词汇加细程度的语篇连贯新视角--以Libido for the Ugly为例
The Libido for the Ugly
• Para 6: The writer tries to trace the source of the ugliness from the foreigners. • Para 7: The writer speculates on a solution for the puzzle: libido for the ugly. • Para 8: The writer shows evidence to prove himself right. • Para 9: The writer finally gives an answer.
Background Information
• 1.Emotional description: The Libido for the Ugly is a piece of subjective, impressionistic(印象派的)or emotional description. Descriptions conveys sensations, emotions and impressions that affect a writer experiencing a person, place, object or idea. The writer describes what he sees, feels and tastes, and it often includes his emotional reactions to the physical sensations of the experience.
Figures of Speech
• 2. Litotes(曲言法): a figure of speech consisting of an understatement in which an affirmative is expressed by negating its opposite. This is no small problem. Moreover, the attempt is not unsuccessful.
高级英语 嗜丑之欲 The Libido for the Ugly
2.Bombastic style and acid tongue
Use figures of speech: --hyperbole --metaphor --simile -- over-rhetorical --sarcasm --ridicule and irony
3.Excessive use of strong language, words bordering upon the abusive
A peculiar writing skill; outline an image of pathological eccentricity(病态怪癖)， very thought-provoking.
e of images of diseases: leprosy, eczemas, uremia to create the impression of US. being very sick
eczematous (湿疹一样的) uremic (尿毒症的) malarious (疟疾的)
1.(originating from Latin) the sexual urge or instinct. 2.(psychoanalysis) emotional energy; a psychoanalytic term describing psychic energy generally; or specifically basic form of psychic energy, comprising the positive, loving instincts manifested variously at different stages of personality development. 力比多（心理学），精神能量的一种基本形式，包 括积极的爱的本能，并在性格发展的不同阶段中表 现出来。
高级英语第七课The+Libido+for+The+Ugly
Chen Huanhong
– He helped to found and edit two literary magazines which were highly influential among intellectuals.
1)The Smart Set 2) The American Mercury
Chen Huanhong
• In caustic, witty essays, he derided (mocked) the institution which supported the middle class. He enjoyed controversy and tried to arouse his antagonists with his direct and devastating attacks.
Chen Huanhong
• A few years later, he joined the staff of its rival newspaper, the Baltimore Sun or Evening Sun, first as a reporter, then as its drama critic and editor, a position which he held until 1941.
Chen Huanhong
• 1) He hated narrow-minded religion. He believed strongly in intellectual freedom and fought all attempts to censor literature and drama. He felt that the greatest threat of censorship came from the country's religion "fundamentalists", whose opinions were all based on their interpretation of the Bible.
(完整版)高级英语(1)第三版Lesson5TheLibidofortheUglyParaphraseTranslation答案
Paraphrase1. … it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre and depressing joke (para 1 )2. The country itself is not uncomely, despite the grime of the endless mills. (para 3)3. They have taken as their model a brick set on end. (para 3)4. This they have converted into a thing of dingy clapboards, with a narrow, low-pitched roof. (para 3)5. When it has taken on the patina of the mills it is the color of an egg long past all hope or caring. (para 4)6. Red brick, even in a steel town, ages with some dignity. ( para 4)7. I award this championship only after laborious research and incessant prayer. (para 5)8. They show grotesqueries of ugliness that, in retrospect, become almost diabolical. (para5)9. It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of horror. (para 6)10. On certain levels of the American race, indeed, there seems to be a positive libido for the ugly (para 7)11. They meet, in some unfathomable way, its obscure and unintelligible demands. (para 7)12. Out of the melting pot emerges a race which hates beauty as it hates truth. (para 9)参考答案1. This dreadful scene makes all human endeavors to advance and improve their lot appear as a ghastly, saddening joke.2. The country itself is pleasant to look at, despite the sooty dirt spread by the innumerable mills in this region.3. The model they followed in building their houses was a brick standing upright. / All the houses they built looked like bricks standing upright.4. These brick-like houses were made of shabby, thin wooden boards and their roofs were narrow and had little slope.5. When the brick is covered with the black soot of the mills it takes on the color of a rotten egg.6. Red brick, even in a steel town, looks quite respectable with the passing of time. / Even in a steel town, old red bricks still appear pleasing to the eye.7. I have given Westmoreland the highest award for ugliness after having done a lot of hard work and research and after continuous praying.8. They show such fantastic and bizarre ugliness that, in looking back, they become almost fiendish and wicked./ When one looks back at these houses whose ugliness is so fantastic and bizarre, one feels they must be the work of the devil himself.9. It is hard to believe that people built such horrible houses just because they did not know what beautiful houses were like.10. People in certain strata of American society seem definitely to hunger after ugly things; while in other less Christian strata, people seem to long for things beautiful.11. These ugly designs, in some way that people cannot understand, satisfy the hidden and unintelligible demands of this type of mind.12. The place where this psychological attitude is found is the United States.Translation1. 上海世博会的文化多样性是世界上有史以来最为丰富的。
The libido for the ugly
•grime, dingy, decaying, swinishly, eczematous patches, shocking, uremic yellow, loathsome, unlovely, decomposing, gloomy, Godforsaken, malarious, grotesqueries of ugliness, diabolical, frightful, abominations, putrid, horror, deface, ghastly, depravity, etc.
a crazy little church just west of Jeannette, set like a dormer-window on the side of a bare leprous hill珍尼特西 面的一所样子稀奇古怪的小教堂， 就像一扇老虎窗贴在一面光秃秃 的、似有麻风散鳞的山坡上 ——明喻 (simile)
•appalling desolation, dreadfully, hideous, intolerably, bleak, forlorn, abominable, filth, dirty, ugliness, revolting, monstrousness, horrible, leprous, hideousness, misshapen, shabby, uncomely,
And one and all they are streaked in grime, with dead and eczematous patches of paint peeping through the streaks.每幢房 屋上都积有一道道的尘垢印痕，而那一 道道 垢痕的间隙中，还隐隐约约露出 一些像湿疹痂一样的油漆斑痕—— metaphor（暗喻）
7The Libido for the Ugly(张汉熙高级英语 2)
dormer-window a bare leprous hill
a hillside was bare and looked as repulsive as the skin of a leper
pent house
Lesson Seven
The Libido for the Ugly
Pre-Text Questions
What do you know about the author? What kind of writing is this one? Why does Mencken uses such a pathological term like libido?
What literary device is used in this sentence?
sarcasm The color and design were so bad that one couldn’t find any which was worse.
It is as if some titanic and aberrant genius,…the making of them.
the U. S., the richest and grandest nation ever seen on earth, both boasts about and feels proud of this center of industrial activity
it reduced the whole aspiration of man to a … joke
TheLibidofortheUgly解读
爱丑之欲HL门肯几年前的一个冬日，我乘坐宾夕法尼亚铁路公司的一班快车离开匹兹堡，向东行驶一小时，穿越了威斯特摩兰县的煤城和钢都。
这是我熟悉的地方，无论是童年时期还是成年时期，我常常经过这一带。
但以前我从来没有感到这地方荒凉得这么可怕。
这儿正是工业化美国的心脏，是其最赚钱、最典型活动的中心，世界上最富裕、最伟大的国家的自豪和骄傲——然而这儿的景象却又丑陋得这样可怕，凄凉悲惨得这么令人无法忍受，以致人的抱负和壮志在这儿成了令人毛骨悚然的、令人沮丧的笑料。
这儿的财富多得无法计算，简直都无法想象——也是在这儿，人们的居住条件又是如此之糟，连那些流浪街头的野猫也为之害羞。
我说的不仅仅是脏。
钢铁城镇的脏是人们意料之中的事。
我指的是所看到的房子没有一幢不是丑陋得令人难受，畸形古怪得让人作呕的。
从东自由镇到格林斯堡，在这全长25英里的路上，从火车上看去，没有一幢房子不让人看了感到眼睛不舒服和难受。
有的房子糟得吓人，而这些房子竞还是一些最重要的建筑——教堂、商店、仓库等等。
人们惊愕地看着这些房子，就像是看见一个脸给子弹崩掉的人一样。
有的留在记忆里，甚至回忆起来也是可怕的：珍尼特西面的一所样子稀奇古怪的小教堂，就像一扇老虎窗贴在一面光秃秃的、似有麻风散鳞的山坡上；参加过国外战争的退伍军人总部，设在珍尼特过去不远的另一个凄凉的小镇上。
沿铁路线向东不远处的一座钢架，就像一个巨大的捕鼠器。
但我回忆里出现的三要还是一个总的印象——连绵不断的丑陋。
从匹兹堡到格林斯堡火车调车场，放眼望去，没有一幢像样的房子。
没有一幢不是歪歪扭扭的，没有一幢不是破破烂烂的。
尽管到处是林立的工厂，遍地弥漫着烟尘，这一地区的自然霉仟并不差。
就地形而论，这儿是一条狭窄的河谷，其中流淌着一道道发源自山间的深溪。
这儿的人口虽然稠密，但并无过分拥挤的迹象，即使在一些较大的城镇中，建筑方面也还大有发展的余地。
这儿很少见到有高密度排列的建筑楼群，几乎每一幢房屋，无论大小，其四周都还有剩余的空地。
小说语篇中的词汇衔接与连贯_语篇连贯
小说语篇中的词汇衔接与连贯_语篇连贯论文导读:：语篇的衔接与连贯一直是话语分析的一个热点问题，随着理论的发展，衔接手段也日益多样化。
但词汇衔接手段的运用一直在语篇连贯中起着连接的纽带作用。
笔者拟分析词汇衔接手段在杰克·伦敦的小说《生命的法则》中运用，重申词汇衔接在语篇连贯中的作用，从而引起英语学习者的重视，以提高学习效率。
论文关键词：词汇衔接，语篇连贯，小说1. 引言衔接(cohesion)与连贯(coherence)是语言学的两个基本概念，也是语篇分析的重要课题。
无论是口头的还是书面的篇章中，衔接都是语篇的显著特征之一，衔接关系是语篇性（textual）的体现，也是语篇连贯的重要条件之一。
近些年来，理论界对各类语篇的衔接与连贯分析都进行不少的讨论，此方面的理论也有新的发展，如张德禄（2006）探讨了语篇连贯的宏观原则，但大部分讨论多以相邻句子和较短语篇的衔接与连贯进行分析，对较长语篇的衔接与连贯探讨较少语篇连贯，更鲜有较长语篇中的词汇衔接与连贯的分析。
本文将试着以杰克· 伦敦的小说《生命的法则》（The Law of Life）为例，谈一谈词汇衔接的纽带作用及其在小说语篇中的连贯功能。
2. 衔接与连贯2.1 衔接的概念1976年，Halliday和Hasan出版了Cohesion in English一书，形成了完整的衔接理论体系。
在此书中，Halliday& Hasan(1976)把衔接定义为语言中存在的一组可能性，将文本连为一体。
他们同时指出，衔接是一种语义上的概念。
而夸克（Quirk, et al 1985）定义衔接为文本中的小句和句子之间语义和语用关系的正式语言实现论文格式。
张德禄（2000）把衔接总结为：“衔接是语篇不同成分和部分之间比较具体的语义联系。
它们可以是线性的，也可以是层级性的；是显性的（由形式特征来表达）；可以是半显性的（由外指衔接机制表达）；还可以是隐性的（由语篇成分之间的空缺来表达）。
高级英语The Libido for the Ugly 单词
词汇(Vocabulary)libido (n.) : psychic energy generally；specifically，a basic form of psychic energy，comprising the positive。
loving instincts manifested variously at different stages of personality development欲望----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lucrative (adj.) : producing wealth or profit；profitable；remunerative有利可图的；赚钱的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hideous (adj.) : horrible to see,hear,etc.;very ugly or revolting;dreadful骇人听闻的;非常丑陋的;可怕的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forlorn (adj.) : in pitiful condition；wretched；miserable可怜的；悲惨的；不幸的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------macabre (adj.) : gruesome；grim and horrible；ghastly可怕的；令人毛骨悚然的；恐怖的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------computation (n.) : the act of computing；calculation 计算----------------------------------------------------------------------------------abominable (adj.) : nasty and disgusting；vile；loathsome讨厌的，可恶的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------alley (n.) : a narrow street or walk；specifically，a lane behind a row of buildings or between two rows of buildings that face on adjacent streets胡同；小巷；小街----------------------------------------------------------------------------------filth (n.) : disgustingly offensive dirt，garbage，etc．污秽，污物；垃圾----------------------------------------------------------------------------------allude (v.) : refer in a casual or indirect way(随便或间接)提到，涉及；暗指----------------------------------------------------------------------------------monstrousness (n.) : strange shape奇形怪状----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lacerate (v.) : tear jaggedly；mangle(something soft，as flesh)；wound or hurt(one’s feelings，etc．)deeply；distress撕裂；割碎(肉等软组织)；伤害(感情等)；使…伤心----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pretentious (adj.) : making claims，explicit or implicit，to some distinction，importance，dignity，or excellence自负的；自命不凡的；自大的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------linger (v.) : continue to stay，esp．through reluctance to leave逗留(尤指不愿离开)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------downright (adv.) : thoroughly；utterly；really彻底地，完全地；真正地----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dormer (n.) : a window set upright in a sloping roof屋顶窗----------------------------------------------------------------------------------leprous (adj.) : of or like leprosy；having leprosy麻风的；似麻风的；患麻风病的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------rat—trap (n.) : a trap for catching rats捕鼠夹(子)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------misshapen (adj.) : badly shaped；deformed奇形怪状的；畸形的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------uncomely (adj.) : having unpleasant appearance不美观的，不好看的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------grime (n.) : dirt，esp．sooty dirt，rubbed into or covering a surface，as of the skin(尤指经摩擦而深入或覆盖皮肤等表面的)积垢；污秽----------------------------------------------------------------------------------gully (n.) : a channel or hollow worn by running water; small，narrow ravine沟壑，狭沟，冲沟----------------------------------------------------------------------------------chalet (n.) : a type of Swiss house，built of wood with balconies and overhanging eaves(瑞士的木造)农舍，山上小舍----------------------------------------------------------------------------------highpitched (adj.) : steep in slope said of roofs)(屋顶)坡度陡的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dingy (adj.) : dirty-colored；not bright or clean；grimy不干净的；不明亮的；弄脏的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------clapboard (n.) : a thin，narrow board with one edge thicker than the other，used as siding护墙板，隔板----------------------------------------------------------------------------------preposterous (adj.) : so contrary to nature，reason，or common sense as to be laughable；absurd；ridiculous反常的；乖戾的；十分荒谬的；愚蠢的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pier (n.) : a heavy column，usually square. used to support weight，as at the end of an arch 角柱；支柱----------------------------------------------------------------------------------cemetery (n.) : a place for the burial of the dead；graveyard公墓，墓地；坟场----------------------------------------------------------------------------------swinish (adj.) : of or like a swine；beastly；piggish；coarse，etc．猪(似)的；鄙贱的；粗俗的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------perpendicular (adj.) : exactly upright；vertical. straight up or down垂直的；矗立的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------precarious (adj.) : uncertain；insecure；risky不稳定的；不安全的；危险的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------eczematous (adj.) : of itching skin disease湿疹的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------patina (n.) : a fine crust or film on bronze or copper．usually green or greenish—blue，formed by natural oxidation and often valued as being ornamental(青铜器上的)绿锈----------------------------------------------------------------------------------uremia (n.) : a toxic condition caused by the presence in the blood of waste produts normally eliminated in the urine and resulting from a failure of the kidneys to secrete urine尿毒症----------------------------------------------------------------------------------loathsome (adj.) : causing loathing；disgusting；abhorrent；detestable讨厌的；厌恶的；令人作呕的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------laborious (adj.) : involving much hard work；difficult. industrious；hard—working费力的；困难的；勤劳的；辛苦的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------incessant (adj.) : never ceasing；continuing or being repeated without stopping or in a way that seems endless：constant不停的，连续的；不间断的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------decompose (v.) : break up or separate into basic components or parts；rot分解；(使)腐烂，(使)腐败----------------------------------------------------------------------------------forsake (v.) : give up；renounce(a habit，idea，etc．)；leave；abandon抛弃，放弃(思想、习惯等)；遗弃；背弃----------------------------------------------------------------------------------malarious (adj.) : of fever conveyed by mosquitoes疟疾的；空气污浊的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------hamlet (n.) : a very small village小村庄----------------------------------------------------------------------------------incomparable (adj.) : no beyond comparison；unequalled；matchless无与伦比的，举世无双的；无敌的，无比的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------titanic (adj.) : of great size，strength，or power巨大的；力大无比的；有极大权力的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------aberrant (adj.) : turning away from what is right，true，etc．：deviating from what is normal or typical与正确或真实情况相背的；偏离常规的；反常的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------uncompromising (adj.) : not compromising or yielding；firm；inflexiable；determined不妥协的；坚定的；不让步的；坚决的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------inimical (adj.) : 1ike an enemy；hostile；unfriendly；adverse；unfavorable敌人似的；敌对的；不友好的；相反的；不利的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------ingenuity (n.) : cleverness，originality，skill，etc．机智；创造力，独创性；熟练----------------------------------------------------------------------------------grotesquery (n.) : the quality or state of being grotesque奇形怪状；怪诞----------------------------------------------------------------------------------retrospect (n.) : a looking back on or thinking about things past；contemplation or survey of the past回顾，回想；追溯----------------------------------------------------------------------------------diabolical (adj.) : of the devil or devils；fiendish恶魔的；残忍的，凶暴的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------concoct (v.) : devise，invent，or plan计划，策划；虚构，编造----------------------------------------------------------------------------------insensate (adj.) : not feeling，or not capable of feeling，sensation无感觉的，无知觉的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------brute (n.) : an animal；a person who is brutal or very stupid，gross，sensual，etc．畜生；笨蛋，粗野的人----------------------------------------------------------------------------------abomination (adj.) : great hatred，and disgust；anything hateful and disgusting憎恨，厌恶；令人讨厌的东西----------------------------------------------------------------------------------putrid (adj.) : decomposing；rotten and foul—smelling腐烂的，腐败的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------deface (v.) : spoil the appearance of；disfigure；mar损坏…的外表；丑化----------------------------------------------------------------------------------inadvertence (n.) : the quality of being inadvertent；oversight；mistake掉以轻心，粗心大意；疏漏；错误----------------------------------------------------------------------------------obscene (adj.) : offensive to one’s feelings，or to prevailing notions，of modesty of decency；lewd；disgusting猥亵的；诲淫的；可憎的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------unfathomable (adj.) : which cannot be understood；which cannot be reached不可理解的；深不可测的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------enigmatical (adj.) : of or like an enigma；perplexing；baffling谜一般的，谜似的；不可思议的，费解的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------dogmatic (adj.) : of or like dogma；doctrinal教条(主义)的；教义的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------edifice (n.) : a building，esp．a large，imposing one建筑物；尤指大型建筑物，大厦----------------------------------------------------------------------------------depravity (n.) : a depraved condition；corruption；wickedness堕落，腐化，腐败----------------------------------------------------------------------------------penthouse (n.) : a small structure，esp．one with a sloping roof，attached to a larger building 小棚屋，(尤指靠在大楼边上搭的)披屋----------------------------------------------------------------------------------lust (n.) : a desire to gratify the senses；bodily appetite欲望；贪欲----------------------------------------------------------------------------------etiology (n.) : the assignment of a cause，or the cause assignment本源，原因(的说明)----------------------------------------------------------------------------------pathological (adj.) : of pathology；of or concerned with diseases病理学的；病理上的----------------------------------------------------------------------------------短语(Expressions)border upon : to be like；almost be相近，类似例：His emotion is bordering upon hysteria．他的情绪接近歇斯底里。
浅析英语语篇的衔接与连贯
浅析英语语篇的衔接与连贯作者：呙丽来源：《文教资料》2020年第15期摘; ;要：衔接和连贯是语篇研究中的两个核心概念。
语言学界对两者的界定范围及彼此的关系众说纷纭，毫无疑问的是，对于衔接和连贯的深入了解有利于提高读者对语篇结构的认识及从宏观上把握语篇的能力。
本文基于外国学者韩礼德和哈桑于1976年在《英语中的衔接》一书中提出的衔接理论，在借鉴、吸收前人研究成果的基础上，从语法和词汇两个层面探究在《一个海员的圣诞礼物》中，作者是如何通过衔接手段让读者更容易地理解语篇，进而深入挖掘作者想表达的思想和文章的主题。
关键词：衔接; ; 连贯; ; 《一个海员的圣诞礼物》1.引言韩礼德和哈桑在《英语中的衔接》一书中给“英语语篇衔接”下了一个定义并对此进行了深入系统的探究。
衔接可以分为两大类，一类是词汇衔接，另一类是语法衔接。
衔接对于语篇的分析和理解是至关重要的，对于实现语篇中语言的简洁、连贯和价值发挥着重要的作用。
一般來说，一个语篇的意义连贯是否顺畅需要通过一定的衔接手段实现。
好的语篇得益于巧妙的衔接和顺畅的连贯，好的衔接和连贯能刚好地彰显和升华语篇的主题。
《一个海员的圣诞礼物》的作者是William J. Lederer，该篇文章已连续十几年被新世纪大学英语综合教程（第二版第一册）采用，不管是从谋篇布局、人文教育还是文学赏析来看，它的魅力都不言而喻。
该故事描写了四个家庭和一个海员在法国一家小餐馆里度过的一个圣诞之夜。
本来大家被恶劣的天气、处处敲诈勒索旅客的“陷阱”及沉闷的空气压抑得心情烦躁，但因为这位海员的举动感染了大家，引发了大家对节日的欢乐情绪，继而吸引了周围的许多过客，使大家都度过了一个难忘的圣诞节。
本文以《一个海员的圣诞礼物》为语料，借用韩礼德和哈桑的衔接理论为理论基础，讨论这两种衔接手段的具体类型，阐述语篇是如何有机组篇的，探析词汇衔接和语法衔接在语篇篇章连贯中的重要功能。
2.衔接理论韩礼德和哈桑认为，语篇其实是实际使用的一个语义单位，也就是说意义表达过程中一系列连续的句子或者说段落构成的语言整体，而不是一个语法单位。
(完整版)the_libido_for_the_ugly讲解解读
A piece of subjective, impressionistic or emotional description
Description
Description is painting a picture in words of a person, place, object and scene.
Description
It conveys the sensations, emotions and impressions. The writer describes what he sees, hears, smells, feels or tastes, and it often includes his emotional reactions.
Lesson Seven
-- H.L. Mencken
Aims
1. To acquaint students with subjective
description writing.
2. To help students to understand the
author’s real intention behind the description.
Author --Henry Louis Mencken
(1880--1956) American educator, author, critic
Henry Louis Mencken
TheLibidofortheUgly分析
Learning Contents
1. Henry Louis Mencken 2. Description 2. Detailed study of the text 3. Organizational pattern 4. Language features 5. Exercises
Henry Louis Mencken
1) He hated narrow-minded religion. He believed strongly in intellectual freedom and fought all attempts to censor literature and drama. He felt that the greatest threat of censorship came from the country's religion "fundamentalists", whose opinions were all based on their interpretation of the Bible.
Henry Louis Mencken
A few years later, he joined the staff of its rival newspaper, the Baltimore Sun or Evening Sun, first as a reporter, then as its drama critic and editor, a position which he held until 1941.
Time allocation
1. Background information 2. Detailed study of the text 3. Structure analysis 4. Language appreciation 5. Exercises
高级英语Lesson5修辞The Libido for the Ugly
(Para 8) “they made it perfect in their own sight by … on top of it. ”
The author unkindly laughs at the odd color of houses.
Irony in L5
The buildings in Westmoreland is the most terrible.
(Para 1) “Here was the very heart of industrial America … and here was a scene so dreadful…reduced the whole aspiration of man to a macabre（恐怖的） and depressing joke.”
Metaphor VS
Its eyes look like two light bulb.
Simile
This little cat is a poet with melancholy（忧郁的） eyes.
Simile:
1. The tenor and vehicle(本体和喻体)
are exposed. 2. Indicator of resemblances
Contrastive meanings
(Para 1) “Here was wealth beyond computation,….here were human habitations so abominable that they would have disgraced a race of ally cats.”
(Para6) “It is incredible that mere ignorance should have achieved such masterpieces of
[中学]TheLibidofortheUgly词汇注解
![[中学]TheLibidofortheUgly词汇注解](https://img.taocdn.com/s3/m/f1097d36f56527d3240c844769eae009591ba278.png)
[中学]The Libido for the Ugly词汇注解Libido (n.): psychic energy generally;specifically，a basic form of psychic energy，comprising thepositive。
loving instincts manifested variously at different stages of personality development欲望 lucrative (adj.) : producing wealth or profit;profitable;remunerative有利可图的;赚钱的 hideous (adj.) : horrible to see, hear, etc.; very ugly or revolting; dreadful骇人听闻的;非常丑陋的;可怕的forlorn (adj.) : in pitiful condition;wretched;miserable可怜的;悲惨的;不幸的 macabre (adj.) : gruesome;grim and horrible;ghastly可怕的;令人毛骨悚然的;恐怖的 computation (n.) : the act of computing;calculation 计算abominable (adj.) : nasty and disgusting;vile;loathsome讨厌的，可恶的alley (n.) : a narrow street or walk;specifically，a lane behind a row of buildings or between tworows of buildings that face on adjacent streets胡同;小巷;小街filth (n.) : disgustingly offensive dirt，garbage，etc(污秽，污物;垃圾allude (v.) : refer in a casual or indirect way(随便或间接)提到，涉及;暗指 monstrousness (n.) : strange shape奇形怪状lacerate (v.) : tear jaggedly;mangle(something soft，as flesh);wound or hurt(one’s feelings，etc()deeply;distress撕裂;割碎(肉等软组织);伤害(感情等);使…伤心 pretentious (adj.) : making claims，explicit or implicit，to some distinction，importance，dignity，or excellence自负的;自命不凡的;自大的linger (v.) : continue to stay，esp(through reluctance to leave逗留(尤指不愿离开) downright (adv.) : thoroughly;utterly;really彻底地，完全地;真正地dormer (n.) : a window set upright in a sloping roof屋顶窗leprous (adj.) : of or like leprosy;having leprosy麻风的;似麻风的;患麻风病的 rat-trap (n.) : a trap for catching rats捕鼠夹(子) misshapen (adj.) : badly shaped;deformed奇形怪状的;畸形的uncomely (adj.) : having unpleasant appearance不美观的，不好看的grime (n.) : dirt，esp(sooty dirt，rubbed into or covering a surface，as of the skin(尤指经摩擦而深入或覆盖皮肤等表面的)积垢;污秽gully (n.) : a channel or hollow worn by running water; small，narrow ravine沟壑，狭沟，冲沟 chalet (n.) : a type of Swiss house，built of wood with balconies and overhanging eaves(瑞士的木造)农舍，山上小舍high-pitched (adj.) : steep in slope said of roofs)(屋顶)坡度陡的dingy (adj.) : dirty-colored;not bright or clean;grimy不干净的;不明亮的;弄脏的 clapboard (n.) : a thin，narrow board with one edge thicker than the other，used as siding护墙板，隔板preposterous (adj.) : so contrary to nature，reason， or common sense as to be laughable;absurd;ridiculous反常的;乖戾的;十分荒谬的;愚蠢的pier (n.) : a heavy column，usually square. used to support weight，as at the end of an arch角柱;支柱cemetery (n.) : a place for the burial of the dead;graveyard公墓，墓地;坟场 swinish (adj.) : of or like a swine;beastly;piggish;coarse，etc(猪(似)的;鄙贱的;粗俗的 perpendicular (adj.) : exactlyupright;vertical. straight up or down垂直的;矗立的 precarious (adj.) : uncertain;insecure;risky不稳定的;不安全的;危险的 eczematous (adj.) : of itching skin disease湿疹的patina (n.) : a fine crust or film on bronze or copper(usually green or greenish—blue，formed by natural oxidation and often valued as being ornamental(青铜器上的)绿锈uremia (n.) : a toxic condition caused by the presence in the blood of waste products normallyeliminated in the urine and resulting from a failure of the kidneys to secrete urine尿毒症 loathsome (adj.) : causingloathing;disgusting;abhorrent;detestable讨厌的;厌恶的;令人作呕的laborious (adj.) : involving much hardwork;difficult.;industrious;hard—working费力的;困难的;勤劳的;辛苦的incessant (adj.) : never ceasing;continuing or being repeatedwithout stopping or in a way thatseems endless:constant不停的，连续的;不间断的decompose (v.) : break up or separate into basic components or parts;rot分解;(使)腐烂，(使)腐败forsake (v.) : give up;renounce(a habit，idea，etc();leave;abandon抛弃，放弃(思想、习惯等);遗弃;背弃malarias (adj.) : of fever conveyed by mosquitoes疟疾的;空气污浊的hamlet (n.) : a very small village小村庄incomparable (adj.) : no beyond comparison;unequalled;matchless无与伦比的，举世无双的;无敌的，无比的titanic (adj.) : of great size，strength，or power巨大的;力大无比的;有极大权力的 aberrant (adj.) : turning away from what is right，true，etc(:deviating from what is normal ortypical与正确或真实情况相背的;偏离常规的;反常的uncompromising (adj.) : not compromising oryielding;firm;inflexible;determined不妥协的;坚定的;不让步的;坚决的inimical (adj.) : 1ike anenemy;hostile;unfriendly;adverse;unfavorable敌人似的;敌对的;不友好的;相反的;不利的ingenuity (n.) : cleverness，originality，skill，etc(机智;创造力，独创性;熟练 grotesquery (n.) : the quality or state of being grotesque奇形怪状;怪诞retrospect (n.) : a looking back on or thinking about thingspast;contemplation or survey of thepast回顾，回想;追溯diabolical (adj.) : of the devil or devils;fiendish恶魔的;残忍的，凶暴的concoct (v.) : devise，invent，or plan计划，策划;虚构，编造insensate (adj.) : not feeling，or not capable of feeling，sensation 无感觉的，无知觉的 brute (n.) : an animal;a person who is brutal or very stupid，gross，sensual，etc(畜生;笨蛋，粗野的人abomination (adj.) : great hatred，and disgust;anything hateful and disgusting憎恨，厌恶;令人讨厌的东西putrid (adj.) : decomposing;rotten and foul—smelling腐烂的，腐败的deface (v.) : spoil the appearance of;disfigure;mar损坏…的外表;丑化inadvertence (n.) : the quality of beinginadvertent;oversight;mistake掉以轻心，粗心大意;疏漏;错误obscene (adj.) : offensive to one’s feelings，or to prevailing notions，of modesty of decency;lewd;disgusting猥亵的;诲淫的;可憎的unfathomable (adj.) : which cannot be understood;which cannot be reached不可理解的;深不可测的enigmatical (adj.) : of or like an enigma;perplexing;baffling谜一般的，谜似的;不可思议的，费解的dogmatic (adj.) : of or like dogma;doctrinal教条(主义)的;教义的edifice (n.) : a building，esp(a large，imposing one建筑物;尤指大型建筑物，大厦 depravity (n.) : a depraved condition;corruption;wickedness 堕落，腐化，腐败 penthouse (n.) : a small structure，esp(one with a sloping roof，attached to a larger building小棚屋，(尤指靠在大楼边上搭的)披屋lust (n.) : a desire to gratify the senses;bodily appetite欲望;贪欲etiology (n.) : the assignment of a cause，or the cause assignment本源，原因(的说明) pathological (adj.) : of pathology;of or concerned with diseases病理学的;病理上的border upon : to be like;almost be相近，类似例: His emotion is bordering upon hysteria(他的情绪接近歇斯底里。
《达·芬奇密码》中的女性形象解读
2014 年5 月第30 卷第10 期长春教育学院学报Journal of Changchun Education InstituteMay.2014Vol.30 No.10《达·芬奇密码》中的女性形象解读韩士媛摘要：2003年，美国著名小说家丹·布朗的小说《达·芬奇密码》一经出版，立即引起美国国内乃至全世界的广泛关注，却鲜有人对小说的文本进行深入的批评研究。
丹·布朗虽身为男性作家，却一直不吝在小说中展现其女性意识。
本文从女性主义角度出发，细致地分析了索菲和修女的女性形象，深入探讨作品中所显现的女性主义内涵。
关键词：《达·芬奇密码》；女性形象；独立；反叛中图分类号：I106 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1671-6531 （2014）10-0015-02丹·布朗凭借《达·芬奇密码》一书在美国乃至全世界掀起一股后现代小说的阅读热潮。
书中，跌宕起伏的情节，扣人心弦的故事和鲜活饱满的人物形象都给读者留下了深刻的印象。
一、女主人公索菲的人物分析（一）索菲的特殊气质美国著名的女性主义批评家桑德拉·卲尔伯特(Sandra Gilbert)和苏珊·古芭(Susan Gubar)曾经在《阁楼上的疯女人》一书中将女性形象划分为两类：天使和魔鬼。
小说中的女性形象要么是被描写成男性的附属品，时刻准备着为身边的男性奉献牺牲；要么举止怪异，心灵扭曲，对身边的男性不时地残害；要么是碌碌无为的家庭主妇，要么是一无是处的傻瓜。
然而《达·芬奇密码》则通过索菲的语言，行为和性格特征，呈现出一个既非“天使”又非“魔鬼”的女性形象。
当索菲第一次出现在读者视野中的时候，她就以自信吸引了众人的眼球, 展现其不同寻常的美丽。
“兰登转过身，发现是一位年轻女郎，正迈着矫健的步伐大步流星地朝他们走来，随意穿着的齐膝的奶黄色爱尔兰毛衣，刚好到她黑皮靴的上方。
词汇加细程度的语篇连贯新视角--以Libido for the Ugly为例
作者： 刘沛岑
作者机构： 长沙理工大学外国语学院 湖南长沙410076
出版物刊名： 长春教育学院学报
年卷期： 2014年 第8期
主题词： 认知语法 识解 词汇加细程度 语篇连贯
摘要：语篇连贯研究是语言学界聚焦的热点话题。
与功能语言学更多地关注表层显性的衔接方式不同，认知语言学认为只要语篇能够产生统一的认知世界，就可以认为语篇是连贯的。
加细程度是识解理论中十分重要的内容，它在语篇连贯中的独特地位，为语篇连贯提供了一个新视角。
本文运用认知语法的加细程度理论，以《高级英语》第二册第七课The Libido for the Ugly为语料，并结合图示，试分析词汇的加细程度对语篇意义连贯的生成和建立的解释力。
《The Libido for the Ugly》浅析
Foregrounding
可译为前景突出或突出，一种修辞手法。突出本身是一个暗 喻，将文学语言比成了绘画或摄影。 在绘画或摄影中，人物往往摆在比较突出的地位，而花鸟山 水等自然景观被用作图画背景。这样，不但画面和谐，而且主 从有致。置于突出地位的部分引人注目，背景部分则起着烘云 托月的作用。 语言也是这样。一般来说，语言以其常规的方式为说话者所 使用，为听话者所接受。但语言的使用往往超出常规（norm）， 或故意偏离（deviation）,或刻意求工（regularity）。但不 论用哪种形式，都会起到引人注目的作用。这种超出常规的语 言称为被突出的语言（foregrounded language），而人们惯常 使用的常规语言则被看成背景语言（backgrounded language）。
They two combines, “the libido for the ugly”, violating linguistic norms. The contrast is so intense that catches the readers' attention.
Foregrounding
Westmoreland
Westmorelanders
industrial heart lucrative center rich boast grand pride aspiration
industrial America American industrialists
Contrast
the image of a sick person(病人意象)