欧洲道路标准13201
浅析DIALux evo在道路照明设计中的应用
DIALux evo 是德国 DIAL 公司开发的一款免费软件，目前最 新的版本为 DIALux evo8.1 版，能完成标准化的室内、户外或街道 的照明规划与计算、专业的灯光设计、能量评估，效果模拟、导出 报告等丰富的照明设计功能，在照明设计行业内得到了广泛的 应用。
一、DIALux evo 在国内道路照明设计中的应用 DIALux evo 软件功能强大，在道路照明设计中应用时，只需 要输入道路技术参数（街道属性、路面、道宽、运行路径数量）、路 灯安装参数（维护系数、排列方式、灯杆间距、发光点高度、灯臂 斜度、光突出部分距离、灯杆旋转角度、每个灯杆的灯具数量、灯 杆与车道之间的距离、灯臂长度、纵向位移）并打开灯具插件软 件将选定灯具的技术参数发送到 DIALux evo 中就可以通过软件 计 算 得 到 结 果 ，还 可 以 看 到 路 灯 效 果 模 拟 ，并 且 可 以 导 出 计 算 报告。 按照我国 CJJ45-2015《城市道路照明设计标准》规定，城市 道路照明分为机动车道照明和交会区照明及人行及非机动车道 照明。 机动车道道路照明评价系统有亮度评价系统和照度评价系 统，由于机动车驾驶员行车作业时，眼睛直接感受到的是路面亮 度，因此以亮度评价系统进行道路照明评价更为科学合理。在 我国 CJJ45-2015《城市道路照明设计标准》中明确规定了亮度评 价系统标准值（包括路面平均亮度、亮度总均匀度、亮度纵向均 匀度、眩光限制阈值增量、环境比的标准值）和照度评价系统标 准 值（包 括 路 面 平 均 照 度 维 持 值 及 照 度 均 匀 度 最 小 值 的 标 准 值）。由于道路照明亮度计算复杂且目前国内路灯管理部门一 般只能进行照度测量，较少配备亮度测量的设备，在此情况下， 国内设计单位在进行道路照明设计时一般仍采用照度评价 系统。 DIALux evo 默认采用亮度评价系统（欧美国家大多采用亮 度评价系统），但在道路照明设计计算时既能给出路面平均亮度 维持值、亮度总均匀度最小值、亮度纵向均匀度最小值、眩光限 制阈值增量最大初始值、环境比最小值，但同时也可以给出机动 车道路面平均照度维持值和照度均匀度最小值。因为 DIALux evo 软件内置标准为 EN 13201 和 ROVL 2011 两个欧洲标准，由 于国内道路照明设计标准和国外道路照明设计标准存在差异， 在计算时需要合理选择计算标准，建议采用 EN13201：2015（照 明评价标准与 CJJ45-2015《城市道路照明设计标准》可基本对 应 ，只 是 标 准 值 不 完 全 对 应），路 面 特 性 可 根 据 实 际 情 况 参 照 IESNA-RP-8 - 00《American National Standard Practice for Roadway Lighting》选择路面分类，如果设计标准采用亮度评价系统， 在选择评估区域照度种类时应选择 M 照明种类，DIALux evo 计 算结果将给出路面平均亮度维持值、亮度总均匀度最小值、亮度 纵向均匀度最小值、眩光限制阈值增量最大初始值、环境比最小 值，如果设计标准采用照度评价系统，则应选择 C 照明种类，DIALux evo 计算结果将给出路面平均照度维持值和照度均匀度最 小值。 利用 DIALux evo 进行交会区照明设计一般需导入 CAD 图纸 或绘制多边形地面组件的方式进行户外场景模拟，再根据计算
欧洲规范标准体系介绍
欧洲规范标准体系介绍欧洲规范方案的背景1975年，欧洲共同体委员会决定，根据欧洲共同体条约第95条，在建筑领域作出一个行为方案。
该方案的目标是消除贸易技术障碍和统一技术规格。
在这一行动方案，委员会主动创立了一系列对于建筑设计的统一的技术规则，在第一阶段，它将作为对各会员国在相关国家规定的替代，并最终将取代它们。
在15年来，委员会在各会员国督导委员会的帮助下，主持了欧洲规范程序的发展，导致了在20世纪80年代第一代欧洲守则的发展。
1989年，该委员会与欧盟和欧洲自由贸易联盟成员国决定，在委员会和欧洲标准委员会（CEN）同意的基础上，并通过一系列任务将准备工作和授权出版的欧洲规范转移到欧洲标准委员会（CEN）,以为它们提供未来欧洲标准（EN）的地位。
事实上，欧洲规范与所有安理会的指示和规定之间的联系，决定着欧洲标准（例如理事会对建筑产品的指令89/106/EEC-持续专业发展-和理事会对公共工程和服务的指令93/37/EEC,92/50/EEC和89/440/EEC,相当于欧洲自由贸易联盟指令发起设立国内市场的追求）。
欧洲规范标准意识到各成员国制定规章的权威的责任，并且保障他们依据各国情况的不同，从国家水平决定规章安全事件的权利。
欧洲规范的现状及应用领域欧盟和欧洲自由贸易联盟的各会员国认识到，欧洲规范作为参考文件是为以下目的服务的：——作为一种手段，以证明民用建设工程遵守理事会指令89/106/EEC的基本要求，特别是基本要求N01-机械性和稳定性-与本质要求N02-在发生火灾时的安全;——作为一个指定的建筑工程及相关工程服务合同的基础；——作为负责制订统一的建筑产品技术规格框架（ENsandETAs）。
这些欧洲规范，只要它们本身参与到建筑工作，它们就与指向CPD的第12条的说明性文件有直接联系，尽管它们与统一性产业标准有着本质的区别。
这些欧洲规范为整个结构设计和传统与创新的自然产品的构成提供了共同的结构设计规则。
浅析DIALux evo在道路照明设计中的应用
浅析DIALux evo在道路照明设计中的应用作者：刘建文来源：《砖瓦世界·下半月》2019年第06期摘要：介绍了DIALux evo软件在国内道路照明设计中的应用情况。
关键词：DIALux evo软件;道路照明;照度DIALux evo是德国DIAL公司开发的一款免费软件，目前最新的版本为DIALux evo8.1版，能完成标准化的室内、户外或街道的照明规划与计算、专业的灯光设计、能量评估，效果模拟、导出报告等丰富的照明设计功能，在照明设计行业内得到了广泛的应用。
一、DIALux evo在国内道路照明设计中的应用DIALux evo软件功能强大，在道路照明设计中应用时，只需要输入道路技术参数（街道属性、路面、道宽、运行路径数量）、路灯安装参数（维护系数、排列方式、灯杆间距、发光点高度、灯臂斜度、光突出部分距离、灯杆旋转角度、每个灯杆的灯具数量、灯杆与车道之间的距离、灯臂长度、纵向位移）并打开灯具插件软件将选定灯具的技术参数发送到DIALux evo中就可以通过软件计算得到结果，还可以看到路灯效果模拟，并且可以导出计算报告。
按照我国CJJ45-2015《城市道路照明設计标准》规定，城市道路照明分为机动车道照明和交会区照明及人行及非机动车道照明。
机动车道道路照明评价系统有亮度评价系统和照度评价系统，由于机动车驾驶员行车作业时，眼睛直接感受到的是路面亮度，因此以亮度评价系统进行道路照明评价更为科学合理。
在我国CJJ45-2015《城市道路照明设计标准》中明确规定了亮度评价系统标准值（包括路面平均亮度、亮度总均匀度、亮度纵向均匀度、眩光限制阈值增量、环境比的标准值）和照度评价系统标准值（包括路面平均照度维持值及照度均匀度最小值的标准值）。
由于道路照明亮度计算复杂且目前国内路灯管理部门一般只能进行照度测量，较少配备亮度测量的设备，在此情况下，国内设计单位在进行道路照明设计时一般仍采用照度评价系统。
欧洲标准之道路照明第4部分：照明效果测量方法
欧洲标准之道路照明第4部分：照明效果测量方法欧洲标准EN13201-4由欧洲标准委员会(CEN)于2003年9月1日批准。
CEN成员有义务遵守CEN/CENELEC内部规定，即以此欧洲标准作为国家标准而无任何更改。
最新的与此国家标准有关的表格和参考文献可向CEN管理中心或成员国申请获得。
欧洲标准现有三种正式文本(英文、法文、德文)，其它语言的文本可由CEN成员国翻译成本国语言并告知CEN管理中心作为正式文本。
CEN成员国有奥地利、比利时、捷克、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、马耳他、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、斯洛伐克、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国。
一、前言这份标准(EN 13201-4:2003)是CEN/TC 169“光与照明”技术委员会制订的，其秘书处设在DIN。
我们赋予这项标准为国家级别的标准，所以，内容相同的出版物或者批准的文件以及与之相矛盾的国家标准应当在2004年五月终止。
这份EN 13201-4 文件是CEN/TC 169“光与照明”和CEN/TC 226“道路装备”工作组合作完成的。
后者的秘书处在AFNOR。
标准EN 13201“道路照明”由四部分组成。
本文是第4部分--照明效果的测量方法。
依据CEN/CENELEC内部规定，下列国家的国家标准当局必须履行这项欧洲标准：奥地利、比利时、捷克、丹麦、芬兰、法国、德国、希腊、匈牙利、冰岛、爱尔兰、意大利、卢森堡、马耳他、荷兰、挪威、葡萄牙、斯洛伐克、西班牙、瑞典、瑞士和英国。
二、导论该欧洲标准的第4部分的用途，旨在创立道路照明装置的照明测量方法和程序，并提出选用照度计和亮度计的建议。
观察者的位置和测量点的定位采用EN 13201-3(也就是欧洲标准之道路照明的第3部分：效果计算)中的做法。
当然，如果测量是用于监测照明装置的效果或是别的用途，允许放宽对某些做法的限制。
该标准表明了可能导致精确度差的条件，提出了减少影响因素的预防措施，并提供了对测量的表达格式的建议。
由阿尔及利亚55公里铁路设计浅谈欧洲标准与中国标准线路参数取值的区别
由阿尔及利亚55公里铁路设计浅谈欧洲标准与中国标准线路参数取值的区别摘要文章由阿尔及利亚55公里铁路的设计实例出发，研究了欧洲标准与中国标准在线路平、纵断面设计中的差异，得出欧洲标准主要倾向于理论计算而中国标准主要倾向于标准化，批量化生产的结论。
关键词阿尔及利亚55公里铁路；欧洲标准；线路设计；最小曲线半径；缓和曲线长；超高；欠超高；过超高；超高系数；夹直线本项目为阿尔及利亚东西铁路干线西段阿尔及尔至奥兰线路EL AFFROUN 至KHEMIS MILIANA车站间复线工程及线路校正项目。
项目详细初步设计文件（APD）于1991年由阿尔及利亚的COSIDER公司完成。
项目承包商为中国铁道建筑总公司与土耳其OZGUN公司联合体，监理方为法国SYSTRA公司与POYRY公司联合体。
1本项目主要技术标准及采用规范线路设计中使用的主要规范，标准，特殊准则列表：1）欧洲行业标准BSENV13803-1:2005：铁路设施-轨道校准设计参数-轨距1435mm及更宽第1部分：铁路线路。
铁路设施-轨道线形设计参数-轨距1435mm及更宽第2部分：转辙器和辙叉及具有曲率突变的可比线形设计情形。
2）阿尔及利亚标准：详细设计草图-铁路线路ANESRIF工程业主帮助手册2010年3月。
国际铁路联盟UIC规范。
2主要技术标准及线路参数取值1）标准设计速度，根据合同，客车设计时速160Km/h，货车设计时速100Km/h。
2）超高。
根据本项目业主要求160 km/h设计速度，平面曲线最小半径采用1000m，超高系数取6.5，本项目中采用实际超高为：D=6.25Vmax2/R。
最小超高，欧洲标准没有明确规定，中国标准为5mm。
3）欠超高。
欠超高反映了旅客舒适度以及外轨钢轨的磨耗，它与客车结构、转向架结构及其悬挂方式有关。
阿尔及利亚开行的列车为摆式列车。
本项目中欠超高I=11.8 Vmax2/R-D，欠超高取值见下表：国内铁路设计情况：根据铁科院《客货共线铁路最高时速140、160线路平面及竖曲线标准的研究》报告中建议常用70mm，采用最大90mm，允许最大110mm。
道路照明设计的几个常见问题
道路照明设计的几个常见问题发表时间：2019-08-12T15:57:41.597Z 来源：《防护工程》2019年10期作者：杨春华[导读] 照明计算软件相比手工计算，具有高精度、高效率的优点，使用照明计算软件进行照明设计已经很普遍。
天津市市政工程设计研究院天津 300392摘要：本文从道路照明和电气照明设计的标准出发，阐述了道路照明设计中常见的问题，包括路灯的利用系数、道路亮度与照度的转换关系、灯柱的布置等。
关键词：道路照明；设计；问题一、照明指标的计算问题1、路灯的利用系数照明计算软件相比手工计算，具有高精度、高效率的优点，使用照明计算软件进行照明设计已经很普遍，但还是有不少电气设计师依然采用电气设计类手册和照明设计类书籍中的公式来进行照明设计，其中用得最多的就是利用系数法来估算所需灯具的数量和灯具的规格，而且不敢突破手册建议的利用系数。
这样简单地遵循手册虽然可以保证照明指标达标，但在LED路灯应用时可能造成很大的功率超标。
电气设计手册建议的利用系数是以光源光通量作为比较基准，而LED灯具由于一般没有像传统灯具将光源取出来测量光源光通量一样将LED灯珠取出来测量单个LED灯珠光通量，所以LED灯具给出来的光通量都是灯具光通量，LED灯具的利用系数都是基于灯具光通量作为比较基准的，其数值远超过传统灯具。
图1（a）是某高压钠灯路灯的利用系数，图1（b）、（c）是某两种LED路灯的利用系数图，图中HS为屋边利用系数，SS为路边利用系数。
可以明显看到LED路灯路边利用系数都超过高压钠灯很多。
如果用于路宽为2倍杆高的道路，LED路灯1和2的利用系数分别为0.74和0.64，而高压钠灯路灯利用系数仅为0.46。
如果将路边和屋边最右端（路宽远远大于杆高）的利用系数相加，可以发现高压钠灯路灯的结果是0.48+0.28=0.76，而两个LED路灯的结果都是1。
这个结果实际上代表了灯具的光输出比，也称为灯具效率。
欧司朗LED路灯解决方案
Street Lighting with LED Light Sources Application NoteAbstractThe following application note provides an insight into street lighting with LED light sources. Some possible lighting designs with the Golden DRAGON® OVAL and an OSTAR-Lighting with Fraen reflector for a flexible design solution are presented.Review of street lighting standardsEach country has its own set of requirements for street lighting applications. In addition, the requirements are divided into different categories as well, requiring a considerable amount of investigation before beginning the design of a street lighting fixture. In the following, summaries and examples of the standards in the various countries are presented.European (German) standard DIN EN 13201 – Road lighting, consists of four separate sections as follows: DIN 13201-1 Road lighting – selection of lighting classes (only applicable for Germany), DIN EN 13201-2 Road lighting – performance requirements, DIN EN 13201-3 Road lighting – calculation of performance, and DIN EN 13201-4 Road lighting – methods of measuring lighting performance. In the above standards, the requirements define specific values with respect to luminance, illuminance, uniformity and further requirements in categories including measurement and calculation methods as well as the appearance of the lighting installations. General specifications for applications which conform to the standards are listed in the following table.January, 2009Table 1: Example of German standard In terms of disability glare, its restriction is specified by a calculated value of Threshold Increment (TI) for ME class, but, in case that the TI value cannot be calculated especially for CE class, it is restricted by installed luminous intensity classes (G classes) in cd/klm at certain angles from downward vertical line. And, for S class, discomfort glare is restricted by glare index classes (D classes) in cd/m, which is a combination of maximum luminous intensity at an angle of 85° from downward vertical line and apparent area of luminous part.Page 1 of 10The European standard does not specify the values for road width, pole height, or pole to pole distance.Chinese standard 中华人民共和国行业标准 城市道路照明 设计 标准 Road criteria Urban road Expressway Arterial road 30/50 lx Secondary trunk road 20/30 lx Branch road 15/20 lx Residential road Conventional road lighting Lamp height <15m High mast lighting Lamp height ≧20m Semi-height lighting Lamp height 15-20m Glare: Cut-off luminaire: maximum intensity 90°, 10cd/1000lm 80°, 30cd/1000lm Uniformity 0.4 Pavement illumination standard Classified by pedestrian flow at night (3 classes) and area (2 classes) Avg. illuminance 5-20 lx Emax/Emin 1-7.5 Min. illuminance 1-4 lx Road width, pole to pole distance This standard does not define road width and pole to pole distance.Intersections (only illuminance) Road surface classifications for pavement Four classes (from mostly diffuse to mostly specular) Requirements Illuminance (e.g. 3-15 lx) Luminance (e.g. 0.3-1.2 cd/m2) Uniformity of the above Veiling luminance ratio Glare The glare level is not provided by the standard, and it is described as just information Road width, pole heights, pole to pole distance There are certainly many different road types and pole heights and spacings. It is hard to summarize also here. It is defined by each self-governing body. A following figure shows some examples.US standard ANSI/IESNA RP-8-2000 – National Standard Practice Lighting Road criteria Freeway Expressway Major Collector Local Bikeway PedestrianJanuary, 2009American Roadway Japanese standard: JIS JIS Z9110 Recommended levels of illumination JIS Z9111 Lighting for roads JIS Z9116 Lighting of tunnels for motorized traffic Lighting Classes Motorway Main arterial road Supplementary arterial roadPage 2 of 10Pavement Requirements Luminance Illuminance Uniformity Limitation of glare Maximum glare level is provided for each criteria Surround ratio Glare Road width, pole heights, pole to pole distance The above requirements are defined by road type. There are certainly many different road types.RoHS compliant product (Hg, Pb-free) ⇒ Easy lamp recycling Higher light output even at low temperatures Less attraction to nocturnal insects ⇒ Long and predictable service intervals ⇒ Reduced maintenance cost Easy to design non-glare lighting equipment ⇒ Reduction of light pollution As can be seen from the advantages listed above, the use of LEDs as a light source offers many possibilities to improve upon the quality of street lighting in lighting fixture design.Why are LEDs suitable for street lighting?LEDs offer the following advantages when used as light sources in street lighting applications: Long and predictable lifetime ⇒ Long and predictable service intervals ⇒ Reduced maintenance costs Reliability ⇒ Increased road safety Low power consumption Dimming ⇒ Adjusting to specific light levels ⇒ Reducing energy consumption and light pollution Small package size ⇒ Flexible, flat and compact lamp design High color rendering (CRI) Mixing of yellow and white LEDs ⇒ Flexibility in color temperature and CRI Available color temperature range Quick turn on / off No problem with hot ignition ⇒ Turn on / off without time delay ‘Unbreakable’ LED package ⇒ No safety screen for luminaire necessaryNocturnal InsectsUnlike humans, insects are sensitive to the UV-blue and green region of the light spectrum. Nocturnal insects are attracted to the emission of UV-blue and green light from conventional light sources.Figure 1: Relative spectral emission of a white LED (e.g. LUW W5AM) White LEDs, however, emit light in a small peak in the blue range and smaller in the green range, so nocturnal insects are less attracted to such light sources. This offers long and predictable service intervals for LED-based light fixtures as they achieve less insectural dirt.January, 2009Page 3 of 10Specifics/Peculiarities - glare effects and light pollutionCurrent light sources emit light across the entire angle, leading to excess glare and light pollution of the sky if the fixture is not carefully designed. On the other hand, LEDs radiate light over a limited range and the emission can be easily redirected. Thus, it is comparatively easy to control the direction of light from the LED and reduce the amount of glare, resulting in energy savings due to a more efficient fixture design.These applicability and advantages of the LED technology will be further extended and enlarged by the continuous enhancements in the fields of semiconductor and housing technology in future. Today latest versions of white LED already exhibit remarkable higher efficiencies, and reach values of nearly 100lm/W.Total cost in comparison to conventional lightingNowadays, the investment required for LED light sources over their entire product life is competitive with conventional lamps. The initial cost for an LED lamp is much higher than that for a HPS lamp. However, due to the high maintenance costs and system efficiency of the HPS lamp, the total cost for HPS lamp is assumed to be higher than that for the LED lamp over its lifetime, while product lifetimes are expected to be to be nearly the same. Since the bulb of the HPS lamp must be changed every three years, the cumulative costs for HPS lamp are assumed to be higher than that for LED lamp after a period of 3 or 4 years. With the continuous improvement of LED performance and cost reduction of LED products, this crossover point can be expected to occur even earlier in the future.Comparison of light sourcesTable 2 shows the comparison of light sources for street lighting. As example of a LED lamp a design composed of 100 single LEDs with an optical efficiency of 55lm/W was used as a basis for comparison. In the comparison with the other lamp types the excellent applicability of the LED technology relating to street lighting appears already with these LEDs in particular concerning power dissipation, brightness, color reproduction index and also life time.Table 2: Comparison of various light sourcesJanuary, 2009 Page 4 of 10OSRAM Opto Semiconductors LEDs suitable for street lightingOf the many LED products offered by OSRAM Opto Semiconductors, the DRAGON® and OSTAR-Lighting products are predestined for street lighting applications. Table 4, lists a few promising LED products along with their specifications. Golden DRAGON® with OVAL lens Golden DRAGON® with ARGUS lens Golden DRAGON® Plus OSTAR-Lighting The Golden DRAGON® LEDs are single chip packages that provide a typical luminous flux of 82 lm @350 mA (105 lm with Golden DRAGON® Plus). On the other hand, the OSTAR-Lighting consists of multiple LED chips (4 or 6 dies) within a single package, providing a typical luminous flux of 895 lm @700 mA with the 6-die version. And, as shown in Figures 4 through 7, due to the characteristics of the primary lenses, the suitable DRAGON® LEDs have a wide radiation angle in order to provide better uniformity of illuminance on the target surface, while the OSTAR-Lighting has an almost Lambertian radiation pattern.Figure 4: Radiation pattern of the Golden DRAGON® with OVAL lensFigure 5: Radiation pattern of the Golden DRAGON® with ARGUS lens The Golden DRAGON® with an OVAL lens has an asymmetric, oval-shaped radiation pattern which makes it especially suitable for use as a light source for street or tunnel lighting applications, without requiring additional optics.Table 4: Examples of LED products suitable for street lightingJanuary, 2009Page 5 of 10light output, e.g. with an optic for elliptical beam shaping, however. In such cases, there are several solutions from OSRAM Opto Semiconductors ‘LED Light for you’ (LLFY) partners which offer standard optical products that can be easily installed in order to achieve the desired optical performance.Figure 6: Radiation pattern of the Golden DRAGON® PlusFigure 7: Radiation pattern of the OSTARLighting (LE UW E3B) Exemplary lighting fixture designs with the Golden DRAGON® with OVAL lens (LW W5JM) and the Golden DRAGON® ARGUS (LW W5KM) are shown in Figures 8 and 9.Figure 9: Street lamp with 54 Golden DRAGON® ARGUS LEDs (LW W5KM) and reflectorThermal ConsiderationIn order to ensure high reliability and optimal performance for LED light sources appropriate thermal management is necessary (see also application notes “Thermal Management of Golden Dragon LED” and “OSTARLighting”). Figure 8: Street lamp with the Golden DRAGON® with Oval lens (LW W5JM) The OSTAR-Lighting requires additional optics in order to efficiently utilize the entireJanuary, 2009Basically, the maximum allowable junction temperature of the individual LED light sources should not be exceeded, as this can lead to irreversible damage to the LED and spontaneous failures.Page 6 of 10Furthermore for the use in street lighting applications it is recommended to keep the junction temperature of the LED as low as possible to obtain a high lifetime (see also note “Reliability and Lifetime of LEDs”). Based on that in a design with plastic housing the passive cooling element should be directly connected to the backside of the isolated metal core board (IMS-PCB).Optical simulationA simulation was performed using the freeware program DIALux, to demonstrate a possible street lighting design with OSRAM Opto Semiconductors LED products. Figure 12 shows a model for the simulation.Figure 10: Example of a street light with plastic housing and passive cooling element (source: SED) By contrast a direct connection of the IMSPCB to the surrounding housing is feasible if the lamp is composed of metal. Figure 12: Street lighting model In this calculation, the following criteria were assumed, based on the Japanese standard: > 2 lx at the pavement (recommendation for residential streets in Japan so that it is possible to recognize person’s action from a distance of 4 m.) > 10 lx at the roadway (technically equivalent to the requirement described in JIS for a roadway with a concrete surface) Figure 11: Example of a street light with metal housing and integrated cooling fins (source: Softray) The following conditions were used for the calculation: Pavement width: 4 m Roadway width: 8 m Pavement light height: 4.5 m Roadway light height: 10 m Pavement light pitch (pole): 20 m Roadway light pitch (pole): 25 m Arrangement of pavement lighting pole: single-sidedJanuary, 2009 Page 7 of 10Arrangement of roadway lighting pole: alternate, double-sided Light source example for pavement lighting fixture: Golden DRAGON® with OVAL lens (LW W5JM, 60 lm), 15 pieces per fixture; Light source example for pavement lighting fixture (another case): Golden DRAGON® Plus (LUW W5AM, 121 lm), 15 pieces per a fixture; Light source example lighting fixture: for roadway Figure 14(a): Illuminance at pavement (by Golden DRAGON® with OVAL lens)Figure 14(b): Illuminance at pavement (by Golden DRAGON® Plus)OSTAR-Lighting (LE UW E3B, 865 lm) with reflector (Fraen FRC M1), 10 pieces per fixture; The overall radiation pattern of the combination of the OSTAR-Lighting product and the reflector is shown in Figure 13.1.2 1 0.8 intensity 0.6 0.4 0.2 0 -90 -80 -70 -60 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 angle (deg)Figure 15: Illuminance at roadway (by OSTAR-Lighting) As shown by the above results, it was found that with feasible product specifications, it is possible to design a street lighting fixture using LED light sources which meets the criteria of more than 2 lx at the pavement and more than 10 lx at the roadway. A rendering of the simulation result is shown in Figure 16.Figure 13: Radiation pattern of the OSTAR-Lighting with a reflector (Fraen FRC M1) The calculated illuminance at the pavement and roadway are illustrated in the contour graphs in Figures 14 and 15.Figure 16: Simulation resultJanuary, 2009Page 8 of 10SummaryIn the above simulation, efficiencies (percentage of luminaire luminous flux arriving on the street) are: pavement (LW W5JM) 33.8% pavement (LUW W5AM) 18.2% roadway (LE UW E3B with reflector Fraen FRC M1) 32.4% LEDs have many advantages in comparison to current light sources - high-pressure sodium, metal halide, high-pressure mercury, low-pressure sodium, and compact fluorescent lamps. An LED is especially environmentally friendly, due to its high efficiency, long lifetime and low maintenance requirements. When designing a street lighting fixture, the minimum requirements must be met in each lighting category for the specific country. In addition, other factors must be taken into consideration such as glare or appearance. LEDs also offer several advantages in these areas, compared to conventional light sources, since the light output can be directed and controlled. With the use of DIALux, it was demonstrated that it is possible to design a street lighting fixture using OSRAM Opto Semiconductors LED products - the Golden DRAGON® with OVAL lens, the Golden DRAGON® Plus and the OSTAR-Lighting which can provides more than 2 lx at the pavement and more than 10 lx at the roadway.January, 2009Page 9 of 10AppendixDon't forget: LED Light for you is your place to be whenever you are looking for information or worldwide partners for your LED Lighting project.Authors: Masaki Ono, Yoshiharu Chikazawa About OSRAM Opto SemiconductorsOSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH, Regensburg, is a wholly owned subsidiary of OSRAM GmbH, one of the world’s three largest lamp manufacturers, and offers its customers a range of solutions based on semiconductor technology for lighting, sensor and visualisation applications. The company operates facilities in Regensburg (Germany), San José (USA) and Penang (Malaysia). Further information is available at . All information contained in this document has been checked with the greatest care. OSRAM Opto Semiconductors GmbH can however, not be made liable for any damage that occurs in connection with the use of these contents.January, 2009Page 10 of 10。
英国标准EN13201-2-2003
英国标准BS EN 13201-2:2003道路照明第二部分：性能需求引言照明等级定义了一系列光度学的需求来满足特定的道路区域和环境下道路使用者的视觉需要。
引入照明等级的目的是在欧洲标准委员会下面的成员国内方便地开发和使用道路照明产品和服务。
照明等级的开发考虑到了这些国家道路标准并力求这些需求的和谐共存。
但是，也有一些照明等级和子级别反映基于传统、气候和其它条件下的特殊情况和国家特定的处理方式。
ME等级针对机动车驾驶员使用的交通高速路，在某些国家也包括居住区道路，允许中到高的行驶速度。
CE等级同样针对机动车驾驶员，但用于冲突区域比如商业路、复杂路段的道路交叉口。
这一等级同样也有针对路人和脚踏自行车者的应用。
S和A等级针对路人和脚踏自行车者使用的步行街道和非机动车道，紧急道路和其它不同于货沿着主干道、居住区道路、步行街、停车场、学校场地等的道路区域。
ES等级作为一个附加等级针对需要公众照明来识别人和物体以及有高于一般犯罪风险的道路区域。
EV等级作为一个附加等级针对收费站和交流道区域等需要垂直表面照明的场所。
照明等级的需求反映了道路使用者的类别或道路区域的类型。
所以ME级别基于道路表面亮度，而CE、S和A级别则基于道路区域的照度。
S和 A等级反映了道路照明的不同优先级。
ES等级基于半圆柱照度，而EV等级基于垂直平面的照度。
ME等级按级别ME6, ME5… ME1构成测量照度的照明等级台阶，提供不断增强的需求。
其他等级也是类似安排，这样各等级相互联系。
在第7条中根据白天表现、夜间表现和需要的已经不需要的照明方向考察了道路照明的环境要素。
目的是指出那些需要包含到投标书中的相关内容。
附录A中介绍了为了限制功能性眩光和控制滥用照明的安装强度等级G.1，G.2，G.3，G.4，G.5和G.6。
在第5条中提到了等级G在冲突区域的应用，第7条在外观和环境的应用。
附录A中也介绍了为了限制舒适性眩光的安装眩光等级D.1，D.2，D.3，D.4，D.5和D.6。
欧洲道路标准13201-3-2
6 Calculation of _(C,_)6.1 GeneralTo determine the luminous intensity from a luminaire to a point it is necessary to find the vertical photometric angle (_) and photometric azimuth (C) of the light path to the point. To do this, account has to be taken of the tilt in application in relation to the tilt during measurement, the orientation, and rotation of the luminaire. For this purpose it is necessary to establish mathematical sign conventions for measuring distances on the road and for rotations about axes. The system used is a right-handed Cartesian coordinate system. The corrections for turning movements do not allow for any change in the luminous flux of the light source due to turning movements.6 I（C，γ）的计算6.1 概要为确定灯具在某点处的发光强度，需要得到光路在该点的光度垂直角γ和光度方位角C。
为此，需计算相对于测量态其应用状态时的倾斜度、灯具的方向和旋转度。
为此需要给道路上测量距离和轴的旋转度确定数学符号约定。
EN1320中文版
欧洲标准EN 1320 ：1996目录前言1适用范畴8 检验方法2标准性参阅文献8.1 对接焊缝3定义8.2 填充焊缝4 原则8.3 对可变形焊件的特别提示5 名称和缩写9 检验结果6 试件尺寸10 检验报告7取样7.1 概述附件A 检验报告（规范性）7.2 标记7.3 取样7.4 制作前言本欧洲标准由CEN/TC 121“焊接”技术委员会制定。
该委员会秘书处由DS主持。
通过颁布一致的文本或至1997年4月申明认可的方法，本欧洲标准将包括国家标准的内容。
至1997年4月，与本标准相违的国家标准至必须收回。
根据CEN/CENELEC-业务程序，下列国家的国家标准局有义务接受本标准：比利时，丹麦。
德国，芬兰，法国，奥地利，希腊，爱尔兰，冰岛，意大利，卢森堡，荷兰，挪威，葡萄牙，瑞典，瑞士，西班牙，捷克斯洛伐克和英国。
1适用范畴本标准规定了试样尺寸和断裂试验实施方法，以得出断裂面内部不匀缺陷如孔隙、裂纹和固体夹杂的类型、大小和分布。
本标准适用于各种方式制成金属材料的熔焊连接，并且连接焊缝等于或大于2 mm。
如果适用标准要求，或合同双方商定同意，可以使用本标准。
2标准性参阅文献通过注明日期和未注明日期的参阅文献，本欧洲标准包含了引自其他出版物的规定。
标准性参阅文献在有关处有引用文字，出版物名称载于其后。
对于注明日期的参阅文献，如果他们是通过变更或修订补进的，这些出版物以后的变更和修订只属于本欧洲标准。
未注明日期的参阅文献以有关出版物的最新版本为准。
prEN 970 熔焊焊缝无损探伤－外观目测检验EN 25817 钢材电弧焊－焊缝不匀缺陷评定分级标准（ISO 5817：1992）EN 30042 铝材及适合焊接的铝合金材料电弧焊－焊缝不匀缺陷评定分级标准（ISO 10042 ：1992）3定义下列定义适用于本标准：3.1检测长度(L f) :于可能侧面缺口之间沿焊缝轴线测量的长度(见图6)。
3.2 总检测长度( L f) :沿焊缝轴线测得的试样侧缺口间断裂面试块的所有试样总长度（见图6）。
CL13 2011与CL13 2015的对照表
d）对场地和环境条件有要求的检测项目， 应对场地和环境条件进行确认，并对关键参 数予以监控记录，如： 汽车除霜、除雾试 验低温实验室的温度、冷空气流速，汽车碰 内容变更 撞实验室的标态间和假人标定间工作期间的 温湿度，气囊点爆实验室温控间的温湿度， 汽车、 摩托车整车和发动机排放实验室、 颗粒物质量称重室的温湿度等。
范围
3
5.5
----汽车碰撞试验所使用的可变形壁 障（蜂窝铝）应有制造商提供的、符 合EEVC（欧洲车辆安全促进会）相 关规定的证书。
4.6.2
5.2.1
4
5.2.1
从事道路试验的驾驶人员必须获得法 定驾驶证，同时还必须获得试验司机 的上岗证。对（ 临时）雇佣的驾驶 人员，应进行足够的培训和监督，保 存培训、考核、监督和工作记录。
新增
新增 新增
新增
新增
删除
a） 长期使用的试验场地应提供相应符合性 证据，如：汽车、摩托车加速行驶车外噪声 和ABS试验等对试验场地符合性有定期核查 要求的，应制定核查计划，并按计划定期对 噪声场地的特性（如路表构造深度、空隙率 或吸声系数）及ABS场地的摩擦系数等实施 内容变更 b） 临时使用的试验场地，应在检测作业指 导书中规定核查内容、核查方法。在使用前 应进行核查，以证实能够满足相应检测标准 和实验室的规范要求，并保存记录； 删减
新增
内容变更
a）实验室对从事汽车和摩托车整车、 零部 件、材料等检测的人员均应进行相关检测知 识、检测标准以及检测项目的安全知识培 内容变更 训， 并进行上岗前考核评价；应按要求确 认从事道路试验的驾驶人员的上岗资格，资 格要求包括但不限于必须具有法定的机动车 b）从事汽车碰撞检测、汽车和摩托车电磁 兼容检测、污染物检测等使用及操作复杂测 量系统的检测人员应具有相关专业理工科大 学本科及以上学历。学历不满足要求的，至 新增 少应有 10 年以上相关检测工作经历；此 外， 关键技术人员，如技术负责人（包括 授权签字人）、对检测方法进行验证或确认 人员、报告复核人员除满足上述要求外， a）从事电动汽车和电动摩托车及其零部件 新增 高压带电检测的人员应接受电工安全作业的 培训，并保存培训的记录； b）从事汽车碰撞检测、汽车和摩托车电磁 兼容检测、污染物检测等使用及操作复杂测 新增 量系统的检测人员应接受过涉及仪器原理、 操作和维护等方面知识的培训， 并掌握相 关的知识和专业技能； 对雇佣的临时人员，如试验驾驶人员等，除 对其工作能力进行确认外，应对其进行足够 的培训、监督，确认能够胜任并按照管理体 内容变更 系要求进行工作，应保存培训、考核、监督 和工作记录。 删除
道路照明DIALux操作简介
评估区域和照度种类（IESNA RP-8-00）
亮度评估参数
也可对单一道路进行选择
照度评估参数 小目标可见度评估参数
评估区域和照度种类（CIE）
评估类型
评估区域
标准
ME
干燥路面亮度
MEW
潮湿路面亮度
照度（人行道、自
S
行车道、紧急车道 等）
CIE 140 / EN
13201
照度（商业区、十
CE 字路口、环状交叉
1、沥青混凝土路面，所含的砾石尺寸大于10mm，纹理粗糙如砂纸； 2、纹理已磨亮
1、使用了几个月后的沥青砂路面 2、路面相当光滑
QO
S1
平均辉度系数 反射因数
0.1
0.25
0.07
1.11
0.07 0.08
0.58 1.55
S2 反射因数
1.53
2.38
1.80 3.03
反射型式
備註
大部分擴散 反射型
路口、排队区域等）
半球照度（人行道、
A 自行车道、紧急车 道等）DK来自LDK_LE DK_E
DIN 5044 （过时）
SANS_A
若有多个道路，且评估区域 不同，这里需要注意选择
可修改
评估区域
可选择评估 项，不选则 需满足所有。
选择灯具
修改光通量
选择灯具排列参数
选择定位建议&计算
所有/单个 灯具选择
道路照明DIALux操作简介
道路照明计算流程
导入灯具文件 输入街道属性和组件 设置评估区域和照度种类
选择评估区域 选择灯具
设置灯具排列参数 选择定位建议 计算 查看报表
灯具文件的导入
欧洲道路标准
欧洲道路标准集团档案编码：[YTTR-YTPT28-YTNTL98-UYTYNN08]E N13201-3Edition: 2007-06-01路灯第三部分：性能计算Road lightingPart 3: Calculation of performanceNational ForewordThe present ?NORM EN has been reissued without prior public enquiry and represents a consolidated national new edition of EN 13201-3:2003-11, including Corrigendum EN 13201-3:2003/AC:2007-02.The preceding European corrigendum EN 13201-3:2003/AC:2005-06 has been considered and incorporated in this version of ?NORM EN 13201-3.Following clauses were changed:Ad Figure 11 was replacedText after figure title was addedAd Equation (35) was includedEnglish versionRoad lighting - Part 3: Calculation of performanceThis European Standard was approved by CEN on 1 September 2003.This corrigendum becomes effective on 22 June 2005.This corrigendum becomes effectice on 28 February 2007.CEN members are bound to comply with the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations which stipulate theconditions for giving this European Standard the status of a national standard without any alteration. Up-to-date lists and bibliographical references concerning such national standards may be obtained on application to the Management Centre or to any CEN member.This European Standard exists in three official versions (English, French, German). A version in any other language made by translation under the responsibility of a CEN member into its own language and notified to the Management Centre has the same status as the official versions.CEN members are the national standards bodies of Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and United Kingdom.Contents pageForeword ......................................................................... .. (4)Introduction ..................................................................... . (5)1 Scope............................................................................. . (5)2 Normativereferences............ ........................................................... . (5)3 Terms, definitions, symbols and abbreviations (5)Terms and definitions....................................................................... . (5)List of symbols and abbreviations..................................................................... . (8)4 Mathematicalconventions ............ ......................................................... . (10)5 Photometric data.............................................................................. . (10)General .......................................................................... .. (10)The _-table ............................................................................ (10)Interpolation in the _-table ............................................................................ .. (12)General .......................................................................... .. (12)Linear interpolation..................................................................... (12)Quadratic interpolation..................................................................... . (13)Quadratic interpolation in the region of C = 0_, or _ = 0_ or180_ (15)The r-table ............................................................................ (15)Interpolation in the r-table............................................................................. . (18)6 Calculation of_(C,_) ........................................................................... (19)General .......................................................................... .. (19)Mathematical conventions for distances measured on the road (19)Mathematical conventions for rotations (20)Calculation of C and_ ................................................................................ .. (21)7 Calculation of photometric quantities........................................................................ (22)Luminance ........................................................................ . (22)Luminance at apoint ............................................................................ .. (22)Total luminance at a point............................................................................. .. (23)Field of calculation for luminance......................................................................... .. (23)Position of calculationpoints ........................................................................... (24)llluminance....................................................................... .. (29)General .......................................................................... .. (29)Horizontal illuminance at a point............................................................................. .. 29Hemispherical illuminance at a point (29)Semicylindrical illuminance at apoint (30)Vertical iluminance at apoint ............................................................................ (31)Total illuminance at a point............................................................................. (32)Field of calculation for illuminance....................................................................... .. (33)Position of calculationpoints ........................................................................... .. (33)Luminaires included incalculation ...................................................................... (34)llluminance on areas of irregularshape (35)8 Calculation of qualitycharacteristics .................................................................. .. (35)General .......................................................................... .. (35)Averageluminance ........................................................................ .. (35)Overall uniformity........................................................................ .. (35)Longitudinaluniformity ....................................................................... . (35)Threshold increment......................................................................... .. (35)Surroundratio ............................................................................ .. (36)Measures ofilluminance ...................................................................... (39)General .......................................................................... . (39)Averageilluminance ...................................................................... (39)Minimum illuminance....................................................................... .. (40)Uniformity ofilluminance ...................................................................... . (40)9 Ancillary data.............................................................................. .. (40)Bibliography ..................................................................... (41)ForewordThis document (EN 13201-3:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 169 “Light and lighting”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2004.This European Standard was worked out by the Joint Working Group of CEN/TC 169 "Light and lighting" and CEN/TC 226 "Road Equipment", the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.This document includes a Bibliography.This standard, EN 13201 Road lighting, consists of three parts. This document is:Part 3: Calculation of performanceThe other parts of EN 13201 are:Part 2: Performance requirementsPart 4: Methods of measuring lighting performanceAccording to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of thefollowing countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.IntroductionThe calculation methods described in this Part of this European Standard enable road lighting quality characteristics to be calculated by agreed procedures so that results obtained from different sources will have a uniform basis.引言本部分欧洲标准中描述的计算方法能使路灯指标通过认可的程序计算出，以使不同光源的结果具有统一的计算依据。
en11201噪声测试要求
en11201噪声测试要求En11201噪声测试要求随着工业化和城市化的不断发展，环境污染越来越严重，噪声污染也成为了一个严重的问题。
为了保护人类健康和环境，各国都制定了相应的噪声测试要求，其中En11201噪声测试要求是欧盟采用的一种标准。
En11201噪声测试要求是欧盟针对各种环境中的噪声进行测试的标准。
该标准主要应用于工业、交通、建筑、机场、铁路、港口等各种场所的噪声测试。
En11201标准的主要目的是为了保护人类健康和环境，减少噪声对人类和动物的影响。
En11201噪声测试要求包括了噪声测量方法、测量时间、测量点位、测试仪器和测量结果等方面。
在使用En11201标准进行噪声测试时，需要使用符合标准的测试仪器，并严格按照标准的要求进行测试。
同时，需要选择合适的测量时间和测量点位，以确保测试结果的准确性和可靠性。
在进行测量前，需要对测试仪器进行校准，以确保测试结果的准确性。
同时，在测试过程中，需要进行各种参数的记录，如测量时间、测量点位、噪声源的特征等信息，以便进行后续分析和比较。
En11201噪声测试要求的一个重要方面是测量结果的分析和评估。
在对测试结果进行分析和评估时，需要考虑到各种因素的影响，如环境因素、噪声源的特征等。
同时，需要将测试结果与标准限值进行比较，以判断测试结果是否符合标准要求。
En11201噪声测试要求的实施可以帮助各国对各种场所的噪声进行有效的控制和管理。
通过对噪声的测试和分析，可以找出噪声污染的原因，采取相应的措施来减少噪声对人类和环境的影响。
同时，也可以为各种场所的规划和建设提供科学的依据，以确保环境的健康和可持续发展。
En11201噪声测试要求是欧盟针对噪声污染制定的一种标准，其主要目的是为了保护人类健康和环境。
在进行噪声测试时，需要严格按照标准的要求进行测试，并对测试结果进行分析和评估，以确保测试结果的准确性和可靠性。
通过采取有效的措施来减少噪声污染，可以为人类和环境的健康和可持续发展做出贡献。
欧洲道路标准13201-2
EN 13201-2:2003 (E)ContentsForeword Introduction 前言1 Scope 范围2 Normative references3 Terms and definitions 条款和定义4 ME/MEW-series of lighting classes 灯具等级中的ME/MEW系列5 CE-series of lighting classes 灯具等级中的CE 系列6 S-, A-, ES- and EV- series of lighting classes 灯具等级S-,A-,ES-, EV系列7 Appearance and environmental aspects 外观和环境因素Annex A (informative) Installed classes for glare restriction and control of obtrusive light A.1 Luminous intensity classes 光强等级A.2 Glare index classes 眩光等级Annex B (informative) Lighting of pedestrian crossingsBibliographyForewordThis document (EN 13201-2:2003) has been prepared by Technical Committee CEN/TC 169 “Light and lighting”, the secretariat of which is held by DIN.This European Standard shall be given the status of a national standard, either by publication of an identical text or by endorsement, at the latest by May 2004, and conflicting national standards shall be withdrawn at the latest by May 2004.This document EN 13201-2 has been worked out by the Joint Working Group of CEN/TC 169 “Light and lighting” and CEN/TC 226 “Road Equipment”, the secretariat of which is held by AFNOR.Annexes A and B are informative.This document includes a Bibliography.This standard, EN 13201 Road Lighting, consists of three parts. This document is;Part 2: Performance requirementsThe other parts of EN 13201 are:Part 3: Calculation of performancePart 4: Methods of measuring lighting performanceAccording to the CEN/CENELEC Internal Regulations, the national standards organizations of the following countries are bound to implement this European Standard: Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Malta, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom.IntroductionA lighting class is defined by a set of photometric requirements aiming at the visual needs of certain road users in certain types of road areas and environment. 灯具有光学要求来定义，目的是满足在某种道路区域和环境下某些道路使用者的视觉要求.The purpose of introducing lighting classes is to make it easier to develop and use road lighting products and services in CEN member countries. The lighting classes have been defined with consideration of road lighting standards in these countries aiming at harmonization of requirements where possible. However, some lighting classes and subclasses reflect particular situations and national approaches based on traditional, climatic or other conditions.介绍灯具等级的目的是让欧洲标准联盟的成员，在开发和使用照明产品和服务时更容易，灯具等级考虑到不同国家的道路照明标准，目的是尽可能的统一，但是有些照明等级和子等级会反映一些特殊的情况，这些情况可能是建立在传统的或气候和其他情况下.The ME classes are intended for drivers of motorized vehicles for user on traffic routes, and in some countries also residential roads, allowing medium to high driving speeds.ME 等级针对于机动车辆驾驶者，某些国家也适用于居住区道路，也允许中高速的速度。
欧盟轨道交通通用环境标准_概述及解释说明
欧盟轨道交通通用环境标准概述及解释说明1. 引言1.1 概述为了保障轨道交通系统的安全性、可持续性和环境友好性，欧盟制定了一系列的轨道交通通用环境标准。
这些标准旨在统一欧盟成员国之间的环境管理要求，促进跨国合作和共享最佳实践。
1.2 文章结构本文将首先介绍轨道交通通用环境标准的概念和意义，包括标准制定及更新过程。
然后，对欧盟轨道交通通用环境标准进行概述，包括其发展历程、标准内容概览以及实施效果评估。
最后，在结论部分对主要要点进行总结，并对未来的发展提出展望和建议。
1.3 目的本文旨在向读者阐述欧盟在轨道交通领域所制定的通用环境标准，并解释其背后的理念和目标。
通过全面梳理相关信息，希望能够增进对该领域政策规划、技术要求以及国际合作等方面的理解，并为未来的研究与实践提供参考和借鉴。
通过深入了解和分析欧盟轨道交通通用环境标准，可以促进交通行业在可持续发展方面的进步，为人们提供更加安全、高效和环保的出行方式。
2. 正文在轨道交通行业中，为了保障环境保护和可持续发展，欧洲联盟（EU）已经制定了一系列的轨道交通通用环境标准。
这些标准旨在确保轨道交通系统的运营过程中对环境造成的负面影响最小化，并促进使用清洁能源和低碳技术。
2.1 环境管理体系在欧盟轨道交通通用环境标准中，一个重要的方面是建立和实施有效的环境管理体系。
这使得各个轨道交通运营企业能够根据标准要求来管理和监测其环境性能。
环境管理体系可以帮助企业识别并控制与其活动相关的潜在环境风险，提高资源利用效率，并采取适当措施降低噪音、振动、空气污染和废弃物产生等不良影响。
2.2 能源消耗与排放控制另一个关键领域是对能源消耗和排放进行控制。
欧盟轨道交通通用环境标准鼓励使用节能技术和清洁能源，以减少对环境的不利影响。
其中包括有效管理列车和轨道交通设施的能源消耗，通过使用先进的动力系统、轻量化材料和节能措施来降低碳排放。
此外，标准还要求限制尾气排放，并鼓励使用更环保的燃料或电池技术替代传统燃油。
欧洲环保标准等级划分
欧洲环保标准等级划分
欧洲环保标准等级划分主要是指汽车的排放标准等级划分。
根据欧洲联盟的规定，汽车排放标准共分为6个等级，分别是：
1. 欧洲第一阶段（Euro 1）：1992年开始实施，主要限制一氧化碳（CO）、碳氢化合物（HC）、氮氧化物（NOx）和颗粒物（PM）的排放。
2. 欧洲第二阶段（Euro 2）：1996年开始实施，对比Euro 1
标准有所提升，主要针对柴油车的排放标准。
3. 欧洲第三阶段（Euro 3）：2000年开始实施，对比Euro 2
标准有明显提升，主要限制柴油车和轻型商用车的排放标准。
4. 欧洲第四阶段（Euro 4）：2005年开始实施，对比Euro 3
标准有显著提高，主要限制柴油车和轻型商用车的排放标准。
5. 欧洲第五阶段（Euro 5）：2009年开始实施，主要关注柴油车的颗粒物和氮氧化物排放控制。
6. 欧洲第六阶段（Euro 6）：2014年开始实施，对比Euro 5
标准有进一步提升，主要限制汽油车和柴油车的颗粒物、氮氧化物和氨排放。
这些标准在欧洲范围内逐步推行，旨在减少汽车尾气排放对环境的影响，提高空气质量和人民健康。
同时，汽车制造商也需要不断提升技术水平以满足新标准的要求。
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EN 13201-4:2003 (E)Contents pageForeword (3)1 Scope (4)2 Normative references (4)3 Photometric measurements (4)4 Measurement conditions (4)4.1 Stabilization after switch-on (4)4.2 Climatic conditions (4)4.3 Extraneous light and obstruction of light (5)4.4 Measurements taken from a moving vehicle (5)5 Non-photometric measurements (5)5.1 General (5)5.2 Geometric data (5)5.3 Electric tension of supply (6)5.4 Temperature (6)5.5 Instruments (6)6 Location of grid points and observer (6)7 Measurement of illuminance (6)7.1 General (6)7.2 Height and orientation of the photometer head (7)7.3 Measurement grid (7)8 Measurement of luminance (7)9 Test report (8)Annex A (informative) Example of test report format (9)A.1 General test information (9)A.2 Geometrical data (9)A.3 Road surface data (9)A.4 Lamp and luminaire data (10)A.5 Electricity supply (10)A.6 Environmental conditions (10)A.7 Condition of installation (11)A.8 Measuring instruments (11)A.9 Measurement grid (12)A.10 Light monitoring record (13)A.11 Measurements from a moving vehicle (13)Bibliography (14)ForewordIntroductionThe purpose of this part of this European standard is to establish conventions and procedures for lighting measurements of road lighting installations, and to give advice on the use and selection of luminance meters and illuminance meters.The conventions for observer position and location of measurement points are those adopted in EN 13201-3. However, relaxation from these is permitted where the measurements are used for monitoring the performance of an installation or other purposes. Conditions which may lead to inaccuracies are identified and precautions are given to minimize these.A format for the presentation of the measurements is suggested.1 ScopeThis part of this European Standard specifies the procedures for making photometric and related measurements of road lighting installations. Examples are given of the form of the test report.这部分标准主要是详细规定制作光度测量的程序和相关的道路灯安装测量，有报告样本2 Normative references 参考This European Standard incorporates by dated or undated reference, provisions from otherpublications. These normative references are cited at the appropriate places in the text, and the publications are listed hereafter. For dated references, subsequent amendments to or revisions of any of these publications apply to this European Standard only when incorporated in it by amendment or revision. For undated references the latest edition of the publication referred to applies (including amendments).EN 13201-3, Road lighting — Part 3: Calculation of performance.3 Photometric measurementsThe procedures adopted should be suited to the purpose of the measurements. Where the measurements are required for comparison with calculated values then the utmost stringency will be required to ensure that a valid comparison can be made. Where the measurements are required for monitoring the state of an installation then it is possible that a more limited set of measurements at widely spaced locations will suffice. The main essential in this case is that the measurements are carried out in the same way each time monitoring is carried out. In other cases spot checks may be sufficient.4 Measurement conditions 测试状态4.1 Stabilization after switch-on 点亮后的稳定性Discharge lamps require a period of time for their light output to stabilize. Llluminance measurements at the same location or locations shall be taken at regular time intervals to ensure that stability has been reached, before definitive light measurements of the installation are made. To ensure that stability is maintained during the period of measurement, monitoring readings shall be taken (see A.10). 灯要一段时间后，放出的光才会稳定。
在最终的安装前，亮度的测量要在同一个地方或地点要每隔一段时间测量一次，来确定稳定状态是否已达到。
为确保稳定状态在测量时间内的持续，监控是必要的(参考A10) 4.2 Climatic conditions 气候条件The climatic conditions should be such as not to affect the measurements significantly, unless this is intended. High or low temperatures may affect the light output of thermally sensitive lamps or the accuracy of the light measuring instruments. Condensation of moisture on light transmitting surfaces of measuring instruments or on their electric circuits may affect their accuracy. High wind speeds may make the luminaires oscillate or make the measuring instruments vibrate. They may also lower the temperature ofthermally sensitive lamps thereby affecting their light output. Even a slight dampness of the road surface may significantly affect the luminance of the road surface. The light transmission of the atmosphere will affect the light reaching the surface to be measured, and in the case of luminance measurements the light reaching the luminance meter from the surface to be measured. 气候条件不应该是影响测量的重要因素，除非是有意的。