考博英语考试大纲

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(word完整版)武汉理工考博英语

武汉理工大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲考试内容和要求本考试共分五个部分：阅读理解（40 %）、完形填空（10 ％）、英译汉(15 %）、汉译英（10%）、写作（25 %）。

听力和口语可放在复试中进行。

第一部分阅读理解（Part I Reading Comprehension）阅读理解部分主要测试考生在规定的时间内通过阅读获取信息的能力，既要求准确,也要求有一定的速度。

本部分主要测试下述能力：1. 掌握所读材料的中心思想、主要内容和有关细节；2. 对所读材料的内容进行正确的判断和推理；3. 根据上下文的逻辑关系理解某些词和句子的意义;4。

领会作者的观点和判断作者的态度.阅读材料的选择原则：1. 题材广泛，可以包括社会、文化、科普知识、史地、人物传记等。

所涉及的背景知识应能为考生所了解；2. 体裁多样，可包括叙事、议论、描述、说明、应用文等;3.文章应有一定的难度。

共20题，每小题2分，总计40分。

阅读五篇文章，阅读量为2300—2500个单词.每篇文章后有4道选择题，共计20题。

考生应根据文章内容从每题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案.第二部分完形填空（Part II Cloze）完形填空部分主要测试考生在语篇水平上的理解能力和实际运用语言的能力.测试的形式是在一篇题材熟悉、难度适中的短文（约150-180词）中留出20个空(第一句和最后一句不留空），每个空为一题,要求考生就所给篇章后所给各题的四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的一个最佳答案。

该部分共20小题，每小题0.5分，总计10分。

第三部分英译汉（Part III E-C Translation）英译汉部分主要测试考生在英语语篇水平理解基础之上对某些具体内容的准确理解并译成汉语的能力。

测试的形式是从一篇约400—500词的短文中划出三句或三小段，要求考生译成汉语.测试内容为一般性或科普常识性的短文。

译文须忠实于原文，表达正确，语言流畅。

该部分共3小题，每小题5分,总计15分。

博士研究生专业英语考试

博士研究生专业英语考试
博士研究生专业英语考试（English Proficiency Test for Ph.D. Candidates）是用于评估博士研究生在英语听、说、读、写能力方面的考试。

该考试旨在测试学生对学术领域内英语的理解和运用能力，以确保学生具备进行学术研究和写作的基本英语能力。

博士研究生专业英语考试通常包括以下几个方面的内容：
1. 听力考试（Listening Test）：测验学生对英语听力材料的理解能力，包括听取学术讲座、学术研究报告等。

2. 口语考试（Speaking Test）：测验学生在学术交流中的口头表达能力，包括自我介绍、回答问题、陈述观点等。

3. 阅读考试（Reading Test）：测验学生对英语学术文献的阅读理解能力，包括理解文章主旨、判断作者观点、理解文章结构等。

4. 写作考试（Writing Test）：测验学生的学术写作能力，要求学生根据提供的题目或材料进行学术论述或分析。

博士研究生专业英语考试的成绩经常作为博士研究生入学的重要参考依据，学生需要根据考试要求进行针对性的准备。

通过这个考试，学生能够提高自己的英语水平，为以后的学术研究和职业发展奠定基础。

考博英语题型

考博英语题型摘要：1.考博英语概述2.考博英语的题型及分值分布3.各种题型的备考策略4.总结正文：一、考博英语概述考博英语，全称为博士研究生入学考试英语，是我国博士研究生招生全国统一考试的一部分。

其主要目的是测试考生的英语语言运用能力，以确保考生具备良好的英语水平，能够胜任博士研究生阶段的学术研究和学习。

考博英语考试的成绩是衡量考生英语水平的重要依据，对于考生能否顺利进入博士研究生阶段具有重要意义。

二、考博英语的题型及分值分布考博英语考试分为听力、阅读理解、完形填空、翻译和写作五个部分，总分为100 分。

各部分的分值分布如下：1.听力：20 分，包括短文听力和长对话听力。

2.阅读理解：30 分，包括传统阅读和阅读新题型。

3.完形填空：10 分，测试考生的语言知识和语境理解能力。

4.翻译：10 分，主要测试考生的英汉互译能力。

5.写作：30 分，包括小作文和大作文，主要测试考生的英语书面表达能力。

三、各种题型的备考策略1.听力：多做听力练习，尤其是模拟试题和真题，提高听力水平和答题速度。

同时，注意积累常用词汇和短语，提高听力理解能力。

2.阅读理解：提高阅读速度和理解能力，善于捕捉文章的主旨和细节。

多做阅读练习，积累词汇和语法知识，提高阅读水平。

3.完形填空：熟悉完形填空题型，掌握解题技巧。

通过多做练习，提高对语境的理解和词汇运用能力。

4.翻译：熟悉英汉互译的技巧和方法，积累常用短语和句型。

通过练习，提高翻译准确性和表达能力。

5.写作：掌握写作技巧和方法，注重文章结构和逻辑性。

多做写作练习，提高英语书面表达能力。

四、总结考博英语考试是对考生英语水平的一次全面测试，各题型的备考需要有针对性地进行。

同济大学博士研究生英语综合水平考试大纲(全)

同济大学博士研究生英语综合水平考试大纲总则同济大学博士研究生英语综合水平考试（GET-P）是依照《同济大学博士研究生公共英语课程教学大纲》规定、为完成教学目标而实施的一项标准化考试。

它是博士研究生公共英语课程设置的重要组成部分。

为贯彻执行教学大纲的要求、指导规范该项考试，特制订《同济大学博士研究生英语综合水平考试大纲》。

一、考试目的本考试目的是衡量同济大学博士研究生英语技能知识、检查教学效果和成果、促进提高英语学习水平，并为评价学生学业能力提供参考依据。

二、考试性质与范围本考试属于标准参照性达标考试，兼顾教学检查考核。

考试范围包括《同济大学博士研究生公共英语课程教学大纲》所规定的听、说、读、写四个方面的能力及知识。

三、考试时间、对象与命题本考试每学期举行一次，在学期期末、学生完成两门英语课程学习之后进行。

考试对象为除英语之外的各专业博士研究生。

本考试由外国语学院公共英语教学部负责命题、审题和阅卷，由研究生院培养处和公共英语教学部共同负责实施。

四、考试形式本考试分书面纸质考试和口试两部分；考试秉持测试的客观性和可行性，采用有效试题形式，并保证考试的效度和信度。

五、考试内容书面考试题项包含三部分：听力理解、阅读理解和短文写作。

考试规定时间120分钟。

听力理解（Listening Comprehension）1、测试要求：（a）能听懂日常交际场合中的各种英语会话和交谈。

（b）能听懂英语时事新闻的报道、报告。

（c）能听懂有关历史、文化、教育、科学等方面的英语故事和介绍。

（d）考试时间约20分钟。

2、测试形式：(a)本部分采用多项选择题形式，分两节：Section A与Section B，共20题。

(b) Section A (Listening Conversations) 由10个对话组成，共10题，题后有10秒间隙。

西南交通大学博士研究生入学统一考试英语考试大纲

西南交通大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲一、考试性质博士研究生入学考试英语考试是为我校招收博士生而设置的具有选拔性质的入学考试科目。

其目的是科学、公平、有效地测试考生对英语语言的运用能力，以保证被录取者具有一定的英语水平，为博士阶段的专业学习奠定扎实的英语基础。

二、考试形式和试卷结构（一）考试形式考试形式为笔试。

考试时间为180分钟。

满分为100分。

试卷包括试题册和答题卡。

答题时，直接将答题内容写在考场提供的答题纸上，答在试卷上的内容无效。

（二）试卷结构试题分四部分，共48题，包括英语知识运用、阅读理解、翻译。

第一部分：阅读理解主要考查考生获取信息、理解文章、猜测重要生词词义并进行推断等方面的能力。

该部分为多项选择题，考生需要在每小题所提供的选项（A、B、C、D）中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。

共8篇文章，每篇文章长度为450词左右，要求考生阅读文章并回答每篇文章后面的问题。

每篇文章设5题，共40题。

每小题1分，共40分。

第二部分：词汇主要考查考生在上下文语境中准确理解并运用词汇的能力。

该部分多项选择题，考生需要在每小题所提供的选项（A、B、C、D）中选出唯一正确或是最合适的答案。

共20题，每小题1分，共20分。

第三部分：完形填空主要考查考生对英语知识点的综合运用能力。

在一篇约300词的文章中留出20个空白，要求考生从每题给出的4个选项中选出最佳答案，使补全后的文章意思通顺、前后连贯、结构完整。

共20小题，每小题0.5分，共10分。

第四部分：翻译考查考生理解所给语言材料并将其译成目标语的能力。

要求译文准确、完整、通顺。

该部分分为2小节。

A节为英译汉，考查考生理解所给英语语言材料并将其译成汉语的能力。

B节为汉译英，考查考生理解所给汉语语言材料并将其译成英语的能力。

A和B节各包括5个短句，每个短句3分，共30分。

三、考查内容考生应掌握下列语言知识和技能：（一）语言知识1. 语法知识考生应能熟练地运用基本的语法知识，其中包括：（1）名词、代词的数和格的构成及其用法；（2）动词时态、语态的构成及其用法；（3）形容词与副词的比较级和最高级的构成及其用法；（4）常用连接词的词义及其用法；（5）非谓语动词（不定式、动名词、分词）的构成及其用法；（6）虚拟语气的构成及其用法；（7）各类从句（定语从句、主语从句、表语从句等）及强调句型的结构及其用法；（8）倒装句、插入语的结构及其用法。

2024哈工大博士英语考核大纲

2024哈工大博士英语考核大纲English Answer:Text: This text discusses the potential of advances in artificial intelligence (AI) to transform a wide range of fields, including healthcare, education, business, and transportation. It argues that AI could lead to significant breakthroughs in disease diagnosis, personalized learning, automation of tasks, and safer and more efficient travel. However, the text also acknowledges the ethical and social challenges that need to be considered as AI becomes more advanced.Questions:1. In what ways could artificial intelligencecontribute to the field of medicine?2. How might AI transform the educational experience?3. What are some of the potential benefits of AI for businesses?4. How could AI improve transportation systems?5. What ethical and social issues need to be addressed as AI advances?6. How can we ensure that AI is used for the benefit of society and not to the detriment?Answers:1. Artificial intelligence has the potential to revolutionize healthcare by automating routine tasks, enabling more precise disease diagnosis, facilitating personalized treatment plans, and expediting drug discovery.2. AI can personalize the learning experience, provide real-time feedback to students, and identify areas where additional support is needed. It can also make education more accessible to people who may not have traditionalaccess to schools or universities.3. AI can help businesses streamline operations, increase efficiency, and create new products and services.It can also assist with customer service, marketing, and supply chain management.4. AI can be used to develop safer and more efficient transportation systems. It can be applied to traffic management, vehicle safety, and route optimization. It can also contribute to the development of self-driving cars and other autonomous vehicles.5. Ethical and social issues that need to be addressed as AI advances include data privacy, algorithmic fairness, and the potential for job displacement.6. To ensure that AI is used for the benefit of society, it is essential to establish ethical guidelines, promote transparency, and invest in research on the social and economic impacts of AI.中文回答：文本，本文讨论了人工智能（AI）进步在医疗保健、教育、商业和运输等广泛领域的变革潜力。

江西师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲

江西师范大学博士研究生入学考试英语考试大纲（非英语专业）一、考试的基本形式1.考试分为五个部分：阅读理解（40%）、改错（10%）、英汉互译（20%）、写作（30%）。

2.听力和口语放在复试中进行。

二、考试的基本要求第一部分：阅读理解1.测试目的：阅读理解部分测试考生通过阅读获取信息的能力，考核考生掌握阅读策略和技巧的程度，既要求准确性，也要求一定的速度。

2.测试要求：（1）能理解所读材料的主旨大意，掌握主要内容和有关细节；（2）能分析所读材料的思想观点，根据所读材料的内容进行正确的判断和推理；（3）能理解字面意义和隐含意义，根据上下文的逻辑关系理解某些词和句子的意义；3.测试形式：本部分采用多项选择，由三篇阅读材料组成。

阅读量约为1200-1500个单词，考生应根据文章内容从每题所给的四个选项中选出一个最佳答案。

共20题，每小题2分，共计40分。

4.选材原则：（1）. 题材广泛，包括社会、文化、科普知识、史地、人物传记等。

（2）. 体裁多样，可包括叙事、议论、描述、说明、应用文等；（3）. 文章的难度有一定的区分度，相当于大学英语等级考试CET四-六级水平。

第二部分：改错1.测试目的：测试考生运用语言知识的能力。

2.测试要求：能运用语法、词汇、修辞等语言知识识别所给短文内的语病并改正这些语病。

3. 测试形式：本部分由一篇200-250个单词的短文组成，短文中有10行标有题号。

该10行内均含有一个语误。

要求学生根据“增添”、“删除”或“改变其中的某一单词或短语”三种方法中的一种改正语误。

该部分共10小题，每小题1分，共计10分。

第三部分：英汉互译1.测试目的：测试考生英、汉互译的能力。

2.测试要求：英译汉部分主要测试考生在英语语篇水平理解基础之上来准确理解并译成汉语的能力，汉译英部分主要测试考生将汉语译成英语的能力。

译文须忠实于原文，表达正确，语言流畅。

3.测试形式：本部分分两个项目。

（1）英译汉，将一段100-120个单词左右的英文短文译成汉语。

考博英语题型

考博英语题型一、阅读理解阅读理解是考博英语中的重要部分，主要考察考生对英文文献的阅读、理解和分析能力。

通常包括两篇长篇文章和若干段短文，总阅读量在3000字左右。

长篇文章通常涉及学术领域的内容，如社会科学、人文科学等，而短文则可能涉及新闻、广告、说明书等不同题材。

阅读理解的题目类型包括选择题、判断题、填空题等，要求考生在理解文章内容的基础上，根据问题进行分析和判断。

二、词汇和语法词汇和语法部分主要考察考生的英语基础知识和语言运用能力。

题目通常包括词汇选择题、填空题、改错题等，要求考生掌握一定数量的英语词汇，能够正确运用语法规则进行句子表达。

考生需要通过大量的词汇和语法练习，提高自己的语言运用能力，掌握常见的词汇和表达方式。

三、完形填空完形填空是一种综合性的语言测试题型，主要考察考生对英语语篇的理解和组织。

题目通常给出一篇短文，其中若干个空格需要填写适当的单词或短语。

考生需要根据上下文语境、语法规则和词汇意义等方面进行分析，选择最合适的答案。

完形填空要求考生具备较强的语篇理解和组织能力，以及对英语语言细节的关注。

四、翻译翻译部分主要考察考生对英语和汉语之间的翻译能力。

题目通常包括英译中和中译英两种类型，要求考生能够准确地将英文或中文文献翻译成另一种语言，并保持原文的语义和风格。

考生需要通过大量的翻译练习，提高自己的语言转换能力，了解不同文化背景下的语言表达方式和习惯。

五、写作写作部分主要考察考生对英文写作的掌握和应用能力。

题目通常给定一个主题或情境，要求考生根据要求写出一篇结构完整、语言流畅的短文。

写作类型可能包括议论文、说明文、应用文等不同形式，要求考生具备较强的语言表达能力和逻辑思维能力。

考生需要通过大量的写作练习，提高自己的英文写作水平，掌握常见的写作技巧和表达方式。

2024年医学考博英语统考大纲

2024年医学考博英语统考大纲2024 Medical Doctoral Program English Exam OutlineIntroduction:The Medical Doctoral Program aims to cultivate high-quality medical professionals with solid theoretical knowledge and practical skills. The English exam is an essential part of the admissions process, testing candidates' language proficiency and ability to comprehend medical-related content. The following outline details the topics and format of the 2024 Medical Doctoral Program English exam.I. Reading Comprehension (50%)1. General Medical KnowledgeCandidates will be required to read a series of passages related to various medical fields, such as anatomy, physiology, pathology, pharmacology, and biochemistry. Questions will test candidates' understanding of key concepts, terminology, and scientific principles.2. Clinical CasesCandidates will be presented with clinical cases, including patient histories, symptoms, and diagnostic results. Questionswill assess candidates' ability to analyze and interpret medical information, identify potential diagnoses, and propose appropriate treatment plans.3. Medical ResearchCandidates will read research articles and studies on current medical topics and advancements. Questions will evaluate candidates' comprehension of research methods, data analysis, and interpretation of results.II. Listening Comprehension (20%)1. Medical LecturesCandidates will listen to recorded medical lectures on various topics, such as internal medicine, surgery, pediatrics, and obstetrics. Questions will test candidates' ability to grasp key points, identify important information, and summarize complex medical concepts.2. Doctor-Patient DialoguesCandidates will listen to simulated doctor-patient dialogues, focusing on patient interviews, symptom descriptions, and treatment discussions. Questions will assess candidates' listening skills, as well as their ability to empathize with patients and communicate effectively in medical settings.III. Writing (30%)1. Medical EssayCandidates will be required to write an essay on a given medical topic, expressing their opinions and analysis in a clear and concise manner. Topics may cover issues such as medical ethics, healthcare policies, patient care, and medical education.2. Case AnalysisCandidates will analyze a clinical case study, including patient information, symptoms, and treatment options. Candidates must provide a detailed analysis of the case, offer a differential diagnosis, and propose a course of action based on evidence-based medicine.3. Research ProposalCandidates will develop a research proposal on a specific medical topic, outlining the study objectives, methodology, data collection, analysis plan, and potential implications for clinical practice. Candidates must demonstrate their ability to design and conduct research in a rigorous and ethical manner.Conclusion:The 2024 Medical Doctoral Program English exam aims to assess candidates' language proficiency, critical thinking skills, and readiness for advanced medical studies. By testing candidates' understanding of medical concepts, communication skills, and analytical abilities, the exam ensures that only highly qualified candidates are admitted to the program. Candidates who excel in the exam will have the opportunity to pursue their passion for medicine and contribute to the advancement of healthcare worldwide.。

医学博士外语统一考试大纲

选择题：在医学文献中，"efficacy"一词通常指的是：A. 药物的安全性B. 药物的有效性（正确答案）C. 药物的副作用D. 药物的剂量下列哪个词在医学英语中常用来表示“对照组”？A. Experimental groupB. Control group（正确答案）C. Placebo groupD. Treatment group医学英语中，“morbidity”一词的含义是：A. 死亡率B. 发病率（正确答案）C. 治愈率D. 患病率下列哪个短语在医学英语中用于描述“疾病的自然进程”？A. Natural history of disease（正确答案）B. Disease progressionC. Disease treatmentD. Disease prevention在医学英语中，“prognosis”一词通常指的是：A. 疾病的诊断B. 疾病的预后（正确答案）C. 疾病的治疗D. 疾病的病因下列哪个词在医学英语中用于表示“药物的相互作用”？A. Drug administrationB. Drug interaction（正确答案）C. Drug metabolismD. Drug elimination医学英语中，“epidemiology”一词的含义是：A. 病理学B. 流行病学（正确答案）C. 生理学D. 微生物学下列哪个短语在医学英语中用于描述“基于证据的医学实践”？A. Evidence-based medicine（正确答案）B. Experimental medicineC. Traditional medicineD. Alternative medicine在医学英语中，“randomized controlled trial”一词通常指的是：A. 随机对照试验（正确答案）B. 队列研究C. 病例报告D. 横断面研究。

湖北大学考博英语-3.doc

湖北大学考博英语-3(总分：69.00，做题时间：90分钟)一、Part Ⅰ Vocabulary(总题数：10，分数：5.00)1.It"s difficult for my father to ______ without a cane.（分数：0.50）A.talk backB.sit inC.stand outD.get round2.Recorded ______ of today"s big football game will be shown after the news.（分数：0.50）A.summitsB.peaksC.heightsD.highlights3.We have to ______ our hope of reaching the production target this year.（分数：0.50）A.releaseB.retractC.resignD.abandon4.It is impossible to ______ whether she"ll be well enough to come home from the hospital next month.（分数：0.50）A.foreseeB.inferC.fabricateD.inhibit5.The conditions can be well imagined when one small settlement is expected to ______ 10,000 families.（分数：0.50）A.populateB.dwellC.houseD.reside6.Amy was elected chairman of the committee by a ______ vote.（分数：0.50）A.ambiguousB.synonymousC.simultaneousD.unanimous7.The computer can ______ stored information in a matter of minutes.（分数：0.50）A.reassureB.releaseC.retrieveD.revive8.They are always ready to ______ heavy responsibilities.（分数：0.50）A.take inB.take onC.put onD.put in9.Regular use of this moistening cream will help to ______ the rough, dry condition of your skin.（分数：0.50）A.alleviateB.abstractC.evaporateD.abbreviate10.He reminded me of what I should ______ have forgotten.（分数：0.50）A.moreoverB.otherwiseC.neverthelessD.notwithstanding二、Part Ⅱ Reading Compr(总题数：5，分数：39.00)Education is one of the key words of our time. A man, without an education, many of us believe, is an unfortunate victim of adverse circumstances deprived of one of the greatesttwentieth-century opportunities. Convinced of the importance of education, modern states "invest" in institutions of learning to get back "interest" in the form of a large group of enlightened young men and women who are potential leaders. Education, with its cycles of instruction so carefully worked out, is punctuated by textbooks--those purchasable wells of wisdom--what would civilization be like without its benefits?So much is certain: that we would have doctors and preachers, lawyers and defendants, marriages and births; but our spiritual outlook would be different. We would lay less stress on "facts and figures" and more on a good memory, on applied psychology, and on the capacity of a man to get along with his fellow citizens. If our educational system were fashioned after its bookless past we would have the most democratic form of "college" imaginable. Among the people whom we like to call savages all knowledge inherited by tradition is shared by all; it is taught to every member of the tribe so that in this respect everybody is equally equipped for life.It is the ideal condition of the "equal start" which only our most progressive forms of modem education try to regain. In primitive cultures the obligation to seek and to receive the traditional instruction is binding to all. There are no "illiterates"--if the term can be applied to people without a script--while our own compulsory school attendance became law in Germany in 1642, in France in 1806, and in England 1876, and is still non-existent in a number of "civilized" nations. This shows how long it was before we deemed it necessary to make sure that "all our children could share in the knowledge accumulated by the "happy few" during the past centuries. Education in the wilderness is not a matter of monetary means. All are entitled to an equal start. There is none of the hurry which, in our society, often hampers the full development of a growing personality. There, a child grows up under the ever-present attention of his parents, therefore the jungles and the grasslands know of no "juvenile delinquency". No necessity of making a living away from home results in neglect of children and no father is confronted with his inability to "buy" an education for his child.（分数：7.50）(1).The word "interest" in the first paragraph most probably means ______.（分数：1.50）A.pleasureB.returnsC.shareD.knowledge(2).According to the passage, the author seems to be ______.（分数：1.50）A.against the education in the very early historic timesB.in favor of the educational practice in primitive culturesC.quite happy to see an equal start for everyoneD.positive about our present educational instruction(3).It can be inferred from the passage that ______.（分数：1.50）A.the aim of "equal start" has already been reached among savagesB.savages in ancient times are more civilized than modern peopleC.the modem education system is more democratic than beforeD.there are no illiterates in civilized nations in today"s society(4).According to the passage, which of the following statements is true?（分数：1.50）cation can"t work without the benefits of textbooksB.We have not yet decided on our educational modelspulsory schooling is not existent in all nationsD.Our spiritual outlook is better now than before(5).The best title for this passage is ______.（分数：1.50）cation and Modern CivilizationB.The Significance of Modern Educationcational Investment and the Profit It Bringscation: A Comparison between Past and PresentWall Street in a conceptual sense represents financial and economic power. To Americans, it can sometimes represent elitism and power politics, and its role has been a source of controversy throughout the nation"s history, particularly beginning around the Gilded Age period in the late 19th century. Wall Street became the symbol of a country and economic system that many Americans saw as having developed through trade, capitalism, and innovation.Wall Street has become synonymous with financial interests, often used negatively. During the mortgage mess from 2007—2010, Wall Street financing was blamed as one of the causes, although most commentators blame an interplay of factors. The U. S. government with the Troubled Asset Relief Program bailed out the banks and financial backers with billions of taxpayer dollars, but the bailout was often criticized as politically motivated, and was criticized by journalists as well as the public. One writer in the Huffington Post looked at FBI statistics on robbery, fraud, and crime and concluded that Wall Street was the "most dangerous neighborhood in the United States" if one factored in the $ 50 billion fraud perpetrated by Bernie Madoff. Many complained that the resulting Sarbanes-Oxley legislation dampened the business climate. Interest groups seeking favor with Washington lawmakers, such as car dealers, have often sought to portray their interests as allied with Main Street rather than Wall Street. When the United States Treasury bailed out large financial firms, to ostensibly halt a downward spiral in the nation"s economy, there was tremendous negative political fallout, particularly when reports came out that monies supposed to be used to ease credit restrictions were being used to pay bonuses to highly-paid employees. Analyst William Cohan argued that it was "obscene(肮脏的)" how Wall Street reaped "massive profits and bonuses in 2009" after being saved by "trillions of dollars of American taxpayers" treasure" despite Wall Street"s "greed and irresponsible risk-taking". Washington Post reporter Suzanne McGee called for Wall Street to make a sort of public apology to the nation, and expressed dismay that people such as Goldman Sachs chief executive Lloyd Blankfein hadn"t expressed contrition (侮悟) despite being sued by the SEC(Securities and Exchange Commission)in 2009. McGee wrote that "Bankers aren"t the sole culprits, but their denials of responsibility and the occasional vague and waffling expression of regret don"t go far enough to deflect anger".But chief banking analyst at Goldman Sachs, Richard Ramsden, is "unapologetic" and sees "banks as the dynamos(发电机)that power the rest of the economy". Ramsden believes "risk-taking is vital". Others in the financial industry believe they"ve been unfairly criticized by the public and by politicians.Images of Wall Street and its figures have loomed large. The 1987 Oliver Stone film Wall Street created the iconic figure of Gordon Gekko who used the phrase "greed is good", which had an unexpected cultural influence, not causing them to turn away from corporate greed, but causing many young people to choose Wall Street careers.（分数：8.00）(1).All of the following statements are true EXCEPT ______.（分数：2.00）A.Wall Street has aroused considerable public interestB.the bailout program plays a negative role in American politicsC.Wall Street is the only offender behind the global economic crisisD.the part Wall Street has played in the American economy is under attack(2).It can be inferred from the passage that the real root of the financial crisis is ______.（分数：2.00） government"s existing legislation on business climate government"s politically-motivated bailout planC.Wall Street"s favorable treatment to interest groupsD.Wall Street"s lack of responsibility and humanity(3).In the film Wall Street, Gordon Gekko could best be described as a(n) ______.（分数：2.00）A.idiotB.idolC.idealistD.gossip(4).Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?（分数：2.00）A.Physical Layout of Wall StreetB.Wall Street in the Public"s EyesC.Influences of the Film Wall StreetD.Wall Street as a Financial CenterDespite the general negative findings, it is important to remember that all children who live through a divorce do not behave in the same way. The specific behavior depends on the child"s individual personality, characteristics, age at the time of divorce, and gender. In terms of personality, when compared to those rated as relaxed and easy-going, children described as temperamental and irritable have more difficulty coping with parental divorce, as indeed they have more difficulty adapting to life change in general. Stress, such as that found in disrupted families, seems to impair the ability of temperamental children to adapt to their surroundings, the greater the amount of stress, the less well they adapt. In contrast, a moderate amount of stress may actually help an easy-going, relaxed child learn to cope with adversity.There is some relationship between age and children"s charateristic reaction to divorce. As the child grows older, the greater is the likelihood of a free expression of a variety of complex feelings, an understanding of those feelings, and a realization that the decision to divorce cannot be distributed to any one simple cause. Self-blame virtually disappears after the age of 6, fear of abandonment diminishes after the age of 8. and the confusion and fear of the young child is replaced in the older child by shame, anger, and self-reflection.Gender of the child is also a factor that predicts the nature of reaction to divorce. The impact of divorce is initially greater on boys than on girls. They are more aggressive, less compliant, have greater difficulties in interpersonal relationships, and exhibit problem behaviors both at home and at school. Furthermore, the adjustment problems of boys are still noticeable even two years after the divorce. Girls" adjustment problems are usually internalized rather than acted out, and are often resolved by the second year after the divorce. However, new problems may surface for girls as they enter adolescence and adulthood. How can the relatively greater impact of divorce on boys than on girls be explained? The greater male agression and noncompliance may reflect the fact that such behaviors are tolerated and even encouraged in males in our culture more than they are in females. Furthermore, boys may have a particular need for a strong male model of self- control, as well as for a strong disciplinarian parent. Finally, boys are more likely to be exposed to their parents" fights than girls are, and after the breakup, boys are less likely than girls to receive sympathy and support from mothers, teachers, or peers.（分数：8.00）(1).It is hard for temperamental, irritable kids to adapt to parental divorce because ______.（分数：2.00）A.they are too much disrupted by the life changeB.the family breakup makes them feel very sensitiveC.the great stress of their families diminishes their abilityD.they encounter more parents" fights than the easy-going children(2).The following statements are true EXCEPT ______.（分数：2.00）A.a six-year-old boy may feel being deserted by his parentsB.divorce is usually caused by more than one reasonC.a young girl may feel more shameful on parental divorce than an older boyD.as the kids grow older, they have a better understanding of divorce(3).Why does parental divorce have greater effects on boys than on girls according to the author?（分数：2.00）A.Because all cultures tolerate male agression and noncomplianceB.Because boys are basically more self-disciplined than girlsC.Because males are usually viewed as the models in self-controlD.Because boys are always involved in their parents" fights(4).What does the passage mainly convey to the readers?（分数：2.00）A.Kids of different ages behave differntly facing parental divorceB.The impact of divorce on kids varies in personality, age and genderC.Boys may become more aggressive than girls in disrupted familiesD.Parental divorce has a negative effect on children all through their livesIt is hard to predict how science is going to turn out, and if it is really good science it is impossible to predict. If the things to be found are actually new, they are by definition unknown in advance. You cannot make choice in that matter. You either have science or you don"t have, and if you have it you are obliged to accept the surprising and disturbing pieces of information, along with the neat and promptly useful bits.The only solid piece of scientific truth about which I feel totally confident is that we are profoundly ignorant about nature. I regard this as the maj or discovery of the past hundred years of biology. It is, in its way, an illuminating piece of news. It would have amazed the brightest minds of the 18th century Enlightenment to be told by any of us how little we known and how bewildering seems the way ahead. It is this sudden confrontation with the depth and scope of ignorance that represents the most significant contribution of the 20th century science to the human intellect. In earlier times, we either pretended to understand how things worked or ignored the problem, or simply make up stories to fill the gaps. Now that we have begun exploring in eamest, we are getting glimpses of how huge the questions are, and how far they are from being answered. Because of this, we are depressed. It is not so bad being ignorant if you are totally ignorant. The hard thing is knowing in some detail the reality of ignorance, the worst spots and here and there the not-so-bad spots, but no true light at the end of the tunnel nor even any tunnels that can yet be trusted.But we are making a beginning, and there ought to be some satisfaction. There are probably no questions we can think up that can"t be answered, sooner or later, including even the matter of consciousness. To be sure, there may well be questions we can"t think up ever, and therefore limits to the reach of human intellect, but that is another matter. Within our limits, we should be able to work our way through to all our answers, if we keep at it long enough, and pay attention.（分数：7.50）(1).The author claims in the first paragraph that good science ______.（分数：1.50）A.defies predictionB.should study the unknownC.should discover scientific truthD.should offer choices rather than prescribe(2).It can be inferred from the passage that scientists of the 18th century ______.（分数：1.50）A.thought they knew a lot and could solve most problems of scienceB.knew that they were ignorant and wanted to know more about natureC.did more harm than good in promoting man"s understanding of natureD.were afraid of facing up to the realities of scientific research(3).Which of the following is NOT mentioned about scientists in earlier times?（分数：1.50）A.They invented false theories to explain things they didn"t understandB.They paid little attention to the problems they didn"t understandC.They did not believe in results from scientific observationD.They falsely claimed to know all about nature(4).What is the author"s attitude towards science?（分数：1.50）A.He is depressed when he has found the ignorance of scientistsB.He is delighted because of the illuminating scientific findingsC.He is doubtful because of the enormous difficulties in scientific researchD.He is confident though there are many diffculties in scientific research(5).The author believes that ______.（分数：1.50）A.man can find solutions sooner or later to whatever questions concerning nature he can think upB.man can not solve the problems he can think up because of the limits of human intellectC.sooner or later man can think up all the questions concerning nature and answer themD.questions concerning consciousness are outside the scope of scientific researchIn England along a stretch of the northeast coast which gently curves from Northumberland to the estuary of the river Tees, there was a spot, typical of many on that coast, where sea coal was collected richly and effortlessly. This coal was a coarse powder, clean and brilliant. It seemed to bear little resemblance to the large, filthy lumps put onto the fire. Although it was coal, it was perfectly clean and it was silently deposited at high tide in a glittering carpet a kilometer long for the local community to gather up.The gear needed for sea-coaling expeditions was a curious and traditionally proven assortment which never varied from community to community along the entire northeast coastline. Sacks were essential to put the coal in, and string to tie the neck of each sack when it is full. A wooden rake was used to scrape the coal from the beach. The only alternative to the rake was a flat piece of board held in the hand. A flat, board shovel to lift the raked coal into the bags, completed the portable hardware.But the most crucial item of equipment was a bicycle, a special kind of rusty striped- down model which was the symbol of the sea-coaling craft. A lady"s bike was no good because it lacked a crossbar, and that was an essential element in transporting sea coal. One full sack could be slung through the triangular frame of a man"s bike, another over the crossbar and, sometimes, even a third on top of that. The beauty of the metal bar against the full, wet sacks forced excess water out of the coal while it was being wheeled home. On a good day, the path to the beach was generally a double snail-track of water that had been forced from each end of a trail of coal sacks.（分数：8.00）(1).It can be inferred that between the two types of coal, sea coal ______.（分数：2.00）A.could burn betterB.might be cheaperC.was more finely-grainedD.came in big pieces(2).According to the passage, certain equipment was used because ______.（分数：2.00）A.it had proved to be practicalB.it could be made by communitiesC.people there were very traditionalD.the communities had curious habits(3).To carry three sacks of coal on a bicycle, it was necessary to ______.（分数：2.00）A.put one of them on the saddleB.balance them all on the crossbarC.remove the excess liquidD.balance two on the crossbar(4).By using the bicycle, ______.（分数：2.00）A.coal could be moved easily over the sandB.the collectors could sell more coalC.excess liquid could be removedD.the collectors could ride home三、Part Ⅲ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：10.00)The mass media is a big part of our culture, yet it can also be a helper, adviser and teacher to our young generation. The mass media affects the lives of our young by acting as a(an) 1 for a number of institutions and social contacts. In this way, it 2 a variety of functions in human life.The time spent in front of the television screen is usually at the 3 of leisure: there is less time for games, amusement and rest. 4 by what is happening on the screen, children not only imitate what they see but directly 5 themselves with different characters. Americans have been concerned about the 6 of violence in the media and its 7 harm to children and adolescents for at least forty years. During this period, new media 8 , such as video games, cable television, music videos, and the Internet. As they continue to gain popularity, these media, 9 television, 10 public concern and research attention.Another large societal concern on our younger generation 11 by the media, is the body image. 12 forces can influence body image positively or negatively. 13 one, societal and cultural norms and mass media marketing 14 our concept of beauty. In the mass media, the images of 15 beauty fill magazines and newspapers, 16 from our televisions and entertain us 17 the movies. Even in advertising, the mass media 18 on accepted cultural values of thinnesss and fitness for commercial gain. Young adults are presented with a 19 defined standard of attractiveness, a(n) 20 that carries unrealistic physical expectations.（分数：10.00）A.representativeB.substituteC.preferenceD.alternativeA.fulfillsB.sufficesC.accomplishesD.providesA.heightB.expenseC.mercyD.riskA.AttractedB.AbsorbedC.AddictedD.ArousedB.equateC.identifyD.recognizeA.prevalenceB.recurrenceC.abundanceD.incidenceA.hiddenB.disposedC.potentialD.implicitA.immergedB.mergedC.submergedD.emergedA.much asB.apart fromC.along withD.but forA.propelB.prosperC.promoteD.promptA.contributedB.inspiredC.imposedD.deliveredA.ExposedB.ExplicitC.ExteriorD.ExternalA.AtB.ForC.AsD.InA.effectB.shockC.markD.impactA.standardizedB.categorizedC.generalizedD.regularizedA.brimB.beamC.bottomD.boomA.onC.overD.withA.takeB.resortC.playD.profitA.subjectivelyB.narrowlyC.carefullyD.barelyA.idealB.stereotypeC.criterionD.image四、Part Ⅳ Writing(总题数：1，分数：15.00)11.Directions : In this part, you are required to write an essay of no less than 200 words on The Basic Purpose of College Education. The essay should be based on the outline below:1. Some people believe that colleges and universities are primarily vehicles for the preservation, development and transmission of our intellectual culture;2. Others argue that colleges and universities should give students what they need to find well-paid jobs;3. Your opinions.（分数：15.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________。

四川大学考博英语考试大纲

四川大学博士研究生招生入学考试英语考试大纲
一、考试时间：180分钟
二、考试内容、题型
1、阅读理解（30分）包括：一般性文章6篇，每篇约300词左右。

测试考
生在规定的时间内通过阅读获取相关信息的能力。

考生须完成1800-2000英语词的阅读量（6篇短文）并就所给题目从四个选项中选出正确答案。

要求考生能：1）掌握中心思想、主要内容和具体细节；2）进行相关的判断和推理；3）准确把握某些词和词组在上下文中的特定意义；4）领会作者观点和意图、判断作者的态度。

2、词汇（10分）包括：20个选择题，每题0.5分。

测试考生是否具备一定
的词汇量和根据上下文对词和词组意义判断的能力。

3、完型填空（10分）包括：一篇短文中20处空白形式的选择题，每题0.5
分。

测试考生在语篇层次上的理解能力和根据上下文对英语进行综合分析和应用的能力。

4、英汉互译（30分）包括：1）英译汉：短文一篇约250左右英语词，全部
译成汉语。

2）汉译英5句(复合句)。

测试考生是否能正确进行英汉互译的能力，要求译文达意、通顺、符合英语或汉语的表达习惯。

5、作文（20分）写出150词以上的短文一篇，给出题目和提纲，按提纲写
作。

注：英语以外的其它语种（包括日语、德语、法语和俄语），可参照此纲要酌情命题。

全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲

全国医学博士外语统一考试大纲全国医学博士外语统一考试（Medical Doctoral English Test，简称MDET）是一个面向医学博士研究生的外语考试，旨在考查学生在医学领域中的英语水平，包括听、说、读、写四部分。

本文将介绍MDET的大纲，并为考生提供参考内容。

一、考试形式MDET分为英语听力、英语口语、英语阅读和英语写作4个部分，总计120分。

具体形式如下：1.英语听力（30分）：共有三个部分，第一部分是听取3个独立的短篇对话，每篇对话后有一个问题；第二部分是听取2个长篇对话或独白，并回答几个问题；第三部分是听取1篇较长的讲座并回答问题。

2.英语口语（30分）：由两个部分组成。

第一部分是就一个给定的话题进行发言；第二部分是就一个给定的问题进行讨论。

3.英语阅读（30分）：共有三个部分，第一部分是五个题目的单项选择题；第二部分是四个题目的多项选择题；第三部分是一篇文章，需回答一些问题。

4.英语写作（30分）：需完成一篇约350个单词的论文作文。

二、考试内容MDET的考试内容主要涉及基础医学、临床医学和医学相关领域的知识。

以下是考试常见的考点和题型：1.医学专业词汇：如anatomy解剖学、physiology生理学、pharmacology药理学、pathology病理学等。

2.医学研究方法：如实验设计、统计分析方法、文献查阅等。

3.医学科研进展：如新医疗技术、新型疾病、新药研发等。

4.临床实践：如病例分析、病史记录、医嘱书写等。

考生需要掌握医学领域的核心知识和术语，并能够运用英语进行专业交流和写作。

三、考试参考内容考生可根据考试大纲的内容，准备以下参考内容：1.医学类英语词汇疾病：diabetes糖尿病、cancer癌症、hypertension高血压、influenza流感、pneumonia肺炎、arthritis关节炎药物：antibiotics抗生素、antidepressants抗抑郁药、painkillers 止痛药、sedatives镇静剂、hypnotics催眠药医学专业词汇：anatomy解剖学、physiology生理学、pharmacology药理学、cardiology心血管病学、neurology神经病学2.医学文献阅读熟悉医学论文的阅读方法及常用的医学期刊，如New England Journal of Medicine、JAMA（Journal of American Medical Association）、Lancet等。

山东大学-2015-博士-英语大纲

一、考试目的全面考查考生从事学术研究所需要的英语语言综合运用的能力。

二、考试性质与范围标准参照性考试。

考试范围包括读、写、译等方面。

三、考试形式为了有效地考核考生英语语言的综合应用能力及运用语言进行有效交际的能力，试题设计既兼顾考试的科学性、客观性，同时注意考试的可行性。

采用多种试题形式，以保证考试的效度和信度。

四、考试内容试题由六个部分组成：语法与词汇、完形填空、阅读理解、语言运用、英译汉、写作。

各部分详细说明如下：（一）语法与词汇(Grammar and Vocabulary) (15 points)1. 测试要求(a)掌握并能正确运用从事学术研究与交流所需要的语法知识。

(b)认知15,000 词，并且能正确、熟练地运用其中的8,000 个单词及其最基本的搭配。

2. 测试目的测试考生掌握词汇、短语及基本语法概念的熟练程度。

（二）完形填空（Close）（10 points）1. 测试要求完形填空是指在一篇语义连贯的文章中有目的地去掉一些词语，形成空格，要求考生在给出的对应的备选答案中，选出一个正确的或最佳的答案，使文章恢复完整。

它既考查考生对语法、词汇、习语、句型，搭配等基础知识的综合运用能力，又考查考生对短文的阅读理解能力。

其中包括在具体的语境中灵活运用语言知识的能力，根据试题内容进行正确的逻辑推理，综合判断和分析概括的能力。

2. 测试目的完型填空部分的目的是测试考生综合运用语言的能力。

（三）阅读理解(Reading Comprehension) (30 points)1. 测试要求(a)能理解所读材料的主旨大意，分辨出其中的事实和细节。

(b)能理解字面意义和隐含意义。

(c)能根据所读材料进行判断和推理。

(d)能分析所读材料的思想观点、语篇结构、语言特点和修辞手法。

2. 测试目的阅读理解部分测试考生通过阅读获取有关信息的能力，考核考生掌握相关阅读策略和技巧的程度。

既要求准确性，也要求一定的速度。

(240)单独考试英语大纲

(240)单独考试英语大纲
单独考试英语大纲主要包含以下内容：
1. 考试性质：单独考试是针对特定考生进行的选拔性考试，旨在测评考生的英语综合能力。

2. 评价目标：考试主要测试考生在词汇、语法、阅读、翻译和写作等方面的技能。

3. 考试内容与要求：
词汇：要求考生能正确理解和运用常用词汇及其常用搭配。

语法：要求考生熟练掌握英语语法和结构等语言规范知识。

阅读：要求考生能够理解难度相当于大学英语六级水平的英语文章。

翻译：要求考生具备良好的中英文翻译能力，能进行英汉互译。

写作：要求考生能依据给定的图画、图表或关键词进行英文写作，能依照所给文章（英文或中文）写出文章摘要或大意，达到切题、文理通顺、表达正确、意思连贯及无重大语言错误等要求。

4. 题型与分值：考试题型和分值分配根据具体的考试大纲和要求而定，可能包括单项选择、完形填空、阅读理解、翻译和写作等题型，每种题型所占分值也有所不同。

5. 考试形式与时间：考试形式为闭卷笔试，考试时间为180分钟。

以上内容仅供参考，具体的考试内容和要求可能因不同年份和学校而有所不同，建议考生参考目标院校的考研大纲和招生简章等官方文件，以获取最准确的信息。

2024全国博士英语考试大纲

2024全国博士英语考试大纲The 2024 National Doctoral English Examination Syllabus provides a comprehensive overview of the expectations and requirements for candidates preparing to take the exam. Designed to assess proficiency in English language skills at the doctoral level, the syllabus outlines the key areas of focus and the types of tasks that candidates can expect to encounter. 。

The examination covers four main components: Listening Comprehension, Reading Comprehension, Writing, and Translation. Each component is designed to evaluate different aspects of language proficiency, including understanding, analysis, synthesis, and expression.Listening Comprehension tests candidates' ability to understand spoken English in academic and professional contexts. Candidates will listen to a variety of recordings, including lectures, discussions, and presentations, and answer questions to demonstrate their comprehension of the content, main ideas, supporting details, and speaker's attitude or opinion.Reading Comprehension assesses candidates' ability to understand and analyze written English texts. Candidates will encounter a range of text types, such as academic articles, reports, essays, and literary passages. They will be required to demonstrate their comprehension of the texts by answering questions that test their understanding of main ideas, supporting details, vocabulary, inference, and rhetorical devices.The Writing component evaluates candidates' ability to produce coherent and well-organized written English. Candidates will be presented with prompts or topics and asked to write essays, reports, or other text types. They will need to demonstrate their ability to generate and develop ideas, organize information logically, use appropriate language and style, and support their arguments with relevant examples and evidence.Translation tests candidates' ability to accurately translate English texts into Chinese and vice versa. Candidates will be required to translate passages that cover a range oftopics and genres, including academic, scientific, technical, and literary texts. They will need to demonstrate their understanding of both languages' grammar, vocabulary, and idiomatic expressions, as well as their ability to convey the original meaning and tone of the text.Overall, the 2024 National Doctoral English Examination Syllabus provides a clear outline of the expectations and requirements for candidates preparing to take the exam. By familiarizing themselves with the content and format of the exam, candidates can better prepare and improve their chances of success.。

考博英语提纲作文模板

考博英语提纲作文模板英文回答：Abstract。

The advancement of technology has brought about unprecedented opportunities and challenges for businesses and organizations. In the realm of marketing, the digital landscape has transformed the way brands connect with their target audiences. One of the most significant changes has been the shift towards omnichannel marketing, which involves integrating multiple channels to deliver a seamless customer experience. This essay will delve into the transformative impact of omnichannel marketing, examining its key benefits, challenges, and future implications.Introduction。

In today's highly competitive business environment,organizations must find innovative ways to reach and engage their customers. Omnichannel marketing has emerged as a game-changer, providing businesses with a comprehensive approach to deliver a consistent and personalized experience across all touchpoints. By integrating online and offline channels, businesses can create a synergistic effect that amplifies their marketing efforts and drives better results.Body。

博士研究生英语综合教程第二版

博士研究生英语综合教程第二版新编研究生英语系列教程博士研究生英语综合教程（第二版/教师用书）北京市研究生英语教学研究会主编陈大明徐汝舟副主编刘宁王焱华许建平编者赵宏凌邹映辉杨凤珍来鲁宁张剑柳君丽曹莉郑辉中国人民大学出版社KEY TO THE EXERCISESUnit One ScienceText 1 Can We Really Understand Matter?I. Vocabulary1. A2. B3. A4. C5. D6. B7. B8. CII. Definition1. A priority2. Momentum3. An implication4. Polarization5. the distance that light travels in a year, about 5.88 trillion miles or 9.46 trillion km.6. a contradictory or absurd statement that expresses a possible truth7. a device that speeds up charged elementary particles or ions to high energiesIII. Mosaic1. The stress: (Omitted)Pronunciation rule: An English word ended with–tion or –sion has its stress on the last syllable but one.2. molecule3. A4. B5. C6. B7. A8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.In September 1995, anti-hydrogen atom—an anti-matter atom—was successfullydeveloped in European Particle Physics Laboratory in Switzerland. After the startling news spread out, scientists in the West who were indulged in the research of anti-matter were greatly excited. While they were attempting to produce and store anti-matter as the energy for spacecraft, they raised a new question: Many of the mysterious nuclear explosions in the recent one hundred years are connected with anti-matter. That is to say, these hard-to-explain explosions are tricks played by anti-mat ter. They are the “destruction”phenomenon caused by the impact between matter and anti-matter.V. GroupingA.Uncertainty:what if, illusory, indescribable, puzzle, speculation, seemingly, in some mysterious wayB.Contrast:more daunting, the hardest of hard sciences, do little to discourage, from afar, close scrutiny, work amazingly wellC. Applications of Quantum mechanics:the momentum of a charging elephant, building improved gyroscopes1. probabilities2. illusory3. discourage4. scrutinyVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING?STRATEGY?DEFINITIONI. Complete the following definitions with the help of dictionaries.1. To bribe means to influence the behavior or judgment of others (usually in positions ofpower) unfairly or illegally by offering them favors or gifts.2. Gravity is defined as the natural force by which objects are attracted to each other,especially that by which a large mass pulls a smaller one to it.3. The millennium bug refers to the computer glitch thatarises from an inability of thesoftware to deal correctly with dates of January 2000 or later.4. Globalization is understood as the development so as to make possible internationalinfluence or operation.II. Write a one-paragraph definition of the following words.1. hypothesisA hypothesis is an idea which is suggested as a possible way of explaining facts,proving an argument, etc. Through experiments, the hypothesis is either accepted as true (possibly with improvements) or cast off.2. scienceScience is defined as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behavior of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.3. superstitionSuperstition refers to a belief which is not based on reason or fact but on old ideas about luck, magic, etc. For example, it isa common superstition that black cats are unlucky.4. pessimismPessimism is a tendency to give more attention to the bad side of a situation or to expect the worst possible result. A person with pessimism is a pessimist who thinks that whatever happens is bad.5. individualismIndividualism is the idea that the rights and freedom of the individual are the most important rights in a society. It has a bad sense in that little attention is paid to the rights of the collectiveor a good one in that independence is emphasized rather than dependence on others.Text 2 Physics Awaits New Options as Standard Model IdlesI. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. B4. A5. C6. D7. D8. BII. Definition1. A refrain2. A spark3. A jingle4. Symmetry5. develops or studies theories or ideas about a particular subject.6. studies the origin and nature of the universe.7. studies the stars and planets using scientific equipment including telescopes.III. Mosaic1. gravity2. anti-/opposite3. D4. B5. A6. A7. B8.AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B.The Standard Model of particle physics is an unfinished poem. Most of the pieces are there,and even unfinished, it is arguably the most brilliant opus in the literature of physics. With great precision, it describes all known matter – all the subatomic particles such as quarks and leptons –as well as the forces by which those particles interact with one another.These forces are electromagnetism, which describes how charged objects feel each other’s influence: the weak force, which explains how particles can change their identities, and the strong force, which describes how quarks stick together to form protons and other composite particles. But as lovely as the S tandard Model’s description is, it is in pieces, and some of those pieces – those that describe gravity – are missing. It is a few shards of beauty that hint at something greater, like a few lines of Sappho on a fragment of papyrus. V. GroupingA.Particle physics:supersymmetry, equation, superpartners, stringB.Strangeness:bizarre, beyond the ken ofC.Antonyms:gravity–antigravity1. novelty2. revelatory3. Symmetry4. gravityVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING ? STRATEGY? EXEMPLIFICATION AN D ILLUSTRATION(Omitted)Text 3 Supporting ScienceI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. A4. C5. C6. A7. B8. A9. C 10. D 11. B 12. AII. Definition1. A portfolio2. A vista3. Cryptography4. Paleontology5. a business or an undertaking that has recently begun operation6. a group of people having common interests7. a person with senior managerial responsibility in a business organizationIII. Rhetoric1. pouring money into2. column3. unbridled4. twilight5. blossomed intoIV. Mosaic1. phenomenon criterion datum medium(because these words originated from Latin and retain their Latin plural form)2. A3. A4. B5. B6. B7. C8. BV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The five scientists who won the 1996 Nobel Prize point out that the present prosperityand development are based on the fruits of basic scientific research and the negligence of basic scientific research will threaten human development of the 21st century.EU countries noticed that one of their weaknesses is “insufficient investment in research and development.” Korea and Singapore do not hesitate to pour money into research and development. The developed countries in the West have used most of the scientific and technological development resources for the research and development of new and high technology. This has become an obvious trend at present. It is evident from the experiences of various countries that new and high technology can create and form new industries, open up and set up new markets. The innovation of traditional industries with new and high technology is a key method to strengthen thecompetitive competency of an enterprise.VI. Grouping:A.Negligence of basic research:corporate breakups, cut back on research, ignore it, subject to a protracted dissection and review, second-guessing, dropped dramatically, subjected to a scrutiny, skirling our supportB.Significant examples of basic research:computing, biotechnology, the Internet, number theory, complex analysis, coding theory, cryptography, dinosaur paleontology, genetics research)C.Ways to intensify arguments:moved support for science from a “want to have” squarely into the “need to have”column1. resounding2. second-guessing3. downsized4. subjectedVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING ? STRATEGY ? COMPARISON, CONTRAST, AND ANALOGY (Omitted)Text 4 Why Must Scientists Become More Ethically Sensitive Than They Used to Be?I. Vocabulary1. B2. B3. A4. C5. B6. D7. D8. A9. D 10. B 11. B 12. DII. Definition1. A constraint2. Algorithm3. A prerequisite4. Ethics5. an important topic or problem for debate or discussion6. a person’s principles or standards of behaviour; one’s judgement of what is important inlife.7. a formal plan put forward for consideration to carry out a projectIII. Rhetoric1. brushed under the carpet2. smell3. hands and brains4. battle front5. module . . . moduleIV. Mosaic1. /z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /s//s/ /iz/ /z/ /s/ /z//iz/ /z/ /s/ /z/ /z//z/ /s/ /s/ /z/ /z//s/ after voiceless consonants/z/ after voiced consonants/iz/ after a word ended with –es2. B3. D4. A5. D6. A7. CV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Scientists and medical ethicists advocate the prohibition of human cloning as a way toproduce life. They all agree that human cloning exerts severe threats on human dignity.Social critics point out that cloned children will lack personality and noumenon. G. Annas, professor of health laws in Boston university, poin ts out that “human cloning should be banned because it may fundamentally alter the definition of ourselves.”VI. Grouping:A.The change of attitudes towards ethical consideration:occupy media slots and Sunday supplements, latest battle front, can no longer be swept aside, more sensitiveB.Academic science:a worldwide institutional web, peer review, respect for priority of discovery,comprehensive citation of the literature, meritocratic preferment, smuggle ethical considerations from private life, from politics, from religion, from sheer humanitarian sympathyC.Industrial science:intimately involved in the business of daily lifeD.Post-academic science:a succession of “projects”, compound moral risks with financial risks, largely the work ofteams of scientists1. individualistic2. energized3. comprehensive4. heterogeneousVII. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING ? STRATEGY ? CAUSE AND EFFECT(Omitted)Text 5 Beauty, Charm, and Strangeness: Science as MetaphorI. Vocabulary1. B2. A3. C4. B5. C6. B7. A8. B9. A 10. CII. Rhetoric1. pitch2. landscape3. unblinking4. yawn5. wringsIII. Mosaic1.physical poetic political scientific optical atomic2. (Omitted)3. B4. B5. A6. C7. DIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. There are only two forms of human spiritual creation: science and poetry. The formergives us convenience; and the latter gives us comfort. In more common words, the former enables us to have food to eat when we are hungry; and the latter makes us aware that eating is something more than eating, and it is very interesting as well. To have science without poetry, atomic bomb will be detonated; to have poetry without science, poets will starve to death.Scientists should not despise poets; and poets should not remain isolated from scientists.If the two fields conflict each other, human beings would be on the way to doom. In fact, the greatest scientists like Newton, Einstein and Mrs. Currie were all endowed with poetic spirit.I assert that in observing the apple falling to the ground, Newton not only discovered thegravity of the earth, he also wrote a beautiful poem.V. GroupingA.Human reason:guilty of hubris, cramped imagination, commonsense logic, an ignorant manB.Differences between art and science:different in their methods and in their ends, a scientifichypothesis can be proven, new combinations of old materials, transform the ordinary into extraordinary, a practical extension into technology, the sense of an endingC.Similarities between art and science:in their origin, quest to reveal the world1. indistinguishable2. transform3. poetic4. extension5. subdueVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING ? STRATEGY ? DIVISION AND CLASSIFICATIONI. Organize the following words into groups.People: physician; driver; boxer; mother; teacherSchools: school; college; institute; kindergarten; universityColors: brown; purple; violet; black; yellowPrepositions: along; toward; upon; without; intoVerbs:listen; read; write; hear; lookII. Complete the following lists.1. College students can be classified according to:A.academic achievementB.attitude toward politics, friendship, etc.C.sexD.heightE.place of originF.value of lifeG.major2. Transportation means can be classified according to:A.speedB.size/doc/1f920291.html,eD.fuel/doc/1f920291.html,fortF.historyG.water, land, or airIII. Write a paragraph of classification on the books which you like to read.(Omitted)Text 6 Is Science Evil?I. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. D4. B5. B6.A7. C8. C9. D 10. AII. Definition1. Canon2. Validity3. A premise4. Disillusionment5. the process of establishing the truth, accuracy, or correctness of something6. a mode of thinking based on guessing rather than on knowledgeIII. Mosaic1. 1) / / illusion dis-=not -ment=noun ending2) / / science pseudo-=false3) / / conscious -ness=noun ending4) / / question -able=adjective ending5) / / extenuate -ation=noun ending6) / / indict -ment=noun ending7) / / rebut -al=noun ending8) / / perpetrate -ion=noun ending9) / / problem -ic=adjective ending10) / / dissolute -ion=noun ending2. Para. 13: Only when scientific criticism is crippled by making particulars absolute can aclosed view of the world pretend to scientific validity –and then it is a falsevalidity.Para.14: Out of dissatisfaction with all the separate bits of knowledge is born the desire to unite all knowledge.Para. 15: Only superficially do the modern and the ancient atomic theories seem to fit into the same theoretical mold.1) Para. 13: Only + adverbial clause of time + inverted orderPara. 14: Prepositional phrase + inverted orderPara. 15: Only + adverb + inverted order2) Inverted order is used to emphasize.3. C4. B5. A6. CIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. At present there exist two conflicting tendencies towardsthe development of science andtechnology. The opponents of science hold that the development of modern science has not brought blessings to human beings, instead it has brought human beings to the very edge of disaster and peril. On the other hand, the proponents of scientific and technological progress maintains that the crises facing human beings today—such as environmental pollution, ecological unbalance, natural resource exhaustion—are the natural consequences of the development of science, and the solution to which lies in the further development of science. Both of the above tendencies are reasonable in a sense with their respective one-sided view. If we view the development of modern science and technology from the point of view of our times and with dialectic viewpoints, we can find out that the problem facing modern science and technology is not how to understand the progress of modern science and technology, but how to find out the theoretical basis for the further development of science and technology in order to meet the needs of the times.V. GroupingA.Attitudes toward science:expect to be helped by science and only by science, the superstition of science, the hatred of science, the one great landmark on the road to truthB.Characteristics of science:powerful authority, solve all problems, thoroughly universalC.Scientific knowledge:a concrete totality, cannot supply us with the aims of life, cannot lead usD.Contrast between ancient and modern science:progress into the infinite, making particulars absolute, not asan end in itself but as a tool of inquiry1. corruption2. totality3. inquiry4. superstition5. landmarkVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING ? STRATEGY ? GENERALIZATION AND SPECIFICATIONWRITING ? STRATEGY ? COMBINATION OF WRITING STRATEGIES (Omitted)Unit Two EngineeringText 7 Engineers’ Dream of Practical Star FlightI. Vocabulary1. D2. C3. B4. D5. A6. C7.CII. Definition1. Annihilation2. A skeptic3. A cosmic ray4. Anti-matter5. A workshop6. the curved path in space that is followed by an object going around another larger object7. any one of the systems of millions or billions of stars, together with gas and dust, heldtogether by gravitational attractionIII. Mosaic1. 闭音节, 字母u 发/ / 的音，如A, C and D.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. C6. B7. A8. BIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. Human beings have long been attempting sending unmanned devices, called interstellarprobes, into the outer space to understand the changes of climates, geological structures and the living beings on the stars and planets out there. A probe is usually sent into the orbit of the earth by “riding” a spacecraft or carrier rockets. After its orbital adjustments are made, the rocket engine is ignited and the probe continues its journey to the orbit of the other star or planet. With the rocket engine broken off, the probe immediately spreads its solar-cell sails and antenna, controlling its posture with sensors. When convinced that it is in the orbit of the targeted star, the probe starts its propeller and flies to the preset destination.V. GroupingA.Astronomical phenomena:interstellar medium, a wind of particles, galaxy, reserves of comets, the Kuiper Belt,orbit, Pluto, the Oort Cloud, the bombardment photonB.Space equipment:interstellar probe, gravitational lens, chemical rocket, thruster, reflective sailC.To explore the universe:scoop, bend, sampleD.Challenges and solutions in interstellar flights:carry its own supply of propellant, matter-antimatter, nuclear power1. gravitational2. propulsion3. probed4. interstellarVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)WRITING ? RHETORIC ? SIMILE AND METAPHORI. Complete the following similes with the words given, using one word once only.1. as drunk as a ___ bear 11. as cool as ___ cucumber______2. as faithful as a ___ dog_____ 12. as white as ____ snow ________3. as greedy as ____Jew_____ 13. as cunning as a ____ fox__________4. as rich as _____ king_____ 14. to fight like a ____ _lion_________5. as naked as a ___ frog_____ 15. to act like a stupid __ ass_________6. as red as a _ _lobster_ 16. to spend money like __ water_______7. as beautiful as a _ butterfly__ 17. to eat like a _ wolf________8. as busy as a ____ bee______ 18. to sleep like a _____ log ______9. as firm as a ____ rock _____ 19. to swim like a ____ fish________10. as rigid as a ___stone____ 20. to tremble like a _____ _ leaf_________II. Explain the following metaphors.1. Creaking doors hang the longest.creaking door: anything or anybody in a bad condition2. I could hardly put up with his acid comment.acid comment: bitter remark.3. Her eyes were blazing as she stormed at me.blazing: filled with angerstormed: shouted; screamed4. She burnt with love, as straw with fire flames.burnt with love: extremely excited with love5. The talk about raising taxes was a red flag to many voters.a red flag: a danger signal (that might stop the support of many voters)6. The charcoal fire glowed and dimmed rhythmically to the strokes of bellows.glowed and dimmed: became bright and gloomy7. The city is a jungle where nobody is safe after the dark.a jungle: a disorderly place8. To me he is power—he is the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, thestinging centipede.the primitive, the wild wolf, the striking rattlesnake, and the stinging centipede: the most terrifying creatureText 8 Blinded By The LightI. Vocabulary1. A2. C3. A4. C5. D6. A7. BII. Rhetoric1. riveted2. pack3. pours4. creepsIII. Mosaic1. 开音节发字母读音, 如A, B and C.2. (Omitted)3. (Omitted)4. C5. D6. D7. C8. AIV. TranslationA.(Refer to the relevant part of the Chinese translation)B. The energy released from nuclear fusion is much more than that from nuclear fission, andthe radioactivity given out from fusion is only one hundredth of that from fission. The major fuel used for nuclear fusion is hydrogen and its isotopes, deuterium and tritium, among which deuterium could be directly extracted from sea water. The energy of deuterium contained in one liter of sea water is equal to 300 liters of petroleum. In the ocean there are about 35,000 billion tons of deuterium, which could be used for more than one billionyears. Compared to the fission energy, the fusion energy on the earth is nearly limitless.V. GroupingA. Nuclear-fusion:the doughnut-shaped hollow, reactor, the Tokamak Fusion reactor, fusion, generate, consumeB. Verbs related to nuclear-fusion reaction:ignite, release, stickC. Excitement and cool-down:not a few tears, The experiment is an important milestone, but fusion power is still along way . . . , But no one knows for sure whether…, Even then it will take decades of engineering before…1. nuclear fusion2. repel3. blastVI. Topics for Discussion and Writing(Omitted)W RITING ? R HETORIC ? METONYMY AND SYNECDOCHEI. Study the uses of metonymy in the following sentences and then put them into Chinese.1.The election benched him in the district court.他在这次竞选中当上了地区法官。

博士生英语教学大纲

博士生英语教学大纲
博士生英语教学大纲主要包括以下内容：
1. 听力理解：要求考生在听完录音后掌握听力材料中心思想和主要内容，并能对报告或文章主题、要点、主要问题、结论以及报告人身份、场合、报告人意图、语气等问题写出简要的答案，或填写简单的表格。

2. 口语表达能力：能够结合自己的专业写出学术报告并进行8-15分钟的口头报告。

报告中能充分表达自己的学术研究成果及自己的学术见解。

要求能对报告后专家、学者提出的问题进行简明、扼要的回答。

3. 阅读理解能力：能运用各项阅读技能，熟练阅读并正确理解难度较大、结构复杂的文献。

读后能够理解文章内容，归纳中心思想。

阅读应该以准确理解与大量阅读并重。

认知200个左右词根和词缀，并能够根据构词法识别
派生词。

4. 书面表达和翻译能力：测试考生用英语表达学术思想的能力。

较熟练地运用基本写作技能，按要求在1小时内写出300词左右的短文，正确表达思想，语言符合学术写作规范，基本符合英语表达习惯。

5. 非英语专业博士研究生英语学位课程考试大纲：此部分内容应与《硕士博士学位研究生英语教学大纲》相配套。

以上信息仅供参考，具体大纲内容建议查阅博士生英语教材或相关教辅材料。