ongoing developments in the banking sector add to the concerns of SMEs and will further endanger their access to finance. The main changes in the banking sector which influence SME finance are:•Globalization and internationalization have increased the competition and the profit orientation in the sector;•worsening of the economic situations in some institutes (burst of the ITC bubble, insolvencies) strengthen the focus on profitability further;•Mergers and restructuring created larger structures and many local branches, which had direct and personalized contacts with small enterprises, were closed;•up-coming implementation of new capital adequacy rules (Basel II) will also change SME business of the credit sector and will increase its administrative costs;•Stricter interpretation of State-Aide Rules by the European Commission eliminates the support of banks by public guarantees; many of the effected banks are very active in SME finance.All these changes result in a higher sensitivity for risks and profits in the finance sector.The changes in the finance sector affect the accessibility of SMEs to finance.Higher risk awareness in the credit sector, a stronger focus on profitability and the ongoing restructuring in the finance sector change the framework for SME finance and influence the accessibility of SMEs to finance. The most important changes are: •In order to make the higher risk awareness operational, the credit sector introduces new rating systems and instruments for credit scoring;•Risk assessment of SMEs by banks will force the enterprises to present more and better quality information on their businesses;•Banks will try to pass through their additional costs for implementing and running the new capital regulations (Basel II) to their business clients;•due to the increase of competition on interest rates, the bank sector demands more and higher fees for its services (administration of accounts, payments systems, etc.), which are not only additional costs for SMEs but also limit their liquidity;•Small enterprises will lose their personal relationship with decision-makers in local branches –the credit application process will become more formal and anonymous and will probably lose longer;•the credit sector will lose more and more its “public function” to provide access to finance for a wide range of economic actors, which it has in a number of countries, in order to support and facilitate economic growth; the profitability of lending becomes the main focus of private credit institutions.All of these developments will make access to finance for SMEs even more difficult and / or will increase the cost of external finance. Business start-ups and SMEs, which want to enter new markets, may especially suffer from shortages regarding finance. A European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs would have allowed at least more transparency in the relations between Banks and SMEs and UEAPME regrets that the bank sector was not able to agree on such a commitment.Towards an encompassing policy approach to improve the access of Crafts, Trades and SMEs to financeAll analyses show that credits and loans will stay the main source of finance for the SME sector in Europe. Access to finance was always a main concern for SMEs,but the recent developments in the finance sector worsen the situation even more. Shortage of finance is already a relevant factor, which hinders economic recovery in Europe. Many SMEs are not able to finance their needs for investment.Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to strengthen their efforts to improve the framework conditions for SME finance. Europe’s Crafts, Trades and SMEs ask for an encompassing policy approach, which includes not only the conditions for SMEs’ access to lending, but will also strengthen their capacity for internal finance and their access to external risk capital.From UEAPM E’s point of view such an encompassing approach should be based on three guiding principles:•Risk-sharing between private investors, financial institutes, SMEs and public sector;•Increase of transparency of SMEs towards their external investors and lenders;•improving the regulatory environment for SME finance.Based on these principles and against the background of the changing environment for SME finance, UEAPME proposes policy measures in the following areas:1. New Capital Requirement Directive: SME friendly implementation of Basel IIDue to intensive lobbying activities, UEAPME, together with other Business Associations in Europe, has achieved some improvements in favour of SMEs regarding the new Basel Agreement on regulatory capital (Basel II). The final agreement from the Basel Committee contains a much more realistic approach toward the real risk situation of SME lending for the finance market and will allow the necessary room for adaptations, which respect the different regional traditions and institutional structures.However, the new regulatory system will influence the relations between Banks and SMEs and it will depend very much on the way it will be implemented into European law, whether Basel II becomes burdensome for SMEs and if it will reduce access to finance for them.The new Capital Accord form the Basel Committee gives the financial market authorities and herewith the European Institutions, a lot of flexibility. In about 70areas they have room to adapt the Accord to their specific needs when implementing it into EU law. Some of them will have important effects on the costs and the accessibility of finance for SMEs.UEAPME expects therefore from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament:•The implementation of the new Capital Requirement Directive will be costly for the Finance Sector (up to 30 Billion Euro till 2006) and its clients will have to pay for it. Therefore, the implementation – especially for smaller banks, which are often very active in SME finance –has to be carried out with as little administrative burdensome as possible (reporting obligations, statistics, etc.).•The European Regulators must recognize traditional instruments for collaterals (guarantees, etc.) as far as possible.•The European Commission and later the Member States should take over the recommendations from the European Parliament with regard to granularity, access to retail portfolio, maturity, partial use, adaptation of thresholds, etc., which will ease the burden on SME finance.2. SMEs need transparent rating proceduresDue to higher risk awareness of the finance sector and the needs of Basel II, many SMEs will be confronted for the first time with internal rating procedures or credit scoring systems by their banks. The bank will require more and better quality information from their clients and will assess them in a new way. Both up-coming developments are already causing increasing uncertainty amongst SMEs.In order to reduce this uncertainty and to allow SMEs to understand the principles of the new risk assessment, UEAPME demands transparent rating procedures –rating procedures may not become a “Black Box” for SMEs:•The bank should communicate the relevant criteria affecting the rating of SMEs.•The bank should inform SMEs about its assessment in order to allow SMEs to improve.The negotiations on a European Code of Conduct between Banks and SMEs , which would have included a self-commitment for transparent rating procedures by Banks, failed. Therefore, UEAPME expects from the new European Commission and the new European Parliament support for:•binding rules in the framework of the new Capital Adequacy Directive, which ensure the transparency of rating procedures and credit scoring systems for SMEs;•Elaboration of national Codes of Conduct in order to improve the relations between Banks and SMEs and to support the adaptation of SMEs to the new financial environment.3. SMEs need an extension of credit guarantee systems with a special focus on Micro-LendingBusiness start-ups, the transfer of businesses and innovative fast growth SMEs also depended in the past very often on public support to get access to finance. Increasing risk awareness by banks and the stricter interpretation of State Aid Rules will further increase the need for public support.Already now, there are credit guarantee schemes in many countries on the limit of their capacity and too many investment projects cannot be realized by SMEs.Experiences show that Public money, spent for supporting credit guarantees systems, is a very efficient instrument and has a much higher multiplying effect than other instruments. One Euro form the European Investment Funds can stimulate 30 Euro investments in SMEs (for venture capital funds the relation is only 1:2).Therefore, UEAPME expects the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to support:•The extension of funds for national credit guarantees schemes in the framework of the new Multi-Annual Programmed for Enterprises;•The development of new instruments for securitizations of SME portfolios;•The recognition of existing and well functioning credit guarantees schemes as collateral;•More flexibility within the European Instruments, because of national differences in the situation of SME finance;•The development of credit guarantees schemes in the new Member States;•The development of an SBIC-like scheme in the Member States to close the equity gap (0.2 – 2.5 Mio Euro, according to the expert meeting on PACE on April 27 in Luxemburg).•the development of a financial support scheme to encourage the internalizations of SMEs (currently there is no scheme available at EU level: termination of JOP, fading out of JEV).4. SMEs need company and income taxation systems, which strengthen their capacity for self-financingMany EU Member States have company and income taxation systems with negative incentives to build-up capital within the company by re-investing their profits. This is especially true for companies, which have to pay income taxes. Already in the past tax-regimes was one of the reasons for the higher dependence of Europe’s SMEs on bank lending. In future, the result of rating will also depend on the amount of capital in the company; the high dependence on lending will influence the access to lending. This is a vicious cycle, which has to be broken.Even though company and income taxation falls under the competence of Member States, UEAPME asks the new European Commission and the new European Parliament to publicly support tax-reforms, which will strengthen the capacity of Crafts, Trades and SME for self-financing. Thereby, a special focus on non-corporate companies is needed.5. Risk Capital – equity financingExternal equity financing does not have a real tradition in the SME sector. On the one hand, small enterprises and family business in general have traditionally not been very open towards external equity financing and are not used to informing transparently about their business.On the other hand, many investors of venture capital and similar forms of equity finance are very reluctant regarding investing their funds in smaller companies, which is more costly than investing bigger amounts in larger companies. Furthermore it is much more difficult to set out of such investments in smaller companies.Even though equity financing will never become the main source of financing for SMEs, it is an important instrument for highly innovative start-ups and fast growing companies and it has therefore to be further developed. UEAPME sees three pillars for such an approach where policy support is needed:Availability of venture capital•The Member States should review their taxation systems in order to create incentives to invest private money in all forms of venture capital.•Guarantee instruments for equity financing should be further developed.Improve the conditions for investing venture capital into SMEs•The development of secondary markets for venture capital investments in SMEs should be supported.•Accounting Standards for SMEs should be revised in order to ease transparent exchange of information between investor and owner-manager.Owner-managers must become more aware about the need for transparency towards investors•SME owners will have to realise that in future access to external finance (venture capital or lending) will depend much more on a transparent and open exchange of information about the situation and the perspectives of their companies.•In order to fulfil the new needs for transparency, SMEs will have to use new information instruments (business plans, financial reporting, etc.) and new management instruments (risk-management, financial management, etc.).外文资料翻译涂敏之会计学 8051208076题目：未来的中小企业融资背景：中小企业融资已经改变未来的经济复苏将取决于能否工艺品，贸易和中小企业利用其潜在的增长和创造就业。

外文翻译资料及译文

附录C：外文翻译资料Article Source：Business & Commercial Aviation, Nov 20, 2000. 5-87-88 Interactive Electronic Technical Manuals Electronic publications can increase the efficiency of your digital aircraft and analogtechnicians.Benoff, DaveComputerized technical manuals are silently revolutionizing the aircraft maintenance industry by helping the technician isolate problems quickly, and in the process reduce downtime and costs by more than 10 percent.These electronic publications can reduce the numerous volumes of maintenance manuals, microfiche and work cards that are used to maintain engines, airframes, avionics and their associated components."As compared with the paper manuals, electronic publications give us greater detail and reduced research times," said Chuck Fredrickson, general manager of Mercury Air Center in Fort Wayne, Ind.With all the advances in computer hardware and software technologies, such as high quality digital multimedia, hypertext and the capability to store and transmit digital multimedia via CD-ROMs/ networks, technical publication companies have found an effective, cost-efficient method to disseminate data to technicians.The solution for many operators and OEMs is to take advantage of today's technology in the form of Electronic Technical Manuals (ETM) or Interactive Technical Manuals (IETM). An ETM is any technical manual prepared in digital format that has the ability to be displayed using any electronic hardware media. The difference between the types of ETM/IETMs is the embedded functionality and implementation of the data."The only drawback we had to using ETMs was getting enough computers to meet our technicians' demand," said Walter Berchtold, vice president of maintenance at Jet Aviation's West Palm Beach, Fla., facility.A growing concern is the cost to print paper publications. In an effort to reduce costs, some aircraft manufacturers are offering incentives for owners to switch from paper to electronic publications. With an average printing cost of around 10 cents per page, a typical volume of a paper technical manual can cost the manufacturer over $800 for each copy. When producing a publication electronically, average production costs for a complete set of aircraft manuals are approximately $20 per copy. It is not hard to see the cost advantages of electronic publications.Another advantage of ETMs is the ease of updating information. With a paper copy, the manufacturer has to reprint the revised pages and mail copies to all the owners. When updates are necessary for an electronic manual, changes can either be e-mailed to theowners or downloaded from the manufacturer's Web site.So why haven't more flight departments converted their publications to ETM/IETMs? The answer lies in convincing technicians that electronic publications can increase their efficiency."We had an initial learning curve when the technicians switched over, but now that they are familiar with the software they never want to go back to paper," said Fredrickson.A large majority of corporate technicians also said that while they like the concept of having a tool that aids the troubleshooting process, they are fearful to give up all of their marked-up paper manuals.In 1987, a human factors study was conducted by the U.S. government to compare technician troubleshooting effectiveness, between paper and electronic methodology, and included expert troubleshooting procedures with guidance through the events. Results of the project indicated that technicians using electronic media took less than half the time to complete their tasks than those using the paper method, and technicians using the electronic method accomplished 65 percent more in that reduced time.The report also noted that new technicians using the electronic technical manuals were 12-percent more efficient than the older, more experienced technicians. (Novices using paper took 15 percent longer than the experts.)It is interesting that 90 percent of the technicians who used the electronic manuals said they preferred them to the paper versions. This proved to the industry that with proper training, the older technicians could easily transition from paper to electronic media.Electronic publications are not a new concept, although how they are applied today is. "Research over the last 20 years has provided a solid foundation for today's IETM implementation," said Joseph Fuller of the U.S. Naval Surface Warfare Center. "IETMs such as those for the Apache, Comanche, F-22, JSTAR and V-22 have progressed from concept to military and commercial implementation."In the late 1970s, the U.S. military investigated the feasibility of converting existing paper and microfilm. The Navy Technical Information Presentation System (NTIPS) and the Air Force Computer- based Maintenance Aid System (CMAS) were implemented with significant cost savings.The report stated that transition to electronic publications resulted in reductions in corrective maintenance time, fewer false removals of good components, more accurate and complete maintenance data collection reports, reduction in training requirements and reduced system downtime.The problem that the military encountered was ETMs were created in multiple levels of complexity with little to no standardization. Options for publications range from simple page-turning programs to full-functioning automated databases.This resulted in the classification of ETMs so that the best type of electronic publication could be selected for the proper application.Choosing a LevelWith all of the OEM and second- and third-party electronic publications that are available it is important that you choose the application level that is appropriate for your operation.John J. Miller, BAE Systems' manager of electronic publications, told B/CAthat "When choosing the level of an ETM/IETM, things like complexity of the aircraft and its systems, ease of use, currency of data and commonality of data should be the deciding factors; and, of course, price. If operational and support costs are reduced when you purchase a full-functioning IETM, then you should purchase the better system."Miller is an expert on the production, sustainment and emerging technologies associated with electronic publications, and was the manager of publications for Boeing in Philadelphia.Electronic publications are classified in one of five categories. A Class 1 publication is a basic electronic "page turner" that allows you to view the maintenance manual as it was printed. With a Class 2 publication all the original text of the manual is viewed as one continuous page with no page breaks. In Class 3, 4 and 5 publications the maintenance manual is viewed on a computer in a frame-based environment with increasing options as the class changes. (See sidebar.)Choosing the appropriate ETM for your operation is typically limited to whatever is being offered on the market, but since 1991 human factors reports state the demand has increased and, therefore, options are expected to follow.ETM/IETM ProvidersCompanies that create ETM/IETMs are classified as either OEM or second party provider. Class 1, 3 and 4 ETM/IETMs are the most commonly used electronic publications for business and commercial operators and costs can range anywhere from $100 to $3,000 for each ETM/ IETM. The following are just a few examples ofETM/IETMs that are available on the market.Dassault Falcon Jet offers operatorsof the Falcon 50/50EX, 900/900EX and 2000 a Class 4 IETM called the Falcon Integrated Electronic Library by Dassault (FIELD). Produced in conjunction with Sogitec Industries in Suresnes Cedex, France, the electronic publication contains service documentation, basic wiring, recommended maintenance and TBO schedules, maintenance manual, tools manual, service bulletins, maintenance and repair manual, and avionics manual.The FIELD software allows the user to view the procedures and hot- link directly to the Illustrated parts catalog. The software also enables the user to generate discrepancy forms, quotation sheets, annotations in the manual and specific preferences for each user.BAE's Miller said most of the IETM presentation systems have features called "Technical Notes." If a user of the electronic publication notices a discrepancy or needs to annotate the manual for future troubleshooting, the user can add a Tech Note (an electronic mark-up) to the step or procedure and save it to the base document. The next time that or another user is in the procedure, clicking on the tech note icon launches a pop-up screen displaying the previous technician's comments. The same electronic transfer of tech notes can be sent to other devices by using either a docking station or through a network server. In addition, systems also can use "personal notes" similar to technical notes that are assigned ID codes that only the authoring technician can access.Requirements for the FIELD software include the minimum of a 16X CD-ROM drive,Pentium II 200 MHz computer, Windows 95, Internet Explorer 4 SP 1 and Database Access V3.5 or higher.Raytheon offers owners of Beech and Hawker aircraft a Class 4 IETM called Raytheon Electronic Publication Systems (REPS). The REPS software links the frame-based procedures with the parts catalog using a single CD-ROM.Raytheon Aircraft Technical Publications said other in- production Raytheon aircraft manual sets will be converted to the REPS format, with the goal of having all of them available by 2001. In addition Raytheon offers select Component Maintenance Manuals (CMM). The Class 1 ETM is a stand-alone "page-turner" electronic manual that utilizes the PDF format of Adobe Acrobat.Other manufacturers including Bombardier, Cessna and Gulfstream offer operators similar online and PDF documentation using a customer- accessed Web account.Boeing is one manufacturer that has developed an onboard Class 5 IETM. Called the Computerized Fault Reporting System (CFRS), it has replaced the F-15 U.S. Air Force Fault Reporting Manuals. Technologies that are currently being applied to Boeing's military system are expected to eventually become a part of the corporate environment.The CFRS system determines re-portable faults by analyzing information entered during a comprehensive aircrew debrief along with electronically recovered maintenance data from the Data Transfer Module (DTM). After debrief the technicians can review aircraft faults and schedule maintenance work to be performed. The maintenance task is assigned a Job Control Number (JCN) and is forwarded electronically to the correct work center or shop. Appropriate information is provided to the Air Force's Core Automated Maintenance System (CAMS).When a fault is reported by pilot debrief, certain aircraft systems have the fault isolation procedural data on a Portable Maintenance Aid (PMA). The JCN is selected on a hardened laptop with a wireless Local Area Network (LAN) connection to the CFRS LAN infrastructure. The Digital Wiring Data System (DWDS) displays aircraft wiring diagrams to the maintenance technician for wiring fault isolation. On completion of maintenance, the data collected is provided to the Air Force, Boeing and vendors for system analysis.Third party IETM developers such as BAE Systems and Dayton T. Brown offer OEMs the ability to subcontract out the development of Class 1 through 5 ETM/IETMs. For example, Advantext, Inc. offers PDF and IPDF Class 1 ETMs for manufacturers such as Piper and Bell Helicopters. Technical publications that are available include maintenance manuals, parts catalogs, service bulletins, wiring diagrams, service letters and interactive parts ordering forms.The difference between the PDF and IPDF version is that the IPDF version has the ability to search for text and include hyperlinks. A Class 1 ETM, when printed, is an exact reproduction of the OEM manuals, including any misspellings or errors. Minimum requirements for the Advantext technical publications is a 486 processor, 16 MB RAM with 14 MB of free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Aircraft Technical Publishers (ATP) offers Class 1, 2 and 3 ETM/ IETMsfor the Beechjet 400/400A; King Air 300/ 350, 200 and 90; Learjet 23/24/25/28/29/35/36/55; Socata TB9/10/20/21 and TBM 700A; Sabreliner 265-65, -70 and -80; andBeech 1900. The libraries can include maintenance manuals, Illustrated parts bulletins, wiring manuals, Airworthiness Directives, Service Bulletins, component maintenance manuals and structural maintenance manuals. System minimum requirements are Pentium 133 MHz, Windows 95 with 16 MB RAM, 25 MB free hard disk space and a 4X CD-ROM or better.Additional providers such as Galaxy Scientific are providing ETM/ IETMs to the FAA. This Class 2, 3 and 4 publication browser is used to store, display and edit documentation for the Human Factors Section of the administration."Clearly IETMs have moved from research to reality," said Fuller, and the future looks to hold more promise.The Future of Tech PubsThe use of ETM/IETMs on laptop and desktop computers has led research and development corporations to investigate the human interface options to the computer. Elements that affect how a technician can interface with a computer are the work environment, economics and ease of use. Organizations such as the Office of Naval Research have focused their efforts on the following needs of technicians: -- Adaptability to the environment.-- Ease of use.-- Improved presentation of complex system relationship.-- Maximum reuse and distribution of engineering data.-- Intelligent data access.With these factors in mind, exploratory development has begun in the areas of computer vision, augmented reality display and speech recognition.Computer vision can be created using visual feedback from a head- mounted camera. The camera identifies the relative position and orientation of an object in an observed scene, and the object is used to correlate the object with a three-dimensional model. In order for a computer vision scenario to work, engineering data has to be provided through visually compatible software.When systems such as Sogitech's View Tech electronic publication browser and Dassault Systemes SA's Enovia are combined, a virtual 3D model is generated.The digital mockup allows the engineering information to directly update the technical publication information. If a system such as CATIA could be integrated into a Video Reference System (VRS), then it could be possible that a technician would point the camera to the aircraft component, the digital model identifies the component and the IETM automatically displays the appropriate information.This example of artificial intelligence is already under development at companies like Boeing and Dassault. An augmented reality display is a concept where visual cues are presented to users on a head-mounted, see-through display system.The cues are presented to the technician based on the identification of components on a 3D model and correlation with the observed screen. The cues are then presented as stereoscopic images projected onto the object in the observed scene.In addition a "Private Eye" system could provide a miniature display of the maintenance procedure that is provided from a palm- size computer. Limited success hascurrently been seen in similar systems for the disabled. The user of a Private Eye system can look at the object selected and navigate without ever having to touch the computer. Drawbacks from this type of system are mental and eye fatigue, and spatial disorientation.Out of all the technologies, speech recognition has developed into an almost usable and effective system. The progression through maintenance procedures is driven by speaker-independent recognition. A state engine controls navigation, and launches audio responses and visual cues to the user. Voice recognition software is available, although set up and use has not been extremely successful.Looking at other industries, industrial manufacturing has already started using "Palm Pilot" personal digital assistants (PDAs) to aid technicians in troubleshooting. These devices allow the technician to have the complete publication beside them when they are in tight spaces. "It would be nice to take the electronic publications into the aircraft, so we are not constantly going back to the work station to print out additional information," said Jet Aviation's Berchtold.With all the advantages that a ETM/ IETM offers it should be noted that electronic publications are not the right solution all of the time, just as CBT is not the right solution for training in every situation. Only you can determine if electronic publications meet your needs, and most technical publication providers offer demo copies for your review. B/CA IllustrationPhoto: Photograph: BAE Systems' Christine Gill prepares a maintenance manual for SGML conversion BAE Systems; Photograph: Galaxy Scientific provides the FAA's human factors group with online IETM support.; Photograph: Raytheon's Class 4 IETM "REPS" allows a user to see text and diagrams simultaneously with hotlinks to illustrated parts catalogs.外文翻译资料译文部分文章出处:民航商业杂志，2000-11-20,5-87-88交互式电子技术手册的电子出版物可以提高数字飞机和模拟技术的效率。

3-电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译

3-电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译1、外文原文(复印件)A: Fundamentals of Single-chip MicrocomputerThe single-chip microcomputer is the culmination of both the development of the digital computer and the integrated circuit arguably the tow most significant inventions of the 20th century [1].These tow types of architecture are found in single-chip microcomputer. Some employ the split program/data memory of the Harvard architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-1, others follow the philosophy, widely adapted for general-purpose computers and microprocessors, of making no logical distinction between program and data memory as in the Princeton architecture, shown in Fig.3-5A-2.In general terms a single-chip microcomputer is characterized by the incorporation of all the units of a computer into a single device, as shown in Fig3-5A-3.ProgramInput& memoryOutputCPU unitDatamemoryFig.3-5A-1 A Harvard typeInput&Output CPU memoryunitFig.3-5A-2. A conventional Princeton computerExternal Timer/ System Timing Counter clock componentsSerial I/OReset ROMPrarallelI/OInterrupts RAMCPUPowerFig3-5A-3. Principal features of a microcomputerRead only memory (ROM).ROM is usually for the permanent,non-volatile storage of an applications program .Many microcomputers and microcontrollers are intended for high-volume applications and hence the economical manufacture of the devices requires that the contents of the program memory be committed permanently during the manufacture of chips . Clearly, this implies a rigorous approach to ROM code development since changes cannot be made after manufacture .This development process may involve emulation using a sophisticated development system with a hardware emulation capability as well as the use of powerful software tools.Some manufacturers provide additional ROM options by including in their range devices with (or intended for use with) user programmablememory. The simplest of these is usually device which can operate in a microprocessor mode by using some of the input/output lines as an address and data bus for accessing external memory. This type of device can behave functionally as the single chip microcomputer from which itis derived albeit with restricted I/O and a modified external circuit. The use of these ROMlessdevices is common even in production circuits where the volume does not justify the development costs of custom on-chip ROM[2];there canstill be a significant saving in I/O and other chips compared to a conventional microprocessor based circuit. More exact replacement for ROM devices can be obtained in the form of variants with 'piggy-back' EPROM(Erasable programmable ROM )sockets or devices with EPROM instead of ROM 。

机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系部：专业：姓名：学号：外文出处：English For Electromechanical(用外文写)Engineering附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。

附件1：外文资料翻译译文机床机床是用于切削金属的机器。

工业上使用的机床要数车床、钻床和铣床最为重要。

其它类型的金属切削机床在金属切削加工方面不及这三种机床应用广泛。

车床通常被称为所有类型机床的始祖。

为了进行车削，当工件旋转经过刀具时，车床用一把单刃刀具切除金属。

用车削可以加工各种圆柱型的工件，如：轴、齿轮坯、皮带轮和丝杠轴。

镗削加工可以用来扩大和精加工定位精度很高的孔。

钻削是由旋转的钻头完成的。

大多数金属的钻削由麻花钻来完成。

用来进行钻削加工的机床称为钻床。

铰孔和攻螺纹也归类为钻削过程。

铰孔是从已经钻好的孔上再切除少量的金属。

攻螺纹是在内孔上加工出螺纹，以使螺钉或螺栓旋进孔内。

铣削由旋转的、多切削刃的铣刀来完成。

铣刀有多种类型和尺寸。

有些铣刀只有两个切削刃，而有些则有多达三十或更多的切削刃。

铣刀根据使用的刀具不同能加工平面、斜面、沟槽、齿轮轮齿和其它外形轮廓。

牛头刨床和龙门刨床用单刃刀具来加工平面。

用牛头刨床进行加工时，刀具在机床上往复运动，而工件朝向刀具自动进给。

在用龙门刨床进行加工时，工件安装在工作台上，工作台往复经过刀具而切除金属。

工作台每完成一个行程刀具自动向工件进给一个小的进给量。

磨削利用磨粒来完成切削工作。

根据加工要求，磨削可分为精密磨削和非精密磨削。

精密磨削用于公差小和非常光洁的表面，非精密磨削用于在精度要求不高的地方切除多余的金属。

车床车床是用来从圆形工件表面切除金属的机床，工件安装在车床的两个顶尖之间，并绕顶尖轴线旋转。

车削工件时，车刀沿着工件的旋转轴线平行移动或与工件的旋转轴线成一斜角移动，将工件表面的金属切除。

车刀的这种位移称为进给。

车刀装夹在刀架上，刀架则固定在溜板上。

溜板是使刀具沿所需方向进行进给的机构。

机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)

机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)英文原文Mechanical Design and Manufacturing ProcessesMechanical design is the application of science and technology to devise new or improved products for the purpose of satisfying human needs. It is a vast field of engineering technology which not only concerns itself with the original conception of the product in terms of its size, shape and construction details, but also considers the various factors involved in the manufacture, marketing and use of the product.People who perform the various functions of mechanical design are typically called designers, or design engineers. Mechanical design is basically a creative activity. However, in addition to being innovative, a design engineer must also have a solid background in the areas of mechanical drawing, kinematics, dynamics, materials engineering, strength of materials and manufacturing processes.As stated previously, the purpose of mechanical design is to produce a product which will serve a need for man. Inventions, discoveries and scientific knowledge by themselves do not necessarily benefit people; only if they are incorporated into a designed product will a benefit be derived. It should be recognized, therefore, that a human need must be identified before a particular product is designed.Mechanical design should be considered to be an opportunity to use innovative talents to envision a design of a product, to analyze the systemand then make sound judgments on how the product is to be manufactured. It is important to understand the fundamentals of engineering rather than memorize mere facts and equations. There are no facts or equations which alone can be used to provide all the correct decisions required to produce a good design.On the other hand, any calculations made must be done with the utmost care and precision. For example, if a decimal point is misplaced, an otherwise acceptable design may not function.Good designs require trying new ideas and being willing to take a certain amount of risk, knowing that if the new idea does not work the existing method can be reinstated. Thus a designer must have patience, since there is no assurance of success for the time and effort expended. Creating a completely new design generally requires that many old and well-established methods be thrust aside. This is not easy since many people cling to familiar ideas, techniques and attitudes. A design engineer should constantly search for ways to improve an existing product and must decide what old, proven concepts should be used and what new, untried ideas should be incorporated.New designs generally have "bugs" or unforeseen problems which must be worked out before the superior characteristics of the new designs can be enjoyed. Thus there is a chance for a superior product, but only at higher risk. It should be emphasized that, if a design does not warrant radical new methods, such methods should not be applied merely for the sake of change.During the beginning stages of design, creativity should be allowedto flourish without a great number of constraints. Even though many impractical ideas may arise, it is usually easy to eliminate them in the early stages of design before firm details are required by manufacturing. In this way, innovative ideas are not inhibited. Quite often, more than one design is developed, up to the point where they can be compared against each other. It is entirely possible that the design which is ultimately accepted will use ideas existing in one of the rejected designs that did not show as much overall promise.Psychologists frequently talk about trying to fit people to the machines they operate. It is essentially the responsibility of the design engineer to strive to fit machines to people. This is not an easy task, since there is really no average person for which certain operating dimensions and procedures are optimum.Another important point which should be recognized is that a design engineer must be able to communicate ideas to other people if they are to be incorporated. Communicating the design to others is the final, vital step in the design process. Undoubtedly many great designs, inventions, and creative works have been lost to mankind simply because the originators were unable or unwilling to explain their accomplishments to others. Presentation is a selling job. The engineer, when presenting a new solution to administrative, management, or supervisory persons, is attempting to sell or to prove to them that this solution is a better one. Unless this can be done successfully, the time and effort spent on obtaining the solution have been largely wasted.Basically, there are only three means of communication available tous. These are the written, the oral, and the graphical forms. Therefore the successful engineer will be technically competent and versatile in all three forms of communication. A technically competent person who lacks ability in any one of these forms is severely handicapped. If ability in all three forms is lacking, no one will ever know how competent that person is!The competent engineer should not be afraid of the possibility of not succeeding in a presentation. In fact, occasional failure should be expected because failure or criticism seems to accompany every really creative idea. There is a great deal to be learned from a failure, and the greatest gains are obtained by those willing to risk defeat. In the final analysis, the real failure would lie in deciding not to make the presentation at all. To communicate effectively, the following questions must be answered:(1) Does the design really serve a human need?(2) Will it be competitive with existing products of rival companies?(3) Is it economical to produce?(4) Can it be readily maintained?(5) Will it sell and make a profit?Only time will provide the true answers to the preceding questions, but the product should be designed, manufactured and marketed only with initial affirmative answers. The design engineer also must communicate the finalized design to manufacturing through the use of detail and assembly drawings.Quite often, a problem will occur during the manufacturing cycle [3].It may be that a change is required in the dimensioning or tolerancing of a part so that it can be more readily produced. This fails in the category of engineering changes which must be approved by the design engineer so that the product function will not be adversely affected. In other cases, a deficiency in the design may appear during assembly or testing just prior to shipping. These realities simply bear out the fact that design is a living process. There is always a better way to do it and the designer should constantly strive towards finding that better way.Designing starts with a need, real or imagined. Existing apparatus may need improvements in durability, efficiently, weight, speed, or cost. New apparatus may be needed to perform a function previously done by men, such as computation, assembly, or servicing. With the objective wholly or partly defined, the next step in design is the conception of mechanisms and their arrangements that will perform the needed functions.For this, freehand sketching is of great value, not only as a record of one's thoughts and as an aid in discussion with others, but particularly for communication with one's own mind, as a stimulant for creative ideas.When the general shape and a few dimensions of the several components become apparent, analysis can begin in earnest. The analysis will have as its objective satisfactory or superior performance, plus safety and durability with minimum weight, and a competitive east. Optimum proportions and dimensions will be sought for each critically loaded section, together with a balance between the strength of the several components. Materials and their treatment will be chosen. These important objectives can be attained only by analysis based upon the principles ofmechanics, such as those of statics for reaction forces and for the optimumutilization of friction; of dynamics for inertia, acceleration, and energy; of elasticity and strength of materials for stress。

外文资料及中文翻译

外文资料与中文翻译（单独装订）外文资料：Concerning the theories problem of the human resourceaccountancyCommon ground standpoint of inside of the current human resource accountancy is: The human resource accountancy reflects the funds source for value, business enterprise for manpower property for obtaining investment manpower property, labor force ownership input business enterprise but formation of business enterprise namely manpower capital, and the manpower capital allotment business enterprise income, and the system of the human resource accountancy is almost perfect. See support, concept that actual application degree of perfect accountancy system is very low, the reason consist in lacking the theories to lack the clear define, system of path to lack the consistency. People can not help wanting to ask: All people dint are all of resources manpower capitals? The manpower capital after all accepts to encourage, still the allotment of the surplus income? Theories basis that manpower capital the income assign is what? Manpower capital proprietor that the allotment of the direct and income is to finance capital中文翻译：关于人力资源会计的若干理论问题目前人力资源会计的论著中共识性的观点是：人力资源会计反映企业所取得的人力资产的价值、企业对人力资产的投资、劳动力所有权投入企业而形成的资金来源即人力资本、以及人力资本对企业收益的分配，其目的是为会计信息使用者提供决策所需的有关人力资源的信息。

外文资料及中文译文

外文资料：Images in Brand CultureJonathan E. Schroeder University of ExeterCultural codes, ideological discourse, and rhetorical processes have beenacknowledged as influences on consumer’s relationships with advertising, brands and mass media. If brands exist as cultural, ideological, and rhetorical objects, then researchers require tools developed to understand culture, ideology and rhetoric, in conjunction with more typical branding concepts, such as equity, strategy, and value. This chapter argues for an art historical imagination within advertising research, one that reveals how representational conventions – or common patterns of portraying objects, people, or identities – work alongside rhetorical processes in ways that often elude advertising research. Several new theoretical concepts, including snapshot aesthetics – the growing use of snapshot-like imagery in marketing communication – and the transformational mirror of consumption – which reflects basic assumptions about how advertising works – provide productive directions for research.The persuasive power of marketing images depends largely upon the rhetorical representational conventions of photographic reproduction; that is, advertising, corporate reports, packaging, product catalogs, promotional materials, and Web graphics rely heavily upon photographic information technology to help produce meaning and create value. Advertising images, brand images, corporate images, and Websites all depend upon compelling visual rhetoric. Variously referred to as theattention economy,the aesthetic economy, and the experience economy, this visual turn in marketing may call for new perspectives and research approaches. How do images communicate? In what ways do images create value? How does the handling of images in the allied fields of visual studies, art history, and photography shed light on the relationships between visual processes and consumption?This chapter discusses methodological and theoretical issues of visual images asthey pertain to brands via interdisciplinary research examples and exemplars. Representation plays a key role in the analysis, emphasizing the cultural aspects of images, which provides a useful complement to the visual rhetoric tradition, as it draws upon theory and method from disciplines such as art history, cultural studies, and semiotics. In focusing on representational conventions, I place visual issues within a broader theoretical perspective of brand culture – the cultural dimensions or codes of brands – history, images, myths, art, theatre – that influence brand meaning装订线in the marketplace. This critical visual analysis cuts across methodological and topical boundary lines – the possibilities and problems of visual approaches encompass experimental and interpretive realms, and include such varied topics as information processing, image interpretation, and research techniques.Many battles of the brands take place within the visual domain. The World WideWeb mandates visualizing almost every aspect of corporate strategy, operations, and communication – Web design has brought visual issues into the mainstream of strategic thinking, and spurred research and thinking about perception and preference of visual information. Visual images exist within a distinctive socio-legal environment – unlike textual or verbal statements, such as product claims or political promises, pictures cannot generally be held to be true or false – images often sidestep issues of deception, false claims or puffery in advertising.From the consumer perspective, visual experiences dominate the Web, as they navigate through a computer-mediated environment almost entirely dependent upon their sense of sight. Photography – including digital, film, and video – and remains a key component of many information technologies – digital incorporation of scanned photographic images helped transform the Internet into the visually rich environment of the World Wide Web. Photography, in turn, was heavily influenced by the older traditions of painting in its commercial and artistic production, reception, and recognition, and profoundly shapes how consumers think about identity (e.g., Cotton 2004; Schroeder 2002: Sobieszek 1999). Today, we live in a photographic image saturated world, from television, video, computer games, the World Wide Web, one that often includes images of ourselves, via surveillance, security, identity photos, andwebsite photos, what sociologist John Thompson calls “the new visibility”Even when consumers realize an image or image-based scenar io is not “real” – for example when it appears as part of a strategic marketing campaign – these images influence how they perceive and respond to their world. Images give us a sense that we know places, times, and peoples that we have never experienced (e.g., Schroeder 1998). Thus, images in marketing communication – in addition to other visual forms – play cultural as well as persuasive roles. Given such wide-ranging influence, recent work in marketing scholarship urges us to consider marketing images as cultural texts, and not merely as accurate or true strategic pictures that transparently record faces, families, or familiar products, services, and sights (Mick, Burroughs, Hetzel, and Brannen 2004, for a review; Phillips and McQuarrie 2005; Schroeder 2002).Images in marketing communication frequently stand in for experience, especially装订线when other information sources have less prominence, and serve as a foundation for future attempts to comprehend and construct the world around us (Borgerson and Schroeder 2005). As a result, images in brand culture understandably have attracted attention from marketing strategists, advertising practitioners, and consumer researchers, and have increasingly evoked criticism from consumer advocacy groups, cultural theorists, and policy makers. Marketing imag es contribute to the “reality” into which contemporary consumers are socialized and often evade notions of creativeinterpretation and critical resistance. Visual images constitute much corporate communication about brands, corporate identity, and economic performance and also inform efforts to create positive attitudes for citizens, consumers, and organizations. Viewers make sense of these visual images in a number of ways, many of which are automatic or without awareness (e.g., Bargh 2002). Many perceptual processes fluctuate between conscious and unconscious control. For example, cognitive as well as physiological processes govern eye movement, attention, and awareness. Perceptual codes influence visual information processing – Westerners generally read from left to right, and from top to bottom. Further, perceptual cues, such as relative size, shape, color, and symmetry contribute to consumer cognition at a level at which most are perhaps only dimly aware (e.g., Arnheim 1974; Larson, Luna and Peracchio 2004). Objects or people that appear larger in the visual frame are generally ascribed more perceptual and symbolic importance than those that appear small. Representational conventions – or common patterns of portraying objects, people, or identities – work in conjunction with these perceptual and cultural processes in ways that often elude marketing communication research (Borgerson and Schroeder 2005).Many contemporary ads consist of photographic images with little or no ad copy,few verbal or text-based brand claims, and minimal product information of the traditional ort – technical specifications, performance claims or text-based arguments. Photographs are used so often and so fluidly for civil, commercial, judicial and scientific purposes that it can difficult to keep in mind that photographs are culturally produced images that exist within shifting planes of meaning and significance. As a cultural historian reminds us: the range of contexts within which photographshave been used to sell products or services is so enormous that we are almost unaware of the medium of photography and the language which has been created to convey commercial messages.Photographs for commerce appear on everything from the glossy, high-quality装订线billboard and magazine advertisement to small, cheap flyers on estate agents’ blurbs. Between these two areas there is a breadth of usage, including the mundane images in mail-order information and catalogues, the seemingly matter-of-fact but high-quality documentary-style images of company annual reports, the varied quality of commodity packaging, and of course the photography on marketing materials such as calendars, produced by companies to enhance their status (Ramamurthy 2004, p. 204). Photographs often appear as if they just are, mere visual records of what hashappened, how people look, or where events took place. Upon reflection, however, “all photographs are representations, in that they tell us as much about the photographer, the technology used to produce the image, and their intended uses as they tell us about the events or things they depicted” (Mc Cauley 1997, p. 63). Researchers must acknowledge this subjective photographic representation within the visual landscape that everyday consumers encounter, pausing to remember that someone takes a range of photographs and then selects one or two which juxtapose product and text in the frame which we see as an ordinary advertisement, Webpage graphic or brochure illustration. This apparent realism undergirds photography ’s persuasive power. Digital photography signals a qualitative shift in image production, one that helped shape the World Wide Web, emerged as a cellphone “killer application”, andspurred tgrowth of online photographic sites, so-called photoblogs. Small, easy to use, digital cameras, such as the Contax T2, Webcams, and cellphone cameras have profoundly transformed the way photographs are taken, by both amateurs and professionals (Lenman2005; Schroeder and McDonagh 2006).In the next section, I present three examples of critical visual analysis ofadvertising, websites, and corporate communication that reveal cultural foundations of visual rhetoric. I focus on the ad system, that is, visual elements of the contained within the ad, more than the human system (see McQuarrie and Mick, 2003), drawing upon concepts of style, types, and tropes, in an attempt to reveal the cultural foundations of contemporary branding. First, I introduce what I call snapshot aesthetics to characterize the growing use of snapshot-like imagery in marketing communication. Next, I focus on the mirror as a consumer metaphor and visual trope, borrowed from fairy tale, myth, and painting, within what I term the transformational mirror of consumption. Finally, I look at the visual language of architecture and its role in the development, growth, and worldwide success of the financial industry. These three aspects of strategic image management serve to illustrate an interpretive,装订线interdisciplinary approach to visual rhetoric – one that offers researchers many avenues for further study.中文译文：品牌形象文化乔纳森·E ·施罗德埃克塞特大学商学院文化规范，意识形态话语，和修辞进程已被公认为是可以影响消费者与广告、品牌和大众传媒之间的关系。

外文资料及其翻译

外文资料与中文翻译

外文资料及其翻译

外文翻译---触发器

毕业论文-外文资料翻译[管理资料]

外文资料与中文翻译

外文资料及翻译

统计学论文中英文对照资料外文翻译文献

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)

外文资料原文及译文

外文资料及翻译

外文参考文献(带中文翻译)

毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译【范本模板】

外文资料与中文翻译

外文参考文献(带中文翻译)

外文翻译资料及译文

3-电气工程及其自动化专业 外文文献 英文文献 外文翻译

机床——机械类外文文献翻译、中英文翻译

机械类外文文献翻译(中英文翻译)

外文资料及中文翻译

外文资料及中文译文

3-电气工程及其自动化专业外文文献英文文献外文翻译