Revised Draft
SCI审稿意见回复模板来了
SCI审稿意见回复模板来了首先大家需要明确一点，给编辑的叫cover letter，不是response letter ，我们先来看下大致格式。
•Thank you for giving us the opportunity to submit a revised draft of the manuscript “XXX” for publication in the Journal of YYY. We appreciate the time and effort that you and the reviewers dedicated to providing feedback on our manuscript and are grateful for the insightful comments on and valuable improvements to our paper. We have incorporated most of the suggestions made by the reviewers. Those changes are highlighted in the manuscript. Please see below, in blue, for a point-by-point response to the reviewers’ comments and concerns. All page numbers refer to the revised manuscript file with tracked changes.•Ac cording to the reviewer’s comments, we have revised the manuscript extensively. If there are any other modifications we could make, we would like very much to modify them and wereally appreciate your help. We hope that our manuscript could be considered for publication in your journal. Thank you very much for your help.•Thank you again for your positive comments on our manuscript. 杂志名 is an influential journal which aims to improve our understanding of cancer prevention / other. From all the papers published in your journal, readers have been learning a lot. Hopefully, we could have our article been considered of publication in your journal. Should there been any other corrections we could make, please feel free to contact us.•Thank you for your email dated xxxxxx enclosing the reviewers’ comments. We have carefully reviewed the comments and have revised the manuscript accordingly. Our responses are given in a point-by-point manner below. Changes to the manuscript are shown in underline / red / bold.•I hope that the changes I’ve made resolve all your concerns about the article. I’m more than happy to make any further changes that will improve the paper and/or facilitate successful publication.•Based on these comments and suggestions, we have made careful modifications to the original manuscript, and carefully proof-read the manuscript to minimize typographical and grammatical errors. We believe that the manuscript has been greatly improved and hope it has reached your magazine’s standard.回到正题，给审稿人的意见回信，叫做Response to Reviewers。
revise的用法搭配
revise的用法搭配一、介绍revise的概念Revise是一个英语动词，具有多种用途和搭配。
它是指对一份文件、文本或计划进行修订、修改或改良的行为。
在学术研究、写作、编辑和其他领域中都广泛使用revise这个词。
二、Revise与写作任务2.1 Revise a first draft （修改初稿）写作过程中，将第一稿修订成更准确、更清晰的版本非常重要。
当完成第一稿后，通过对文章结构、句子流畅性和修辞手法进行评估，我们可以发现其中可能存在的问题并加以解决。
首先，要检查文章是否有一个明确的中心思想，并确保每个段落都围绕这个核心来展开。
此外，在使各部分之间衔接流畅时需要仔细排布和使用合适的转折词；还要注意句子结构是否多样化，包括引入定语从句、虚拟语气等丰富表达方式。
2.2 Revise for clarity and coherence （修改以提高清晰度与连贯性）除了检查初稿的整体结构外，我们也应该特别关注文章的清晰度和连贯性。
在修改时需要用简洁而明确的语言表达想法，并使用适当的过渡词使文章内容流畅、易于理解。
此外，还应注意各段之间的逻辑关系，确保每个段落都有明确的主题句和支持句。
2.3 Revise for grammar and spelling errors （修改语法和拼写错误）语法和拼写错误会给读者留下不专业或不可靠的印象。
因此，在修订时，务必仔细检查文章中可能存在的语法错误和拼写错误。
特别是一些常见的问题，例如主谓一致、冠词用法、动词时态等，在修改过程中要格外留意。
同时，使用拼写检查工具可以帮助我们快速发现并纠正拼写错误。
三、Revise与学习任务3.1 Revise for exams （为考试复习）在应对考试时，一个有效的学习策略是通过修订来巩固所学知识。
这意味着回顾并纠正之前学习中可能存在的理解错误或漏洞。
通过复习笔记、参考教材以及积极参与课堂讨论，我们能够更好地理解概念并将其应用于实际问题上。
draft用法
draft用法draft一般指的是草稿、初稿或者初步计划。
在不同领域和语境中，draft可以有不同的用法。
下面将详细介绍draft的一些常见用法和示例。
1. 文字创作：draft作为草稿，用于初步写作和编辑。
在文学创作中，draft指的是初步写作的阶段，往往是作者完成的第一版作品。
在这个阶段，作者会进行修改和润色，最终形成最终版的作品。
例如：- 我写了一篇小说的draft，希望你能帮我看看有哪些地方需要改进。
- 这篇文章还是初稿，需要再修改几次才能提交。
在学术写作中，draft指的是学术论文的初稿，通常需要经过同行评审和编辑，最终形成发表版本。
例如：- 我的研究论文还只是一个粗略的draft，需要再仔细修改论证部分。
- 我们的研究已经进入到第三个draft，预计很快就可以投稿了。
2. 法律文件：draft作为法律文件用于起草和修改。
在法律领域，draft是用于起草和修改法律文件的术语，例如合同、法案等。
通常由律师或法律团队负责起草草案，在草案完成后进行讨论和修改。
例如：- 我们需要尽快完成这份合同的draft，以便在下周会议上讨论。
- 政府委员会已经完成了这项法案的draft，将在下个月提交议会。
3. 选秀和体育赛事：draft作为选拔和选秀的过程。
在体育领域，draft通常是指选秀的过程，即在专业体育联盟中选拔新秀运动员。
在选秀时，各支队伍可以根据顺位依次选择心仪的球员。
例如：- 明天将举行NBA选秀，许多新秀们都非常期待能够在draft中被选择。
- 这位橄榄球运动员在大学时表现出色，有望在NFL的draft中成为首轮选秀。
4. 军事部署：draft作为征兵和兵员调配的过程。
在军事领域，draft指的是征兵和兵员调配的过程。
当国家需要增加军队的人数时，可以通过征召公民进行兵役。
例如：- 在战争期间，政府实行了大规模的draft政策，以增加军队的人数。
- 这位士兵是通过draft入伍的，他没有选择成为军人的权利。
高中英语单词天天记revise素材
·revise·v. [rɪ'vaɪz] ( revises; revised; revising )··双解释义·vt.修订,修改change sth because of new information or more thought ·vt. & vi.复习study again·基本要点•1.revise的基本意思是“订正”“修订”。
指“订正”时,即对原稿或校样的修改;指“修订”时,即对已出版的书籍进行修改以再版。
revise引申可指“复习”。
2.revise既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。
用作及物动词时,可接名词、代词作宾语。
可用于被动结构。
3.revise接介词for表示“为…而复习”; 接from表示“根据…修订而成”。
•·词汇搭配••revise a book 修订书•revise a contract 修改合同•revise an edition 修订版本•revise one's opinion of 改变对…的看法••revise carefully 仔细校订•revise completely 彻底修订过••revise for the examination 复习迎考•·常用短语•revise for(v.+prep.)为…而复习 review sth for sth▲revise for sthYou must revise for the examination.你应当复习迎接考试。
▲revise sth for sthShe is revising her notes for the examination.她正在阅读笔记准备考试。
••revise from(v.+prep.)根据…修订而成 revise sth according to sth▲revise sth from sth◇ 用于be ～ed结构This dictionary is revised from Treasures of English Words.这本词典是根据《英语词库》修订而成的。
draft用法
draft用法draft是英语中的一个词，其字面意思是“草稿”或“草案”。
在不同的场合和领域中，draft有着多种用法和含义。
首先，draft可以指代一份初步或临时写作的稿件。
当我们进行写作时，通常会从头到尾进行多次修改和润色。
在最初的阶段，我们可能会先写一份初步版本，称之为“draft”。
这个draft可以是我们思路的一个概述，也可以是我们深入研究的初步成果。
无论它是什么样的形式，通过反复修改和完善，我们最终将写出一份满意的作品。
除了写作领域，draft还被广泛应用于法律和政府文件的起草。
在这种情况下，draft指的是正在编写中的法律、政策或协议的初稿。
起草者通常会在一份draft 中提出初始建议和文字，然后将其送交给相关的专家、官员或委员会进行审查和修改。
在这个过程中，draft扮演着起草者和审查者之间沟通和协调的桥梁的角色。
此外，draft也可以引申为参加选秀或选拔的候选人。
在体育比赛中，如篮球、足球或冰球，年轻运动员可能会被称为draft，尤其是当他们还未被正式签约或加入专业队伍时。
这些年轻选手常常通过参加选秀活动，让各支球队有机会选择他们。
一旦被选中，他们将进入专业队伍，并开始更加严格的训练和竞争。
除了体育，draft还在军事上有重要的用法。
在军队中，draft指的是征兵制度下的新兵或被征召入伍的士兵。
在某些国家，当军队需要增加人员时，他们会通过为特定年龄组的公民强制服务征兵，这被称为“draft”。
被征召的人将接受一段时间的训练，然后加入军队完成任务。
此外，在商业和技术领域，draft也可以指某个产品或服务的初步版本或试验版。
例如，软件开发人员可能会创建一个draft版本的软件，以测试其性能和功能。
这个draft版本通常会被内部团队或限定的用户群体使用，以获取反馈和改进的机会。
通过不断地完善和优化，这个draft版本最终会成为正式发布的最终版本。
总的来说，draft是一个多功能的英语词汇，它在各个领域和场合中都有着不同的用法和含义。
决议草案 Draft_Resolution
决议草案(Draft Resolution)决议草案是各国在会议中经过磋商与合作，最终对议题中的问题提出的解决办法。
●一份决议草案可以由一国或多国代表起草，通常由于实际情况，一份决议草案需由多国代表共同起草，起草的国家被称为起草国(Sponsors)。
DR还需要得到一定数量国家的签署才能上交主席团，这些国家被称为附议国(Signatories)。
●起草国与附议国的总数必须超过国家总数的20%，才能提交。
作为起草国是完全同意DR内容的，而附议国只是表示认同该DR可以进行讨论。
格式：●草案标题（序号有主席团给出）：委员会(Committee):议题(topic):起草国(Sponsors):附议国(Signatories):●正文：DR的正文部分可以看作是一段长句，由作状语的序言性条款(preambulatory clauses)和作谓语的行动性条款(operative clauses)组成。
全文只有在末尾才有句号，序言性条款的段落用“，”隔开，行动性条款的段落用“；”隔开。
▲序言性条款一般用现在分词或一些形容词开头，并用下划线标注，如Reaffirming（重申），Recalling（回顾），Deeply concerned（深度关注）等；▲行动性条款以动词第三人称单数开头，主语是该委员会，用斜体标注，如The Security Council…Stresses（强调）, Condemns（谴责），Urges（敦促）等；▲行动性条款每一条要用序号分列各个条款，序号层次依次为阿拉伯数字、小写英文字母、小写罗马数字内容：序言性条款内容可以参考BG中的介绍，涉及：1)联合国宪章；2)联合国在该问题上通过的决议或条约；3)联合国机构就此问题发表过的言辞；4)国家政府或非政府组织对此问题的立场；5)对问题现状的大致阐述。
行动性条款中要具体列举解决问题的建议和措施。
每一条只用写明一个建议或措施，并在下面追加说明，比如成立一个观察团就在下面注明成员职责等。
外贸英语函电试卷及标准答案
外贸英语函电试卷及标准答案1.Ⅱ.Make the best choice for each of the following sentences The boxes must bestrong enough to withstand transport ____ very bad roads.A. AlongB. ForC. inD. over2.Enclosed are two copies of our Sales Confirmation No. DTE0607 ____ out againstyour Order KK02736.A. GotB. MadeC. putD. taken3.Some customers requested us to ____ our price because they consider it too high.A. bring downB. get downC. put downD. take down4.We can allow you a special discount of 2% on orders exceeding $60,000.The word “allow” can be replaced by the following words EXCEPTA. GiveB. GrantC. offerD. permit5.The consignment was shipped ____ on the S.S. “Changfeng” which left Shanghaifor Singapore on June 16.A. CleanB. CleanedC. cleaningD. cleanly6.For your own ____ please expedite the L/C, which must reach us before AugustA. AdvantageB. BenefitC. considerationD. profit7.In the ____ we would ask you to dispatch the replacement to us as soon aspossible.A. MeantimeB. MeanwhileC. timeD. occasion8.This will enable us to arrange speedy passage through the Customs on ____ ofthe consignment.A. arrivalB. ArrivingC. receptionD. receiving9. A container holds 240 bicycles; the whole cargo would therefore comprise 5containers, ____ 8 tons.A. and each weighing C. each weighingB. each to weigh D. each weighs10.The cases should be ____ they can easily be made tightly closed again afterbeing opened.A.as such so as C. of such a type thatB.B. like this so that D. of such a type which11.We deal in decorative fabrics ____ different varieties.A. OnB. InC. ofD. for12.It is possible to extend this Letter of Credit, which expires ____ January 28.A. OnB. inC. atD. for13.We trust you will look ____ the matter without delay upon receiving the dataconcerning the damage.A. OnB. UponC. inD. into14.Please quote us your lowest price ____ CIF Singapore basis for 1,500 piecesfor early delivery.A. OnB. FromC. ofD. to15.____ instructions from the importer, we have opened an irrevocable letter ofcredit for US$ 5,600 in your favor, valid until January 1, 2006.A. OnB. FromC. In accordanceD. According16.Your firm has been referred to us by the ABC Co., of Pakistan, ____ we havedone business for many years.A. WhichB. with thatC. whomD. with whom17.The discount of 5% agreed on was granted only ____ no balance was outstandingfrom previous accounts.A. on conditionB. on condition thatC. on thatD. depends on18.The credit ____ evidences shipment of 200 colour television sets may be usedupon presentation of the routine documents.A.0nB. ItC. whichD. what19.The goods under our order No. 05C31 arrived here yesterday, and we have nowexamined them ____ your enclosed lists and invoices.A. AgainstB. BeforeC. onD. with20.We, ____ in the export of medical equipment and medicinal herbs, wish to getinto direct contact with firms in your country ____ in the import of such products.A. deal, interestB. dealing, interestedC. dealt, interestingD. dealing, interestingⅠ．Fill in the blanks with appropriate words:（每小题1分，共25％）1．We have established an irrevocable letter of credit______your favour with the Bank of China,Guandong．2．We are glad to enter ______ business relations with your corporation．3．We are awaiting your revised draft _ keen interest．4．Our foreign trade policy is based ______ equality nad mutual benefit．5．We shall book a trial order with you,______ goods are competitive in price and of good quality．6．As we are heavily committed,we are sorry that we are not in a ______ to accept new orders．7．We prefer payment by D/P ______ draft at 60-day's sight．8．Your quotation happens to be exactly the same______ we have received from Australia．9．We hereby register a claim with you____ the basis of here,we can obtain a number of orders for you．10.Scince we are well connected______the department stores here,we can obtaina number of orders for you .11．_____ you know,this is a popular brand,which can see easily in our market．12．We hope that you wil look______ the cause of the defective goods．13．There is no question _getting the necessary import licence from our authorities．14．Please take the necessary steps ______delay．15．Your immediate reply should reach us not later ____ the end of this month．16．If the first shipment is satisfactory,we can______ with you some repeat orders．17．We hope this unfortunate incident wil not afect the friendly relations ______ us．18．Please cable us as soon as ______,giving us all necessary information． 19．We wih to acknowledge receipt of your letter of March 15,______ reached us yesterday．20．In view of the long-stanging business relations______us,we wish to settles this dispute amicably．21．Risks other______ All Risks and War Risk can be covered if the extra pr －enium should be borne by the buyer．22．Please do everything necessary ______ as to enable us to send you the relevant documents at an early date．23．We trust the mentioned shipment will reach you ______ sound condition．24．As to chemical products we are well connected _____ the major producers in America．25．We are glad that in the past few years,______ joint efforts,have greatly promoted both business and friendship．Ⅱ．Choose the best answer:（每小题1分，共20％）1．We look forward to _ a trial order．A．receiving Breceive from you C．receipt D．receipt your2．We _ some brochurs _to illustratethe procucts we manufactured．A．enclose,to you B．enclose you,\ C．enclose,\ D．enclose,you3．If you will send us a catalog by air,we shall _very much．A．appreciate B．appreciating C．appreciation D．appreciae it4． We would like to take this tty establish business relations with you。
revise的用法和短语例句
revise的用法和短语例句我们学习英语的时候，将会看到各种各样的英语单词，了解它们的用法，才可以更好地使用，知道revise的用法是什么吗？下面是小编给大家带来的revise的用法和短语_revise的用法及例句，以供大家参考，我们一起来看看吧!revise的用法revise的用法1：revise的基本意思是“订正”“修订”。
指“订正”时,即对原稿或校样的修改; 指“修订”时,即对已出版的书籍进行修改以再版。
revise引申可指“复习”。
revise的用法2：revise既可用作不及物动词,也可用作及物动词。
用作及物动词时,可接名词、代词作宾语。
可用于被动结构。
revise的用法3：revise接介词for表示“为…而复习”; 接from 表示“根据…修订而成”。
revise的用法4：revise the lesson有“温课'的意思，在英国使用不普遍，常用go over the lesson来代替。
而美国人喜欢用review the lesson;revise的用法5：revise解释为“修正”或者“校订”。
若是把书的第一版“修正”了，出版第二版，那受revise的动作就是第一版。
另外revised edition指第二版，不是第一版;revise的用法6：短语revised from意思为“根据……修订而成”。
revise的常用短语用作动词 (v.)revise for (v.+prep.)revise from (v.+prep.)revise的用法例句1. The staff should work together to revise the school curriculum.全体教职工应当齐心协力修订学校课程。
2. I'd better skip the party and stay at home to revise.我最好还是不去参加这个聚会，留在家里温习功课。
商务合同的翻译(revised)
Contracts for International Leasing Affairs (租赁)
Contracts for Sino-foreign Credits and Loans (信贷)
Contracts for International Build-Operate-Transfer (建设,运营,
12
Case 2
❖ Claims: ❖ Within 45 days after the arrival of the goods at
the destination, should the quality, Specifications or quantity be found not in conformity with the stipulations of the contract except those claims for which the insurance company or the owners of the vessel are liable, the Buyers shall, have the right on the strength of the inspection certificate issued by the C.C.I.C and the relative documents to claim for compensation to the Sellers
《幼儿师范学校教学计划(修订草案)》
《幼儿师范学校教学计划(修订草案)》英文版Title: "Revised Draft of the Teaching Plan for Preschool Teacher Training Schools"Introduction:As we embark on the journey of educating the youngest minds, it is imperative that we have a comprehensive and well-structured teaching plan. The "Revised Draft of the Teaching Plan for Preschool Teacher Training Schools" aims to provide a clear roadmap for training future preschool teachers, ensuring that they are equipped with the necessary skills and knowledge to nurture the next generation.Curriculum Outline:The revised teaching plan outlines a comprehensive curriculum that covers various subjects such as early childhood education, psychology, child development, and teachingmethodologies. This curriculum is designed to provide students with a solid foundation in the field of preschool education.Practical Training:In addition to theoretical knowledge, practical training is also a crucial component of this teaching plan. Students will be required to participate in field trips, observation sessions, and hands-on practical experiences to gain valuable insights into the real-world challenges of preschool education.Teacher Development:The revised plan also emphasizes the importance of continuous teacher development. Teachers will be provided with regular workshops, seminars, and professional development opportunities to enhance their skills and stay updated with the latest trends in preschool education.Assessment and Feedback:Regular assessments and feedback sessions are integral to the revised teaching plan. This allows teachers to monitorstudents' progress, identify areas of improvement, and provide timely feedback to help students achieve their academic goals.Conclusion:The "Revised Draft of the Teaching Plan for Preschool Teacher Training Schools" represents a significant step forward in the field of preschool education. By providing a comprehensive curriculum, practical training opportunities, teacher development, and regular assessment and feedback, this plan aims to equip future preschool teachers with the skills and knowledge they need to succeed in their profession. As we continue to refine and improve this teaching plan, we hope to see a generation of preschool teachers who are passionate, dedicated, and well-prepared to shape the future of young children.中文版：标题：“《幼儿师范学校教学计划(修订草案)》”英文版介绍：在我们踏上教育最年轻心灵的旅程时，我们必须拥有一份全面而结构良好的教学计划。
英文作文如何修改草稿
英文作文如何修改草稿英文：When it comes to revising a draft, there are a few key steps that I always take. First, I read through the entire draft from start to finish, making note of any areas that feel weak or confusing. Then, I go back through the draft and make specific edits to address these issues, such as rewording sentences or adding more detail.One important thing to keep in mind when revising is to focus on the overall structure and flow of the piece. Does each paragraph build logically on the one before it? Are there any abrupt transitions or confusing jumps in topic? By paying attention to these larger issues, I can ensure that the piece is cohesive and easy to follow.Another key aspect of revising is to pay attention to grammar and punctuation. Even the most well-written piece can be undermined by careless errors, so I always make sureto carefully proofread my work before submitting it.中文：在修改草稿的过程中，我通常会采取几个关键步骤。
draft形容词
draft形容词“draft”作为形容词时：一、词性解释“draft”作形容词表示“初步画出或（写出）的；（设计、草图、提纲或版本）初稿的，草稿形式的；正在起草中的”。
二、意思即处于未完成、初步的状态，还需要进一步完善或者修改。
三、用法1. 通常用于修饰名词，放在名词之前。
例如：“a draft plan”（一个草拟的计划）。
2. 也可以用在系动词之后，作表语。
如：The report is still draft.（这个报告仍然是草稿状态。
）四、近义词- preliminary：表示初步的、开端的，和draft意思相近，但更强调在一系列事情中的起始阶段。
例如：preliminary investigations（初步调查）。
- rough：有粗糙的、粗略的意思，也可用于形容初步的、未精细加工的东西。
如：a rough sketch（粗略的草图）。
五、双语例句（一）英语例句1. This is just my draft idea for the party. I'm not sure if it will work. (这只是我关于派对的初步想法。
我不确定它是否可行。
)2. The draft manuscript needs a lot of polishing. (这份草稿手稿需要大量润色。
)3. I showed him my draft design, and he was not impressed. He said it lacked creativity. (我给他看了我的草图设计，他没有被打动。
他说它缺乏创意。
)4. The draft budget has some obvious flaws. We need to re - evaluate it. (这个草拟的预算有一些明显的缺陷。
我们需要重新评估它。
)5. Her draft speech was a bit too long. She had to cut some parts. (她的草稿演讲稿有点太长了。
梁山伯与祝英台越剧全场唱词
梁山伯与祝英台越剧全场唱词梁山伯与祝英台越剧全场唱词Revised final draft November 26, 2020《梁山伯与祝英台》（越剧）全场唱词+念白第一场别亲（祝家书斋）幕后（合唱）上虞县，祝家庄，玉水河滨，有一个祝英台，秀丽聪明。
她胸中有大志，要求学杭城，爹不肯，她设巧计，假装生病，茶不思，饭不吃，关起房门，急得那祝员外坐立不宁。
（灯亮）（祝公远焦灼地踱步）公远（唱）英台做祝事太任性，竟想读书上杭城，她是祝府千金女，应该是描龙绣凤在闺门。
我有心叫她杭城去，怎奈是闺女怎能出远门我有心不叫杭城去，又怕她病势转深沉。
思前想后心不定。
（银心上）银心（接唱）我小姐要读书，设下妙计，哪怕员外不答应。
（上前叩见）员外！小姐不好了！祝公远（惊问）银心，何事大惊小怪银心（唱）小姐想求学上杭城，怎奈员外不答应，因此小姐心烦恼，忧愁终日得了病。
如今卧床病沉重，特来禀知老大人。
祝公远（白）这可如何是好让我去看来。
银心（白）员外，小姐好容易刚睡着，请你不要惊醒了她。
（墙外传来卦板叮口当及“测字排流年“之声）银心（白）啊！员外，依婢子之见，倒不如请这个卜卦先生来卜个卦，以决疑难。
祝公远（白）却也使得。
（银心下而复上）银心（白）卜卦先生请来了。
祝公远（白）请进。
银心（白）先生，请你进来！（招手）（祝英台乔装卜卦人上）祝英台（白）员外在上，卜卦人叩见。
祝公远（白）一旁请坐。
祝英台（白）谢员外，告坐了。
请问员外可是问卜祝公远（白）正是问卜。
祝英台（白）如此，请设香案。
祝公远（白）银心，摆设香案。
银心（白）是。
（摆设香案）祝英台（白）请问员外，有何疑难祝公远（白）只因小女想去杭城读书，是我不允，为此悒郁终日，得了一病，未知吉凶如何特请先生一卜。
祝英台（白）请问小姐有几岁了祝公远（白）今年二八，五月初五日生辰。
祝英台（白）如此待我卜来。
（卜卦后）员外，按卦而断，还是让令媛出门的好。
祝公远（白）何以见得祝英台（白）令媛在家多灾多病，出门可以除病消灾，到杭城读书末……更是大吉大利。
修订法律文件的英语作文
修订法律文件的英语作文Title: Revising Legal Documents。
Introduction。
In today's rapidly changing world, laws and regulations need to be constantly revised and updated to keep pace with new developments and challenges. This essay will discuss the importance of revising legal documents and provide examples of recent revisions in various countries.Importance of Revising Legal Documents。
Legal documents, such as statutes, regulations, and policies, serve as the foundation of a country's legal system. They outline the rights and responsibilities of individuals and organizations, as well as the proceduresfor resolving disputes and enforcing laws. However, laws that are outdated or ineffective can hinder the administration of justice and impede social progress.Therefore, it is crucial to regularly review and revise legal documents to ensure they remain relevant andeffective in addressing current issues.Examples of Recent Revisions。
公司法修改草案英文
公司法修改草案英文Company Law Amendment Draft (English Version)IntroductionThe Company Law Amendment Draft aims to revise and update existing company laws to meet the evolving needs and challenges of the modern business environment. This article will discuss the key amendments proposed in the draft and their potential implications for companies operating in the country.1. Simplified Company Registration ProcessThe first significant amendment proposed in the draft is to simplify the company registration process. Currently, setting up a company involves numerous formalities and paperwork, which can be time-consuming and complex. The proposed amendment suggests streamlining the process by introducing an online registration system, reducing administrative burden and facilitating ease of doing business.2. Enhanced Protection for Minority ShareholdersRecognizing the importance of protecting the rights of minority shareholders, the draft proposes amendments to strengthen their position. These include provisions to facilitate shareholder participation and increase transparency, ensuring that minority shareholders are not unfairly marginalized. Moreover, the draft aims to empower minority shareholders by establishing mechanisms for their approval or dissent in important company decisions.3. Improved Corporate Governance PracticesCorporate governance is crucial for building investor confidence and ensuring sustainable growth. To enhance corporate governance practices, the draft amendment suggests stricter regulations for board composition and independence. It also emphasizes the need for regular board evaluations, disclosure of board remuneration, and the establishment of an independent audit committee. These measures aim to enhance transparency, accountability, and integrity within companies.4. Expansion of Directors' Duties and LiabilitiesAnother key amendment proposed in the draft focuses on expanding directors' duties and liabilities. The amendment seeks to align the legal framework with international standards by explicitly stating directors' obligations towards the company, shareholders, and other stakeholders. The draft also introduces provisions to hold directors accountable for any breach of duty or misuse of their position for personal gain.5. Introduction of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR)Recognizing the growing importance of environmental and social sustainability, the draft amendment incorporates provisions related to Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). Under the proposed amendment, companies will be required to actively engage in CSR activities, positively contributing to society and minimizing their environmental impact. This promotes a more holistic view of company performance beyond financial metrics.6. Strengthening Shareholder RemediesTo enhance the protection of shareholders' rights, the draft suggests expanding the range of available remedies for shareholders. It proposes granting shareholders the right to initiate derivative actions on behalf of the company against directors suspected of engaging in fraudulent activities or breaching their fiduciary duties. This provision aims to deter corporate misconduct and ensure greater shareholder representation.7. Facilitation of Easier Capital RaisingRecognizing the significance of capital raising for business growth, the draft amendment proposes measures to facilitate easier access to capital for companies. This includes allowing companies to issue different classes of shares with varying rights, encouraging investment in innovative startups and promoting risk-sharing among investors.ConclusionThe proposed amendments in the Company Law Amendment Draft bring necessary updates and reforms to strengthen corporate governance, protect shareholder rights, and support sustainable business practices. These amendments, if implemented, will create a more favorable environment for companies to thrive, attract investment, and contribute to the overall economic development of the country. It is important for all stakeholders to actively engage in the legislative process to ensure the final version of the amended law accurately reflects the needs and aspirations of the business community.。
RevisionMade所作修改
Examination / Revision Date 檢視 / 修改日期
10 July 2017 2017 年 7 月 10 日
10 July 2017 2017 年 7 月 10 日 10 July 2017 2017 年 7 月 10 日 10 July 2017 2017 年 7 月 10 日 10 July 2017 2017 年 7 月 10 日
10 July 2017 2017 年 7 月 10 日
Page Number 頁次
6
15-33 56-57 85, 89-92
98
111
Revision Made 所作修改
Revision Made 所作修改
EXPLANATORY NOTE ON AUTHORIZED INSTITUTION THAT HAS MADE A LOAN, OR HAS UNDERTAKEN TO PROVIDE FINANCE, FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE DEVELOPMENT IS ADDED 加入有關已為發展項目的建造提供貸款或 已承諾為該項建造提供融資的認可機構的 註釋 FLOOR PLANS OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT ARE UPDATED 修正發展項目的住宅物業的樓面平面圖 AREAS OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTIES IN THE DEVELOPMENT ARE REVISED 修正發展項目的住宅物業的面積 ELEVATION PLANS ARE REVISED 修正立面圖 DESCRIPTIONS OF ITEM 3(H) "GAS SUPPLY" AND ITEM 4(B) “LETTER BOX” ARE UPDATED 更新細項3(H)“氣體供應”及 4(B) “信 箱” 的描述 SCHEDULE OF MECHANICAL & ELECTRICAL PROVISIONS OF RESIDENTIAL UNITS IS UPDATED 更新住宅單位機電裝置數量說明表
15.Revisingthedraft
Revising the DraftHaving drafted your essay, you have gained the perspective of hindsight. Was the subject matter more complex than you anticipated? Did your preconceived ideas prove less interesting than discoveries you made while writing?Would you like to revise, but feel uncertain about how to do so?How to revise:•Put your draft aside. Time away from your essay will allow for more objective self-evaluation.•Get feedback. Since you already know what you're trying to say, you aren't always the best judge of where the draft is clear or unclear. Let another reader tell you. Then discuss aloud what you were trying to achieve. In articulating for someone else what you meant to argue, you will clarify ideas for yourself.•Construct a backward-outline of your essay. Identify the main idea(s) in each paragraph.Rank their importance in advancing your thesis. Consider connections between and among ideas.•Rethink your thesis. Based on what you did in the previous step, restructure your argument: reorder your points, cut irrelevancies or redundancies, add complications and implications. You may want to return to the text for additional evidence.•Now that you know what you're really arguing, work on the introduction and conclusion.Make sure to begin your paragraphs with topic sentences, linking idea(s) in each paragraph to those proposed in the thesis.•Proofread. Aim for precision and economy in language. Read aloud so you can hear stylistic infelicities. (Your ear will pick up what your eye has missed.)An example of revision:In 1969, E. B. White wrote a one-paragraph comment on the first moon walk. Eventually, White took the comment through six drafts. On the next page of this hand-out, you can see his third and sixth drafts. White's main points are underlined. In Draft 6, White gets right to the point. He states the problem he's addressing—"the moon is a poor place for flags"—in his third sentence. In Draft 3, he does not suggest this until the sentence that begins "Yet," and never directly; it is the sum of the large amount of underlined material. Revision enabled White to be clearer by articulating concisely and directly an idea that was earlier implied; correspondingly, revision let him move an idea that was clear by the middle or end of an early draft to the beginning. He also cut his introductory device, the beach trip. The amount of space he devotes to it in draft 3 suggests that White was attached to this example. But it prevents him from getting to the point. So he substitutes the bouncy dance, which preserves the playfulness of the trip to the beach but is more economical.As you revise your own work, keep the following principles in mind:•Revision entails rethinking your thesis. Because clarity of vision is the result of experience, it is unreasonable to expect to come up with the best thesis possible—one that clearly accounts for the complexities of the issue at hand—before beginning a draft, or even during a first draft. The best theses evolve; they are the products of the kind of precise thinking that is only possible to achieve by writing. Successful revision involves bringing your thesis into focus—or, changing it altogether.•Revision entails making structural changes. Drafting is usually a process of discovering an idea or argument. Your argument will not become clearer if you only tinker with individual sentences. Successful revision involves bringing the strongest ideas to the front of the essay, reordering the main points, cutting irrelevant sections, adding implications. It also involves making the argument's structure visible by strengthening topic sentences and transitions.•Revision takes time. Avoid shortcuts: the reward for sustained effort is a clearer, more persuasive, more sophisticated essay than a first draft can be.。
英文邮件 初稿有待修改
英文邮件初稿有待修改全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：Dear Team,Best regards,[Your Name]第二篇示例：Dear Team,Thank you for your attention to this matter.Best regards,[Your Name]第三篇示例：Dear Team,1. Clarity and Conciseness: Make sure that the message is clear and easy to understand. Avoid using complex language or jargon that may confuse our readers.Best regards,[Your Name][Your Position][Your Contact Information]以上是对初稿修改的请求澄清邮件，希望可以得到你的认真审查和帮助，谢谢。
第四篇示例：Dear [Recipient],I have attached the preliminary version of the project plan for your perusal. This document outlines the key objectives, timelines, and deliverables for the project. Please take some time to carefully review the draft and provide any feedback or suggestions you may have. Your input is invaluable in ensuring the success of this project.Thank you for your time and attention. I am confident that with your support, we will achieve great things together.Best regards,[Your Name]。
学生必须写作业英语怎么写
Students are required to complete their homework assignments in English.This typically involves the following steps:1.Understanding the Assignment:Students should first read and understand the instructions given by the teacher.This may include the topic,the format,the length,and the due date.2.Research:If the assignment involves research,students should gather information from reliable sources such as textbooks,academic journals,and reputable websites.3.Outlining:Before writing,its helpful to create an outline to organize thoughts and ensure the paper flows logically.4.Drafting:Students should write a first draft of their assignment,focusing on getting their ideas down rather than worrying about grammar or spelling at this stage.5.Revising:After the initial draft is complete,students should review their work to ensure it addresses the assignments requirements,is wellorganized,and effectively communicates their ideas.6.Editing:This involves checking for grammatical errors,spelling mistakes,and ensuring that the writing is clear and concise.7.Proofreading:The final step before submission is proofreading to catch any lastminute errors or inconsistencies.8.Citing Sources:If the assignment includes research,students must properly cite their sources to avoid plagiarism and give credit to the original authors.9.Formatting:Students should follow any specific formatting guidelines provided by their teacher,such as font size,margins,and citation style.10.Submission:Finally,students should submit their completed homework according to the teachers instructions,which may involve handing in a physical copy or uploading a digital version.Remember,practice makes perfect.The more students write in English,the more comfortable and proficient they will become.。
英文投稿过程中的十种状态
英文投稿过程中的十种状态1. Submitted to Journal当上传结束后，显示的状态是Submitted to Journal，这个状态是自然形成的无需处理。
2. With editor如果在投稿的时候没有要求选择编辑，就先到主编那里，主编会分派给别的编辑。
这当中就会有另两个状态：① Editor assigned编辑分派② Editor Declined Invitation编辑拒绝邀请，这时主编不得不将投稿文章重新分派给其它编辑。
3. Reviewer(s) invited说明编辑已接手处理，正在邀请审稿人中。
有时该过程会持续很长时间，如果其中原因是编辑一直没有找到合适的审稿人，这时投稿者可以向编辑推荐审稿人。
4. Under review审稿人的意见已上传，说明审稿人已接受审稿，正在审稿中，这应该是一个漫长的等待（期刊通常会限定审稿人审稿时间，一般为一个月左右）。
当然前面各步骤也可能很慢的，要看编辑的处理情况。
如果被邀请审稿人不想审，就会decline，编辑会重新邀请别的审稿人。
5. required review completed审稿结束，等编辑处理，该过程短则几天，长则无期，科学堂有一篇文章出现required review completed状态已近一个月了，还是没有消息。
6. Decision in Process到了这一步就快要有结果了，编辑开始考虑是给修改还是直接拒，当然也有可能直接接受的，但可能性很小，呵呵。
7. Minor revision/Major revision小修/大修，这个时候可以稍微庆祝一下了，因为有修改就有可能。
具体怎么改就不多说了，谦虚谨慎是不可少的（因为修改后一般会再发给审稿人看，所以一定要细心的回答每一个审稿人的每一个问题，态度要谦逊，要让审稿人觉得他提的每个问题都很有水准的，然后针对他的问题，一个一个的做出答复，能修改的就修改，不能修改的给出理由，而且都要列出来，文章的哪一段哪一行修改了最好都说出来，记住：给审稿人减少麻烦就是给你自己减少麻烦！另注：有时，审稿人会在修改意见里隐讳里说出要你仔细阅读某几篇文献，这时可要注意了，其中某些文章可能就是评审者自己发表的，这时你最好在你的修改稿中加以引用），修改后被拒绝的例子也多不胜数的。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Æ%hvtt %vÃc|hA DR h dB c it| }d| vc vu|ÄiÆ}}hi}d|i $hv à | vc TÃc | vc S i d| vcÆvÄc5ÃgA5i dh|Ric|vu D vcvR t xc iht |A vu$ ||twÃh}Ä$ ||twÃh}Ä $Æ hP f D Rd Bq# ÃgAnW ||!i Ã%Äh t$d d}ivh} vÃ5i dh|Ric|vu D vcvR twvà t dcd S|d|i xc iht |Ad|vc CvÃ}i wÆFfrfD Rd Bq d dWÃc 2 !tc !BtÃ!i ÃCi ti 5hdu||vwihDevwudfwPdq|prghov ri jurzwk dqg ghyhorsphqw dvvxph wkdw djjuhjdwh rxwsxw lv jhqhudwhg e|d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zlwk oderu/sk|vlfdo fdslwdo/dqg vrphwlphv kxpdq fdslwdo dv lqsxwv1Lq wklv sdshu zh txhvwlrq wkh hpslulfdo uhohydqfh ri wkhFree~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq1Zh frqvlghu qhz Zruog Edqn gdwd rq JGS/wkh oderu vxsso|/wkhvwrfn ri sk|vlfdo fdslwdo dqg hgxfdwlrqdo dwwdlqphqw shu zrunhu iru d sdqho ri;5frxqwulhv ryhu d5;|hdu shulrg iurp4<93~;:1Wkhvh gdwd duh xvhg wr hvwlpdwh d jhqhudo FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrqvshfl fdwlrq iru zklfk wkh Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq lv d vshfldo fdvh1Zh qg wkdw iru wkhhqwluh;5frxqwu|~5;|hdu sdqho zh fdq uhmhfw d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwhsurgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq1Zkhq zh glylgh rxu vdpsoh ri;5frxqwulhv xs lqwr vhyhudo vxevdpsohvedvhg rq lqlwldo ohyhov ri fdslwdo shu zrunhu/zh qg wkdw zh fdq frqwlqxh wr uhmhfw d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq1Lq sduwlfxodu/zh qg wkdw sk|vlfdo fdslwdo dqg kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhgoderu duh pruh vxevwlwxwdeoh lq wkh ulfkhvw jurxs ri frxqwulhv dqg ohvv vxevwlwxwdeoh lq wkhsrruhvw jurxs ri frxqwulhv wkdq zrxog eh lpsolhg e|d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq1Zh glvfxvvwkh lpsolfdwlrqv ri rxu qglqjv iru wkh ghedwh frqfhuqlqj frqyhujhqfh lq lqfrph ohyhov dfurvvfrxqwulhv dv zhoo dv iru wkh sodxvlelolw|ri orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk gxh wr wkh vshfl fdwlrqri wkh surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|1MHO Fodvvl fdwlrq Qxpehuv=R73/R7:1W i dhi}hd|iuÃB|v%hd } Ãhct i 5d 5i vc} y iÄ 3v Ä RÃhd i fdBvh Cvwih|SvBv"dc |Ähii dcvcARvÃt hiuihiit uvhÄiB uÃB vRRic|t dc tÃ}}it| vct vc idhB ih iht vct vu|Ä t d ih!c|hv à | vcPdq|prghov ri jurzwk dqg ghyhorsphqw dvvxph wkdw rxwsxw lv jhqhudwhg e|d wzr~idfwru/Free~ Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zlwk sk|vlfdo fdslwdo dqg oderu ru kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhg oderu vhuylqj dv lqsxwv1Wkh Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq lv wkh rqo|olqhduo| krprjhqrxv surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zlwk d frqvwdqw hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq lq zklfk hdfk idfwru*v vkduh ri lqfrph lv frqvwdqw ryhu wlph1Vlqfh wkh odwwhu lpsolfdwlrq ri wkh Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq lv wkrxjkw wr eh frqvlvwhqw zlwk rqh ri Ndogru*v+4<94,_vw|ol}hg idfwv%ri jurzwk/~wkdw wkh vkduhv ri lqfrph dffuxlqj wr fdslwdo dqg oderu duh uhodwlyho|frqvwdqw ryhu wlph~prvw uhvhdufkhuv kdyh qrw txhvwlrqhg wkh xvh ri d Free~Grxjodv surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq wr vwxg|txhvwlrqv ri jurzwk dqg ghyhorsphqw1Ri frxuvh/wkh olqhdu krprjhqhlw|dqg frqvwdqw hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq surshuwlhv ri wkh Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq pd|dovr h{sodlq wkh srsxodulw|ri wklv ixqfwlrqdo irup1 Qhyhuwkhohvv/vrph uhvhdufkhuv kdyh h{suhvvhg grxewv derxw wkh Free~Grxjodv ruwkrgr{|1 Zkloh Vrorz+4<8:,zdv shukdsv wkh uvw wr vxjjhvw wkh xvh ri wkh Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq wr fkdudfwhul}h djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq/kh qrwhg wkdw wkhuh zdv olwwoh lq wkh zd|ri hylghqfh wr vxs0 sruw wkh fkrlfh ri vxfk d vshfl fdwlrq1Pruhryhu/Vrorz+4<8;,srlqwhg rxw wkdw Ndogru*v vw|ol}hg idfw lv qrw wkdw idfwru vkduhv kdyh ehhq devroxwho|frqvwdqw/dv wkh Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq olwhudoo|lpsolhv/exw udwkhu wkdw wkhvh vkduhv kdyh ehhq uhodwlyho|frqvwdqw ryhu wkh vkruw shulrg ri wlph iru zklfk zh kdyh dydlodeoh gdwd1Vrorz qrwhv wkdw voljkw ghsduwxuhv iurp d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq/lq wkh irup ri d frqvwdqw~hodvwlflw|~ri~vxevwlwxwlrq+FHV,surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj| zlwk dq hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq wkdw lv rqo|voljkwo|gl huhqw iurp xqlw|/uhvxow lq vpdoo wuhqgv lq idfwru vkduhv ri lqfrph wkdw duh qrw lqfrqvlvwhqw zlwk wkh revhuyhg_uhodwlyh vwdelolw|%ri wkhvh vkduhv ryhu orqjhu shulrgv ri wlph1Lqghhg/lq klv vhplqdo4<89jurzwk sdshu/Vrorz suhvhqwhg wkh FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq dv rqh ri wkh h{dpsoh whfkqrorjlhv iru wkh prgholqj ri orqj~uxq jurzwk1 Wkh lpsolfdwlrqv ri wkh qhrfodvvlfdo jurzwk prgho zlwk d FHV surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|zhuh ixuwkhu vshoohg rxw e|Slwfkirug+4<93,/zkr vkrzhg wkdw fhuwdlq sdudphwhul}dwlrqv ri wklv yhuvlrq ri wkh prgho dgplwwhg wkh srvvlelolw|ri vxvwdlqhg orqj~uxq jurzwk/ri wkh ydulhw|uhfhqwo|uhvxuuhfwhg e| Mrqhv dqg Pdqxhool+4<<3,dqg Uhehor+4<<4,1Orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk gxh wr wkh surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|dulvhv zkhqhyhu wkh pdujlqdo surgxfw ri fdslwdo+pruh jhqhudoo|/wkh pdujlqdo surgxfw ri wkh fxpxodwlyh/surgxfwlyh lqsxw,grhv qrw whqg wr}hur lq wkh olplw dv wkh fdslwdo vwrfn jurzv odujh/lq ylrodwlrq ri wkh Lqdgd frqglwlrq1Lqvwhdg/wkh pdujlqdo surgxfw ri fdslwdo dv|pswrwlfdoo|dfklhyhv vrph orzhu erxqg wkdw lv juhdwhu wkdq}hur/wkxv holplqdwlqj wkh qhhg iru vrph nlqg ri h{rjhqrxv whfkqrorjlfdo surjuhvv dv wkh orqj~ uxq vwhdg|vwdwh hqjlqh ri jurzwk1D qhfhvvdu|frqglwlrq iru wklv w|sh ri hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk lq wkh_Vrorz~Slwfkirug%prgho ri qhrfodvvlfdo jurzwk zlwk d FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq lv wkdw wkh hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq ehwzhhq fdslwdo dqg oderu lv juhdwhu wkdq rqh1Lq dgglwlrq wr orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk/d rqh~vhfwru qhrfodvvlfdo jurzwk prgho zlwk d FHV surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|dgplwv dqrwkhu lqwhuhvwlqj srvvlelolw|~wkh srvvlelolw|ri pxowlsoh vwhdg| vwdwhv iru shu fdslwd rxwsxw1D}duldglv/+4<<6/4<<9,/iru h{dpsoh/vkrzv wkdw lq d wzr~shulrg ryhu0 odsslqj jhqhudwlrqv prgho zlwk surgxfwlyh fdslwdo/d wzr~idfwru FHV surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|zlwk dq hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq ehwzhhq fdslwdo dqg oderu wkdw lv ohvv wkdq rqh dgplwv wkh srvvlelolw| ri pxowlsoh/qrqwulyldo vwhdg|vwdwhv iru shu fdslwd rxwsxw1Jdoru+4<<9d,vxjjhvwv krz wklv vdph qglqj pljkw fduu|ryhu wr wkh Vrorz ghvfulswlyh jurzwk prgho1Wkh qhfhvvdu|frqglwlrq iru pxowlsoh vwhdg|vwdwhv zlwk d FHV surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|~dq hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq wkdw lv ohvv wkdq xqlw|~lv suhflvho|rssrvlwh wr wkh qhfhvvdu|frqglwlrq iru orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk lq d Vrorz~Slwfkirug prgho/zklfk uhtxluhv dq hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq wkdw lv juhdwhu wkdq xqlw|1Erwk ri wkhvh lqwhuhvwlqj srvvlelolwlhv duh uxohg rxw e|d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq/lq zklfk wkh hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq lv suhflvho|htxdo wr rqh1Prwlydwhg e|wkhvh wzr gl huhqw dqg pxwxdoo|h{foxvlyh srvvlelolwlhv/zh fkrvh wr hvwlpdwh d jhqhudo FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq iru d furvv~vhfwlrq ri;5frxqwulhv ryhu d shulrg ri5;|hduv1Rxu jrdo zdv wr ghwhuplqh zkhwkhu d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq lv dq hpslulfdoo|uhohydqw vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq lq furvv~frxqwu|dqdo|vhv ri hfrqrplf jurzwk1Lq hvwlpdwlqj wkh FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zh frqvlghu dv lqsxwv/wkh sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfn ri hdfk frxqwu|/wkh vxsso|ri oderu dqg zh dovr frqvlghu d phdvxuh ri oderu dgmxvwhg iru kxpdq fdslwdo1 Zkloh Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrqv iru djjuhjdwh rxwsxw kdyh ehhq hvwlpdwhg iru lqglylgxdo frxqwulhv dqg hyhq iru vpdoo jurxsv ri frxqwulhv/+vhh/h1j1Fkhqhu|hw do1+4<;9,,/zh duh qrw dzduh ri dq|vhulrxv h ruwv wr hvwlpdwh rwkhu w|shv ri surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrqv xvlqj djjuhjdwh gdwd iurp d odujh furvv vhfwlrq ri frxqwulhv1 Zh vxvshfw wkdw wklv lv pdlqo|gxh wr wkh devhqfh ri djjuhjdwh gdwd iru d odujh furvv vhfwlrq ri frxqwulhv/hvshfldoo|gdwd rq djjuhjdwh vwrfnv ri sk|vlfdo dqg kxpdq fdslwdo1Zh eholhyh zh qrz kdyh dq dghtxdwh gdwd vrxufh iru wkhvh djjuhjdwh fdslwdo vwrfnv iru d Sii Äv"i ih vt3 c dc wdÃi P( "Äv it| Rd|i d|hdct ic ic|dB Bv}dh |ÄR hv à | vc uÃc | vc uvh|Äi }hvà vu i vÃc|h it! icÄdw w dc S i}iB i e(cv|i c d uvv|cv|i icv!F(|Äd||ÄiAÄd i hÃc}hv"|Äd vÃc| c}|A i hi}hitt vct" |Äd%DS t i d| vc uvh|Äi d}}hi}d|i hv à | vc uÃc | vc wÃ| v cv|iBdwvhd|i vc|Äi h c c}t!vx flhqwo|odujh furvv vhfwlrq ri frxqwulhv~wkh Zruog Edqn gdwd wkdw zh ghvfuleh ehorz1Udwkhu wkdq hvwlpdwlqj surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrqv/wkh pruh frpprq dssurdfk kdv ehhq wr qrwh wkdw oderu*v vkduh ri lqfrph dsshduv wr eh uhodwlyho|frqvwdqw ryhu wlph dqg wr xvh wklv qglqj wr mxvwli|d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq~vhh/h1j1Pdqnlz/Urphu dqg Zhlo+4<<5,dqg Suhvfrww +4<<;,1Wklv lqwhusuhwdwlrq ri wkh wlph vhulhv hylghqfh/krzhyhu/uhpdlqv vxemhfw wr Vrorz*v+4<8;, fulwltxh1Ixuwkhupruh/wkh furvv~frxqwu|hylghqfh vxjjhvwv wkdw frxqwulhv dw gl huhqw vwdjhv ri ghyhorsphqw pd|kdyh ydvwo|gl huhqw oderu vkduhv ri lqfrph+vhh/h1j1Jroolq+4<<;,,>wklv qglqj pdnhv lw kdug wr mxvwli|wkh xvh ri d Free~Grxjodv surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq iru furvv~frxqwu|dqdo|vhv ri jurzwk1Hyhq diwhu fduhixo dgmxvwphqwv duh pdgh wr wkh zd|oderu lqfrph lv phdvxuhg/Jroolq +4<<;,frqwlqxhv wr qg wkdw oderu*v vkduh ri qdwlrqdo lqfrph dfurvv64frxqwulhv kdv d vwdqgdug ghyldwlrq ri durxqg43shufhqw1Rqh srvvleoh h{sodqdwlrq iru wklv qglqj wkdw fdqqrw eh uhmhfwhg d sulrul lv wkdw wkh hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq ehwzhhq fdslwdo dqg oderu lv qrw htxdo wr xqlw|/vr wkdw idfwru vkduhv duh qrw frqvwdqw/dqg lqvwhdg ydu|zlwk wkh dffxpxodwlrq ri idfwru lqsxwv1Wr shuirup rxu hvwlpdwlrq h{huflvh/zh pdnh xvh ri d Zruog Edqn gdwdvhw wkdw lqfoxghv gdwd rq djjuhjdwh fdslwdo vwrfnv lq frqvwdqw X1V1grooduv iru d vdpsoh ri;5frxqwulhv ryhu5;|hduv1Xvlqj wklv gdwd vdpsoh/zh qg wkdw zh fdq uhmhfw d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zlwk fdslwdo dqg oderu+ru kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhg oderu,xvhg dv lqsxwv1Lqvwhdg/wkh gdwd vxssruw wkh xvh ri d pruh jhqhudo FHV vshfl fdwlrq zlwk dq hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq ehwzhhq fdslwdo dqg oderu wkdw lv vljql fdqwo|juhdwhu wkdq rqh1Zh dovr hvwlpdwh d FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq iru irxu gl huhqw vxevdpsohv ri frxqwulhv/jurxshg dffruglqj wr wkh lqlwldo ohyho ri fdslwdo shu zrunhu1Iru wkhvh vxevdpsohv zh qg hylghqfh wkdw wkh hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq pd|ydu|zlwk wkh vwdjh ri ghyhorsphqw1Lq sduwlfxodu/iru wkh ulfkhvw jurxs ri frxqwulhv zh qg wkdw zkhq kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhg oderu lv xvhg dv dq lqsxw/wkh hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq ehwzhhq fdslwdo dqg oderu lv vljql fdqwo|juhdwhu wkdq xqlw|1Krzhyhu/iru wkh srruhvw jurxs ri frxqwulhv/ wkh hvwlpdwhg hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq lv irxqg wr eh vljql fdqwo|ohvv wkdq xqlw|1Lq wkh qh{w vhfwlrq zh prwlydwh rxu hvwlpdwlrq h{huflvh e|glvfxvvlqj lq ixuwkhu ghwdlo krz wkh wzr lqwhuhvwlqj srvvlelolwlhv glvfxvvhg deryh fdq dulvh iurp d FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zlwklq d vlpsoh qhrfodvvlfdo jurzwk iudphzrun1Lq vhfwlrq6zh suhvhqw dqg glvfxvv wkh uhvxowv ri rxu hvwlpdwlrq ri d FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq iru wkh hqwluh vdpsoh ri;5frxqwulhv dqg iru ydulrxv vxevdpsohv ri frxqwulhv1Vhfwlrq7frqfoxghv1PÆ ci Si |vhÅiv Bdtt dB fhv"|Ä v iB" |Äd%DS$hv à | vc TÃc | vcFrqvlghu uvw/d rqh~vhfwru/Gldprqg+4<98,ryhuodsslqj jhqhudwlrqv hfrqrp|zlwkrxw qdwlrqdo ghew+wkhuh lv qr jryhuqphqw,1Djhqwv duh lghqwlfdo dqg olyh iru wzr shulrgv1Dw hyhu|gdwh w d qhz jhqhudwlrq lv eruq1Wkhvh djhqwv duh hqgrzhg zlwk d vlqjoh xqlw ri ohlvxuh lq wkh uvw shulrg ri wkhlu olyhv zklfk wkh|lqhodvwlfdoo|vxsso|lq h{fkdqjh iru wkh frpshwlwlyh zdjh dw wlph w/z|1Wkh srsxodwlrq lv dvvxphg wr jurz dw wkh frqvwdqw udwh q A31Rxwsxw ri wkh hfrqrp|*v vlqjoh/shulvkdeoh frqvxpswlrq jrrg lv surgxfhg dffruglqj wr d FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq\|@I+N|>O|,@D^ N34|.+4à ,O34|`3D4>zkhuh\|lv wkh uhdo djjuhjdwh ohyho ri rxwsxw+JGS,/N|lv wkh djjuhjdwh fdslwdo vwrfn/O|lv wkh djjuhjdwh oderu vxsso|/dqg D/ / dqg duh sdudphwhuv vdwlvi|lqj D A3/ S+3>4,/ $Ã4 dqg A31Zh iroorz prvw ri wkh h{lvwlqj jurzwk olwhudwxuh lq dvvxplqj wkdw fdslwdo dqg oderu duh vhsdudwh dqg glvwlqfw lqsxwv lqwr surgxfwlrq1Zh ixuwkhu dvvxph frqvwdqw uhwxuqv wr vfdoh lq surgxfwlrq e|lpsrvlqj wkh uhvwulfwlrq wkdw @41Odwhu/lq wkh hpslulfdo dqdo|vlv zh zloo whvw wklv uhvwulfwlrq1Jlyhq rxu dvvxpswlrq/zh fdq uhzulwh wkh FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq lq wkh lqwhqvlyh irup||@i+n|,@D^ n34|.+4à ,`3 4>zkhuh||@\|@O|dqg n|@N|@O|1Zh devwudfw iurp wkh srvvlelolw|ri h{rjhqrxv/oderu~dxjphqwlqj whfkqrorjlfdo surjuhvv zklfk zrxog surylgh xv zlwk vxvwdlqhg orqj~uxq jurzwk/dv zh zloo odwhu zdqw wr irfxv dwwhqwlrq rq wkh srvvlelolw|ri orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk12Djhqwv kdyh suhihuhqfhv ryhu frqvxpswlrq lq wkh wzr shulrgv ri wkhlu olyhv jlyhq e|X+f |>f2|n , zkhuh f |n ghqrwhv shulrg l frqvxpswlrq e|wkh uhsuhvhqwdwlyh djhqw lq shulrg w.m/m@3>4/ dqg X=?2n$?lv d krprwkhwlf/lqfuhdvlqj/vwulfwo|txdvl~frqfdyh xwlolw|ixqfwlrq zlwk sduwldo ghulydwlyhv wkdw vdwlvi|wkh frqglwlrqv olp S <f X +f >f2,@olp S2<f X2+f >f2,@.41 Wkh uhsuhvhqwdwlyh djhqw pd{lpl}hv X+f |>f2|n ,vxemhfw wr wkh frqvwudlqwf |.f2|nU|nz|>2 c vÃh iR h dB dcdBAt t"i" BB dBBv"uvh i2v}icvÃt|i ÄcvBv} dB hv}hitt wA c Bà c}| Ri|hic t c vÃh hi}hitt vct!zkhuh z|dqg U|n uhsuhvhqw wkh idfwru uhwxuqv wr oderu dqg fdslwdo/uhvshfwlyho|1Vlqfh zh dvvxph frqvwdqw uhwxuqv wr vfdoh lq surgxfwlrq/zh kdyhU|n @i +n|n ,.4à @ D34 i+n|n ,|nn4.4à >z|@i+n|,Ãn|i +n|,@+4à ,D34^i+n|,` n4>zkhuh S+3>4,ghqrwhv wkh frqvwdqw udwh ri ghsuhfldwlrq ri wkh fdslwdo vwrfn1Iru hdvh ri h{srvlwlrq zh vkdoo vhw @41Wkh uhsuhvhqwdwlyh djhqw*v rswlpdo ghflvlrq fdq eh fkdudfwhul}hg e|d vdylqjv ixqfwlrqv|+z|>U|n ,@ z|S^3>z|`>zlwk @ +U,S+3>4,Y U A3=Pdunhw fohdulqj uhtxluhv wkdw doo vdylqjv duh lqyhvwhg iru sxusrvhv ri surgxflqj qh{w shulrg*v rxwsxwvr wkdwn|n @4.qz+n|,@4.q+4à ,D34^i+n|,` n4k+n|,=Vwhdg|vwdwhv iru n duh vroxwlrqv wr wkh sro|qrpldo htxdwlrqnÃk+n,@3=+4, P! eÄi vtt w B |A vu RÃB| Bi t|id A t|d|itLw lv zhoo nqrzq wkdw htxdwlrq+4,pd||lhog}hur/rqh ru d pd{lpxp ri wzr qrqwulyldo/l1h1srvlwlyh vwhdg|vwdwh ydoxhv iru n/lq dgglwlrq wr wkh wulyldo/n@3/vwhdg|vwdwh+vhh h1j1D}duldglv+4<<6, ss1536~7,1Wkh qxpehu ri srvlwlyh vwhdg|vwdwhv iru n ghshqgv rq wkh ydoxh ri wkh hodvwlflw|ri vxevwlwxwlrq ehwzhhq fdslwdo dqg oderu/ /gh qhg e|@4 4.>dqg pd|dovr ghshqg rq wkh ydoxh ri wkh vfdoh idfwru D1Li 4+ 3,/wkhq wkhuh dozd|v h{lvwv rqh xqltxh srvlwlyh vwhdg|vwdwh iru n/vlqfh lq wklv fdvh/olp&<f k +n,A4/dqg olp&<n"k +n,@31 Qrwh wkdw wkh idploldu Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq zkhuh @4lv lqfoxghg lq wklv fdvh1Rq wkh rwkhu kdqg/li ?4+ A3,/wkhq wkhuh duh hlwkhu}hur ru wzr srvlwlyh dqg glvwlqfw vwhdg|vwdwh ydoxhv iru n ghshqglqj rq wkh ydoxh ri wkh vfdoh idfwru D1 Wklv fdvh zkhuh ?4lv lqwhuhvwlqj ehfdxvh lw ohdgv wr d g|qdplfdo v|vwhp wkdw lv txdolwdwlyho|gl huhqw iurp wkh v|vwhp zlwk d Free~Grxjodv vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq1SiiÆQdh d t i (uvh uÃh|Äih i|d Bt!Iljxuh4=Looxvwudwlrq ri wkh G|qdplfdo V|vwhp+ @4/q@3/ @ @3=8/D@8,Iljxuh4surylghv dq looxvwudwlrq ri wkh fdvh zkhuh ?4dqg wkh vfdoh sdudphwhu D lv vx flhqwo| odujh wkdw wkhuh duh wzr srvlwlyh dqg glvwlqfw vwhdg|vwdwhv iru n1Xvlqj wkh sdudphwhu ydoxhv lqglfdwhg lq Iljxuh4dqg htxdwlrq+4,rqh fdq yhuli|wkdw wkhuh duh wzr srvlwlyh vwhdg|vwdwhv/ n @3=6;dqg n2@5=951Zkloh wkh ydoxh ri wkh vfdoh idfwru D pd|pdwwhu iru wkh h{lvwhqfh ri pxowlsoh srvlwlyh vwhdg| vwdwhv/d qhfhvvdu|frqglwlrq iru wkh h{lvwhqfh ri pxowlsoh vwhdg|vwdwhv lv wkdw ?4ru A31e Zkhq wkhuh duh wzr srvlwlyh vwhdg|vwdwhv/3?n ?n2/dv lq Iljxuh4/wkh odujhu ri wkhvh wzr srvlwlyh vwhdg|vwdwh ydoxhv/n2/lv orfdoo|dv|pswrwlfdoo|vwdeoh1Wkh wulyldo/n@3vwhdg|vwdwh lv dovr orfdoo|dv|pswrwlfdoo|vwdeoh lq wklv fdvh1Wkh grpdlqv ri dwwudfwlrq ri wkhvh wzr vwdeoh vwhdg|vwdwhv duh glvwlqfw/dqg fohduo|ghshqg rq zkhwkhu wkh lqlwldo fdslwdo vwrfn/n f/olhv deryh ru ehorz n 1Ri frxuvh/lw lv dozd|v srvvleoh wr dgg d frqvwdqw wr wkh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq vr dv wr pdnh wkh n@3vwhdg|vwdwh d pruh sodxvleoh/orz~lqfrph_sryhuw|wuds%zkhuh lqfrph shu zrunhu lv vpdoo exw srvlwlyh1Zlwk wklv prgl fdwlrq/dqg wkh dvvxpswlrq wkdw A3/wzr gl huhqwe u|Äi it| Rd|i dBÃi vu j t uvÃc |v wi Bitt|Ädc |Äic |hiRd ct|v wi tÄv"c"Äi|Äih|Äi it| Rd|i dBÃi vuÈ t tÃ& ic|BA Bdh}i tv dt|v d R ||Äi vtt w B |A vu RÃB| Bi t|id A t|d|it!ghyhorsphqw sdwkv ehfrph srvvleoh=frxqwulhv pd|hlwkhu frqyhujh wr d vwhdg|vwdwh zlwk kljk shu fdslwd lqfrph dqg fdslwdo ru wr d vwhdg|vwdwh zlwk orz shu fdslwd lqfrph dqg fdslwdo1Wkh h{lvwhqfh ri vxfk pxowlsoh/vwhdg|vwdwh htxloleuld lv frqvlvwhqw zlwk uhfhqw hpslulfdo zrun e|Txdk +4<<9d/e,dqg Gxuodxi dqg Mrkqvrq+4<<8,zkr xvh phwkrgrorjlhv wkdw duh qrw edvhg rq djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq vshfl fdwlrqv1Wkh ryhuodsslqj jhqhudwlrqv prgho gl huv iurp wkh pruh frpprqo|vwxglhg Vrorz dqg rswlpdo jurzwk prghov lq rqh lpsruwdqw uhvshfw=lq wkh ryhuodsslqj jhqhudwlrqv prgho/lqglylgxdo vdylqjv pxvw frph rxw ri zdjh lqfrph/l1h1v|#z|1Wkh Vrorz dqg wkh rswlpdo jurzwk prghov lpsrvh qr vxfk uhvwulfwlrq1Lq wkh Vrorz prgho/vdylqjv lv vrph frqvwdqw iudfwlrq/v S+3>4,/ri shu fdslwd rxwsxw/i+n|,$z|1Dv Jdoru+4<<9d,kdv qrwhg/wkh gl huhqfhv ehwzhhq wkh rqh~vhfwru/ryhuodsslqj jhqhudwlrqv jurzwk prgho dqg wkh Vrorz jurzwk prgho pljkw eh uhfrqflohg xqghu wkh dvvxpswlrq ri d qhrfodvvlfdo/olqhduo|krprjhqhrxv surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zlwk frqvwdqw uhwxuqv1Iroorzlqj Jdoru +4<<9d,/vxssrvh wkh iudfwlrq vdyhg rxw ri zdjh lqfrph/v /pd|jhqhudoo|gl hu iurp wkh iudfwlrq vdyhg rxw ri uhqwdo lqfrph/v o1Wkh srvvlelolw|ri gl huhqwldo vdylqj udwhv frxog eh gxh wr dq| qxpehu ri idfwruv/h1j1djhqw suhihuhqfhv ru khwhurjhqhrxv hqgrzphqwv1Zlwk wklv glvwlqfwlrq/zh pd|xvh Hxohu*v wkhruhp wr zulwh wkh odz ri prwlrq iru fdslwdo lq wkh Vrorz prgho dvn|n @v4.qÅi+n|,Ãi +n|,n|Æ.v o4.qi +n|,n|=Li v @ dqg v o@3/wkhq zh vhh lpphgldwho|wkdw doo ri rxu uhvxowv iru wkh ryhuodsslqj jhqhudwlrqv hfrqrp|uhdglo|h{whqg wr wkh Vrorz jurzwk prgho dv zhoo1Pruh jhqhudoo|/Jdoru+4<<9e,surylghv frqglwlrqv xqghu zklfk ydoxhv iru v S^3>4`/v o S^3>4`/dqg A3jlyh ulvh wr pxowlsoh/+l1h1wzr, orfdoo|vwdeoh vwhdg|vwdwhv lq wkh Vrorz jurzwk prgho1Wklv uhvxow iroorzv yld d vlpsoh frqwlqxlw| dujxphqw1D qhfhvvdu|frqglwlrq iru wklv uhvxow/krzhyhu/lv wkdw A31P!P eÄi vtt w B |A vu ic v}icvÃt}hv"|ÄWkh rwkhu lqwhuhvwlqj fdvh zlwk d FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq rffxuv zkhqÃ4# ? 3+ A4,1Lq wklv fdvh wkhuh lv wkh srwhqwldo iru orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk/gxh wr wkh surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj| d od Mrqhv dqg Pdqxhool+4<<3,dqg Uhehor+4<<4,1D Wklv w|sh ri hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk lv qrw srvvleoh lq Gldprqg*v qhrfodvvlfdo jurzwk prgho/zkhuh doo vdylqjv pxvw frph iurp zdjh lqfrph+vhh/h1j1Mrqhv dqg Pdqxhool+4<<5,dqg Erogulq+4<<5,,1Krzhyhu/dv lv zhoo0nqrzq/orqj~D Sii dBtv dhhv dc SdB dh| c i h %Äd |ih (uvh d}vv t Ãtt vc vu|Ä t vtt w B |A!uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk gxh wr wkh vshfl fdwlrq ri wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq lv srvvleoh lq wkh ghvfulswlyh dqg rswlpdo jurzwk iudphzrunv ri Vrorz+4<89,dqg Fdvv+4<98,dqg Nrrspdqv +4<98,1Wkh jurzwk udwh lpsolhg e|Vrorz~Fdvv~Nrrspdqv prgho iru wkh shu fdslwd fdslwdo vwrfn lv jlyhq e|n|n n|Ã4@v s E&| &|Ã+q. ,4.q=Srvlwlyh jurzwk rffxuv li i+n,@n A+q. ,@v1Ri frxuvh/zh duh lqwhuhvwhg lq srvlwlyh jurzwk lq wkh orqj~uxq dv n6.R1Iru wklv zh uhtxluh wkdwolp &<n" i+n,n@olp&<n"i +n,Aq.vA3=Orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk dulvhv iurp wkh srvvlelolw|wkdw olp&<n"i +n,@e A31l1h1lq wkh olplw/wkh pdujlqdo surgxfw ri fdslwdo grhv qrw glplqlvk wr}hur/exw lqvwhdg dwwdlqv vrph orzhu erxqg e A31Li e A+q. ,@v/wkhq wkhuh lv wkh srwhqwldo iru orqj~uxq hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk1S Zlwk d pruh jhqhudo FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zh kdyh wkdwi +n,@ D^ .+4à ,n4`3 43 =Iru 3/lw lv fohdu wkdw olp&<n"i +n,@3=Krzhyhu/iruÃ4# ?3/zh kdyh wkdw olp&<n"i +n,@ D 3 *4A3=Lw iroorzv wkdw lq wkh odwwhu fdvh/srvlwlyh hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk rffxuv lq wkh orqj uxq ri wkh Vrorz2rswlpdo jurzwk prgho surylghg wkdw D 3 *4A+q. ,@v1.Zkhwkhu ru qrw wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq whfkqrorj|zloo dgplw hlwkhu wkh srvvlelolw|ri pxowlsoh vwhdg|vwdwhv ru hqgrjhqrxv jurzwk lv fohduo|dq hpslulfdo txhvwlrq wkdw fdq eh uhvroyhg rqo|e| hvwlpdwlqj d FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru wkh djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq1Zh qrz wxuq rxu dwwhqwlrq wrzdug wklv hvwlpdwlrq h{huflvh1S vhi}icihdBBA |Ä t vc | vc RdA i ic vc v|Äih ud |vht i!}! hiuihic i dhdRi|iht!Sii i!}! vcit dc dcÃiBB i F(!. Ä Bi ic v}icvÃt}hv"|Ä Ãi|v|Äi t i d| vc vu|Äi d}}hi}d|i hv à | vc uÃc | vc t d vtt w B |A" |Äd %DS t i d| vc |Äi R B d| vc vu|Ä t|A i vu ic v}icvÃt}hv"|Ä t|Äd| c|Äi B R | d |dB`t tÄdhi vu vÃ| Ã| " BB wi ffs!S c i|Äihi t cv i ic i|Äd| d |dB`t tÄdhi vu vÃ| Ã| c dcA vÃc|hA vu|Äi"vhB t ffs vh t i ic d hvd Ä c}|Ä t Bi iB i c ii d |dB`t tÄdhi vu vÃ| Ã|d idht|v wi wvÃc i d|dhvÃc f efs( "i R }Ä|hid BA tR tt|Ä t|A i vu ic v}icvÃt}hv"|Ädt wi c}iR h dBBA R BdÃt wBi!yv"i ih tvRi dÃ| vc tiiRt"dhhdc|i @ "Ä Bi"i RdA cv|tii dcA i ic i vu vcit dcÃiBB |A i ic v}icvÃt}hv"|Ä |RdA t R BA wi|Äd|"i v cv|Ai|Äd i icvÃ}Ävwtih d| vct|v vc BÃt iBA i|ihR ci"Äi|Äih|Äi i vcvR it vu|Äi"vhB dhi vc d|hd#i |vhA|v"dh |Ä t|A i vu Bvc} hÃc ic v}icvÃt}hv"|ÄvÃ| vRi!Dt| Rd| vc vu d%DS$hv à | vc TÃc | vcRxu hvwlpdwlrq ri d FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq lqyroyhg gdwd rq;5frxqwulhv iru5; |hduv iurp4<93wkurxjk4<;:1Zh frqvlghuhg erwk qrqolqhdu dqg olqhdu ohdvw vtxduhv uhjuhvvlrqv lq frpelqdwlrq zlwk sdqho gdwd whfkqltxhv dqg lqvwuxphqwdo yduldeoh dssurdfkhv wr rewdlq rxu sdudphwhu hvwlpdwhv1Zh ehjlq e|eulh |ghvfulelqj wkh gdwd xvhg lq rxu hvwlpdwlrq1! eÄi d|dDoo ri wkh udz gdwd wkdw zh xvhg zhuh rewdlqhg iurp wkh Zruog Edqn*v VWDUV gdwdedvh1Iurp wklv gdwdedvh zh rewdlqhg phdvxuhv ri JGS dqg wkh djjuhjdwh sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfn/erwk ri zklfk zhuh ghqrplqdwhg lq frqvwdqw/hqg ri shulrg4<;:orfdo fxuuhqf|xqlwv+frqyhuwhg lqwr frqvwdqw/ hqg ri shulrg4<;:X1V1grooduv,iru doo;5frxqwulhv ryhu wkh shulrg4<93~;:1Wkh gdwdedvh dovr surylghg xv zlwk gdwd rq wkh qxpehu ri lqglylgxdov lq wkh zrunirufh ehwzhhq wkh djhv ri48~97/dv zhoo dv gdwd rq wkh phdq|hduv ri vfkrrolqj ri phpehuv ri wkh zrunirufh1Ixuwkhu ghwdlov frqfhuqlqj wkh frqvwuxfwlrq ri wklv gdwd duh surylghg lq wkh dsshqgl{1Zh qrwh krzhyhu/wkdw dvlgh iurp rxu pdqlsxodwlrqv ri wklv udz gdwd/zh glg qrw frqvwuxfw dq|ri wkh udz gdwd xvhg lq wklv vwxg|1 Ri sduwlfxodu qrwh lv rxu xvh ri d qhz gdwdvhw rq sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfnv1Wkh uhohydqw uhihuhqfh frqfhuqlqj wkh frqvwuxfwlrq ri wkhvh fdslwdo vwrfn hvwlpdwhv lv Qhkux dqg Gkduhvkzdu+4<<6,/dqg wkh gdwdvhw lv dydlodeoh dv sduw ri wkh Zruog Edqn*v VWDUV gdwdedqn1Vhyhudo suhylrxv hpslulfdo vwxglhv lqyroylqj sk|vlfdo fdslwdo kdyh xvhg sur{lhv iru wkh sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfn frqvwuxfwhg iurp wkh Vxpphuv~Khvwrq+4<<4,furvv~frxqwu|gdwd rq wkh udwlr ri lqyhvwphqw wr JGS dw lqwhuqdwlrqdo sulfhv/h1j1Ehqkdele dqg Vslhjho+4<<7,/Mrqhv+4<<:,1E|frqwudvw/wkh Qhkux dqg Gkduhvkzdu +4<<6,gdwd rq sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfnv pdnhv xvh ri Zruog Edqn gdwd rq jurvv grphvwlf {hg lqyhvwphqw dw frqvwdqw orfdo sulfhv dqg gudzv rq dgglwlrqdo gdwd vrxufhv1Qhkux dqg Gkduhvkzdu xvh wkh_shushwxdo lqyhqwru|phwkrg%wr fdofxodwh fdslwdo vwrfnv dv eulh |glvfxvvhg lq wkh gdwd dsshqgl{1Wkh|vkrz wkdw wkhlu fdslwdo vwrfn hvwlpdwhv duh srvlwlyho|fruuhodwhg zlwk rwkhu/pruh olplwhg/gdwdvhwv rq sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfnv1Zkloh fdslwdo vwrfn hvwlpdwhv qhfhvvdulo|lqyroyh vrph jxhvvzrun/zh eholhyh wkh Qhkux dqg Gkduhvkzdu gdwdvhw lv wkh ehvw wkdw lv fxuuhqwo|dydlodeoh1 Lw kdv wkh ixuwkhu dgydqwdjh ri ehlqj zlgho|dffhvvleoh wr rwkhu uhvhdufkhuv1Iru wkhvh uhdvrqv/zh fkrvh wr zrun zlwk wklv gdwdvhw iru sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfnv1Sulru wr hvwlpdwlrq/zh pdgh vrph vlpsoh wudqvirupdwlrqv wr wkh gdwd lq rxu vdpsoh1Lqsduwlfxodu/zh frqyhuwhg doo ri wkh JGS dqg sk|vlfdo fdslwdo vwrfn gdwd lqwr xqlwv ri frqvwdqw4<;: X1V1grooduv xvlqj wkh4<;:h{fkdqjh udwh+dovr rewdlqhg iurp wkh VWDUV gdwdedvh,ehwzhhq wkh orfdo fxuuhqf|dqg wkh X1V1groodu1Zh glg wklv vr dv wr dyrlg vfdoh h hfwv wkdw pljkw dulvh iurp gl huhqfhv lq fxuuhqf|xqlwv dfurvv frxqwulhv1Ohw\ |ghqrwh uhdo+frqvwdqw4<;:X1V1groodu,JGS dqg ohw N |ghqrwh wkh uhdo fdslwdo vwrfn+lq frqvwdqw4<;:X1V1grooduv,zkhuh l@4>5>===>;5lqgh{hv hdfk frxqwu|dqg w@3>4>5>===>5:lqgh{hv wkh5;|hduv ri rxu vdpsoh shulrg/4<93~4<;:1Vlploduo|/ohw O |ghqrwh wkh qxpehu ri shrsoh lq wkh zrunirufh lq frxqwu|l lq|hdu w1Lq hvwlpdwlqj wkh FHV surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq zh zloo pdnh xvh ri wkh gdwd lq wklv ohyho irup/dqg zh zloo dovr pdnh xvh ri rxu gdwd lq shu zrunhu whupv=| |@\ |@O |/ n |@N |@O |1Lq dgglwlrq wr frqvlghulqj udz+xqdgmxvwhg,oderu/O/dv dq lqsxw lq rxu FHV vshfl fdwlrq/ zh dovr h{dplqhg zkhwkhu oderu lqsxw/dgmxvwhg lq vrph zd|iru kxpdq fdslwdo dffxpxodwlrq/ pljkw dowhu rxu uhvxowv1Wkh prwlydwlrq iru lqfoxglqj kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhg oderu vxsso|lq wkh surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq frphv iurp Urphu+4<;9,/Oxfdv+4<;;,dqg rwkhuv zkr kdyh vwuhvvhg wkh lpsruwdqfh ri kxpdq fdslwdo lq dffrxqwlqj iru hfrqrplf jurzwk1Vhyhudo suhylrxv hpslulfdo vwxglhv ri hfrqrplf jurzwk dfurvv frxqwulhv/h1j1Pdqnlz hw do1+4<<5,/Wdoopdq dqg Zdqj+4<<7,/Lvodp +4<<8,dqg Fdvhool hw do1+4<<9,kdyh uhyhdohg wkdw surgxfwlrq sdudphwhu hvwlpdwhv fdq fkdqjh vljql fdqwo|zkhq phdvxuhv ri kxpdq fdslwdo ru oderu dgmxvwhg iru kxpdq fdslwdo duh lqfoxghg dv lqsxwv1Khuh zh iroorz Wdoopdq dqg Zdqj+4<<7,dqg dgrsw d vlpsoh sur{|iru kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhg oderu lqsxw1Iluvw/zh gh qh wkh vwrfn ri kxpdq fdslwdo lq frxqwu|l dw wlph w/K |/dvK |@H |>zkhuh H |ghqrwhv wkh phdq|hduv ri vfkrrolqj ri wkh oderu irufh+zrunhuv ehwzhhq wkh djhv ri48 dqg97dv lq wkh phdvxuh ri O,lq frxqwu|l dw wlph w/dqg!A3lv d sdudphwhu1Wkh phdq vfkrro |hduv ri hgxfdwlrq/H/lv gh qhg dv wkh vxp ri wkh dyhudjh qxpehu ri|hduv ri sulpdu|/vhfrqgdu| dqg srvw~vhfrqgdu|hgxfdwlrq1H Zh qrwh wkdw wkh gdwd zh xvh rq phdq|hduv ri vfkrrolqj lv dovrH c d | vc|v vct ih c}|Äi t R BiÃc"i }Ä|i tÃR vu|Äi d ihd}i Aidht vu h RdhA ti vc dhA dc vt| ti vc dhA i à d| vc "i dBtv vct ihi Ãt c}|Äi uvBBv" c}"i }Ä|i tÃRqf id }!Aht! c h RdhA(n f Pid }!Aht! c ti vc dhA(n f id }!Aht! c vt| ti vc dhA($ihttvc dc edwiBB c i e( dc edBBRdc dc dc}i e(Ãti t R Bdh c i2 c}|i Äc Ãit|v vct|hà |ÄÃRdc d |dB hv2 it!xt c}|Ä t"i }Ä|i tÃR c Bd i vu|ÄiÃc"i }Ä|i tÃR Äv"i ih Bi |v cv t }c dc| gihic i c vÃh hitÃB|t dc |Äihiuvhi "i Ävti|v hi vh|hitÃB|tÃt c}vcBA|ÄiÃc"i }Ä|i tÃR!eÄi Rd#vh |A vu vÃc|h it c vÃh tdR Bi dhi i iBv c} vÃc|h it|Äd| vttitt ihA B ||Bi vt| ti vc dhA i à d| vc!eÄihiuvhi "i }Ä| c}t ÄiRitvrphzkdw qryho lq wkdw lw lv dydlodeoh dqqxdoo|iru d odujh qxpehu ri frxqwulhv+;8,dqg kdv ehhq dgmxvwhg iru gl huhqwldo gurs~rxw dqg pruwdolw|udwhv dqg fruuhfwhg iru judgh uhshwlwlrq1b Ghwdlov rq wkh frqvwuxfwlrq ri wklv gdwd duh surylghg lq Qhkux/Vzdqvrq dqg Gxeh|+4<<8,1 Jlyhq rxu gh qlwlrq iru kxpdq fdslwdo/K |@H |/zh gh qh wkh kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhg oderu vxsso|/KO |/dv=KO |@K |ÅO |@H |O |Lq hvwlpdwlqj wkh FHV vshfl fdwlrq iru djjuhjdwh surgxfwlrq/zh zloo xvh erwk O dqg KO dv phdvxuhv ri oderu lqsxw1 fWkh sdudphwhu!A3lq wkh gh qlwlrq ri KO fdswxuhv wkh uhwxuqv wr hgxfdwlrq1Jlyhq wkh odujh furvv~vhfwlrq ri;5frxqwulhv zh duh frqvlghulqj dqg wkhlu glvsdudwh hgxfdwlrqdo v|vwhpv/wkh dssursuldwh fkrlfh iru!lv qrw fohdu1Zh wulhg hvwlpdwlqj!lq rxu qrqolqhdu surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq uhjuhvvlrqv/exw wkh hvwlpdwhv zhuh hlwkhu lpsodxvleo|qhjdwlyh ru wkh lwhudwlrq surfhgxuh idlohg wr frqyhujh1Zh wkhuhiruh fkrvh wr frqvlghu d julg ri ydoxhv iru!/udqjlqj iurp3wr5+e|whqwkv, lq erwk rxu qrqolqhdu dqg olqhdu uhjuhvvlrqv1Zh irxqg wkdw/iru wkh hqwluh vdpsoh ri;5frxqwulhv/ wkh orj olnholkrrg ixqfwlrq iurp erwk rxu qrqolqhdu dqg olqhdu surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq uhjuhvvlrqv zdv dozd|v pd{lpl}hg lq wkh fdvh zkhuh!@3wkrxjk wklv zdv qrw wkh fdvh zkhq zh frqvlghuhg vxevdpsohv ri frxqwulhv dv glvfxvvhg lq vhfwlrq6191Vlqfh!@3fruuhvsrqgv wr wkh xvh ri udz oderu lqsxw rqo|/O/zh fkrvh wr iroorz Oxfdv+4<;;,/Uhehor+4<<4,dqg pdq|rwkhuv dqg dovr frqvlghu wkh fdvh zkhuh!lv vlpso|dvvxphg wr eh htxdo wr41Wkxv iru rxu uhjuhvvlrqv lqyroylqj wkh hqwluh vdpsoh ri;5frxqwulhv/KO |@H |O |1Odwhu/zkhq zh frqvlghu surgxfwlrq ixqfwlrq hvwlpdwhv iru vhyhudo gl huhqw vxevdpsohv ri frxqwulhv jurxshg dffruglqj wr fdslwdo shu zrunhu udwlrv+vhfwlrq 619,/zh zloo uhod{wklv uhvwulfwlrq rq!1Ilqdoo|/zh qrwh wkdw lq xvlqj kxpdq fdslwdo dgmxvwhg oderu/KO/lq sodfh ri udz oderu/O/lq rxu uhjuhvvlrq prgho vshfl fdwlrqv zh duh lpsolflwo|dvvxplqj wkdw KO+olnh udz oderu,lv vhsdudwh iurp fdslwdo dv dq lqsxw lqwr surgxfwlrq1Ehjlqqlqj zlwk wkh zrun ri Julolfkhv+4<9<,/vrph tà Ädt|Äi vci dwv i "Ä Ä} i|Äi Rvt|"i }Ä||v vt| ti vc dhA i à d| vc" BBÄd i ihA B ||Bi R d |vc|Äi ÄÃRdc d |dB c i2uvh|Äiti vÃc|h it!b c ii |Äi d d Bdw B |A vu|Ä t d|d vc Aidht vu t ÄvvB c} BdAi |Äi}hid|it|hvBi c B R | c}|Äi dciB d|d ti| "iÃti |v#Ãt|rP vÃc|h it!f Bt dc kBicv"i (Äd i tÃ}}it|i |Äd|ÄÃRdc d |dB dÃ}Ric|i Bdwvh c Ã| t wi||ih hi hitic|i wA|Äi i2 hitt vc Mu |9e xE.lw u | "Äihi xi.( t|Äi hi|Ãhc|v vciÃc |vu Bdwvh" |Ä.Aidht vu i à d| vc!ÆttÃR c} dt c ydBB dc vcit i r(|Äd|xi.( t i i" ti B cidh dc Ãt c}$td Ädhv vÃBvt`i e(i ic i vc hi|Ãhct |v t ÄvvB c} "i vct|hà |i |Ä t dB|ihcd| i hv2A uvhÄÃRdc d |dB d #Ãt|i Bdwvh tà BA! i uvÃc |Äd||Ä t dB|ihcd| i hv2A cv|Bid |v dcA ÃdB |d| i Ädc}i c vÃh hitÃB|t!。