Assumption 模板

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Assumption

1.Introduction (P85）

1.1 What is assumption?
Assumption means anything that is taken for granted in the presentation of an argument.
前提人们认为理所当然是论辩前提的信息。
Chapter Seven
Assumption
Learning Objectives
Recognise assumptions underlying arguments and to identify hidden assumptions. Evaluate when an argument is likely to be based on false premises. Understand what is meant by an "implicit argument"and recognise such arguments when they occur.

3.Implicit Argument(P93)

Introduction Please answer the differences between explicit and implicit argument. Example 这个国家的大多数人都想允许死刑。这个国家是一个民主国家。在民主国家中，大多数人的意愿应该说了算。

Example

周六下午经理和其他员工不在场时，300个铜管在工厂的港湾停车处装上了货车。这些管子周日上午不见了。Julian 和Ian 周六加班了，他们都会开车。他们都没交出周六晚上的不在场证明。
The

ASSUMPTION

ASSUMPTIONGWD-1-Q40:Until Now, only injectable vaccines against influenza have been available. Parents are reluctant to subject children to the pain of injections, but adults, who are at risk of serious complications from influenza, are commonly vaccinated. A new influenzavaccine, administered painlessly in a nasal spraysince children seldom develop serious complications from influenza,would result from widespread vaccinationWhich of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A.Any person who has received the injectable vaccine can safely receive thenasal-spray vaccine as well.B.The new vaccine uses the same mechanism to ward off influenza as jnjectablevaccines do.C.The injectable vaccine is affordable for all adults.D.Adults do not contract influenza primarily from children who have influenza.排除削弱。

SUMMARY 格式及模板

SUMMARY的最常见格式是总分总。

开头笼统的介绍以下，给读者一个大概的概念,然后分段总结这个你好总结的东东的各个方面.关键看你要写多少字，概括的是什么，再决定中间这部分是分小段还是一大段内，分开概括.最后就是总结了。

有的时候你会感觉总结和开篇介绍很相似,确实是这样，但是总结只是更近一步的对这个事物进行了概括.这个时候,读者就应该对你所总结的事物有一种整体上的认识了.一段好的摘要必须包括main idea和supporting details。

main idea说明文章的主旨，作者主要诉说的故事是关于什么?supporting details则帮助发展或说明主题。

如何写英文摘要英文摘要如何写如何写摘要一、概述文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。

美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。

通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。

而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。

因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。

论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上.国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字—500字。

而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字—200字.摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文,并直接点明全旨.语言上要求尽量简炼。

摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。

科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间,使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。

书籍摘要,一般放在封二或封三;论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面.摘要应做到简明扼要，切题,能独立成文,使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。

写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词.摘要分陈述性的（Deｓｃｒｉｐｔive）和资料性的(Informational）两类。

陈述性摘要只陈述书籍或文章的主题，不介绍内容.资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。

七宗罪模版

开头In the given argument/plan/editorial/article,the author concludes that结论主张目标,citing 前提事实原因一.Moreover,the author points out that前提事实原因二.This argument appears to have some merits at first glance,however,it suffers some critical flaws that seriously undermine the conclusion after close scrutiny of evidence and accordingly is not thoroughly well-reasoned.过渡In the first place,In the second place,Last but not the least,攻击点1.无因果联系（因为A所以B）The claim of the arguer is a classic instance of"AFTER THIS,THEREFORE BECAUSE OF THIS"reasoning.The only evidence put forward to support the conclusion is前提事实原因A. No further demonstration linking the two events is provided in the argument,thus leaving open the possibility that前提事实原因的改写A does not serve as the exclusive prerequisite for前提事实原因的结论B.Besides,the author omits other possible causal factors that could bring about the exactly identical consequence,for instance,A导致B的另外假设原因.As a result,without accounting for these potential factors,the argument just an emotional reasoning.2.时地全等（出现时间地点照搬的情况）The arguer commits a fallacy of"ALL THINGS ARE EQUALE".The fact that前提事实原因is not a sound evidence to draw the conclusion,since it omits some respects.The arguer assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or in different locations.However,it is not clear in this argument whether the current/past conditions条件一are the same as条件二.Thus,such evidence might undermine the argument for lacking valid information.3.样本不足(用一小部分代替了整体，论证是依据调查统计数据研究实验等样本可疑)The evidence that前提事实原因is not sufficient to prove the conclusion.The statistics/study/survey/experiments小样本are/is not necessarily a good indicator of future trends and are/is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion.No evidence is shown that小样本is representative of all大样本.In fact,in face of such limited evidence,the conclusion that结论is completely unwarranted.4.类比（AB相同，A发生B发生，找不相同点）The argument rests on the assumption that A事件事物情况地点is analogous to B事件事物情况地点in all aspects.Nevertheless,it is highly doubtful that A is applicable to B.Although A and B have something in common,differences between the two may clear outweigh the similarities which make the analogy highly suspect.For example,AB间不相似的举例.Thus,it is likely much more difficult to conclude that结论.5.二者择一（多解决plan题，要么这样办要么那样办，过于绝对，取中间，中和解决方案）The arguer provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice.He or she assumes that A 这件事and B这件事are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground.However,adjusting both A and B might produce better results.6.可疑调查（调查的方式回收的方式等有效性可信度可疑）The poll/survey cited by the arguer is too vague to be informative.The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll,who responded,or when,where and how the poll was conducted.For example,被试人数和有效回复人数/时间地点不具有随意性（选一）.There are no answers for these questions,and if these are the cases,the author’s implicit claim that结论would be very weak indeed.7.无根据结论The author falsely rests on gratuitous assumption that_______.However,no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption.In fact,this is not necessarily the case. For example,it is more likely that_____.Therefore,this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.结尾In sum,the argument is not persuasive as it stands because of several flaws,for example _____.Therefore,the conclusion that结论主张目标is unconvincing/doubtful.To solidify this argument,much evidence would have to provide to explain each of the flaws listed in the previous analysis,such as任举上述一二三.。

模型假设与约定范文

模型假设与约定范文英文回答：Model Assumptions and Conventions.Model assumptions are the fundamental beliefs or principles that underlie a particular model. These assumptions are not always explicitly stated, but they are essential for understanding how the model works and the limitations of its predictions.Some common model assumptions include:Linearity: Many models assume that the relationship between the input and output variables is linear. This assumption simplifies the model and makes it easier to solve.Normality: Many models assume that the input and output variables are normally distributed. This assumptionis often made for convenience, but it can lead to errors if the data is not actually normally distributed.Independence: Many models assume that the input and output variables are independent of each other. This assumption simplifies the model and makes it easier to analyze.Model conventions are the standard practices that are used when developing and using models. These conventions help to ensure that models are consistent and easy to understand.Some common model conventions include:Using standard notation: Models should use standard mathematical notation to represent variables, equations, and other elements. This helps to ensure that the model is clear and easy to follow.Documenting the model: Models should be well-documented to explain the assumptions, conventions, andlimitations of the model. This documentation helps users to understand how the model works and how to use it correctly.Testing the model: Models should be tested to ensure that they are accurate and reliable. This testing can help to identify any errors in the model and to improve its performance.中文回答：模型假设与约定。

assumption例句简单

assumption例句简单1. He made the assumption that she would be ready to leave by 8 o'clock.2. The investigation was based on the assumption that the suspect was guilty.3. I bought extra groceries under the assumption that we would have guests for dinner.4. The project was started with the assumption that it would be completed within a month.5. She challenged the assumption that success is determined by one's academic achievements.6. The assumption that all teenagers are rebellious is unfair and unfounded.7. His statement was made on the assumption that everyone was familiar with the topic.8. The assumption that all politicians are corrupt is a generalization.9. Their plan relied heavily on the assumption that the weather would be favorable.10. The results of the study were based on the assumption that the participants were being honest.11. The assumption that all introverts are shy is misleading.12. The success of the business was built upon the assumption that there was a demand for the product.13. She made the assumption that he would remember their anniversary.14. The company's decision was made under the assumption that the market would remain stable.15. The assumption that money can buy happiness is often debunked.16. They proceeded with the project under the assumption that they had enough resources.17. The assumption that all millennials are tech-savvy is not always accurate.18. The theory is built on the assumption that humans are inherently selfish.19. His argument was based on the assumption that people are inherently good.20. The assumption that all salespeople are pushy is a stereotype.21. They proceeded under the assumption that the client would be satisfied with the final product.22. The assumption that all women are nurturing is a gender stereotype.23. The success of the campaign relied on the assumption that people would be motivated to donate.24. She acted on the assumption that he would keep his promise.25. The assumption that all artists are bohemian is an oversimplification.26. The assumption that all lawyers are untrustworthy is biased.27. They proceeded with the plan under the assumption that there would be no obstacles.28. The assumption that all immigrants are criminals is xenophobic.29. The argument was based on the assumption that human nature is inherently competitive.30. The assumption that all southerners have a thick Southern accent is a misconception.31. They proceeded under the assumption that the new policy would be well-received.32. The assumption that all elderly people are technologically challenged is outdated.33. The success of the project hinged on the assumption that the market demand would increase.34. She acted on the assumption that he would always be there for her.35. The assumption that all blondes are unintelligent isa stereotype.36. They made the assumption that he had no prior knowledge of the topic.37. The company's decision was made under the assumption that the economy would improve.38. The assumption that all politicians are self-serving is cynical.39. The argument was based on the assumption that humans have free will.40. The success of the event depended on the assumption that the weather would cooperate.41. She acted on the assumption that he would be loyal to her.42. The assumption that all scientists wear lab coats and work in laboratories is outdated.43. His comment was made on the assumption that everyone shared his political beliefs.44. The assumption that all blondes are attractive is a shallow stereotype.。

cultural assumption例子

cultural assumption例子1. In many Western cultures, it is assumed that it is polite to make direct eye contact when speaking to someone. However, in some Asian cultures, direct eye contact can be seen as confrontational or disrespectful, and it is more common to avert one's gaze as a sign of respect.2. In Western cultures, it is often assumed that personal space should be respected and maintained in social interactions. On the contrary, in some Middle Eastern cultures, it is common for individuals to stand or sit close to one another and have physical contact while conversing, as it is considered a sign of warmth and friendliness.3. In many Western cultures, it is assumed that individual achievement and independence are highly valued. On the other hand, in some collectivist cultures, such as in many Asian countries, the emphasis is placed on the well-being and success of the group or community rather than individuals, and cooperation and harmony are prioritized.4. In Western cultures, it is often assumed that punctuality is important and valued in various aspects of life, such as work or social gatherings. However, in some Latin American cultures, there can be a more relaxed attitude towards time, and it is common for events or meetings to start late or have flexible schedules.5. In Western cultures, personal privacy is highly valued and individuals are expected to protect their personal information.However, in some African cultures, there can be a more communal approach to personal information, and it is common for individuals to share personal details and experiences with others without hesitation.。

英语论证作文万能模板

英语论证作文万能模板Universal Template for Argumentative Essays。

I. Introduction。

Begin with a captivating hook to engage the reader.State the topic and announce your position clearly.Provide background information or context to establish the basis for your argument.II. Thesis Statement。

Your thesis statement should be a concise, declarative sentence that articulates your main argument.Ensure that it is specific, arguable, and relevant to the topic.III. Body Paragraphs (Supporting Arguments)。

Each body paragraph should focus on a single supporting argument.Topic sentence: Start with a topic sentence that clearly states the main point of the paragraph and relates it back to your thesis.Evidence: Provide evidence to support your argument. This can include reputable sources, statistics, anecdotes, or personal experiences. Ensure your evidence is credible, relevant, and sufficient.Explanation: Explain how the evidence supports your argument and clarifies your position.Analysis: Analyze the evidence and its implications, drawing insightful conclusions that strengthen your case.Transition: End the paragraph with a transition sentence that smoothly connects it to the next bodyparagraph.IV. Counterargument (Optional)。

assumption例句

assumption例句assumption 意为：假设；假定；担任；(责任的)承担；获得。

以下是assumption例句：1.His assumption that the project would be completed on time was wrong.他认定这个项目将按时完成的想法是错误的。

2.We must be clear about the assumption that there will be no obstacles inachieving our goals.我们必须清楚这一假设，即实现我们的目标不会遇到任何障碍。

3.The theory is based on the assumption that the economy will continue togrow.这一理论是以经济将继续增长的假设为基础的。

4.Their assumption that no one would find out was based on a false premise.他们以为无人会发现这一点的假设基于一个错误的前提。

5.Don't make the assumption that all people think like you.不要认为所有的人都和你想法一样。

6.We cannot assume that things will turn out well.我们不能设想事情会朝着好的方向发展。

7.Don't assume that just because he's a friend he'll do you a favor.不要因为他是朋友就认为他应该会帮你。

8.They assumed that their holiday would be a complete success.他们以为假期会非常圆满。

9.I can't assume responsibility for something I didn't do.我不能为我没有做过的事情承担责任。

英语不同作文类型模板

英语不同作文类型模板Expository Essay Template。

Introduction。

Hook: Begin with a captivating statement, question, or anecdote that will grab the reader's attention.Thesis statement: Clearly state the main argument or claim of your essay.Body Paragraphs。

Each paragraph should focus on a specific point that supports your thesis statement.Begin with a topic sentence that introduces the point of the paragraph.Provide evidence to support your point, such as facts,statistics, examples, or quotations.Explain how the evidence supports your argument.Conclude each paragraph with a transition sentence that leads into the next paragraph.Conclusion。

Restate your thesis statement.Summarize the key points of your argument.Offer a concluding remark or call to action.Narrative Essay Template。

Introduction。

Hook: Start with a vivid description, anecdote, or reflection that sets the scene.Orientation: Provide necessary background information about the setting, characters, and time period.Inciting incident: Introduce the event or situation that triggers the story.Rising Action。

cultural assumption例子

cultural assumption例子
摘要：
1.文化假设简介
2.文化假设的例子
3.文化假设的影响
4.面对文化假设的挑战
正文：
1.文化假设简介
文化假设，又称文化隐喻，是指人们在日常生活中，根据自己所处的文化背景和价值观念，对周围事物和现象进行解释和理解的过程中，所形成的一种思维方式。

文化假设是人类社会发展的产物，它在很大程度上影响着我们的认知、行为和价值观。

2.文化假设的例子
在日常生活中，我们可以找到很多文化假设的例子。

比如，在一些亚洲国家，人们习惯用红色表示喜庆，认为红色具有驱邪的功能；而在一些西方国家，红色则代表危险和警告。

再比如，在中国文化中，家庭观念十分重要，孝顺父母、尊敬长辈被视为天经地义的事情；而在一些西方国家，个人主义观念较为强烈，年轻人成年后往往会独立生活，较少受到家庭观念的束缚。

3.文化假设的影响
文化假设对我们的认知、行为和价值观产生了深远的影响。

首先，文化假设影响我们的认知。

我们根据文化背景对事物进行分类和解释，使得我们能够
更好地适应社会环境。

其次，文化假设影响我们的行为。

我们根据文化规范来调整自己的行为，以符合社会期待。

最后，文化假设影响我们的价值观。

我们根据文化传统来评价事物的价值，从而形成自己的世界观。

4.面对文化假设的挑战
随着全球化的推进，我们越来越需要面对来自不同文化背景的人和事。

在这个背景下，理解、尊重和包容不同文化显得尤为重要。

我们需要克服文化偏见，客观地看待其他文化，避免将自己的价值观强加于人。

assumption

Press Secretary: Our critics claim that the President’s recent highway project cancellations demonstrate a vindictive desire to punish legislative districts controlled by opposition parties. They offer as evidence the fact that 90 percent of the projects canceled were in such districts. But all of the canceled projects had been identified as wasteful in a report written by respected nonpartisan auditors. So the President’s choice was clearly motivated by sound budgetary policy, not partisan politics.Which of the following is an assumption on which the press secretary’s argument depends?A.Canceling highway projects was not the only way for the President to punish legislative districtscontrolled by opposition parties.B.The scheduled highway projects identified as wasteful in the report were not mostly projects indistricts controlled by the President’s party.C.The number of projects canceled was a significant proportion of all the highway projects that wereto be undertaken by the government in the near future.D.The highway projects canceled in districts controlled by the President’s party were not generallymore expensive than the projects canceled in districts controlled by opposition parties.E.Reports by nonpartisan auditors are not generally regarded by the opposition parties as a source ofobjective assessments of government projects.2.GWD-17-Q30In a study conducted in Pennsylvania, servers in various restaurants wrote “Thank you” on randomly selected bills before presenting the bills to their customers. Tips on these bills were an average of three percentage points higher than tips on bills without the message. Therefore, if servers in Pennsylvania regularly wrote “Thank you” on restaurant bills, their average income from tips would be significantly higher than it otherwise would have been.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?A.The “Thank you” messages would have the same impact on regular patrons of a restaurant as theywould on occasional patrons of the same restaurant.B.Regularly seeing “Thank you” written on their bills would not lead restaurant patrons to revert totheir earlier tipping habits.C.The written “Thank you” reminds restaurant patrons that tips constitute a significant part of theincome of many food servers.D.The rate at which people tip food servers in Pennsylvania does not vary with how expensive arestaurant is.E.Virtually all patrons of the Pennsylvania restaurants in the study who were given a bill with“Thank you” written on it left a la rger tip than they otherwise would have.3.GWD-18-Q30The ancient Nubians inhabited an area in which typhus occurs, yet surprisingly few of their skeletons show the usual evidence of this disease. The skeletons do show deposits of tetracycline, an antibiotic produced by a bacterium common in Nubian soil. This bacterium can flourish on the dried grain used for making two staples of the Nubian diet, beer and bread. Thus, tetracycline in their food probably explains the low incidence of typhus among ancient Nubians.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?A.Infectious diseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians were exposed are unaffected bytetracycline.B.Tetracycline is not rendered ineffective as an antibiotic by exposure to the processes involved inmaking bread and beer.C.Typhus cannot be transmitted by ingesting bread or beer contaminated with the infectious agents ofthis disease.D.Bread and beer were the only items in the diet of the ancient Nubians which could have containedtetracycline.E.Typhus is generally fatal.Because it was long thought that few people would watch lengthy televised political messages, most televised political advertisements, like commercial advertisements, took the form of short messages. Last year, however, one candidate produced a half-hour-long advertisement. During the half hour the advertisement was aired, a substantial portion of the viewing public tuned into the advertisement. Clearly, then, many more people are interested in watching lengthy televised political messages than was previously thought.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A.The candidate’s ratings improved significantly as a result of the half-hour-long politicaladvertisement.B.Political advertisements have become increasingly influential in determining voters’ decisionsat the polls.C.Many people would appreciate the opportunity to become better acquainted with politicalcandidates’ views on current political issues.D.Most people who are interested in political issues watch television regularly.E.Most of the viewers who tuned in to the candidate’s half-hour-long advertisement last year didnot change channels after the first few minutes.5.GWD-23-Q32Excavations of the Roman city of Sepphoris have uncovered numerous detailed mosaics depicting several readily identifiable animal species: a hare, a partridge, and various Mediterranean fish. Oddly, most of the species represented did not live in the Sepphoris region when these mosaics were created. Since identical motifs appear in mosaics found in other Roman cities, however, the mosaics of Sepphoris were very likely created by traveling artisans from some other part of the Roman Empire.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A.The Sepphoris mosaics are not composed exclusively of types of stones foundnaturally in the Sepphoris area.B.There is no single region to which all the species depicted in the Sepphoris mosaicsare native.C.No motifs appear in the Sepphoris mosaics that do not also appear in the mosaics ofsome other Roman city.D.All of the animal figures in the Sepphoris mosaics are readily identifiable asrepresentations of known species.E.There was not a common repertory of mosaic designs with which artisans who lived invarious parts of the Roman Empire were familiar.6.GWD-23-Q40Political advocacy groups have begun to use information services to disseminate information that is then accessed by the public via personal computer. Since many groups are thus able to bypass traditional news sources, whose reporting is selective, and to present their political views directly to the public, information services present a more balanced picture of the complexities of political issues than any traditional news source presents.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument above depends?rmation services are accessible to enough people to ensure that political advocacygroups can use these services to reach as large a percentage of the public as they couldthrough traditional news sources.B.People could get a thorough understanding of a particular political issue by sortingthrough information provided by several traditional news sources, each with differing editorial biases.rmation on political issues disseminated through information services does notcome almost entirely from advocacy groups that share a single bias.D.Traditional news sources seldom report the views of political advocacy groupsaccurately.E.Most people who get information on political issues from newspapers and othertraditional news sources can readily identify the editorial biases of those sources.7.GWD-26-Q10Lawmaker: Raising taxes is not the only means of reducing governmentdebt. The government’s stockpile of helium is worth 25 percent more,at current market prices, than the debt accumulated in acquiring andstoring it. Therefore, by selling the helium, the government can notonly pay off that debt but reduce its overall debt as well.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A.The government has no current need for helium.B.Twenty-five percent of the debt the government has accumulated inStockpiling helium is not an insignificant portion of the government’sTotal debt.C.It is not in the lawmaker’s interest to advocate raising taxes as aMeans of reducing government debt.D.Attempts to sell the government’s helium will not depress the marketPrice of helium by more than 25 percent.E.The government will not incur any costs in closing its facilities forstockpiling helium.8.GWD-26-Q29Educational Theorist: Recent editorials have called for limits on the amount of homework assigned to children. They point out that free-time activitiesplay an important role in childhood development and that large amounts ofhomework reduce children’s free time, hindering their development. But theaverage homework time for a ten year old, for example, is little more than30 minutes per night. Clearly, therefore, there is no need to impose thelimits these editorials are calling for.Which of the following is an assumption on which the educational theorist’sargument relies?A.The free-time activities that ten year olds engage in most are allapproximately equally effective at fostering developmentB.Regularly doing homework assignments improves children’s academicperformance.C.Individual teachers are not the best judges of how much homework toassign the children they teachD.In most schools, if not all, the homework assignments given are of alength that does not diverge widely from the average.E.Free-time activities rarely teach children skills or information that theycan use in their academic work.9.GWD-28-Q9Early in the twentieth century, Lake Konfa became very polluted. Recently fish populations have recovered as release of industrial pollutants has declined and the lake’s waters have become cleaner. Fears are now being voiced that the planned construction ofan oil pipeline across the lake’s bottom might re vive pollution and cause the fish population to decline again. However, a technology for preventing leaks is being installed. Therefore, provided this technology is effective, those fears are groundless.The argument depends on assuming which of the following?A: Apart from development related to the pipeline, there will be no new industrial development around the lake that will create renewed pollution in its waters.B: Other than the possibility of a leak, there is no realistic pollution threat posed to thelake by the pipeline’s constructionC: There is no reason to believe that the leak-preventing technology would be ineffective when installed in the pipeline in Lake Konfa.D: Damage to the lake’s fish populations would be the only harm that a leak of oi l fromthe pipeline would cause.E: The species of fish that are present in Lake Konfa now are the same as those that werein the lake before it was affected by pollution.10.GWD-29-Q38In the past, every ten-percentage-point increase in cigarette prices in the country of Coponia has decreased per capita sales of cigarettes by four percent. Coponia is about to raise taxes on cigarettes by 9 cents per pack. The average price of cigarettes in Coponia is and has been for more than a year 90 cents per pack. So the tax hike stands an excellent chance of reducing per capita sales of cigarettes by four percent.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument depends?A.Tobacco companies are unlikely to reduce their profit per pack of cigarettes to avoid an increase inthe cost per pack to consumers in Coponia.B.Previous increases in cigarette prices in Coponia have generally been due to increases in taxes oncigarettes.C.Any decrease in per capita sales of cigarettes in Coponia will result mainly from an increase in thenumber of people who quit smoking entirely.D.At present, the price of a pack of cigarettes in Coponia includes taxes that amount to less than tenpercent of the total selling price.E.The number of people in Coponia who smoke cigarettes has remained relatively constant for thepast several years.11.GWD-30-Q27Personnel officer: The exorbitant cost of our health-insurance benefits reflects the high dollar amount of medical expenses incurred by our employees. Employees who are out of shape, as a group, have higher doctor bills and longer hospital stays than do their colleagues who are fit. Therefore, since we must reduce our health-insurance costs, we should offer a rigorous fitness program of jogging and weight lifting to all employees, and require employees who are out of shape to participate.The conclusion reached by the personnel officer depends on which of the following assumptions?A. A person who is fit would receive a routine physical checkup by a doctor less regularly than woulda person who is out of shape.B.The medical expenses incurred by employees who are required to participate in the fitness programwould be less than those incurred by employees who are not required to participate.C.The strenuous activities required of out-of-shape employees by the program would not bythemselves generate medical expenses greater than any reduction achieved by the program.D.The fitness program would serve more employees who are out of shape than it would employeeswho are fit.E.The employees who participate in the fitness program would be away from work because of illnessless than would the employees who do not participate.12.GWD-30-Q38The ancient Nubians inhabited an area in which typhus occurred, yet surprisingly few of their skeletons show the usual evidence of this disease. The skeletons do show deposits of tetracycline, an antibiotic produced by a bacterium common in Nubian soil. This bacterium can flourish on the dried grain used for making two staples of the Nubian diet, beer and bread. Thus, tetracycline in their food probably explains the low incidence of typhus among ancient Nubians.Which of the following is an assumption on which the argument relies?A.The tetracycline deposits did not form after the bodies were buried.B.The diseases other than typhus to which the ancient Nubians were exposed would not be affectedby tetracycline.C.Typhus is generally fatal.D.Nubian grain became contaminated with tetracycline-producing bacteria prior to being harvested.E.Bread and beer were the only foods eaten by the ancient Nubians which could have containedtetracycline.。

AWA 七宗罪写作模板

GMAT Essay Model开头段The conclusion endorsed in this argument is that…Several reasons are offered in support of this argument. First of all, the author points out that… In addition, the author reasons that… What’s more, he also assumes that … At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that the conclusion is based on some dubious assumptions and the reasoning is biased due to the inadequacy and partiality in the nature of evidence provided to justify the conclusion. A careful examination would review how groundless this conclusion is.AWA七宗罪结论无据（other factors）The author assumes that A is due to B.However, B may be an important contributing factor but not necessary the only one. For example, such factors as… and ……may account for A.Without taking into account other essential factors, the assumption is unsupportable. The author has to rule out other factors that may lead to the conclusion.无因果联系The author falsely establishes a causal relationship.The mere fact that A is somewhat correlated with B is insufficient to establish a causal relationship.For example...Without taking into account the real relationship between two events, the assumption is unreasonable.The author has to provide more concrete evidence to prove a causal relationship between A and B.错误类比The author assumes that A is analogous to BHowever, their discrepancy outweighs their similarities. The author actually makes a false analogy.For example, A and B will be poles apart if…Without taking into account such discrepancy, the assumption is groundless.The author has to provide the A resembles B in all aspects.时地全等The author assumes that conditions of will remain unchanged as they were before. However, the future is uncertain. The argument commits a fallacy of “All things are equal”.For example…Without taking into account such possibilities, the assumption is ungrounded.The author has to rule out other possibilities that may lead to the conclusion.二者择一The author assumes that A and B are mutually exclusive alternatives.And by applying such an “either-or” reasoning, the author actually presents a false dilemma.For example, there could have other possibilities that…Without taking account into other options, the assumption is unfair.The author has to rule out other options that may lead to the conclusion.可疑调查（gratuitous assumption）The evidence quoted is intended to support the author’s claim that….However, the evidence is too vague to be informative.For example…Without taking into account such potential issues, the issues may portrait a distorted view of…….and mislead the mass audience.The author has to provide the evidence to rule out that possibility.样本不足The author relies on the assumption that A is typical of B as a whole.However, the evidence quoted is too limited to substantiate the assumption.For example, it is entirely possible that……Without taking into account such cases, the assumption is unwarranted.The author has to provide the evidence that A is representative of the whole group.结尾段To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Accordingly, it is imprudent for the author to claim that…. To make this argument logically acceptable, the author would have to show that…. In addition, to solidify the conclusion, the author should provide concrete evidence as well to demonstrate that…. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal.。

苍盾英语模板

苍盾英语模板苍盾英语模板是针对英语作文写作的模板，旨在帮助考生快速构建英语作文框架，提高写作效率。

以下是一个可能的苍盾英语模板：Title: The importance of [话题] in [主题]Introduction:In today's [社会背景]，the significance of [话题] has become increasingly prominent. As [主题] becomes more and more [正面形容词]，the role of [话题] cannot be overstated. This essay will explore the reasons why [话题] is crucial in the field of [主题] and how it affects society.Body Paragraph 1:[话题] is essential in the field of [主题] because it [具体原因1]. For example, [具体实例1] demonstrates how [话题] can [正面影响1]. This is important because [进一步解释原因1].Body Paragraph 2:In addition to [具体原因1], [话题] also plays a crucial role in [主题] due to [具体原因2]. Consider the case of [具体实例2], which highlights how [话题] has [正面影响2]. This translates to [进一步解释原因2], making it evident that [话题] is integral to the field of [主题].Body Paragraph 3:Furthermore, the significance of [话题] in the field of [主题] cannot be overstated. [具体原因3] is particularly noteworthy. For instance, [具体实例3] highlights how [话题] has contributed to [正面影响3]. This is significant because it demonstrates the impact that [话题] has on society, particularly in the field of [主题].Conclusion:In conclusion, the importance of [话题] in the field of [主题] cannot be understated. The reasons why it is crucial are numerous, as highlighted in this essay. It is essential to recognize the significance of [话题] and its role in society, particularly in the field of [主题]. By understanding its value, we can better appreciate its impact on society and work towards further advancements in the field of [主题].。

AA模板

模板1第一段: 选择1In the argument, the author concludes that … To support his conclusion, the author cites the study indicating that …/the author points out/reasons that … In addition, the author mentions (the evidence) that … Based on this evidence, the author further recommendsthat …(subjunctive动词原形)/recommends …(doing). At first glance, the analysis appears thorough and compelling. However, a close/careful examination reveals various logical flaws which render the author’s line of reasoning questionable.选择2… (陈述同选择1) After a careful examination, I find that the argument, apparently compelling, is not well supported by the evidence.最后一段：选择1By way of conclusion, it seems that the author’s conclusion that … is seriously undermined by the (numerous) flaws in his reasoning identified above. To substantiate/strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide clear/concrete/solid/credible evidence that … In addition, the author should take into consideration that … To better assess/evaluate the argument, I would also need to know whether …Unless these key issues are properly addressed, the argument isn’t sound and convincing.选择2To sum up, it is imprudent for the author to draw the conclusion that … solely on the basis of the evidence presented, which is insufficient to lend strong support to what the author claims.// It is clear that the author fails to provide more credible evidence to support his conclusion that … To make this analysis more thorough, the author must firstly investigate …(sth.) and then provide evidence that (1) … , and (2) …各种推理错误：A.错误地认定某趋势会一直延续下去In the argument, the authors stated that … Although the trend/tendency cited in the study has remained stable for the past 10 years, there is no guarantee that it/the same trend will continue over the next 20 years. The study’s results can hardly be used to predict the future. It is entirely possible/very likely that …If that is the case, …Thus the credibility of the author’sassertion is called into question.Even if the trend given in the argument will be true over the next 20 years, /Even if we grant the preceding assumption that … , /Even supposing that the same trend will continue over the next 20 years, ……B.错误地认为某一事物的程度大到足以引起某些变化The author attributes … to the fact that … However, this line of reasoning is problematic, since no evidence is provided concerning the extent/degree to which … Perhaps … Or it is possible that … Either of these scenarios, if true, will render this connection worthless/doubtful.C.错误地认为X就是由Y引起的，忽视了其他可能原因In the argument, the author ascribes X to the fact that/claims that … However, it is not necessarily the case. This alone does not constitute a logical argument in favor of …// Many other factors may equally contribute to the results/could bring out the same results/may account for/affect ... // While … is one way to achieve the results, it is by no means the only way. For instance, … The argument is unsound/unwarranted until such possibilities are taken into account/considered and ruled out. // Without solid evidence linking X to Y, it is presumptuous to suggest that Y is totally responsible for these results.D.错误地认为Y发生在X前，X就是Y引起的;错误地将同时发生的X与Y认为成由因果联系To begin with, the author unfairly assumes that … is the cause of sth. cited. The sequence of these events, by themselves, is not sufficient to demonstrate that the former causes the latter because a chronological relationship is only one of the indicators of a causal relationship between two events./ However, the mere fact that … precedes … is insufficient to conclude that it causes these events. Perhaps … Moreover, … may not necessarily indicate that … It is also highly possible that … No additional evidence linking … and … is offered in the argument, making for the possibility that these events are not causally related but merely coincident.E.错误的一概适用/横向对比Even if …it does not follow that …According to the author, X is analogous to Y in all respects. A thorough analysis reveals, however, that the differences between X and Y outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy less than valid. For example, … affect X’s results but are virtually absent in Y. These differences may weaken a conclusion based on the analogy between X and Y /weaken the conclusion that X will suffer from the same fate as Y is.F.错误地由某些原则/理论推出某一事物应该被重视、被选择Finally, even if … will be true/ is guaranteed, it doesn’t stand that … should/will … The author unfairly applies the general principle to a specific field/industry. What if … Lacking information about …, it is imprudent for the author to assert that …G.错误地从某一数据/样本中得出结论…the statistics cited in support of the final conclusion that …could be misleading. Although …, …might spend more in terms of the actual amount. Therefore there is no way to …【percenta ge≠the actual amount】【sales≠profits】H.无端假设Most conspicuously, the argument rests on the gratuitous assumption that…This assumption is weak, since no evidence is presented to establish that … (opposing possibilities) // This assumption is dubious in two aspects. For one thing, … For another, …模板2开头：The author’s conclusion (recommendation) is that… To illustrate (substantiate/ bolster/ support/) this conclusion, the author points out that… and that… Also, the author points out that… and cites a survey showing…Close scrutiny, however, reveals several logical flaws of this argument.关于调查：Firstly, the author provides no evidence to justify the procedures of the survey quoted in the argument is randomly sampling, thus, lacking such evidence, I have good reason to doubt if the respondents of the survey are representative of the overall group of people who… That is to say, it is entirely possible that those who… were more likely to respond the survey or even were chosen to respond it. In short, without more specific information about the survey showing its statistical reliability, the author cannot rely on it to draw any convincing conclusion about…似是而非的数据：First, the statistics cited in the editorial may be misleading because the total number of workers employed by the corporation is not specified.集合大小不同的类推：The argument depends on the assumption that…, however, this is not necessarily the case. (While it is true that… it is not true of everyone.)The most egregious reasoning error in this argument is the author’s use of evidence pertaining to particular/ general group as the basis for a general/ particular group. Without better evidence that… it is equally possible that… or that… If so, these facts will certainly serve to underminethe author’s argument to a large extent.排除他因：Thirdly, even with the assumption stated above, the prediction that… is still open to doubt. The author fails to consider and rule out other criteria for determining the… such as… Lacking better evidence that… is the only attribute necessary to… it is entirely possible that… was caused by the factors discussed above rather than…因果关系：Fourthly, the author fails to establish the causal relationship between A and B. The sequence of these events, in itself, does not suffice to prove that the former caused the later one. No additional evidence linking the two events is offered in the argument, thus leaving the possibility that the two events are merely coincident rather than causally related.错误类比：Moreover, the author commits a fallacy of false analogy by simply equating A with B. Without better evidence, the stated similarities between A and B can be insufficient to warrant the conclusion that A will suffer the same fate (achieve the same result) as B’s. It is possible that…and that… If true, these differences may seriously weaken the conclusion based on the similarity (analogy) between A and B.False Dilemma：Furthermore, the author presents a false dilemma by imposing an either-or choice between A and B, which in fact are not mutually exclusive alternatives. It is entirely possible that the company could A and B at the same time, thus, make the result better. Also, if the author is actually wrong in assuming that A and B are the only two possible solutions to the problem, then the most effective solution might include other complex measures such as…过去推未来：Finally, the author’s conclusion that… effective in the past will also be effective in the future relies on the unjustifiable assumption that all conditions on which their effectiveness depends have remained unchanged. However, it is not necessarily the case. <Ten years is sufficient time for a significant change in the overall economy and…> Perhaps… or perhaps… Without taking these possibilities into account, the author cannot convince me that…收入和支出的对比：The author’s conclusion that… is unwarranted. As we all know, profit is a factor of both revenue and cost. It is entirely possible that the additional revenue of the project cannot completely cover the cost. Besides, a bunch of other possible occurrences, such as… <hasty pricing strategy, bad economic condition and so forth> might also prevent the project from being as profitable as the author predicts.优缺点对比：The author turns on the dubious assumption that… can… without sacrificing the… The argument fails to consider the project might bring not only benefits but also harm to… in the meantime, and therefore fails to weigh such benefits against the lost. Lacking a complete analysis of the situation, the author cannot draw any further conclusion about the…忽略：The argument turns on the assumption that customers who did not complain were actually satisfied with… However, the evidence offered is insufficient to support that claim. It is entirely possible that people express their displeasure simply by not returning the complaint sheets or by not coming the shop any more. Therefore, <The greater percentage of such people, the weaker the argument’s evidence as a sign of customers’ satisfaction with… is. > Lacking more concrete information about customer s’ attitudes, the author cannot assume that the great majority of customers are pleased with the change.结尾：Based on the reasons I listed above, the argument is logically flawed and therefore unwarranted (not persuasive) as it stands. To bolster it, the author should provide better evidence that (1)…(2)… To better assess the argument, I would also need to know…模板3In this argument the author reaches the conclusion that.... The basis for this recommendation is that.... An additional reason given in support of this recommendation is that...(The author cites...as an example in support of this recommendation). At first glance, the author's argument appear s to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that it omits some important concerns that should be addressed to substantiate the argument.In the first place,In the second place,In the third place,In conclusion, the author fails to provide adequate justification for.... As it stands, the reasoning does not constitute a logical argument in favor of the recommendation. To strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide evidence to prove that.... To better assess the argument, we need additional detailed information about...so that we can establish the conclusion whether....第一宗罪：无因果联系The author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification. The line of the reasoning is that because A occurred before B, the former event is responsible for the latter. (The author uses the positive correlation between A and B to establish causality. However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A caused B.) But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by D.第二宗罪 Insufficient-sampleThe evidence the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn from it. One example is logically unsounded to establish a general conclusion (The statistics from only a few recent years are not necessarily a good indicator of future trends), unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of all A. It is possible that.... In fact, in face of such limited ev idence, the conclusion that B is completely unwarranted.第三宗罪: 错误类比 (based on a false analogy )<横向>The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there is much dissimilarity as well. For example, A..., however, B.... Thus, it is likely much more difficult for B to do....第四宗罪 all things are equal<纵向>The author commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”. The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that.... The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations. However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at AA are the same as they used to betwo years ago. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....第五宗罪 Either-Or choiceThe author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. However, the author provides no reason for imposing an either-or choice. Common sense tells us that adjusting both AA and BB might produce better results.第六宗罪 survey is doubtfulThe poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. (Lacking information about the number of people surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. For example, if 200 persons were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that...would be highly suspect. Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out this kind of interpretations,) Until these questions are answered, the results of the survey are worthless as ev idence for the conclusion.第七宗罪 gratuitous assumptionThe author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that.... However, no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption. In fact, this is not necessarily the case. For example, it is more likely that.... Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.模板4In this argument, the author asserts/predicts that ___. To substantiate this conclusion, the author cites statistics showing that/ result of a survey that ___. The author further bolsters his conclusion byevidence/examples that___. Moreover, it is claimed that ___. At first glance, the author's argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but close scrutiny reveals that the line of reasoning employed is invalid and hence the conclusion is probably misleading due to several critical logic flaws. In short, the analysis does not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains, and lack of credibility in reasoning causes the conclusion to be problematic. (90)In the first place,In the second place,In the third place,To sum up, the author fails to provide adequate justification for this argument. The statistics/survey and evidence/examples cited are not only vague but also incomplete. The logic reasoning is questionable with several mistakes. 3 The absence of essential information on ___ results in unsound conclusion. To strengthen the argument, the author would have to provide additional evidence to demonstrate that ___. Also, further detailed information regarding ___ must be presented to show that ___. In this way we could establish the conclusion that ___. (78)Gratuitous assumptionThe author based his claim partly on the gratuitous assumption that ___. However, the author presented no evidence that supports this assumption. Lacking such evidence that links A and B, it is equally possible that ___, or that ___. Hence, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.Sufficient-(Necessary)The author based his claim partly on the assumption that B is all that required for A (there is no variable alternative means of achieving A except B). Yet the author presented no evidence that supports thisassumption. Although B is an important factor for A, it is hardly the only element required (alternative available).SufficientIf it turns out that A was due to a combination of factors, it would be difficult for A if A is in lack of any of those elements. To be specific, in the case of A, factors such as C, D, E, and D also play a significant role in determining A. (If some of those elements remain unchanged in the future, a mere change in B would have no stimulating impact on A.)NecessaryCommon sense tells me that there are a lot of other ways in which A, such as B, C, D, E, to list just afew. (Perhaps one of these would be just as effective as, or even more effective than, the A, the proposed plan.)SummaryWithout ruling out those possibilities (availability of these alternatives), the author cannot persuade me to accept that ___.Non-causal relationshipThe author commits a fallacy of causal oversimplification.Sequence => causalThe line of the reasoning is that because B occurred after A (A and B concurred) (there is positive/negative correlation between A and B), the latter event is responsible for the former. However, the sequence of events (correlation between A and B) does not necessarily suggest a causal relationship. Thus, this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C is the cause of these events or perhaps B is simply the result of D. Moreover, probably B is just a reflection of E, and had nothing to do with A.Causal-EffectIt is possible that the cause has been confused with the effect respecting A. Based on the facts cited, the author concluded that A is responsible for B. However, it is equally likely that A is merely a response to B –B happened because A. Besides, the author failed to account for other possible causes of B. For instance, perhapsC is the cause of A or perhapsB is simply the result of D.SurveyThe poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative. The claim does not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or when, where and how the poll was conducted. Lacking such information, it is impossible to access the validity of the results. The reason is obvious. For example,WhenWhen samples are used to make general claims about a particular group, the samples should be close enough in time to the generalization they are used to support, so that historical changes will not invalidate the generalization. The less recent the survey, the less reliable the results to indicate current situation of A.WhoRespondents may not be representative of A as a whole. People who are interested in the survey may be more likely than others to complete and return their questionnaires. As a result, the example cited, while suggestive of the trends, is insufficient to warrant the truth because there is no evidence that data drawn from this sample is representative of the entire A.Insufficient SampleThe only evidence provided in support for the conclusion is the fact that ___. The most obvious reasoning error in the argument is the author's use of evidence pertaining to A in X region as the basis for generalization about all A. Unless it can be proved that X is typical of A, the fact that ___ is no ground for concluding that A as a whole will experience similar results.SummaryUnless further information is provided in detail, the results of the survey are worthless as evidence and may distort the facts which lead to the conclusion.False AnalogyThe author commits the fallacy of “false analogy”. The argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to B in all respects. However, this assumption is weak, since it is highly doubtful that all elements drawn from A are applicable to B. For example, X, Y, Z all affect A, but are virtually in absent in B. Differences between the two clearly outweigh the similarities, thus making the analogy highly less than valid.All Else EqualThe author commits the fallacy of assuming “all things are equal”. The author assumed that in the future (in the past two years), the background conditions will remain (have remained) the same at different times or at different locations. However, the author failed to provide sufficient evidence to substantiate this assumption. The current fact (the fact that happened two years ago) that ___ is inefficient by itself to convince me that it represents a trend which will remain unchanged into the future (remained unchanged throughout the past two years. Thus it is impossible to conclude that....DilemmaThe author assumes that AA and BB are mutually exclusive alternatives and there is no room for a middle ground. Yet the author presented no evidence that supports this either-or choice. Common sense tells us that Implementation of both A and B may produce better results. Without taking these into account and without ruling out these alternatives, the author oversimplifies the solution and cannot persuade me to accept his claim.模板5（经典）开头段模板 The conclusion endorsed in this argument is that…. Several reasons are offered in support of this argument. First of all, the author points out that…. In addition, the author reasons that… (What’s more, he also assumes that …) At first glance, the author’s argument appears to be somewhat convincing, but further reflection reveals that the conclusion is based on some dubious assumptions and the reasoning is biased due to the inadequacy and partiality in the nature of evidence provided to justify the conclusion. A careful examination would review how groundless this conclusion is.（经典）结尾段模板To conclude, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Accordingly, it is imprudent for the author to claim that…. To make this argument logically acceptable, the author would have to show that…. In addition, to solidify the conclusion, the author should provide concrete evidence as well to demonstrate that…. Only with more convincing evidence could this argument become more than just an emotional appeal. （结尾中复述的理由就copy/paste开头中的理由）时序性因果攻击Firstly, the author is engaged in ‘after this, therefore, because of this’ reasoning. The line of reasoning is that because A happened before B, the former caused the latter. However, this reasoning is fallacious unless other possible causal factors have been considered and ruled out. For example, perhaps C. As a result, any decision aimed at addressing the problem of B must be based on a more thorough investigation to gather data in order to narrow down and locate the actual cause of B.同时性因果攻击Secondly, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is the cause of B just because A coincided with B. However, a mere positional correlation does not necessarily prove a causal relationship. In addition, all other prospective causes of B, such as C and D, must be ruled out. Without detailed analysis of the real source of B, it would be groundless to attribute B to A.错误类比攻击Additionally, it is highly doubtful that strategies drawn from A are applicable to B. However, differences between these two clearly outweigh the similarities, therefore making the analogy much less valid. For example, C and D all affect A but virtually absent in B. Accordingly, we can see that A and B are so dissimilar that B is unlikely to experience the same consequence if it adopts A’s strategies.非此即彼攻击Last but not least, the author unfairly assumes that a reader must make a either-or choice. However, the argument fails to rule out possibility that adjusting A and B mightproduce better results. Moreover, if the author is wrong in the assumption that A and B are the only causes of the problem, thus the most effective solution might include a complex of other factors—such as C and D. In any event, the author provides no justification for the mutually exclusive choice imposed on the reader.必要性攻击In the first place, the author unfairly assumes that B was determined solely by A. While A is a seemingly important element in determining B, it is hardly the only or even necessarily required element. This assumption overlooks other crucial criteria in determining B—such as C, D. Without accounting for these potential factors, the author concludes too hastily that …is the best way to achieve goals.充分性攻击In the second place, the author’s solution rests on the assumption that A is sufficient to give birth to the desired goals. However, if it turns out that B is due to a combination of factors, some of which will remain unchanged in the future, such as C and D, only A might have no impact on B.选择性样本攻击 A threshold problem is that the author provides no evidence to claim that the general group as a whole is of the same characteristic. The example cited, while suggestive of this trend, is insufficient to warrant that the sample is representative of the whole group. For example, I question that…Therefore, such evidence would be obviously unrepresentative. In fact, in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious for the author to draw any conclusion at all.(与“选择性样本攻击”较类似) 样本代表性攻击Moreover, a possible methodology problem in the argument is that it is of bias. The term ‘so many’ is too vague to be statistically meaningful. It is very possible that workers who were more interested in the survey might be likely to respond to the questionnaire. Lacking in the information about the number of workers surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to assess the validity of the survey. For instance, if 1000 workers were surveyed but only 10 responded, the result should be highly suspect. Because the author fails to account for other interpretations, the survey would be useless in concluding that….其他理由忽略他因攻击Thirdly, the author has focused only on A. A more detailed analysis would reveal that other factors far outweigh the factor on which the author focuses. For example, C. Lackinga more comprehensive analysis of the causes, it is presumptuous for the author to claim that A solely determined B.因果倒置攻击At last, it is possible that the author has confused cause with effect. Perhaps A was a response to B. Since the author fails to account for this possibility, the claim that …is completely unwarranted.样本数量攻击 Another problem that seriously weakens the logic of this argument is that the survey cited is based on too small a sample to be reliable. Offered in support of the argument, the only evidence is that…. Unless it can be shown that the sample is typical of all general group, the fact that … is groundless to claim that…Loaded question和诚实性攻击 What’s more, the methodology of the survey is problematic for two reasons. For one thing, we are not informed whether the survey provided only 3 alternatives. If it did, the respondents, who might very well prefer another choice not provided in the survey, might be forced to give up their preferences. For another thing, we are not informed whether the survey responses were anonymous or confidential. The respondents might supply responses favored by their superiors who might conduct the survey. Both events would lead this survey unreliable, let alone draw the conclusion that…样本时效性攻击Last but not least, another flaw that significantly undermines this argument is that the author neglects to indicate how recently the survey was actually conducted. When used to generally claim a particular group, the samples should be close enough to support the generalization, in order to prevent historical changes from invalidating the generalization. All we know is that the survey is recently published. The less recent the survey itself, the less reliable the results to demonstrate that…差异概念攻击To begin with, we must establish the meaning of the vague concept A. If the term were synonymous with B, the evidence cited would strongly support the argument. However, A may be defined in other terms such as C and D. Accordingly, the author has drawn the conclusion too hastily due to the ignorance of other definitions of A.范围内推攻击 What’s more, the most egregious reasoning error in this argument is that the author uses evidence pertaining to a general group on the basis of a particular B. Even if the reasoning may be sound in general sense, the particular situation in which B is involved may not。

公司承担债务合同模板

公司承担债务合同模板这是小编精心编写的合同文档，其中清晰明确的阐述了合同的各项重要内容与条款，请基于您自己的需求，在此基础上再修改以得到最终合同版本，谢谢！公司承担债务合同模板甲方（债务人）：乙方（债权人）：鉴于甲方 currently holds a certain amount of debt（具体债务金额和债务原因）， both parties have agreed that the debt will be assumed by the company（公司名称） in exchange for certain considerations（公司承担债务的条件下，债权人给予公司的某些利益或者权益）。

This agreement sets out the terms and conditions of the assumption of debt by the company（本协议明确了公司承担债务的各项条款和条件）。

1. Debt assumption（债务承担）1.1 The company agrees to assume the outstanding debt held by the debtor（甲方） in the amount of（具体债务金额） on the terms and conditions set forth in this agreement（按照本协议约定的条款和条件）。

1.2 The debtor agrees to transfer all rights and obligations related to the debt to the company（甲方同意将债务相关的所有权利和义务转让给公司） upon the execution of this agreement（自本协议签署之日起）。

2. Considerations（利益或者权益）2.1 In consideration for the company's assumption of the debt（作为公司承担债务的对价）， the creditor（乙方） agrees to provide certain benefits or rights to the company（债权人同意给予公司某些利益或者权益）。

Assumption的用法：米开朗基罗的自信

Assumption的用法：米开朗基罗的自信在英语文化中，教育程度较高的人，通常都会对Loaded Questions这样的逻辑陷阱有所警觉，稍加思考就能意识到其中包含了未经证实、不可靠的 Assumptions 前提预设。

例如下面这个问题：When will you stop cheating on tests? 你什么时候才能考试时不作弊呢？对于这样的提问，人们大多时候都可以置之不理、拒绝回答，除此以外，合理的回应还包括：申明自己的清白，指出对方的Assumption对自己构成了无端指责。

比如：I’ve never cheated on any test, so why are you accusing me of this? 我从来没有在考试时作弊，你为什么无端指责我？文化差异Assumption通常译为中文的“预设、前提”，但从日常语言中的普及程度来说，英语中的Assumption这个概念要比中文的“预设”更加常用。

由于中文不经常使用与Assumption这样的概念，很多英语学习者，都没有主动使用Assumption这个词语的意识。

但实际上，Assumption并不仅仅是所谓的“高级词汇”，同时也是很有用的概念，是能够帮助我们思考的有效工具。

定义和用法Assumption / əsʌmpʃn / 在字典中的定义是：A belief or feeling that sth is true or that sth will happen, although there is no proof，认为或感觉某件事情或命题是正确的、将会发生，但就此没有明确的证明。

从定义中可以看到，Assumption 和 Truth/Fact 的最大区别，就在于缺少Proof。

也就是说，没有确凿证据的证明、就要求别人相信和接受的某个看法或观点，一般都可以算作Assumption。

下面是Assumption的几个典型例句：We are working on the assumption that everyone invited will turn up. 我们觉得，所有接受邀请的人都会前来参加，就按照邀请的人数来准备这场活动的规模。

assumption词根

assumption词根
Assumption词根指的是拉丁语中的“assumptio”，意为“假设”或“假定”。

在英语中，Assumption词根通常表示一种推测或假设，或者是一个前提条件，它在许多不同的单词中都被使用。

例如，Assumption词根可以在以下单词中找到：
1. Assumption（假设、推测）- 意为一个未经证实的信念或想法。

2. Assume（假设、承担）- 意为接受或采纳某种观点或信念。

3. Presumption（假定、推测）- 意为基于不完全的证据或信息做出的假设。

4. Consummate（完美的、完成的）- 意为达到完美的状态或完成某项任务。

5. Summation（总结、合计）- 意为对一组数字或数据进行加总。

6. Resumption（重新开始、恢复）- 意为重新开始或恢复某种活动或进程。

总之，Assumption词根在英语中被广泛使用，它可以用于许多不同的语境中，包括推测、假设、前提条件、总结等等。

通过学习这个词根，我们可以更好地理解和使用英语单词，并提高我们的语言能力。

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