和Crystal一起学习英语表达(8)
一千个英语习语的地道表达
3、Birds of a feather flock together. 物以类聚4、Blood is thicker than water. 血浓于水5、A cat has nine lives. 吉人天相(猫有九条命)6、Diamond cut diamond. 强中更有强中手7、Don't meet trouble half-way. 勿杞人忧天8、Don't put all your egg in one basket. 勿孤注一掷9、Don't ride the high horse. 勿摆架子10、Everyone to his taste. 人各有所好11、An eye for an eye, and a tooth for a tooth. 以眼还眼,以牙还牙12、Fine feathers make fine birds. 人要衣装马要鞍13、Haste makes waste. 欲速则不达14、Things done can not be undone. 木已成舟15、To rack one's brain. 绞尽脑汁16、Look before you leap.First think, then act. 三思而后行17、It id never too late to mend. 亡羊补牢,犹为未晚18、After a storm comes a calm. 雨过天晴19、A good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口20、It is good to learn at another man's cost. 前车之鉴21、Nothing so bad but might be a blessing. 塞翁失马,焉知非福22、We must not lie down, and cry, "God help us". 求神不如求己23、No man is wise at all times. 智者千虑必有一失24、Kill two birds with one stone. 一石二鸟,一箭双雕25、It never rains but it pours. 祸不单行26、In doing we learn. 经一事,长一智27、No man is born wise or learned. 人非生而知之28、Action speak louder than words. 事实胜于雄辩29、There is no smoke without fire. 无风不起浪30、Once bitten, twice shy. 一次被咬,下次胆小31、Seeing is believing. 百闻不如一见32、The on-looker sees most of the game. 旁观者清33、Learn to walk before you run. 循序渐进34、Two heads are better than one. 三个臭皮匠顶个诸葛亮35、Nothing venture, nothing have. 不入虎穴,焉得虎子36、Nothing succeeds like success. 一事如意,万事顺利37、Nothing is so certain as the unexpected. 天有不测风云,人有旦夕祸福38、Time is money. 一寸光阴一寸金39、The morning sun never lasts a day. 好景不常40、When an opportunity is neglected, it never comes back to you. 机不可失,时不再来41、Strike while the iron is hot. 趁热打铁42、Practice makes perfect. 熟能生巧43、Work makes the workman. 勤工出巧匠44、Business is business. 公事公办45、In for a penny, in for a pound. 一不做,二不休46、Many hands make light work. 众擎易举47、An idle youth, a needy age. 少壮不努力,老大徒伤悲48、Waste not, want not. 俭以防匮49、Many a little makes a mickle. 积少便成多50、Constant dropping wears the stone. 水滴石穿51、Sooner or later, the truth comes to light. 真相迟早会大白52、Pardoning the bad is injuring the good. 隐恶败善53、A word spoken is past recalling./The words once spoken can never be recalled. 一言既出,驷马难追54、Few words are best. 寡言为贵55、Least said, soonest mended. 少说为妙56、Good tongue. 口齿伶俐57、Pride goes before a fall/destruction. 骄兵必败58、Love at first sight. 一见倾心,一见钟情59、Money makes the mare go. 有钱能使鬼推磨60、Happy is he who owes nothing. 无债一身轻61、Flow of words. 口若悬河62、Know nothing. 一无所知63、Know all. 无所不知64、One good turn deserves another. 善有善报65、A bad thing never dies. 坏事传千里66、An ill life, an ill end. 恶有恶报67、A good wife makes a good husband. 妻贤夫自良68、Like father, like son. 有其父必有其子69、Like mother, like daughter. 有其母必有其女70、Make your enemy your friend. 化敌为友71、What we lose in hake we shall have in herring. 失之东隅,收之桑榆72、Either win the horse or lose the saddle. 孤注一掷73、One never loses anything by politeness. 礼多人不怪74、Blooming visage. 容光焕发75、Desperate diseases must have desperate cures. 以毒攻毒76、Hungry dogs will eat dirty puddings. 饥不择食77、Love me, love my dog. 爱屋及乌78、Give a dog a bad name and hang him. 欲加之罪,何患无辞79、The law is not the same at morning and at night. 朝令夕改80、Carrion crows bewail the dead sheep and then eat them. 猫哭老鼠假慈悲81、He who rides a tiger is afraid to dismount. 骑虎难下82、The leopard can never change its spots. 本性难移83、All roads lead to Rome. 条条大路通罗马84、Always taking out the meal-tub, and never putting in, soon comes to the bottom. 坐吃山空85、A miss is as good as a mile. 失之毫厘,谬以千里86、A new broom sweeps clean. 新官上任三把火87、A stitch in time saves nine. 一针不补,十针难缝88、As we sow, so shall we reap. 种瓜得瓜,种豆得豆89、Beard the lion in his den. 太岁头上动土90、Companions are odious. 人比人,气死人91、Content is happiness. 知足常乐92、Do as the Romans do. 入境随俗93、Do as you would be done by. 己所不欲,勿施于人94、Fire and water have no mercy. 水火无情95、Fish begins to stink at the head. 上梁不正下梁歪96、God's mill grinds slow but sure. 天网恢恢,疏而不漏98、Many men have many minds. 人多口杂99、Merry meet, merry part. 好聚好散100、Misery loves company. 同病相怜补充:All is not gold that glitters. 发光的不一定都是金子。
高二英语单词与写作高级表达结合练习题30题
高二英语单词与写作高级表达结合练习题30题1<背景文章>A successful scientist, Dr. Smith, is renowned for his groundbreaking research in the field of biology. His papers are always filled with sophisticated vocabulary and elegant writing expressions. When presenting his research findings, he carefully chooses words that accurately convey the complexity and significance of his work.For instance, instead of simply saying "the experiment was successful", he might say "the experiment yielded remarkable results". This kind of advanced language usage not only makes his work more engaging but also enhances the credibility of his research.Dr. Smith also pays great attention to the structure of his papers. He starts with a compelling introduction that grabs the reader's attention and then gradually unfolds the details of his research. In the body of the paper, he uses clear and concise language to explain his methods and results. And in the conclusion, he summarizes his findings in a way that leaves a lasting impression on the reader.His ability to combine scientific knowledge with excellent writing skills has earned him numerous accolades and recognition in the scientific community.1. Dr. Smith is famous for his research in the field of ___.A. chemistryB. biologyC. physicsD. mathematics答案:B。
小学上册第十一次英语第3单元真题试卷
小学上册英语第3单元真题试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.The chemical symbol for magnesium is ______.2.How many colors are in a rainbow?A. 5B. 6C. 7D. 83.What do we call the leader of a country?A. PresidentB. MayorC. GovernorD. SenatorA4.My favorite subject is ________.5.How many colors are in the flag of Canada?A. OneB. TwoC. ThreeD. Four6.The ancient Greeks held ________ to celebrate athletic competition.7.Which fruit is yellow and curved?A. AppleB. GrapeC. BananaD. OrangeC8.My neighborhood is very ________ (安静) and friendly. Everyone knows each other.9.My grandma enjoys sharing her __________ (传统).10.The chemical formula for glucose is ______.11.The Earth's crust is thickest under ______ and thinnest under the oceans.12.The _____ (果汁) is delicious and refreshing.13.They are _____ (sitting) on the grass.14. A _____ can be hot or cold.15.The __________ is a famous area known for its crystal-clear waters.16.What is the capital of Jamaica?A. NassauB. KingstonC. Port-au-PrinceD. HavanaB17.I want to ________ a new bike.18.What is the capital of Kazakhstan?A. AlmatyB. Nur-SultanC. ShymkentD. Atyrau19.What type of animal is a dolphin?A. FishB. ReptileC. MammalD. AmphibianC20.Which animal is known as "man's best friend"?A. CatB. DogC. RabbitD. Bird21.What do we call the process of taking in food and breaking it down?A. DigestionB. RespirationC. MetabolismD. AbsorptionA Digestion22.The first electronic computer was created in _______. (1940年)23.What is the capital of Bolivia?A. La PazB. SucreC. Santa CruzD. CochabambaA La Paz24.I have a pet _______ who likes to jump (我有一只喜欢跳的宠物_______).25.What do we call the force that pulls objects toward the Earth?A. MagnetismB. FrictionC. GravityD. InertiaC26. A ____(community garden) fosters local cooperation.27.What is the name of the small, red fruit that is often mistaken for a vegetable?A. TomatoB. PeachC. CherryD. StrawberryA28.Which day comes after Friday?A. ThursdayB. SaturdayC. SundayD. MondayB29. A _____ can provide information about the history of our solar system.30.What do we call the study of fungi?A. MycologyB. BotanyC. ZoologyD. EcologyA31.I enjoy outdoor activities like ________ (远足) and ________ (野餐) with my family.32.The __________ is important for agriculture and food production.33.What do you call a large body of saltwater?A. RiverB. OceanC. LakeD. PondB34.Creating a compost pile can benefit your garden's ______ and soil health. (创建堆肥可以改善你花园的土壤质量和健康。
牛津深圳版英语七年级上册 Unit 8 Collecting things早读材料
7A Unit 8 Collecting things I. 短语1. living room客厅2. be bad for 对…有害3.be interested in sth 对…感兴趣4. work of art 艺术品5. model plane 模型飞机6. phone card 电话卡7.front door 前门8.start doing sth 开始做某事9. go inside 进去10.follow sb into a place 跟随某人进入某地11. spend (time) doing sth 花时间做某事12. each other 相互之间13.as a result of sth 由于,因此,作为…的结果14.carry out sth 执行,完成15. a waste of time 浪费时间16. have an open day 开放日II. 同义词1. soon=in a short time from now2. everywhere=all over this area3. follow=walk behind4. hardly= almost not5.free=not busyIII词形变换1.snow n.雪---snowy adj.下雪的2. bright adj. 明亮的----brightlyadv.明亮地3.excited adj.兴奋的----exciting adj. 令人兴奋的4.gentle adj. 温和的---gently adv. 温和地5. leaf n.树叶(单数)----leaves n. 树叶(复数)IV重点句子1.In spring, the weather starts to get warm.2.The wind blows gently. The Sun shines brightly.3.Everything turns green.4.Leaves turn brown, red or yellow and start falling from the trees.5.It is exciting to take a trip in spring.6.It is nice to eat ice cream in the hot weather.7.It is nice to go on a picnic at this time of year because the weather is cool and dry.8.It is interesting to make snowmen.9.Many people like to go to the beach and swim in the sea.10.People usually spend time with their relatives during the Spring Festival.V .人称代词和物主代词VI 作文范文假设你是李瑞,平时喜欢收集邮票,请根据下面表格中的内容,用英语给大家说一下你的收藏,要求60词左右,可围绕提示内容适当发挥。
和Crystal一起学习英语表达(6)
Admittingclimb down=admit a mistake (an untenable opinion statement)In the face of the new evidence he had to climb down and admit he had been wrong.confess to=admitHe confessed to having a dread of spiders.cough to=admit (a misdemeanour/mistake)When the police arrested Bill for housebreaking he coughed to five other burglaries he‟d done. eat one’s hat=admit one is wrongJohn is very stubborn. He never eats his hat.eat one’s words=admit that what one said previously is wrong.Several people quoted facts to prove that Harry was wrong, and he had to eat his words.I must confess=I freely admitI don‟t know the way to the hotel, but I must confess this is the first time I‟ve been to Plymouth. make a clean breast of=admit fullyI‟ve decided to make a clean breast of it and tell you that it was me who broke the window.own to=admitShe owns to a liking for sweet potatoes.own up=admitIf the person who wrote this owns up, I shall take no further action.stand corrected=admit a mistakeThank you for pointing out my wrong; I stand corrected.take sb in=admit sb to one‟s houseBruce was evicted from his flat so we took him in until he found somewhere else to live. Adoptionfall in with=adopt(sth already exsting)They already had a method of doing the job when I took it over, and it was easier to fall in with their scheme than to impose a new one of my own.get into the swing of thing=adopt an existing routineThe job is not as complicated as it appears, and you …ll soon get into the swing of things.get into the way of doing sth=adopt a routineThe machine looks a bit complicated but you‟ll soon get into the way of using it.go native=adopt local customs (in a foreign land)After living and working among Arabs for several years, Norman had gone native—wearing Arab robes and even speaking the local dialect.see reason=adopt a more sensible attitudeMy son has finally seen reason and given up the idea of buying a motorbike..take the initiative=adopt the role of leaderThe sergeant was injured and so the corporal took the initiative and led the platoon out of the danger area.take the line of least resistance=adopt a course of action that causes the least trouble The client wanted to make yet more changes to the proposal, so we decided to take the line of least resistance and incorporate all of them without protest.Advancebring forward=advance in timeBecause of the possibility of a clash with another event, the organizers have decided to bring the barbecue forward from the 12th to the 5th June.come at=advance towardThe young boxer came at the champion cautiously.in advance of=advance in timeThe cooks arrived on camp in advance of the main party.pick one’s way=advance with careAfter nightfall we drove slowly along picking our way until we found the right turn.Advicebe as well=be advisableIt would be as well to order an extra pint of milk when your mother comes to stay.pearls of wisdom=shrewd/wise adviceThe discussion was getting nowhere until Vic arrived and gave us all some pearls of wisdom. talk to sb like a Dutch uncle=give severe but friendly adviceBecause it was the youth‟s first offence, the police sergeant spoke to him like a Dutch uncle and warned him not to get into any more trouble.warn against=advice (somebody) to avoid sthThe doctor warned him against smoking.Ageat an advanced age=very old ageEven at his advanced age he still went for a bicycle ride every day.at an awkward age=at any difficult stage of life, usually adolescence of the menopause My mother has become very moody—but she‟s at an awkward age.attain one’s majority=reach the age of legal responsibilityY oung people attain their majority at age eighteen these days—it used to be twenty-one. autumn of sb’s life=past the age of maturity, after one‟s “best” yearsIt‟s amazing that somebody can still contribute to society even in the autumn of his life.be/act one’s age=behave like an adult (and not like a child)Y ou‟re eighteen now and it‟s time you acted your age and behaved properly.come of age=reach the age of being legally responsible for one‟s actionsShe signed her own hire purchase agreement now that she‟s come of age.from the cradle=since early childhood/ageI‟ve been able to ride a bike from the cradle.look one’s age=appear to be as old as one really is.He‟s nearly seventy, but doesn‟t look his age.of a certain age=middle-aged or olderWomen of a certain age always fall for Graham‟s charm.of tender age=young/immature ageShe is still of tender age and much too young to get engaged.prime of one’s life=age of maximum abilityDon‟t worry about your fortieth birthday, Authur, you‟re still in the prime of your life.ripe old age=very old ageDid you hear that William died last week? Still, he lived to a ripe old age.under age=below a legally required ageHe started drinking in pubs when he was still under age.young at heart=having a young outlook or attitude despite one‟s age (use to praise sb) Mr Lawson is nearly eighty, but he‟s still young at heart and interested in everything we do. Agreeablenessall sweetness and light=apparently friendly and good-temperedOur supervisor is always having arguments with us about our work, but when the boss comes around she is all sweetness and light.I’m easy=I‟m agreeable.Y es, I‟m easy; I‟ll work late tonight.in tune=agreeableIn his new job, John felt in tune with his surroundings and his associates.make no odds=not matterY ou do what you like, it makes no odds to me.。
(最新版)新概念英语第二册-lesson 80---The Crystal-Palace
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Develop your imagination
Have a cultural exchange
the Great Exhibition
extraordinary /ɪkˈstrɔ:rdəneri/ adj. 非凡的; 特别的
他的记忆力惊人。 He has an extraordinary memory.
பைடு நூலகம்
Nasmyth(英)内史密斯
steam hammer n. 汽锤
Channel
the Channel = the English Channel
What do you think is happening in the picture?
Lesson 80 The Crystal Palace
Hyde Park
海德公园(HYDE PARK)是伦敦最知名的公园。 海德公园英国最大的皇家公园。 位于伦敦市中心的威斯敏斯特教堂 (Westminster Abbey,即西敏寺)地区,占地 360多英亩,原属威斯敏斯特教堂产业。十八世纪前这里是英王的狩鹿场。16世 纪,英王亨利八世将之用作王室的公园。查理一世执政期间,海德公园曾向公 众开放。1851年,维多利亚女王首次在这里举办伦敦国际博览会。
Popular tourist attraction
Celebrity
Ferris wheel
The British Museum
The Benefits
Learn someting about british culture and customs
The Benefits
Have a rest
Lesson 80
The crystal palace
沪教牛津版初中英语七年级下册Unit 8知识点梳理
沪教牛津版初中英语七年级下册Unit 8知识点梳理Unit8单词career n.事业planet n.行星[ˈplænɪt]satellite n.卫星['sætəlaɪt]velvet n.丝绒,天鹅绒['velvɪt]diamond n.钻石[ˈdaɪəmənd]shoot v.(朝某个方向)射,冲,飞驰[ʃɒt]host v.主持[həʊst]knowledge n.知识[ˈnɒlɪdʒ]lively adj.生动的['laɪvli]last v.持续[lɑːst]actually adv.事实上['æktjʊəli]anybody pron.任何人[ˈenɪˌbɒdi]achieve v.(凭长期努力)达到(某目标、地位、标准)[əˈtʃiːv]sail v.驾驶帆船航行[seɪl]decide v.决定[dɪ'saɪd]train v.训练,接受训练[treɪn]alone adv.独自[ə'ləʊn]in the future 将来used to 曾经go outside 外出look like 看起来像...more and more 越来越多grow up 长大['grəʊʌp]go sailing 去进行帆船运动Unit8课文My lifetime hobby-studying stars我一生的兴趣爱好—研究星星by Patrick Moore帕特里克·摩尔When I was eight, I got a book about stars.我八岁的时候,得到了一本关于星星的书。
That was the beginning of my lifetime hobby.那就是我一生中兴趣爱好的开始。
I used to go outside with my mum on clear nights and look at the sky. 我过去常常在明媚的夜晚和我的妈妈出去看星空。
crystal structure
Single crsytal, polycrystalline, and amorphous, are the three general types of solids.
Each type is characterized by the size of ordered region within the material. An ordered region is a spatial volume in which atoms or molecules have a regular geometric arrangement or periodicity.
Polycrystalline Pyrite form (Grain)
Crystal Structure 12
Amorphous Solid
Amorphous (Non-crystalline) Solid is composed of randomly orientated atoms , ions, or molecules that do not form defined patterns or lattice structures. Amorphous materials have order only within a few atomic or molecular dimensions. Amorphous materials do not have any long-range order, but they have varying degrees of short-range order. Examples to amorphous materials include amorphous silicon, plastics, and glasses (amorphous silicon can be used in solar cells and thin film transistors).
crystal口语用法
crystal口语用法摘要:I.引言- 介绍Crystal口语用法II.Crystal的简介- 什么是Crystal- Crystal的起源和发展III.Crystal的口语用法- 一般现在时- 一般过去时- 将来时- 完成时- 进行时IV.Crystal口语用法的实际应用- 日常交流- 商务场合- 演讲和报告V.Crystal口语用法在教学中的应用- 教师如何使用Crystal口语用法进行教学- 学生如何通过Crystal口语用法提高英语口语能力VI.结论- 总结Crystal口语用法的特点和优势- 提出进一步研究和改进的建议正文:【引言】Crystal,一种被广泛运用于英语口语的语法现象,以其简洁、明快的表达方式深受英语学习者和使用者喜爱。
本文将详细介绍Crystal口语用法的相关知识,包括其简介、各种时态的用法以及实际应用等。
【Crystal的简介】Crystal,源自英国,是一种简洁、明快的英语口语表达方式。
它起源于20世纪60年代,由英国的一些非正式场合的语言交流演变而来。
Crystal的特点是省略了某些助动词,使句子更加简练。
例如,“I"m going to the store”可以简化为“I"m going store”。
随着时间的推移,Crystal逐渐被广泛接受,成为英国乃至全球英语使用者的一种常用表达方式。
【Crystal的口语用法】Crystal的口语用法主要包括以下几种时态:1.一般现在时:省略助动词“do”,例如:“I do exercise”变为“I exerc ise”。
2.一般过去时:在动词后面加上“ed”,例如:“I exercised”。
3.将来时:省略助动词“will”,例如:“I will go”变为“I go”。
4.完成时:在动词后面加上“ed”,例如:“I have finished”变为“I finished”。
5.进行时:省略助动词“am”,例如:“I am doing”变为“Idoing”。
小学上册F卷英语第一单元测验试卷(有答案)
小学上册英语第一单元测验试卷(有答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.The ______ helps with the processing of information.2. A _____ is a star that has used up its nuclear fuel.3.Space shuttles were used to transport astronauts to ______.4.I like to ________ my friends.5.The _______ can enhance the beauty of any space.6. A crystal is a solid whose atoms are arranged in a highly _______ structure.7.World War I began in __________ (1914) and lasted until 1918.8.Certain plants can ______ (改善) air quality indoors.9.We can ___ a snowman. (build)10.The chemical formula for iron(III) oxide is ______.11. A ___ (小松鼠) watches me from a tree.12.The owl has silent _______ (飞行) to catch prey.13.小蜜蜂) buzzes around the garden. The ___14.We have a ______ (愉快的) time at school events.15. A __________ (多样性) of plants is essential for ecosystems.16.The process by which plants absorb carbon dioxide is called ______.17.The chemical reaction that produces energy from food is called ______.18. A __________ is a large area of grasslands.19.What shape has four equal sides?A. RectangleB. TriangleC. SquareD. Circle答案:C20.My favorite character from a series is _______ (名字). 他/她的故事很 _______ (形容词).21.The sky is _______ at sunset.22. gather ______ (坚果) for the winter. Squirrel23.The parrot loves to sit on my _________ (肩膀).24.The chemical formula for ammonium sulfate is ______.25.I can ___ (swim) well.26.The smallest unit of a substance is called an ______.27. A horse goes ____.28.The _____ (hiking) trail is steep.29.The __________ (气候变化) is an important issue today.30.What is the capital city of Greece?A. AthensB. RomeC. IstanbulD. Cairo答案:A.Athens31.The first manmade object to orbit Earth was _______.32.The _____ (营养) in soil is vital for growth.33.The element with atomic number is __________.34.The __________ (大萧条) affected economies worldwide in the 1930s.35.When I grow up, I want to be a _______ (职业). I think it will be _______ (形容词) to help others.36.He is a famous ________.37.Filtration separates solids from liquids using a ______.38. A ______ (农场) grows a variety of crops.39.The fish swims _____ (fast/slow) in the water.40.He is a pilot, ______ (他是一名飞行员), flying passengers safely.41.The ____ has a loud call and is often found near water.42. A reaction that releases energy is called an ______ reaction.43. A ________ (海峡) connects two larger bodies of water.44.The __________ is a region known for its beautiful beaches.45.What do bees produce?A. MilkB. HoneyC. SilkD. Wool答案: B46. A chemical equation must be balanced to show the conservation of ______.47.In a chemical reaction, the substances produced are called ________.48.I like to pretend I'm a pilot with my toy ________ (玩具名称).49. A buffer solution resists changes in ______.50.My friend is a talented __________ (作曲家).51. A ______ is a special type of ant.52.I enjoy ______ (与家人一起) going for walks.53.We have a picnic in the ________.54.My puzzle has ______ pieces.55.She has a beautiful ______ (花园).56.I like to _____ with my friends. (hang out)57.What is the name of the sweet treat made from sugar and gelatin?A. Gummy BearsB. Candy CornC. Jelly BeansD. Marshmallows 答案: D58. A ____(community involvement) fosters active citizenship.59.What do we call the part of the plant that produces fruit?A. StemB. RootC. LeafD. Flower答案:D60. e _______ (爬行) animals. Snakes a61.My favorite holiday is ________ (感恩节) with family.62.The ______ (组织) in plants helps with nutrient transport.63.Certain plants are grown for ______ (经济利益).64.I saw a _______ (小鸟) perched on a branch.65.ssance was a time of great ________ (文化繁荣). The Rena66.The doll wears a pretty _______ (娃娃穿着漂亮的_______).67.The chemical symbol for selenium is ______.68.I can ______ (利用) my strengths to help others.69.The __________ is a region known for its biodiversity.70.The _____ (马戏团) has clowns.71.The capital of India is _____.72.I admire people who __________ because they are __________.73.What do you call the process of making something less harmful?A. MitigationB. RegulationC. ConservationD. Protection答案:A74. A ________ (泥土) test can improve growth.75.Which vehicle flies in the sky?A. CarB. BoatC. AirplaneD. Bicycle答案: C. Airplane76.My friend loves __________ (户外活动).77.I planted some ______ (种子) in a pot. I hope they grow into beautiful ______ (花).78.My _______ (猫) chases its tail.79.单词归类,招物品类和性格类的单词选出来写在相应的圆圈内。
学习必备常用英语词汇大全
学习必备常用英语词汇大全英语作为一门全球通用的语言,广泛应用于学术、商务、娱乐等领域。
掌握常用的英语词汇对于提升英语水平具有重要意义。
本文将为你提供一些学习必备的常用英语词汇,分为以下几个主题进行介绍。
一、日常生活常用词汇1. Greetings and Farewells(问候与告别)- Hello(你好)- Good morning(早上好)- Goodbye(再见)- See you later (待会见)- Take care(保重)2. Numbers(数字)- One(一)- Two(二)- Ten(十)- Hundred(百)- Thousand(千)3. Time(时间)- Today(今天)- Tomorrow(明天)- Yesterday(昨天)- Hour(小时)- Minute(分钟)4. Colors(颜色)- Red(红色)- Blue(蓝色)- Green(绿色)- Yellow(黄色)- Black(黑色)5. Family(家庭)- Father(父亲)- Mother(母亲)- Brother(兄弟)- Sister(姐妹)- Son(儿子)二、学术领域常用词汇1. Subjects(学科)- Mathematics(数学)- Science(科学)- History(历史)- Geography(地理)- Literature(文学)2. School(学校)- Classroom(教室)- Teacher(老师)- Student(学生)- Homework(作业)- Exam(考试)3. Academic Terms(学术术语)- Experiment(实验)- Hypothesis(假设)- Conclusion(结论)- Thesis(论文)4. Learning(学习)- Read(阅读)- Write(写作)- Study(学习)- Memorize(记忆)- Understand(理解)三、商务领域常用词汇1. Meetings(会议)- Agenda(议程)- Presentation(演示)- Attendees(与会人员)- Minutes(会议纪要)- Discussion(讨论)2. Email(电子邮件)- Subject(主题)- Reply(回复)- Forward(转发)- CC/BCC(抄送/密送)3. Business Terms(商务术语)- Profit(利润)- Sales(销售)- Marketing(市场营销)- Customer(顾客)- Partnership(合作伙伴)4. Negotiation(谈判)- Bargain(讨价还价)- Agreement(协议)- Proposal(提议)- Contract(合同)- Terms and Conditions(条款和条件)四、娱乐常用词汇1. Movies(电影)- Actor(演员)- Actress(女演员)- Director(导演)- Plot(情节)- Genre(类型)2. Music(音乐)- Song(歌曲)- Singer(歌手)- Band(乐队)- Concert(音乐会)- Album(专辑)3. Sports(体育)- Football(足球)- Basketball(篮球)- Swimming(游泳)- Tennis(网球)- Cycling(骑自行车)4. Hobbies(爱好)- Reading(阅读)- Painting(绘画)- Cooking(烹饪)- Traveling(旅行)- Photography(摄影)五、常用动词1. Be(是/在)- I am(我是/在)- You are(你是/在)- He/She/It is(他/她/它是/在)- We/They are(我们/他们是/在)2. Have(有)- I have(我有)- You have(你有)- He/She/It has(他/她/它有)- We/They have(我们/他们有)3. Make(做/制作)- I make(我做/制作)- You make(你做/制作)- He/She/It makes(他/她/它做/制作)- We/They make(我们/他们做/制作)4. Go(去)- I go(我去)- You go(你去)- He/She/It goes(他/她/它去)- We/They go(我们/他们去)六、常用形容词1. Good(好)- I had a good time(我玩得很开心)- You look good(你看起来很好)- He/She/It is good at swimming(他/她/它擅长游泳)- We/They did a good job(我们/他们做得很好)2. Big(大)- I have a big house(我有一座大房子)- You are a big help(你帮了个大忙)- He/She/It has a big garden(他/她/它有个大花园)- We/They made a big mistake(我们/他们犯了个大错误)3. Happy(快乐)- I feel happy today(我今天感到快乐)- You make me happy(你让我快乐)- He/She/It looks happy(他/她/它看起来快乐)- We/They celebrated a happy event(我们/他们庆祝了一个快乐的事件)4. New(新)- I bought a new car(我买了辆新车)- You have a new haircut(你剪了个新发型)- He/She/It wears a new dress(他/她/它穿着件新衣服)- We/They moved to a new house(我们/他们搬到了一座新房子)以上是一些学习必备的常用英语词汇,涵盖了日常生活、学术、商务和娱乐等多个领域。
crystal 词根词缀
crystal 词根词缀在英语学习中,了解词根和词缀对于扩大词汇量和理解词汇意义起着重要作用。
其中,"crystal"是一个常见的词根,它来源于希腊语中的"krystallos",意为水晶。
在很多词语中,"crystal"一词可以表示透明、清澈、结晶等意义。
词根"crystal"在许多领域和学科中经常出现。
下面将从科学、生活、自然等方面探讨其中的应用。
1. 水晶结构在化学和材料科学中,"crystal"的概念用来描述固体物质的内部结构和排列方式。
水晶结构指的是晶体中原子、离子或分子的高度有序的结构。
这种结构使水晶具有规则的几何形状和透明度。
通过研究水晶结构,科学家可以了解和设计新型材料,并将其应用于电子器件、材料科学和药物研发等领域。
2. 结晶化学结晶化学是研究物质结晶行为的学科。
结晶化学家通过观察和解释物质在固态中的结晶过程,来揭示化学反应的细节和性质。
结晶化学广泛应用于材料科学、药物研发和生物化学等领域。
通过了解结晶行为,科学家可以控制晶体形貌和晶格,从而获得具有特殊性质和应用潜力的材料。
3. 水晶振荡器水晶振荡器是一种利用晶体的压电性质产生稳定振荡信号的设备。
它广泛应用于电子技术和通信领域,如计算机、手机、无线电和钟表等。
水晶振荡器的工作原理是利用压力使晶体产生电荷分离,从而产生稳定的频率振荡。
这种技术的精确性和稳定性使得现代电子设备能够实现高精度的计时和通信功能。
4. 生活中的词缀除了词根"crystal",我们还经常遇到以"cryst"为词缀的单词,如crystalline(结晶的)、crystalloid(晶体溶胶)、crystallize(使结晶)等。
这些词缀的出现增加了词汇的多样性,并且帮助我们更好地理解事物或概念。
总结:"crystal"是一个重要的词根,它在科学、生活和技术中扮演着重要的角色。
crystal口语用法
crystal口语用法摘要:1.Crystal 口语用法概述2.Crystal 口语用法的特点3.Crystal 口语用法的应用实例4.Crystal 口语用法的注意事项正文:1.Crystal 口语用法概述Crystal 口语用法是一种英语口语表达方式,主要用于表示强调、惊叹或命令等语气。
它通常由一个单词或多个单词组成,并用大写字母开头,结尾通常为感叹号或句号。
这种用法可以使语言更加生动、形象,增强表达效果。
2.Crystal 口语用法的特点Crystal 口语用法的特点如下:(1)单词首字母大写:Crystal 口语用法中,第一个单词的首字母通常要大写。
(2)结尾标点符号:Crystal 口语用法的结尾通常使用感叹号或句号,以表示强烈的语气或陈述的语气。
(3)表达强烈情感:Crystal 口语用法可以用来表达强调、惊叹或命令等语气,使语言更加生动、形象。
3.Crystal 口语用法的应用实例以下是一些Crystal 口语用法的应用实例:(1)强调:例如,“It"s a beautiful day, isn"t it?”(这是一个美好的一天,不是吗?)(2)惊叹:例如,“Wow, I can"t believe it!”(哇,我不敢相信!)(3)命令:例如,“Please don"t do that.”(请不要这样做。
)4.Crystal 口语用法的注意事项在使用Crystal 口语用法时,需要注意以下几点:(1)不要过度使用:Crystal 口语用法用于表达强调、惊叹或命令等语气,但如果过度使用,可能会让人感到夸张或做作。
(2)使用场合要适当:Crystal 口语用法适用于日常交流、口语表达等场合,但在正式场合或书面语中要谨慎使用。
crystal clear翻译
crystal clear翻译
Crystal clear是一个英语短语,意思是“清晰透彻的”,通常用来形
容声音、图像或思想等方面的清晰度和明晰度。
这个短语可以用来形容许多不同的事物,例如:
- 声音:当我们听到一个声音非常清晰,没有任何杂音或干扰时,我们可以说这个声音是crystal clear的。
- 图像:当我们看到一张图片或视频非常清晰,没有任何模糊或失真时,我们可以说这个图像是crystal clear的。
- 思想:当我们表达一个想法或观点非常清晰、明确且易于理解时,我们可以说这个思想是crystal clear的。
除了以上三个例子,还有很多其他的事物可以用crystal clear来形容,例如水的清澈度、空气的清新度等等。
总之,crystal clear是一个非常常用的英语短语,用来形容各种事物
的清晰度和明晰度。
在日常生活和工作中,我们可以用它来表达自己
对某个事物的印象和评价。
crystal口语用法
crystal口语用法(原创版)目录1.Crystal 的含义与特点2.Crystal 口语用法的使用场景3.Crystal 口语用法的具体用法4.Crystal 口语用法的注意事项5.结论正文1.Crystal 的含义与特点Crystal 是一种用于提高英语口语表达能力的工具,它以清晰、简洁、地道的口语表达方式而闻名。
Crystal 不仅能够帮助你在日常交流中更自然地运用英语,还能够提高你的语言表达能力,使你更容易理解和被理解。
2.Crystal 口语用法的使用场景Crystal 口语用法适用于各种日常交流场合,如与外国人交流、商务会议、旅行等。
通过使用 Crystal 口语用法,你可以更自然地与他人交流,避免因语言表达不当而产生的误解。
3.Crystal 口语用法的具体用法Crystal 口语用法包括以下几个方面:(1) 简化句子结构:避免过长或复杂的句子,尽量使用简单、清晰的句子。
(2) 使用常用短语:运用地道的英语短语,使你的表达更符合英语母语者的习惯。
(3) 发音和语调:注意正确的发音和语调,以便更好地传达你的意思。
(4) 避免母语影响:尽量减少使用母语的影响,以提高英语表达的纯正度。
4.Crystal 口语用法的注意事项在使用 Crystal 口语用法时,应注意以下几点:(1) 不要盲目追求简单:虽然要简化句子结构,但不要过分简化,以免影响表达的准确性。
(2) 注意文化差异:了解英语国家的文化差异,避免因文化差异而产生的误解。
(3) 勤加练习:只有通过不断地练习,才能更好地掌握 Crystal 口语用法。
5.结论Crystal 口语用法是一种有效的提高英语口语表达能力的方法。
通过简化句子结构、使用常用短语、注意发音和语调以及避免母语影响,你可以更自然地与他人交流,提高你的语言表达能力。
2024初一英语译林版单词拼读
2024初一英语译林版单词拼读一、Starter Unit 1。
1. e - dog [ˈiː dɒɡ] n. 电子狗。
2. master [ˈmɑːstə(r)] n. 主人;硕士 v. 精通,掌握。
3. year [jɪə(r)] n. 年;岁。
4. grade [ɡreɪd] n. 年级;等级。
二、Unit 1。
1. like [laɪk] vt. 喜欢;prep. 像。
- 【用法示例】I like reading books.(vt.) He looks like his father.(prep.)2. dog [dɒɡ] n. 狗。
3. cat [kæt] n. 猫。
4. panda [ˈpændə] n. 熊猫。
三、Unit 2。
1. let [let] vt. 让。
- 【用法示例】Let me help you.2. go [ɡəʊ] vi. 去;走。
- 【搭配】go to school去上学;go home回家。
3. swim [swɪm] vi. 游泳。
- 【短语】go swimming去游泳。
4. read [riːd] vt. 阅读;朗读。
四、Unit 3。
1. classmate [ˈklɑːsmeɪt] n. 同班同学。
2. nice [naɪs] adj. 美好的;令人愉快的。
- 【例句】She is a very nice girl.3. love [lʌv] vt. 爱;喜爱 n. 爱;爱情。
- 【用法示例】I love my family.(vt.) Love can make people happy.(n.)五、Unit 4。
1. wake [weɪk] vi. 醒来;叫醒。
- 【短语】wake up醒来。
- 【例句】I usually wake up at six o'clock.2. sleep [sliːp] vi. 睡觉 n. 睡眠。
小学上册第8次英语第4单元寒假试卷[含答案]
小学上册英语第4单元寒假试卷[含答案]考试时间:90分钟(总分:100)B卷一、综合题(共计100题共100分)1. 听力题:A ______ can be found in gardens and helps plants grow.2. 听力题:The __________ is a region with many rivers.3. 选择题:Which season comes after winter?A. FallB. SpringC. SummerD. None答案: B4. 填空题:I enjoy _______ (骑自行车) in the evening.5. 听力题:Organic solvents can dissolve ______ substances.6. 选择题:What is the capital of the Republic of Ireland?A. DublinB. BelfastC. CorkD. Galway答案: A. Dublin7. 听力题:The arrangement of atoms in a crystal lattice is characteristic of _____ (ionic compounds).8. 选择题:What is the name of the first person to walk on the moon?A. Yuri GagarinB. Neil ArmstrongC. Buzz AldrinD. John Glenn9. 填空题:My pet rabbit likes to ______ (跳).10. 填空题:I love to play with my ________ (玩具火车) on rainy days.11. 选择题:What is the largest planet in our Solar System?A. SaturnB. JupiterC. EarthD. Mars12. 选择题:What is the color of the sky on a clear day?A. GreenB. BlueC. RedD. Yellow答案:B13. 听力题:A _______ is a reaction that produces a flame.14. 听力题:The ______ is a measure of how much matter is in an object.15. 听力题:The __________ is where most biological activity occurs.16. 填空题:The elephant uses its trunk to ______ (抓取) food.17. 听力题:An electric motor converts electrical energy into _______ energy.18. 小蛇) slithers silently through the grass. 填空题:The ___19. 填空题:The __________ was a war fought between the North and South in America.20. 听力题:My brother likes to go ____ (rock climbing).21. 选择题:What is the opposite of "fast"?A. QuickB. SlowC. SpeedyD. Rapid答案: B22. 选择题:Which of these animals can fly?A. FishB. EagleC. SnakeD. Frog答案: B23. 填空题:My ___ (小兔子) loves to dig in the dirt.24. 选择题:What do we call the art of making things with clay?A. SculptureB. PaintingC. DrawingD. Weaving答案:A25. ts need _____ (湿润的) conditions to thrive. 填空题:Some pla26. 听力题:The Grand Canyon is a famous ______ that was formed by the erosion of the Colorado River.27. 填空题:We have a ______ (愉快的) experience during family get-togethers.28. 填空题:I have a toy ________ that can bounce high.29. 选择题:What is the capital of Greenland?a. Nuukc. Ilulissatd. Qaqortoq答案:a30. 选择题:Which animal has a long trunk?A. GiraffeB. ElephantC. RhinoD. Hippopotamus答案:B31. 填空题:The ________ is a small creature that hops and plays.32. 填空题:The goldfinch has a cheerful ________________ (歌声).33. 听力题:The _______ can help improve air quality.34. 填空题:My teacher is . (我的老师是。
小学下册A卷英语第三单元测验卷(含答案)
小学下册英语第三单元测验卷(含答案)英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题,每小题1分,共100分.每小题不选、错误,均不给分)1.小水獺) plays near the riverbank. The ___2.The rabbit's thumping feet warn others of ______ (危险).3.The country famous for its classical music is ________ (奥地利).4.The teddy bear is ___ (soft).5.The kids are _____ in the park. (running)6.I love exploring technology and how it shapes our __________.7.The capital of Malta is __________.8.I like to _______ (参加) science fairs at school.9.The __________ of an animal can vary greatly between species.10.My grandma loves to tell __________ (传统) stories.11. A __________ is a chemical substance made of two or more different atoms bonded together.12. A ______ (植物的健康) reflects its environment.13.An element's reactivity depends on the arrangement of its _____ (electrons).14.What do you call a baby sheep?A. CalfB. KidC. LambD. Foal答案: C15.I find ________ (心理学) fascinating.16. A ____(refugee) flees their home due to conflict or danger.17.I am excited to learn about ______ (科学) experiments. They can be really fun and surprising!18.The tortoise can pull its head into its _________ (壳).19.The _____ (wind) is blowing.20._____ (水稻) is an important crop in many countries.21.The ______ (种植方式) can vary based on the plant type.22.I call my mother _____ (妈妈) in Chinese.23.The capital of Hungary is ________ (匈牙利的首都是________).24.The parrot is very _______ (善于交际).25.选择与句子相对应的图片。
会意字 英文解析
会意字英文解析好的,以下是为您生成的20 个会意字的相关内容,包括英文解析、英语释义、短语、单词、用法和双语例句:---1. **众(zhòng)**- 英文解析:A group of people or things.- 英语释义:A large number of people or things together.- 短语:众目睽睽(in the full view of the public)- 单词:crowd- 用法:“众”作名词时,表示许多人。
如“观众”(audience)、“民众”(the public)。
- 双语例句:The singer performed in front of a large crowd.(这位歌手在一大群观众面前表演。
)- 双语例句:众人齐心协力完成了这项艰巨的任务。
All the people worked together and accomplished the difficult task.2. **森(sēn)**- 英文解析:A large number of trees standing closely together.- 英语释义:A large area filled with many trees.- 短语:森林深处(deep in the forest)- 单词:forest- 用法:“森”常用来形容树木众多的样子。
如“森林”(forest)、“阴森”(gloomy and dark)- 双语例句:The forest is home to many wild animals.(这片森林是许多野生动物的家园。
)- 双语例句:森立的高楼大厦遮住了阳光。
The towering buildings stand densely and block the sunlight.3. **晶(jīng)**- 英文解析:Something clear and shiny, like crystals.- 英语释义:Clear and bright; like a crystal.- 短语:晶莹剔透(crystal clear and transparent)- 单词:crystal- 用法:“晶”常形容光亮、透明。
高一英语感叹句练习题40题
高一英语感叹句练习题40题1<背景文章>The beauty of nature is truly a wonder to behold. There is a natural scenic area that is simply breathtaking. As you enter this magnificent place, you are greeted by towering mountains that seem to touch the sky. "What a spectacular sight these mountains are!" you can't help but exclaim. The crystal-clear lakes reflect the surrounding landscape like mirrors. "How beautiful these lakes are!" The lush green forests are home to a variety of wildlife. You might catch a glimpse of a deer gracefully leaping through the woods or hear the chirping of birds. "What a lovely place this is!"The air is fresh and clean, filling your lungs with every breath. The sound of a babbling brook adds to the tranquility of the place. "How peaceful this sound is!" The unique rock formations add an element of mystery to the area. You wonder how they were formed and marvel at their strange shapes. "What amazing rock formations!"This natural scenic area is a haven for those who love nature and seek solace in its beauty. It is a place where you can forget all your worries and immerse yourself in the wonders of the natural world.1. “What a spectacular sight these mountains are!” is an example of a(n) _______.A. exclamatory sentenceB. interrogative sentenceC. declarative sentenceD. imperative sentence答案:A。
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Amusementdie laughing=be highly amusedY ou should have seen Peter Sellers in that film last night—you would have died laughing.for the fun of it=for amusementThose horrible boys were throwing stones at the seagulls just for the fun of it.for the hell of it=(just)for amusementI’ve never acted before but I thought I’d give it a try just for the hell of it.fun and games=amusementWe had some fun and games last night going through some old family photographs.kill oneself laughing=be very amusedI killed myself laughing when I saw that old Chaplin film on television last night.laugh at=be amused byWe laughed at this funny story.life and soul of the party=somebody who is (ostentatiously) amusingRic has a good fun of jokes and is usually the life and soul of the party.make fun of/poke fun at=cruelly derive amusement fromIt’s wrong to make fun of people just because they’re old.play with=amuse oneself withThe boy is playing with the toy rocked.Don’t play with her; she is in low spirits.raise a laugh=create amusementThey were all looking a bit miserable but Barry soon raised a laugh by telling a few jokes.tickle somebody’s ribs=amuse somebodyThe thought of Big Dave playing the part of the Christmas fairy really tickled my ribs. Analysisa run-down=an analysisMr Evans is here to give us all a run-down on the latest developments in the political situation. cold light of day=common sensible/logical analysisOur enthusiasm for the plan faded in the cold light of day and we realized how impractical it really was.mass survey=statistical analysis that involves questioning a large number of peopleA mass survey of parents revealed that most of them are dissatisfied with the present educationsystem.see how the land lies=analyse the situationI don’t know whether we will start the job or not until I see how the land lies.soul-searching=analysis of one’s own motives/reasons for doing somethingAfter much soul-searching I decided to break off my engagement.Anger, Annoyance, Irritationa chip on one’s shoulder=a feeling of angerTom has a chip on his shoulder. He thinks people are against him because of his family background, although he has no reason to think so.bad blood=indignationThere has been had blood between the two of them ever since they had a family argument several years ago.be a pain in the neck=annoy someoneJohn Lee’s a pain in the neck at times; he never stops talking about himself.be/go bananas=lose one’s temperHe went bananas when he saw the damage to his wife’s car.be spitting feathers=be very angryLen was spitting feathers when he saw what some vandal had done to his new car.be wild about=be angry aboutI’m wild about losing my gold fountain pen.(like a )bear with a sore head=bad-temperedI shouldn’t talk to him this morning—he’s like a bear with a sore head.bite/snap someone’s head off=answer sharply and angrily (often shouting or scolding) There is no need to bite my head off. I only asked you a question—I wasn’t criticizing you. blow a gasket=lose one’s temperWhen mother saw the mess on the new carpet she blew a gasket.blow one’s top=lose one’s temperIf your mother sees what you have done she will blow her top.boil ove r=lose one’s temperElizabeth seems to boil over for the slightest reason these days.bug somebody=(deliberatly)annoy somebodyIt really bugs me the way he keeps drumming his fingers on the table.burst a blood vessel=lose control of one’s temperWhen I told him what his daughter had said I thought he’d burst a blood vessel.carry on=display emotion out of proportion to its causeDon’t carry on so, she’s only broken a cup—she could have cut herself badly.come to a pretty pass=reach such a bad state that it annoys oneThings have come to a pretty pass when the food in the hotel is as bad as this. I can’t possibly eat it.cut up nasty=become angryThe other driver began to cut up nasty when I refuse to admit the collision was my fault.cut up rough=behave in an angry wayThe boss is bound to cut up rough when he hears what happened.don’t lose your hair over it=do not become angryI know you’ve got your driving test tomorrow but don’t lose your hair over it, you can alwaystake it again if you do not pass.don’t say…=expression of annoyanceDon’t say you’ve broken another cup.drive/send mad=annoy/irritateI wish Linda wouldn’t play that record so loud, it’s driving me mad.drive sb to drink=severely angryThe children’s incessant quarrelling was enough to drive their parents to drink.drive sb up the wall=make someone very angryAll these silly arguments are driving me up the wall. I don’t understand how people can say such things.fall foul of someone=do something that annoys someoneI fell foul of my boss this morning by refusing to work late tonight.fire up=become angry and indignantCharles becomes all fired up if you mention women drivers, ever since he had that collision with one.fly off the handle=burst into angerI’m sorry I accidentally spilled your drink, but there’s no need to fly off the handle.for heaven’s sake=exclamation of mild annoyanceFor heaven’s sake, do you have to have the radio on so loud?get going=make angryThe boy’s teasing gets Dick going.get sb’s back up=provoke somebody to angerHis condescending attitude really gets my back up.get the needle=become angryMum got the needle when she found out we hadn’t done the washing up as we promised.get up sb’s nose=annoy somebodyThat supervisor is so uncooperative, he gets right up my nose.Give me strength!=exclamation of annoyanceGive me strength! That’s the fourth time he’s asked for a glass of water since he went to bed. give sb a piece of one’s mind=speak angrily and frankly to someoneCarol gave Tom a piece of her mind for coming into the house with dirty shoes.go spare=become angryThe boss will go spare when he finds you have damaged the company’s van.have a sharp tongue=talk angryI usually get on well with my father, although he can have a sharp tongue occasionally.hit the roof=(suddenly)lost one’s temperMy husband hit the roof when he found out that my boss had taken me to dinner last night.in a huff=making angryShe asked me what I thought of her new skirt, and when I told her she walked off in a huff.kick oneself=be angry with oneself for having done something wrong or having missed an opportunityI could kick myself for not having posted my application yesterday. Now it’s too late.out of humour=ill-tempered/irritableOld Joe’s out of humour tonight—he went to the races and lost a hundred pounds on the horses. short-tempered=easily angeredMy father gets increasingly short-tempered as he gets older.take it out on somebody=direct one’s anger/displeasure at somebody elseWhenever she sets annoyed she takes it out on her children.that’s the last thing I need!=that is yet another annoyance.throw a wobbly=have a tantrumJust because you can’t do what you want there’s no need to throw a wobbly.touch sb on the raw=say something that angers somebodyI don’t know why harry left his last job but it touched him on the raw when I mentioned `voluntary redundancy.。