History of English Literature
英国文学简史outline
A Short History of English LiteratureCourse Outline（09英语）I.Old English Literature (449 A.D.------ 1066)1. Historical Background（了解）(1) Celts(2) Roman Conquest(3) The English Conquest2. Literature Term: (记忆)EpicAlliteration3. Main work:The great epic-----Beowulf(1) The Content of Beowulf（了解）(2) The Theme of Beowulf（理解）(3) The Features of Beowulf (记忆)II. Medieval English Literature (1066--- 15th century)1. Historical Background（了解）(1) The Danish Invasion(2) The Norman Conquest(3) The Rising of 13812. Literature Terms: (记忆)Romance (definition, classification and class nature)BalladAllegoryHeroic couplet3. Major works: (记忆)(1) Sir Gawain and the Green KnightThe Content of it（了解）The Knight and Chivalry（了解）Analysis of the Character-----Sir Gawain(理解)(2) The Death of King ArthurThe Content of it（了解）Analysis of the Character-----King Arthur(理解)Evaluation(3) Robin Hood and BalladsThe Content of it（了解）Analysis of the Character-----Robin Hood (理解)Meter and Foot（了解）(4) Piers the PlowmanThe Author----Langland （了解）The Content of it（了解）The Theme of it（理解）The Features of it (背诵记忆)4. Major Poet---- Geoffrey Chaucer (重点记忆)(1) Life (1340-1400)（了解）(2) Literary Career (three periods)（了解）(3) The Canterbury TalesThe Content of it（了解）The Theme of it（理解）The Features of it (记忆)(4) Chaucer’s Contribution to English LiteratureIII. The English Renaissance Literature ( late 15th century ----- early 17th century)1. Historical Background（了解）The Political Background---The Establishment of Tudor Dynasty---The Religious ReformationThe Economic Background---The Enclosure Movement---The Commercial Expansion---The War with SpainThe Cultural Background---The Movement of Renaissance---The Thought of Humanism2. Literature Features (了解)Translation VersionsProsePoetryDrama3. Literature TermsSonnetBlank VerseSpenserian Stanza4. Main Writers and Their Works （记忆）John WycliffeWilliam Tyndale The English BibleThomas More Utopia （内容和主旨及对莫尔的评价）Francis Bacon Essays (Of Studies)（欣赏）Edmund Spenser The Shepherd’s CalendarThe Fairy Queen （为什么斯宾塞被称为诗人中的诗人? 《仙后》的寓意）Christopher Marlowe Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus(plots, theme, achievement)William Shakespeare (37 plays, 3 periods)The Tragicomics, esp Romeo and JulietGreat Comodies, esp The Merchant of VeniceGreat Tragedies, esp HamletHistories, esp Henry IVRomances,esp The Tempest( Plot, theme, characters)(对莎士比亚的评价及莎士比亚戏剧的特点) Ben Jonson Volpone (琼森戏剧的特点)IV. English Literature of the Revolution and Restoration Period (17th century)1.Historical Background (了解)The English RevolutionThe Restoration of MornachyThe Glorious Revolution2. Literature Features (了解). PoetryProseDrama3. Literature Terms:(记忆)Metaphysical PoetsCavalier Poets4. Main Writers and Their Works:（记忆）John Donne Songs and Sonnet (features of his poems)John Milton ( 3periods, poems, pamphlets and epics)Paradise Lost(story, theme, characters)（对弥尔顿的评价）John Bunyan The Pilgrim’s Progress（allegory, story, theme,features）to be or not to be ,that is a questionTo be, or not to be: that is the question:Whether 'tis nobler in the mind to sufferThe slings and arrows of outrageous fortune,Or to take arms against a sea of troubles,And by opposing end them. To die: to sleep;No more; and by a sleep to say we endThe heart-ache, and the thousand natural shocks That flesh is heir to, 'tis a consummation Devoutly to be wish'd. To die, to sleep;To sleep: perchance to dream: aye, there's the rub; For in that sleep of death what dreams may come, When we have shuffled off this mortal coil,Must give us pause: there's the respectThat makes calamity of so long life;For who would bear the whips and scorns of time, The oppressor's wrong, the proud man's contumely, The pangs of despised love, the law's delay,The insolence of office, and the spurnsThat patient merit of the unworthy takes,When he himself might his quietus makeWith a bare bodkin? who would fardels bear,To grunt and sweat under a weary life,But that the dread of something after death,The undiscover'd country from whose bournNo traveler returns, puzzles the will,And makes us rather bear those ills we haveThan fly to others that we know not of?Thus conscience does make cowards of us all, And thus the native hue of resolutionIs sicklied o'er with the pale cast of thought,And enterprises of great pitch and momentWith this regard their currents turn awryAnd lose the name of action.译文一：生存或毁灭, 这是个问题:是否应默默的忍受坎苛命运之无情打击,还是应与深如大海之无涯苦难奋然为敌,并将其克服。
英国文学简史复习资料
A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH LITERATURE1. the Angles, Saxons and Jutes were three tribes from Northern Europe.2.English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people.3.Features of Beowulf 贝奥武普: the most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration头韵.（definition）In alliterative verse, certain accented words in a line begin with the same consonant sound. Other features of Beowulf are the use of metaphors and of understatements.4. The French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066.(the Norman Conquest)5. The Romance 罗曼司---the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England. It was a long composition, sometimes in prose, describing the life and a adventures of a noble hero.Adventures of King Arthur and his Knights of the Round Table6. The Class Nature of the RomanceThe theme of loyalty to king and lord was repeatedly emphasized in romance , as loyalty was the corner-stone of feudal morality, without which the whole structure of feudalism would collapse.They were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.7.the Ballads 民谣The most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song; usually in 4-line, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.8. The Robin Hood Ballad --- the various ballads of Robin Hood are gathered into a collection called The Geste of Robin Hood.绿林好汉罗宾汉的故事9. The founder of English poetry is Geoffrey Chaucer. 乔叟The Canterbury Tales ---(1) a collection of 24 stories (2)close links---stories are closely connected to each other (3)stories into groups on different subjects -- story-tellers, from ranks, professions, religions (4)variation in form三大著名教堂：Westminster Cathedral 西敏寺大教堂Saint Pail’s Cathedral 圣保罗大教堂Canterbury Cathedral 坎特布雷大教堂10.The Renaissance and HumanismThe rise of the bourgeoisie soon showed its influence in the sphere of cultural life. The result is an intellectual movement known as the Renaissance, or, the rebirth of letters. It spang first in Italy in the 14th century and gradually spread all over Europe. Two features are striking of this movement. The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. Old manuscripts were dug out. There arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors. While people learned to admire the Greek and Latin works as models of literary form, they caught something in spirit very different from the medieval Catholic dogma. So the love of classics was but an expression of the generation dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.Another feature of the Renaissance is the keen interest in the activities of humanity. Humanism is the key-note of the Renaissance.Humanism reflected the new outlook of the rising bourgeois class. According to the humanists, both man and world are hindered onlyby external checks from infinite improvement. Man could mould the world according to his desires, and attain happiness by removing all external checks by the exercise of reason.11.Edmund Spenser 斯宾塞The poet’s poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.The Faerie Queene : nationalism, humanism , puritanismThe Faerie Queene (definition)i s written in a special verse form that consists of eight iambic pentameter lines followed by a ninth line of six iambic feet(an alexandrine), with the rhyme scheme ababbcbcc. This form has since been called the Spenserian Stanza.12.Drama 戏剧: the Miracle Play 奇迹剧, The Morality Play 道德剧, The Interlude 幕间剧, The Classical Drama 古典剧12.Marlowe（马洛）’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine 帖木耳(1587), The Jes of Malta马耳他的犹太人(1592), and Doctor Faustus浮士德博士(1588).13.Social significance of Marlowe’s Plays:These plays show, in various ways, the spirit of the rising bourgeoisie , its eager curiosity for knowledge, its towering pride, its insatiable, appetite for power whether that be won by military might, knowledge, or gold.In Tamburlaine, it is ambition; in Doctor Faustus, desire for knowledge; in The Jew of Malta, greed for wealth. They were typical images of the era of the primitive accumulation of capital.14.William Shakespeare莎士比亚was born on April 23, 1564, died on April 23, the anniversary of his birth, in 1616.A Chronological List of Shakespeare’s Plays: 四大悲剧Hamlet 哈姆雷特,Macbeth麦克白,Othello 奥赛罗,King Lear 李尔王.The reasons of the Melancholy（忧郁）of Hamlet: (1)he seems to understand that his mere revenge upon his uncle would in no way solve the problems that trouble and upset him.(2)he does not want to include the Britain into the chaos.(3)the crisis of humanism---the root of the murder is the political system.ton米尔顿--Paradise Lost 失乐园，Samson Agonistes 力士参孙16.Bunyan 班扬---the Pilgrim’s Progress 天路历程17.Metaphysical玄学派PoetsThe works of the Metaphysical Poets are characterized, generally speaking, by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.John DonneAnother school of poetry prevailing in the period was that of Cavalier Poets.18.The Enlightenment 启蒙运动in Europe:The 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place al branches of science at the service of mankind by by connecting them with the actual needs and requirements of people.Steele and The Tatler闲话者Addison and The Spectator观察家To sum up Steele’s and Addison’s contribution to the English literature:1. Their writings afford a new code of social morality for the rising bourgeoisie/2. They give a true picture of the social life of England in the 18th century.3. In the hands of Addison and Steele, the English essay had completely established itself as a literary genre. Using it as a form of character sketching and story -telling, they ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.19.Jonathan Swift 乔纳森斯威夫特---Gulliver’s Travels 格列佛游记Pamphlets on Ireland 关于爱尔兰问题的小册子--A Modest Proposal 一个温柔的建议20.Richardson--he was noted as a storyteller, letter writer and moralizer.Pamela:Pamela was a new thing in three ways,firstly,it discarded the “improbable and marvelous”accomplishments of the former heroic romances, and pictured the life and love of ordinary people. Secondly,its intention was to afford not merely entertainment but also moral instruction. Thirdly, it described not only the sayings and doings of the characters but also their secret thoughts and feelings.22. Fielding 菲尔丁---Joseph Andrews(a parody 戏仿to Pamela)23.（约翰逊）Johnson’s Dictionary:(1)it marked an epoch in the study of the English language.(2)also marked the end of English writers’reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.24.Sentimentalism感伤主义: it came into being as the result of a bitter discontent among the enlightened people with social reality. The representatives of Sentimentalism continued to struggle against feudalism, but they sensed st the same time the contradictions in the process of capitalist development. Dissatisfied with reason, which classicists appealed to, sentimentalists appealed to sentiment, “to the huamn heart.”25.Blake 布莱克----Songs of Innocence contains poems which were apparently written for children, using a language which even little babies can learn by heart, and in Songs of Experience, a much maturer work,entirely different themes are to be found, for in this collection of poems the poet drew pictures of neediness and distress and showed the sufferings of the miserable.The contrast between Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience is of great significance. It marks a progress in the poet’s outlook on life.26.Burns 彭斯peasant poet 农民诗人（前浪漫主义诗人）27.Romanticism 浪漫主义prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832. Generally speaking, the romanticists expressed the ideology and sentiment of those classes and social strata who were discontent with, and opposed to, the development of capitalism. But owing to difference in social and political attitudes, they split into two schools. Some romantic writers reflected the thinking of classes ruined by the bourgeoisie, and by way of protest against capitalist development turned to the feudal past, i.e. The “”merry Old England,”as their ideal, or “frightened by the coming of industrialism and the nightmare towns of industry, they were turning to nature of protection.”These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also benne called the Lake Poets because they had lived in the Lake District in the northwest of England and shared acommunity of literary and social outlook in their work. Other expressed the aspirations of the classes created by capitalism and held out an ideal, though a vague one, of a future society free from oppression and exploitation. These were the younger generation of romanticists and sometimes called active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.So the general feature if the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual”under capitalism. Their writings are filled with strong-willed heroes, formidable events, tragic situations, powerful conflicting passions, and exotic pictures. Sometimes they resort to symbolic methods. With the active romanticists, symbolic pictures represent a vague idea of some future society, while with the escapist romanticists, these often take on a mystic color. In contrast to the rationalism of the enlighteners and classicists in the 18th century, the romanticists paid great attention to the spiritual and emotional life of man. Nature, often personified, also plays an important role in their works. The passions of man and the beauties of nature appealed strongly to the imagination of the Romantic writer, and the glory of the lakes and mountains, the little joys or sorrows of children, the weal and woe of ordinary, uncultured peasants, the wonder of the fairy world, and the splendor of the Greek art all because the fountain-heads of the writer’s inspiration. Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments. In fact, all the romanticists mentioned above were poets. The Romantic Period was one of poetical revival.28.Wordsworth: in 1798 Wordsworth and Coleridge jointly published the Lyrical Ballads. The publication marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e. With classicism, and the beginning of the Romantic revival in England. “all good poetry is the spontaneous overflow of powerful feeling.”His “Lucy” poems are a series of short pathetic lyrics on the theme of harmony between humanity and nature.29.Shelley 雪莱: Queen Mab 麦布女王The Revolt of Islam 伊斯兰暴动Prometheus Unbound 解放了的普罗米修斯30.Keats济慈: ode 颂Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn 古瓮颂, Ode to a Nightingale 夜莺颂An Analysis of Jane EyreThe novel is rich in poetry, symbolism and metaphor. It does not fit easily into a definite pattern, being neither a novel of "manners" in the tradition of Austen, or a straightforward Gothic Romance in the style of Mrs Radcliffe. What Charlotte Bronte did was to create a work which cleverly blends elements of the two styles, and which remains uniquely independent of them at the same time, since it addresses issues which were at the time rather controversial.The novel is written in the first person, and thus magnifies the central character - the reader enters the world of Jane Eyre and is transported through her experiences at first hand. This at once makes the work subjective, especially since we know that Charlottes Brontes own life and experiences were so closely interwoven with the heroine's. As well as this we learn only at the end of the novel that the events are being related to us ten years after the reconciliation with Rochester - thus the narrative is RETROSPECTIVE (looking back). CB is clever in blending the narrative so that at times Jane seems to be speaking as an adult with adult hindsight , while at others she she is "in the middle" of them, as a child or young woman. The indecision which is a central issue in the book, is heightened by this device. We never know, as readers, whether to be entirely trustful of Janes actions and thoughts, because we are never sure wheher she is speaking impulsively or maturely.This intensifies the readers dilemma as to what is "right" and "wrong" in the dramatic relationships which are part of JE's life. Can we believe what the heroine says, or is she deceiving herself? The novel is primarily a love story and a "romance" where wishes come true but only after trials and suffering. The supernatural has its place, as do dreams, portents and prophesies. The heroine begins poor and lonely and ends up rich and loved; the orphan finds a good family to replace the wicked one; all the basic ingredients of classic romantic fairytale are present.The romantic element is present in two forms in Jane Eyre; the "family" aspect is dealt with in the Gateshead, Lowood and Moor House episodes, which involve the exchanging of the wicked Reed family for the benevolent Rivers one; and the Love romance is dealt with in the Thornfield and Ferndean episodes. Both aspects are, of course linked and interwoven throughout the novel.There is also a strong element of realism in the novel, which, married to the romantic aspect, enhances the novel's strength.The sense of place is very strong; we are able to experience both exterior and interior settings with startling clarity throughout the story, in a series of vivid deive passages. The central characters are also realistic and their confrontations and sufferings change them in a believable way.Even the unlikely is made plausible, with a unique blend of high drama and perceptive low comedy (the attack on Mason, for instance)The more fantastic romantic aspects; the coincidences; the secrets; the supernatural occurrences, are balanced by the realism, and this is of course a major strength.The Gothic influence cannot be ignored, although CB has refined the technique considerably from the "authentic" Gothic of the 1790's. In the original genre, the heroine would typically be abductedand threatened with seduction, or worse!. There would be a lover - a respectable, well-bred young man - who would endeavor to rescue the heroine and would succeed after many trial. the seducer would be a brigand "Know that I adore Corsairs!" and he would lock the girl up in a remote castle.There was little freedom for middle class women during the period of the Gothic novel, and this was still the case in the time of CB. Marriage especially was often a bargain, whereby fortunes were secured by using the female as a pawn. A woman's value largely depended therefore on her sexual purity and she was guarded and secured as a result. Men, on the contrary, were potent and free; lovers and mistresses were common. Ironically the women who provided their services were social outcasts as a result.In Jane Eyre we see elements of the Gothic romance, in that Thornfield Hall and Rochester are described very much in the brigand/castle style BUT Jane Eyre is not abducted by R. On the contrary she chooses to go there of her own free will. AND she is clear in her determination to have Rochester as a husband. Neither is there a gentleman rescuer; St John Rivers may look like a Greek God, but he is neither kind nor benevolent; driving Jane back to Ferndean, not rescuing her from it.The trials which the hero is supposed to undergo in a Gothic romance are in fact undergone by the heroine in Jane Eyre. The bandit Rochester is only skin-deep. Underneath the brooding exterior is a sensitive soul, which a WOMAN frees. In this way we see that CB created rather a daring departure from conventional fiction, although there are still many aspects of the novel which remain true to Victorian convention.!3. The Joys of Writing (by Winston Churchill)【导读】温斯顿·丘吉尔(Winston Churchill), 英国首相、保守党领袖。
分组英美课后习题
Old English LiteratureReview Questions1. Give an account of the history of England from the Celtic settlement to the Norman Conquest.2. How did Christianity came to England? Name the most important monasteries of this period.3. Name some representative pieces of the Old English poetry.4. Name the two most important Christian poets of this period.5. Analyse the artistic features of Beowulf, using the quoted passage to illustrate your points.Middle English LiteratureI. Fill in the blanks: (30%)1. The first settlers of the British Isles were ________, and Britain got its name from a branch of this people called ________. But later they were driven to live in ________, ________ and ________.2. The ________, ________ and ________ were ________ tribes originally living on the Continent. They moved to the British Isles and became the ancestors of the ________ people.3. The most important event of the Old English Period was ________, which took place in the year ________.4. The Roman Catholic Church sent ________ to England in 597 ________ the English people to Catholicism.5. Name two poems of this period apart from Beowulf: ________, and ________.6. Beowulf is an epic of ________ lines, and it tells the events that took place on ________ before they moved to the British Isles.7. After the Anglo-Saxon English took in loan words from ________ and ________ and lost most of its ________ and many of its grammar rules, it was called ________.8. Romance can be divided into three kinds according to subject matter. They are ________, ________ and ________.9. Romances of the English subject are tales about ________ and his ________.10. John Wyclif was a translator of ________, William Langland wrote ________ and the most famous English ballads are those about ________.II. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The two centers of Christian culture in the Old English Period was in Canterbury and Northumbria.Caedmon belonged to Northumbrian School, whereas the Venerable Bede was a member of the Canterbury Abbey in south England.The first English national epic poem is Widsith.Old English poetry is distinguished by its use of alliteration and kennings.Chaucer is the greatest lyrical poet of the Middle English PeriodThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer's masterpiece, but it is unfinished with only 24 tales written. Modern English is developed from the London dialect of the Middle English Period, which isa great contribution made by Chaucer to the English language.Most of the English popular ballads have their origin in the French folklore.The Normans were interested in the Cycle of King Arthur because they wanted to prove they were lawful heirs to the Celtic ancestors of Britain.Chaucer's humanistic ideas anticipate the English Renaissance.IV. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. epic2. alliteration3. iambic pentameter4. romance5. balladIV. Choose one from each of the following two groups of questions and write a short essay of about 300 words to the first and about 500 words to the second: (45%)Group One: (20%)1. Give a historical review of the Old English Period.2. Say something about the transition from Old English to Middle English and the historical elements that had brought about this transition.Group Two: (25%)1. Analyze the theme(s) and artistic features of Beowulf.2. Comment on Chaucer's achievements and contributions with examples from his works.English Renaissance PeriodReview Questions1. How did England become the most powerful country during the Tudor reign?2. What does the word "Renaissance" mean and why do we call this historical period the English Renaissance Period?3. Give a brief account of Thomas More's life and his major work Utopia.4. Name Spenser's major literary work and tell what it is about.5. Name more writers (poets and playwrights) of this period and tell what you know about them.6. What are Bacon's chief contributions?7. Who was the greatest playwright before Shakespeare? Discuss one of his plays.8. What kind of comedy is Ben Jonson's special contribution? And as a playwright how different is Ben Jonson from Shakespeare?QuizFill in the blanks: (50%)1. ________ broke away from the Roman Catholic Church and established ________.2. It was ________ and ________ who introduced Italian sonnets into England.3. Thomas More's famous line in Utopia that exposes the calamities of the Enclosure Movement is ________.4. Faerie Queene was planned for 12 books, each standing for one moral principle, but only ________ books were finished centering on the following six virtues: ________, ________, ________, ________, ________, ________and ________.5. Philip Sidney's essay on poetry is called ________; John Lyly's prose romance has a main character ________, whose name is afterward responsible for an expression in the dictionary to represent a style of speech; Thomas Lodge is mainly remembered today for his prose romance ________, Thomas Nasbe is believed to have joined Marlowe in writing ________; and Robert Greene is connected with Shakespeare for attacking the latter in one of his pamphlets as a(n) ________.6. Christopher Marlowe used ________ to write his plays and two of his important plays are________, and ________.7. Francis Bacon's works are expressions of his thought on ________, and his prose style is best represented in an essay called ________.8. Ben Jonson's masterpiece is a comedy of humours called ________, and he was made ________ in 1616.9. List any three of Shakespeare's comedies: ________, ________, and ________.10. The four great tragedies by Shakespeare are ________, ________, ________, and ________.11. Shakespeare has produced two tetralogies of English history plays, and the most discussed two are ________, and ________.12. Falstaff was no good companion for ________, who later became ________, a powerful king of England.13. ________ was a Jew and a usurer in ________, and he tried to take revenge on the Christians who despised and ill-treated him.14. lago is the villain in ________, who set a trap to lead ________ to believe that his wife ________ was unfaithful to him.15. ________ is a spirit in the dramatic romance ________, in which he helped ________, the former duke of ________ to get back the lost power.16. Shakespeare wrote ________ sonnets, which can be divided into groups with ________ and ________ sonnets in each group.17. The Shakespearean sonnet rhymes ________, and the last ________ lines are used as a conclusion to sum up the message of the poem.II. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The English Enclosure Movement was a drive to fence up large pieces of land to raise sheep. The Tudor reign reached its most glorious time under King Henry VIII.In 1688 the English navy defeated the Spanish Armada on the high seas.Humanism opposed the Roman Catholic Church and the medieval bondage on people's minds.Miracle plays are simple and mostly tell the stories of the Bible.The university wits were all university graduates and they lived on university campuses.in Shakespeare's days all the female roles were performed by boys.Romeo and Juliet was written in the third period of Shakespeare's creative career.The Spenserian stanza contains 8 iambic lines of 5 feet each and one last line of 6 feet.The Arcadia is a romance in verse by Philip Sidney, which consists of 5 books.III. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. the Shakespearean sonnet2. blank verse3. pastoral poem4. three unities5. allegoryIV. Essay question: (25%)Choose one essay question from the given two and write an essay of at least 500 words.1. Give a general account of the first flowering of Literature in the English Renaissance Period.2. Write an introduction of Shakespeare, his life and his literary achievements.The 17th Century LiteratureReview Questions1. What historical elements caused the English Bourgeois Revolution and why is it so called the Puritan Revolution?2. Tell what you know about Milton's life.3. Make some comments on the epic poem Paradise Lost.4. In what way does Samson's last heroic deed remind us of Milton's last phase of life?Review Questions1. Tell the unique features of the "Metaphysical Poetry".2. Choose one poem by metaphysical poets and discuss it as well as you can.3. Introduce the historical background for the emergence of the Restoration drama.4. Choose to comment on one Restoration comedy writer and his play(s).Review Questions1. Choose either Absalom and Achitophel or Mac Flecknoe and analyse it to show Dryden's satirical power.2. Why is Dryden called "Father of English Literary Criticism"? What are his literary views presented in Of Dramatick Poesie?3. What kind of a writer is John Bunyan?4. Discuss as well as you can The Pilgrim's Progress.QuizI. Choose one correct answer from the four offers given after each of the following sentences or questions: (15%)1. Who was the leader of the Puritan Revolution of England?A. John LilburneB. Oliver CromwellC. MiltonD. Charles II2. Who was executed as the enemy of the English people after the victory of the Bourgeois Revolution?A. James IIB. Queen ElizabethC. Charles IID. Charles 13. The Glorious Revolution took place in the year of ________.A. 1660B. 1688C. 1642 D 16494. The Bible was translated under the reign of ________ and published in ________.A. King James I, 1611B. King Charles I, 1625C. King James II, 1688D. King Charles I1, 16605. In the early 17th century there was a group of court poets represented by John Suckling, Robert Herrick, etc. who were called ________.A. metaphysical poetsB. cavalier poetsC. satirical poetsD. lyrical poets6. Milton's poem Lycidas is a(n) ________ and his Paradise Lost is written in ________.A. epic, heroic coupletB. pastoral poem, sonnetC. lyrical poem, rhymed verseD. elegy, blank verse7. Metaphysical poets are noted for their use of ________.A. blank verseB. conceitsC. alliterationD. typography8. In the Restoration Period, drama revived mainly because ________.A. Charles I1 and his court brought back with them a taste for dramaB. there appeared many good playwrightsC. the new bourgeois class liked dramaD. it was a reaction against the suppression of drama performance by the Puritan government9. Restoration plays have a significance in the history of English literature because ________.A. they are very entertaining with witty dialoguesB. they have themes about love and marriage of the city peopleC. they anticipate the plays of social manners by later dramatists like Sheridan and GoldsmithD. they have preserved comedies as a dramatic genre from distinctionI0. William Congreve chose to write his comedies on subjects of ________.A. family and social pressures on young people's free choice in love and marriageB. intrigues and deceptions in the games of love and marriageC. indecent sexual liaisons and the libertine life styleD. the fight over inheritance and marriage for money and rank11. Of the four speakers in his Of Dramatick Poesie John Dryden speaks through the character called ________.A. EugeniusB. CritesC. LisideiusD. Neander12. Besides heroic plays, Dryden also produced ________ such as Secret Love and Marriage a-la-Mode.A. tragi-comediesB. history playsC. dramatic romancesD. problem plays13. In religion John Bunyan was a ________.A. ProtestantB. Puritan dissenterC. CatholicD. Church of England man14. The Pilgrim's Progress is a(n) ________.A. fairy taleB. religious documentC. realistic novelD. allegory15. Before Dryden and Bunyan, the English prose mainly followed the ________ styles.A. Italian and FrenchB. French and SpanishC. French and LatinD. Spanish and LatinII. Give the full name of the authors of the following works: (10%)1. Grace Abounding to the Chief o/Sinners2. The Way of the World3. Absalom and Achitophel4. The Flea5. Areopagutuca; or Speech for the Liberty of Unlicensed Printing6. The Man of Mode7. The Work of the Beast8. The Altar9. The True Levellers' Standard Advanced10. The Plain-DealerIII. Identification exercises: You are given three passages below from the works we have introduced in this part. Please read each carefully and then answer the questions attached to each passage (30%)1. [...] at this fair are all such merchandise sold, as houses, lands, trades, places, honours,prefermentst, titles, countries, kingdoms, lusts, pleasures, and delights of all sorts, as whores, bawds, wives, husbands, children, masters, servants, lives, blood, bodies, souls, silver, gold, pearls, precious stones, and what not.Questions:1) From which work is this passage taken and who is its author? (2 points)2) What is this passage about? (3 points)3) Translate the passage into Chinese. (5 points)2. Like mine, thy gentle numbers feebly creep;Thy tragic Muse gives smiles, thy comic sleep.With whate'er gall thou sett'st thyself to write,Thy inoffensive satires never bite.Questions:1) Name the work from which this poetic stanza is taken. (1 point)2) Who is the author of the poem and what kind of poetry is this? (2 points)3) Who is the poetic persona that speaks these lines and who is the addressee? (2 points)4) Paraphrase the first two lines. (5 points)3. Had we but world enough and time,This coyness, lady, were no crime.We would sit down, and think which wayTo walk, and pass out long love's day.Thou by the Indian Ganges' sideShouldst rubies find, [ by the tideOf Humber would complain. I wouldLove you ten years before the Flood.And you should, if you please, refuseTill the conversion of the Jews.Questions:1) Who is the poet of this selection and what is the name of the poem from which it is taken? (2 points)2) What kind of poetry is this called? (1 point)3) Translate the underlined verse lines. (5 points)4) What does the young man want to tell his mistress in this selected section? (2 points)IV. Essay questions: (45%)I. Choose one from the given two topics and write an essay of at least 300 words: (20%)1) Give a brief account of John Dryden's literary contributions.2) Discuss John Bunyan and his masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress.2. Write an essay on the following topic in about 500 words: (25%)Analyse as well as you can John Milton's Paradise Lost.18th Century LiteratureReview Questions1. What are the essential features of Neoclassicism in the 18th-century England?2. Name the major Neoclassic representative writers of this period and introduce their major achievements.3. Comment on Pope's literary contributions.4. Analyse Swift's Gulliver's Travels.5. Name two important newspapers of the period and tell what you know about them.6. Why do we say Johnson was the literary lion of this period? Choose to discuss one of his works. Review Questions1. Discuss the social and historical elements that promoted the birth of the modern novel inEngland.2. Discuss Defoe's Robinson Crusoe as a typical middle-class novel.3. What kind of novel did Richardson write? And discuss his two major novels to show your points.4. How did Fielding name his panoramic novels? What are the main features of his novels?5. Why do we say that Tristram Shandy is a strange and difficult novel? In what way does this novel anticipate the postmodern novel tendencies?Romanticism LiteratureReview Questions1. What is Topographical Poetry? Give some examples of poems belong to this category.2. Why is Thomas Gray called a Graveyard poet? Discuss his Elegy Written in a Country Church-Yard.3. Choose to discuss two of Robert Burns' poems.4. Tell what you know about William Blake and his literary achievements.5. What was the intellectual background that brought about the Gothic Novel?6. Choose one from the three Gothic novelists introduced in this chapter and discuss his or her major novel as well as you can. ~'QuizI. Identify the following works with their writers: (10%)The Rape of the Lock Laurence SterneGulliver's Travels Henry FieldingLives of the English Poets Alexander PopeCato Jonathan SwiftThe Seasons Matthew Gregory I~Robinson Crusoe Samuel RichardsonA Sentimental Journey Through France and Italy Joseph AddisonClarissa Samuel JohnsonTom Jones Daniel DefoeThe Monk James ThomsonII. Fill in the blanks: (20%)1. The two well-known newspapers run by Steele and Addison are ________ and ________.2. Pope wrote a poem about literary principles in the form of ________, which is entitled ________.3. ________ was prejudiced against ________, whereas ________ wrote 18 critical essays to praise this great English poet.4. Gulliver's Travels consists of ________ books to tell separately Gulliver's adventures in ________, ________, ________ and ________.5. Johnson took 7 years to compile ________, and he ran a journal called ________.6. Pope solved his financial problem with the money he got from translating ________, and Richardson became the first English writer who did not depend on writing for ________.7. Name two English female novelists during the first flowering of the novel in England: ________ and ________.8. Robert Burns is most well-known for his poems written in ________ and William Blake took________ as his occupation.III. Mark the following statements as true (T) or false (F): (10%)The rise of the modern novel is closely related to the rise of the middle class and an urban life.Tom Jones is the first English tragic novel, whereas Clarissa is a comic novel of a panoramic social scope.Besides Robinson Crusoe, Defoe wrote two novels about the life of lowly women and they are Pamela and Moll Flanders.Richardson is regarded as the greatest letter novel writer of 18th-century Europe.Tristram Shandy is a unique novel in the world's literary history, which is ahead of its time in the experimentation of narrative skills.Gray is the most important representative of the Topographical Poets.Swift's satirical essay The Modest Proposal enraged the English king and a price of 300 pounds was set for the person who would betray him.Joseph Addison is also known as a good literary critic for his essays on Milton and on pleasures of imagination.Samuel Johnson was all his life an arm-chair traveler without an opportunity to travel beyond England.Radcliffe is different from the other Gothic novelists because she always gives a rational explanation to the seemingly terrible things in her novel.IV. Explain the following literary terms: (15%)1. picaresque novel2. Augustan Age3. heroic couplet4. mock epic5. quatrainV. Essay questions: (45%)Group I: Choose one question from the given three and write an essay to it in about 300 words: (20%)1) Choose to discuss one writer or work in this part you are more familiar with.2) Say something about Neoclassicism and its representation in English literature.3) Write to tell in what sense the modern novel is different from the picaresque novel, allegories and romances that went before it.Group 2: Choose one question from the three given below and write an essay to it in about 500 words: (25%)1) Compare Richardson and Fielding to show their differences in theme and in technique.2) Say something about Defoe as a typical middle-class writer and comment on his character Robinson Crusoe as well.3) Comment on Alexander Pope and his contributions to English poetry.Review Questions1. What was the historical situation that nurtured the English Romanticism?2. Who are the representatives of English Romantic Poetry.'? And how are they generally grouped?3. Say what you know about Wordsworth's life and his ideas about poetry.4. Choose two of Wordsworth's poems and analyse them with your own perceptions.5. Give an account of Coleridge's life and his literary achievements.6. Tell the story of "The Rime of the Ancient Mariner" and try to analyse its romantic features. Review Questions1. What are the differences between the Lake Poets and the younger generation of English Romanticists?2. Describe the Byronic hero and the main thematic and artistic features of Byron's poetry.3. What are Shelley's social ideals seen in his poetry? And illustrate your points with his poems we introduce in this chapter.4. What is John Keats" ideas about beauty, immortality and love? Analyse one poem by him to show your point.。
适合高中生的中英文读物
适合高中生的中英文读物
如果你正在寻找适合高中生的中英文读物，那么你来对地方了。
下面是一些值得推荐的书籍。
1. 《麦田里的守望者》(The Catcher in the Rye) by J.D. Salinger
这是一本经典的美国小说，讲述了一个叛逆的青少年Holden Caulfield的故事。
这部小说探讨了成长、自我认知和社会压力等主题，适合高中生阅读。
2. 《英国文学史》(A History of English Literature) by Michael Alexander
这是一本关于英国文学发展历史的书籍，包括了从中世纪到现代的文学作品和作家。
它可以帮助高中生理解英国文学的发展历程和主要作品。
3. 《了不起的盖茨比》(The Great Gatsby) by F. Scott Fitzgerald
这是另一本经典的美国小说，讲述了上流社会的浪漫和堕落。
这本书可以帮助高中生理解20世纪的美国文化和价值观。
4. 《哈利·波特》系列 (Harry Potter series) by J.K. Rowling
这是一系列畅销书籍，讲述了一个年轻巫师哈利·波特的冒险故事。
这些书籍不仅适合青少年阅读，也适合成年读者。
5. 《1984》(1984) by George Orwell
这是一本关于极权主义和政治控制的小说，可以帮助高中生理解现代政治和社会的问题。
它也是一部经典的文学作品，值得一读。
以上是一些适合高中生阅读的中英文读物，希望可以帮助你更好地发展你的阅读兴趣和扩展你的知识面。
A-Brief-History-of-English
A-Brief-History-of-EnglishA Brief History of EnglishN o understanding of the English language can be very satisfactory without a notion of the history of the language. But we shall have to make do with just a notion. The history of English is long and complicated, and we can only hit the higl1 spots.不了解英语的历史很难真正掌握这门语言，然而对此我们只能做到略有所知。
因为英语的历史既漫长又复杂，我们只能抓住其发展过程中的几个关键时期。
At the time of the Ro1nan Empire, the speakers of what was to become English were scattered along the northern coast of Europe. They spoke a dialect of Low German. More exactly, they spoke several different dialects, since they were several different tribes. The names given to the tribes who got to England are Angles, Saxons, and Jutes, who are referred to collectively as Anglo-Saxons4.在罗马帝国时期，散居在欧洲北部沿海的居民说一种西部德语的方言，这就是英语的前身。
更确切地说，由于隶属于不同的部落，他们说的是几种不同的方言。
英语简史-A BRIEF HISTORY OF ENGLISH
The Anglo-Saxon Period 410-787 A.D.
Anglo-Saxons-Jutes
Important Events in the (First) AngloSaxon Period
410-450 Angles and Saxons invade from Baltic shores of Germany, and Jutes invade from Jutland peninsula in Denmark, thus driving out the Celts.
Anglo-Saxon Poetry and Riddles The Book of Exeter
Contains more than 30 poems and 90 riddles. Written down by monks in about 975, our primary source of Anglo-Saxon poetry Dominant mood in poetry is elegiac, or mournful Dominant tone of riddles is light and somewhat bawdy (for entertainment purposes- think SNL).
The Most Important Results of the Roman Occupation
Established camps that eventually became towns. Maintained relative peace. Latin heavily influenced the English language. Christianity begins to replace Paganism, especially after St. Augustine converts King Aethelbert in 597.
英国文学史及选读复习8-summary-of-the-Age-of-Elizabeth
Summary of the Age of Elizabeth ( I )This period is generally regarded as the greatest in the history of English literature. Historically, we note in this age the tremendous impetus received from the Renaissance, from the Reformation, and from the exploration of the New World. It was marked by a strong national spirit, by patriotism, by religious tolerance, by social content, by intellectual progress, and by unbounded enthusiasm.Such an age, of thought, feeling, and vigorous action, finds its best expression in the drama; and the wonderful development of the drama, culminating in Shakespeare, is the most significant characteristic of the Elizabethan period. Though the age produced some excellent prose works, it is essentially an age of poetry; and the poetry is remarkable for its variety, its freshness, its youthful and romantic feeling. Both the poetry and drama were permeated by Italian influence, which was dominant in English literature from Chaucer to the Restoration. The literature of this age is often called the literature of the Renaissance, though, the Renaissance itself began much earlier, and for a century and a half added very little to English literary possessions.In the study of the age we have noted:1.The non-dramatic poetsThe poets who did not write for the stage.a. The center of this group is Edmund Spenser whose Shepherd’s Calendar(1579) marked the appearance of the first national poet since Chaucer’s death in 1400. His most famous work is The Faery Queen .The Shepherd’s Calendar is about his love and his melancholy over the lost love. The themes are generally rural life, nature, love in the fields; and the speakers are shepherds and shepherdesses. It consists of twelve pastoral poems, or eclogues, one for each month of the year.The Faery Queen. The original plan of the poem included twenty four books, each of which was to recount the adventure and triumph of a knight who represented a moral virtue. Spenser completed only six books, celebrating holiness, temperance, chastity, friendship, justice, and courtesy. For The Faery Queen, Spenser invented a new verse form, which has been called since his day the Spenserian stanza. It is in nine lines, eight of five feet each and last of six feet, riming ababbcbcc.Characteristics of Spenser’s po etry:1. perfect melody;2.a rare sense of beauty;3. a splendid imagination;4. a lofty moral purity and seriousness;5.a delicate idealismA Gentle Knight was pricking on the plaine,Ycladd in mightei armes and silver shielde,Wherein old dints of deepe woundes did remaine.The cruell markes of many a bloody fielde;Yet armes till that time did he never wield:His angry steede did chide his foming bitt,As much disdayning to the curbe to yield:Full iolly knight he seemed, and faire did sitt,As one for knightly giusts and fierce encounters fitt.b. minor poets associated with Spenser1. Thomas Sackville 1536-1608 earl of Dorset and Lord High Treasurer of England. In imitation of Dante’s Inferno, he formed the design of a great poem called The Mirror for Magistrates. He wrote also,in connection with Thomas Norton, first English tragedy, Ferrex and Porrex = Gorboduc2. Michael Drayton 1563-1631 most voluminous, chief work is Polyolbion, an enormous poem of many thousand couplets, describing the towns, mountains, and rivers of Britain, with the interesting legends connected with each. Two other long works Baron’s Wars , Heroic Epistle of England and “Ballad of Agincourt”.3. George Chapman 1559-1634, wrote chiefly for the stage. His plays, which were for the most part merely poems in dialogue, fell far below the high dramatic standard of his time and are now almost unread. His most famous work is the metrical translation of the Iliad and of the Odyssey. He is also remembered as the finisher of Marlowe’s Hero and Leander, in which, apart from the drama, the Renaissance movement is seen at perhaps its highest point in English poetry.4. Philip Sidney 1554-1586, the ideal gentleman, more interesting as a man than as a writer. His life expresses, better than any single literary work, the two ideals of the age,--- personal honor and national greatness. As a writer, he is known by three principal works, all published after his death. Arcadia is a pastoral romance. Apologie for Poetrie = Defense of Poesie , appeared in answer to a pamphlet by Stephen Gosson called The School of Abuse, in which the poetry of the age and its unbridled pleasure were denounced with puritan thoroughness and conviction. Astrophel and Stella is a collection of songs and sonnets addressed to Lady Penelope Devereux, to whom Sidney had once been betrothed.2.The rise and development of the drama in EnglandFirst the need, then the story, then the play; that seems to be the natural development of the drama in its simplest form. The great deeds of a people are treasured in its literature and later generations represent in play or pantomime certain parts of the story which appeal most powerfully to the imagination. To act a part seems as natural to humanity as to tell a story; and originally the drama is but an old story retold to the eye, a story put into action by living performers, who for the moment “make believe” or imagine themselves to be the old heroes.In Europe, as in Greece, the drama had a distinctly religious origin. The first characters were drawn from the New Testament, and the object of the first plays was to make the church service more impressive, or to emphasize moral lessons by showing the reward of the good and the punishment of the evil doer. In the latter days of the Roman Empire the church found the stage possessed by frightful plays, which debased the morals of a people already fallen too low. So the corrupt drama was driven from the stage, and plays of every kind were forbidden. But mankind loves a spectacle, and soon the church itself provided a substitute for the forbidden plays in the famous Mysteries and Miracles.a. Miracle and Mystery playsIn France the name miracle was given to any play representing the lives of the saints, while the mystery represented scenes from the life of Christ. In England this distinction was almost unknown;the name miracle was used indiscriminately for all plays having their origin in the Bible or in the lives of the saints; and the name mystery, to distinguish a certain class of plays, was not used until long after the religious drama had passed away. By the year 1300 the miracles were out of ecclesiastical hands and adopted eagerly by the town guilds.b. Morality playsThe second period of drama is shown by the increasing prevalence of the morality plays. In these the characters were allegorical personages,--- life, death, repentance, goodness, love, greed, and other virtues and vices. The morality marks a distinct advance over the miracle in that it gave free scope to the imagination for new plots and incidents. Of the known authors of moralities, two of the best are John Skelton, who wrote Magnificence and David Lindsay. They satirize or denounceabuses of church and state, and introduce living personages thinly disguised as allegories; so that the stage first becomes a power in shaping events and correcting abuses.c. InterludesIt is impossible to draw any accurate line of distinction between the moralities and interludes. In general we may think of the latter as dramatic scenes, sometimes given at banquets and entertainments where a little fun was wanted. The interludes originated, undoubtedly, in a sense of humor and was raised to the distinct dramatic form known as comedy by Heywood 1497?-1580?The Play of the Weather, The Fou r P’sd. Artistic period of the dramaThe artistic is the final stage in the development of the English drama. It differs radically from the other in that its chief purpose is not to point a moral but to represent human life as it is. The first true play in English is the comedy, Ralph Royster Doyster by Nicholas Udall. The story is that of a conceited fop in love with a widow, who is already engaged to another man. Gammer Gurton’s Needle, a domestic comedy, representing the life of the peasant class.The first English tragedy, Gorboduc, was written by Thomas Sackville and Thomas Norton. It is the first play to be written in blank verse.e. Dramatic unitiesIn the classic play the so-called dramatic unities of time, place, and action were strictly observed.Time and place must remain the same, the play could represent a period of only a few hours, and whatever action was introduced must take place at the spot where the play began. The severe simplicity of the classical drama seemed only to hamper the exuberant English spirit. The English drama, on the other hand, strove to represent the whole sweep of life in a single play.f. Two schools of dramaThe university wits generally upheld the classical ideal and ridiculed the crudeness of the new English plays. Sackville, Norton, Sidney were of this class.Lyly, Greene, Peele, Marlowe, these popular playwrights were against these. They recognized the English love of action and disregarded the dramatic unities in their endeavor to present life as it is.John Lyly 1554?-1606, known as having developed the pernicious literary style called euphuism.His two prose works Euphues, the Anatomy of Wit; Euphues and His England. The style is affected and overelegant, abounds in odd conceits, and uses hopelessly involved sentences.Thomas Kyd. Spanish Tragedy, melodrama of passion, copied by Marlow and Shakespeare.Robert Greene 1558-1592, plays the chief part in the early development of romantic comedy. Friar Bacon and Friar BungayChristopher Marlowe 1564—1593. In addition to Hero and Leander, he is famous for four dramas, known as one-man type of tragedy, each revolving about one central personality who is consumed by the lust of power. Tamburlaine, is the story of Timur, the Tartar. Faustus is of a scholar who longs for infinite knowledge. The Jew of Malta, is a study of lust for wealth. Edward II , isa tragic study of a king’s weakness and misery.Marlow is the only dramatist of the time who is ever compared with Shakespeare. When we remember that he died at 29, probably before Shakespeare had produced a single great play, we must wonder what he might have done had he outlived his wretched youth and become a man. Here and there his work is remarkable for its splendid imagination, for the stateliness of its verse, and for its rare bits of poetic beauty; but in dramatic instinct, in wide knowledge of human life, in humor, in delineation of woman’s character, in the delicate fancy----in a word, in all that makes a dramaticgenius, Shakespeare stands alone. Marlow simply prepared the way for the master who was to follow.g. Variety of the early drama1. chronicle plays, founded on historical events and characters. Of Shakespeare’s 37 plays, ten are true chronicle plays of English kings.2. The domestic plays began with crude home scenes introduced into the miracles and developed ina score of different ways, from the coarse humor of Gammer Gurton’s Needle to the comedy of manners of Jonson and the later dramatists. Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew , Merry Wives of Windsor belong to this class.3. The so-called court comedy was marked by elaborate dialogues, jests, retorts, and endless plays on words, rather than by action. It was made popular by Lyly’s success, and was imitated in Shakespeare’s “Lylian” comedies, such as Love’s Labour’s Lost , Two Gentlemen of Verona4. Romantic comedy and tragedy suggest the most artistic and finished types of the drama, brought to perfection in The Merchant of Venice , Romeo and Juliet , The Tempest .5. a. classical plays, favored by cultivated audiences. b. melodrama, favorite of the groundlings.c. tragedy of blood, such as Shakespeare’s Titus Andronicus , Hamlet Lear , Macbeth .3. Conclusion: Shakespeare is the only dramatist whose plays cover the whole range of the drama. He raised the drama from a blundering experiment to a perfection of form and expression which has never since been rivaled.。
北师大809英语专业知识参考书目
北师大809英语专业知识参考书目全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Reference Books for English Major Students at Beijing Normal UniversityFor students majoring in English at Beijing Normal University, having a solid collection of reference books is essential for academic success. These reference books cover a wide range of topics, from English grammar to literary theory, and provide students with the necessary tools to excel in their courses. Below is a list of recommended reference books for English major students at Beijing Normal University:1. "The Oxford English Grammar" by Sidney GreenbaumThis comprehensive grammar guide is a must-have for English major students. It covers all aspects of English grammar, from the basics of sentence structure to more advanced topics like tense and mood. With clear explanations and plenty of examples, this book is perfect for students looking to improve their writing skills.2. "A Glossary of Literary Terms" by M.H. AbramsFor students studying English literature, this book is an invaluable resource. It provides definitions and explanations of key literary terms, from allegory to zeugma. With this book on hand, students will be able to better understand and analyze the texts they study in their literature courses.3. "The Cambridge Encyclopedia of Language" by David CrystalThis comprehensive guide to language covers a wide range of topics, from the history of language to modern linguistic theory. With informative articles and stunning visuals, this book is sure to engage students with an interest in language and linguistics.4. "The Norton Anthology of English Literature" edited by Stephen GreenblattThis anthology is a staple in English literature courses. It features a wide selection of texts from the early medieval period to the present day, providing students with a comprehensive overview of English literature. With detailed annotations and insightful introductions, this anthology is a must-have for any English major student.5. "The Elements of Style" by William Strunk Jr. and E.B. WhiteThis classic guide to writing is essential for students looking to improve their writing skills. With simple and clear rules for writing effectively, this book is perfect for students who want to polish their essays and assignments.6. "The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Literary Terms" by Chris BaldickThis dictionary provides definitions and explanations of key literary terms, from allegory to versification. With concise and clear entries, this book is a valuable resource for students studying English literature.7. "English for Academic Purposes: An Advanced Resource Book" by Ken HylandThis resource book is designed for students who want to improve their academic English skills. With practical exercises and real-life examples, this book is perfect for students preparing for academic writing tasks.8. "The Oxford English Dictionary"This definitive dictionary is a must-have for English major students. With over 600,000 words and their definitions, thisdictionary is an essential tool for students studying English language and literature.With these reference books at hand, English major students at Beijing Normal University will have all the tools they need to succeed in their studies. From grammar guides to literary dictionaries, these books cover a wide range of topics and provide students with the knowledge and skills they need to excel in their courses.篇2Beijing Normal University (BNU) is a prestigious university in China, known for its strong English programs. The English Department at BNU offers a wide range of courses and resources for students studying English, including an extensive list of recommended textbooks and reference materials. For English majors at BNU, having the right books can make a big difference in their studies and understanding of the subject.The following is a list of recommended textbooks and reference materials for English majors at BNU:1. "The Norton Anthology of English Literature" - This comprehensive anthology covers a wide range of Britishliterature, from the medieval period to the present day. It is essential for students studying English literature.2. "The Oxford English Dictionary" - This authoritative dictionary is a must-have reference for any student of the English language. It provides detailed definitions, origins, and usage examples of words in the English language.3. "A History of the English Language" by Albert C. Baugh - This book provides a comprehensive overview of the history and evolution of the English language, making it an essential resource for English majors.4. "A Dictionary of Linguistics and Phonetics" by David Crystal - This dictionary provides definitions and explanations of key terms and concepts in linguistics and phonetics, making it a valuable reference for students studying language and linguistics.5. "Language in Thought and Action" by S.I. Hayakawa - This book explores the relationship between language, thought, and communication, making it a valuable resource for students studying communication and language.6. "The Elements of Style" by William Strunk Jr. and E.B. White - This classic guide to writing and grammar providesessential rules and tips for effective writing, making it a valuable resource for English majors.7. "Literary Theory: An Introduction" by Terry Eagleton - This book provides an overview of key theories and approaches to literary criticism, making it an essential resource for students studying literary theory.8. "The MLA Handbook" - This guide provides guidelines for citing sources and formatting academic papers according to the Modern Language Association (MLA) style, making it essential for students writing research papers and essays.9. "Introduction to English Linguistics" by Ingo Plag and Maria Braun - This book provides an introduction to the study of English linguistics, covering topics such as phonetics, syntax, and semantics, making it a valuable resource for students studying linguistics.10. "Critical Theory Today" by Lois Tyson - This book provides an overview of key theories in literary criticism and cultural studies, making it a valuable resource for students studying critical theory.In conclusion, the above list of recommended textbooks and reference materials can serve as a valuable guide for Englishmajors at BNU. By utilizing these resources, students can deepen their understanding of English literature, language, and communication, and enhance their academic studies in the field of English.篇3BNU 809 English Major Reference Book ListAs an English major at Beijing Normal University (BNU), it is essential to have a solid foundation in various areas of English language and literature. To help students achieve academic success and deepen their understanding of the subject, the following is a list of recommended reference books for English majors at BNU.1. "The Oxford English Dictionary" - This comprehensive dictionary is a must-have for any English major. It provides detailed definitions, etymology, and usage examples of English words, making it an invaluable resource for studying the language.2. "The Cambridge History of English Literature" - This series of books covers the history of English literature from the medieval period to the present day. It offers in-depth analyses ofkey literary movements, authors, and works, allowing students to gain a deeper understanding of English literature.3. "A History of the English Language" by Albert C. Baugh - This book provides a comprehensive overview of the history and development of the English language. It covers topics such as Old English, Middle English, and Modern English, offering insights into how the language has evolved over time.4. "The Norton Anthology of English Literature" - This anthology is a collection of significant literary works from English literature. It includes texts from various genres and time periods, allowing students to explore a wide range of literary styles and themes.5. "Stylistics" by Peter Verdonk - This book introduces students to the principles of stylistic analysis in English language and literature. It covers topics such as language variation, literary style, and the impact of context on meaning, providing students with valuable insights into the use of language in literature.6. "Critical Theory Today" by Lois Tyson - This book offers an introduction to key concepts in literary theory and criticism. It covers topics such as formalism, structuralism, postcolonial theory, and gender studies, helping students develop a critical framework for analyzing literary texts.7. "An Introduction to English Phonology" by April McMahon - This book provides an overview of English phonology, including topics such as phonemes, allophones, and stress patterns. It offers a foundation for understanding the sound system of the English language and how it is used in speech.8. "Pragmatics" by George Yule - This book explores the role of pragmatics in language use, focusing on how context influences meaning in communication. It covers topics such as speech acts, implicature, and politeness strategies, offering insights into how language is used in social interactions.These reference books are just a few examples of the resources available to English majors at BNU. By engaging with these texts and developing a deeper understanding of English language and literature, students can enhance their academic knowledge and analytical skills in the field. With a solid foundation in these areas, English majors at BNU can excel in their studies and pursue rewarding careers in the world of English language and literature.。
英国文学2——精选推荐
英国⽂学2Part One Anglo-Saxon Literature（⼤约450- 1066）Anglo-Saxon literature, that is, the Old English literature，is almost exclusively a verse（韵⽂）literature in oral form. It could be passed down by word of mouth from generation to generation. Its creators for the most part are unknown. It was only given a written form long after its composition. There were two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group was the pagan (⾮宗教的)poetry represented by Beowulf [bew?lf]（《贝奥武甫》它被认为是英国的民族史诗。
《贝奥武甫》讲述主⼈公贝奥武甫斩妖除魔，与⽕龙搏⽃的故事，具有神话⾊彩。
）课下⽹上欣赏电影“Beowulf” （⼥主⾓：安吉丽娜·朱莉）或《贝奥武夫与怪兽格兰戴尔》。
The second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon （凯德蒙，公元7世纪盎格鲁-撒克逊基督教诗⼈）and Cynewulf [K]（基涅武甫，盎格鲁-撒克逊诗⼈，⽣活在公元9世纪，其古英语诗稿于10世纪被发现，有《埃琳娜》、《使徒的命运》、《基督升天》和《朱莉安娜》等）.In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared.（《尚书》的出现标志着中国散⽂的形成。
英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点 中英对照
英国文学发展史及每个阶段的特点British history of literature and the characteristics of each stage毋庸置疑，英国小说是世界艺术之林中的一大景观。
它如同促使其滋生与进化的社会土壤一样，在历史的洪流中不断改弦易辙，急剧演变。
自文艺复兴时期以来，英国小说已经发展成为一种充满活力和魅力的艺术工具，对社会生活和历史变迁进行了生动的描述。
像英语一样，自它形成的那一天起，英国小说便建立了自己的规则和体系，虽东学一点，西借一点，却以坚定的步伐向前发展。
引人注目的是，尽管英国小说起步较晚，其历史比诗歌和戏剧短得多，但它却发展迅猛，变化巨大，流传甚广，其影响和作用早已大大地超过了诗歌和戏剧。
究其原因，英国小说不仅具有内容丰富、情节曲折和人物形象生动等特征，而且还因其篇幅灵活、形式多样，语言通俗和艺术精湛而备受广大读者的青睐。
经过无数作家的认真探索和反复实践，当代英国小说在艺术形式和创作技巧上与它早期的雏形已不可同日而语。
如果说，英国小说的崛起完全符合文学发展的客观规律；那么，其小说艺术的发展既是社会进化的一个显著标志，也是文学现代化的必然结果。
Undoubtedly, the English novel is a great landscape in the world art tries. It as urging its growth and evolution of social soil, as in history stream of continuous converted, sharp evolution. Since the Renaissance, England has novel has developed into a dynamic and charm of the art tools, to the social life and historical changes the vivid description. Like English is same, since it formed the day, the English novel, he set up his own rules and system, although east, west borrowed learn a little bit, but with the firm steps forward development. Remarkably, although English novels startting evening, its history than poems and plays a much shorter, but it is developing rapidly, dramatic change, widespread, its influence and effect already greatly exceeds poetry and drama. Investigate its reason, English novels not only has the rich content and plots and characters vivid characteristics such as length, but also because of its flexible and diverse forms, colloquial English and art consummate and has extensive readers' favor. After countless writer's earnest exploration and repeated practice, contemporary English novels in artistic form and creative skills on early embryo of with it already is obvious. If, say, the rise of the English novel completely accord with the objective law of the development of literature, So, its novel artistic development is both social evolution a distinctive sign, but also the inevitable result of the modern literature.应当指出，英国小说艺术，像其他艺术形式一样，不可避免地经历了一个从原始到成熟的发展过程。
关于莎士比亚的四大悲剧英文作文
关于莎士比亚的四大悲剧英文作文全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1William Shakespeare is one of the most renowned playwrights in the history of English literature. His works include a range of genres, but his tragedies are perhaps the most famous. Among his many tragedies, there are four in particular that are widely regarded as his greatest: "Hamlet," "Othello," "King Lear," and "Macbeth.""Hamlet" is Shakespeare's longest play and one of his most well-known tragedies. It tells the story of Prince Hamlet of Denmark, who seeks revenge against his uncle Claudius, who has murdered Hamlet's father in order to seize the throne. The play explores themes of madness, revenge, and moral corruption, and is known for its famous soliloquies, including Hamlet's iconic "To be or not to be" speech."Othello" is a tragedy about the Moorish general Othello, who is manipulated by his ensign Iago into believing that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful. The play is known for its exploration of themes such as jealousy, racism, and the destructive power ofsuspicion. The character of Iago is considered one of Shakespeare's most complex and villainous antagonists."King Lear" is a tragedy about the titular King of Britain, who decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters based on their declarations of love for him. When his youngest daughter Cordelia refuses to flatter him, Lear banishes her and descends into madness. The play explores themes of power, family, and the consequences of folly and pride."Macbeth" is a tragedy about a Scottish general who is urged by his ambitious wife to murder King Duncan and seize the throne. Macbeth's actions lead to a spiral of bloodshed and paranoia, as he becomes consumed by guilt and fear. The play is renowned for its portrayal of the corrupting influence of unchecked ambition.These four tragedies are among Shakespeare's most enduring works, and they continue to be performed and studied by audiences and scholars around the world. Each play explores themes of power, betrayal, and the human condition, and their tragic protagonists are some of the most memorable characters in literature. Shakespeare's ability to craft complex plots, vivid language, and unforgettable characters has solidified his reputation as one of the greatest playwrights in history.篇2William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in the history of English literature. Among his many works, four tragedies stand out as some of the most celebrated and enduring pieces of literature ever written. These four tragedies are Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. Each of these tragedies explores themes of power, betrayal, love, and the complexities of human nature.In Hamlet, the titular character grapples with the murder of his father and seeks revenge against his uncle, who has usurped the throne. As the play unfolds, Hamlet's internal struggles and moral dilemmas are brought to the forefront, leading to a tragic and bloody conclusion. Hamlet's famous soliloquy "To be or not to be" captures the essence of his existential crisis and his contemplation of life and death.Othello tells the story of the Moorish general Othello, who is manipulated by his ensign Iago into believing that his wife Desdemona is unfaithful. The play delves into themes of jealousy, deception, and racism, culminating in a tragic ending where Othello murders Desdemona out of a misguided sense of honor. Othello's unraveling mental state and the tragic consequences ofhis actions showcase the destructive power of jealousy and deception.King Lear is a tragic tale of a king who divides his kingdom among his three daughters, only to be betrayed and driven to madness by the cruelty of his two eldest daughters. The play explores themes of loyalty, filial love, and the consequences of pride and hubris. King Lear's descent into madness and his eventual realization of his mistakes highlight the fragility of human relationships and the inevitability of suffering.Macbeth follows the tragic downfall of the eponymous Scottish general, who is driven by ambition and the prophecies of the three witches to commit regicide and seize the throne. As Macbeth's thirst for power grows, he descends into paranoia and madness, leading to a series of murders and his eventual downfall. The play explores themes of fate, free will, and the corrupting influence of power, showcasing the tragic consequences of unchecked ambition.In conclusion, Shakespeare's four great tragedies - Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth - continue to captivate audiences and readers alike with their timeless themes, complex characters, and profound insights into the human condition. These works serve as enduring reminders of the power ofShakespeare's storytelling and his ability to explore the depths of tragedy and redemption in the human experience.篇3William Shakespeare is widely regarded as one of the greatest playwrights in the English language, and his works have left an indelible mark on the literary world. Among his many plays, his four major tragedies – "Hamlet," "Othello," "King Lear," and "Macbeth" – stand out as timeless classics that continue to captivate audiences centuries after they were first written."Hamlet" is perhaps Shakespeare's most famous tragedy, telling the story of Prince Hamlet of Denmark, who seeks revenge against his uncle Claudius for murdering his father, the former king. The play explores themes of revenge, betrayal, madness, and mortality, and is known for its complex characters and iconic soliloquies, including Hamlet's famous speech: "To be, or not to be: that is the question." The play's exploration of the human psyche and the nature of existence has made it a perennial favorite among audiences and scholars alike."Othello" is another of Shakespeare's great tragedies, centered around the Moorish general Othello, his wife Desdemona, and the villainous Iago. The play explores themes ofjealousy, manipulation, and racism, as Iago orchestrates Othello's downfall through a web of lies and deceit. Othello's tragic flaw, his jealousy, ultimately leads to his undoing, making "Othello" a powerful exploration of the destructive power of jealousy and suspicion."King Lear" is a tragedy that tells the story of the aging King Lear, who decides to divide his kingdom among his three daughters based on their declarations of love for him. When his youngest daughter, Cordelia, refuses to flatter him, Lear disowns her and sets in motion a series of tragic events that ultimately lead to his own downfall. "King Lear" explores themes of family, power, and madness, and is known for its bleak portrayal of human nature and the consequences of greed and betrayal."Macbeth" is perhaps Shakespeare's darkest tragedy, telling the story of the ambitious Scottish general Macbeth, who is driven to murder and tyranny by the prophecies of three witches. As Macbeth and his wife Lady Macbeth descend into madness and guilt, their actions lead to a cycle of violence and bloodshed that ultimately culminates in their own deaths. "Macbeth" is a chilling exploration of ambition, guilt, and the corruption of power, and is known for its supernatural elements and unforgettable characters.In conclusion, Shakespeare's four major tragedies –"Hamlet," "Othello," "King Lear," and "Macbeth" – are timeless masterpieces that continue to resonate with audiences around the world. Through their exploration of themes such as revenge, jealousy, madness, and ambition, these plays offer profound insights into the human condition and the complexities of the human psyche. As Shakespeare himself wrote in "Macbeth," "What's done cannot be undone," reminding us of the enduring power of his tragic works to provoke thought, spark debate, and evoke powerful emotions in all who experience them.。
【优质】英国文学练习题1
Exercises for English literature （1）I. Fill in the blanks.（25%）1. The Old English poetry can be divided into two groups: the_________poetry and the_________poetry.2. _________ is regarded as the "Father of English Song", the first known religious poet of England.3. In the second half of the 7th century, the first English poet, _________ by name, began to sing.4. The history of English literature begins in the__________ century.5._________, the first English poem, still intact as a whole piece today, is the greatest epic ever left by the ancient Germanic tribes and the most ancient ever since the demise of the Greek and Roman literatures6.It was __________ who decided that literature should be written in the vernacular or Old English.7.__________ is the first English poet ever to sign his composition8._________made the translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate Version into Middle English, the firstattempt ever to translate the Holy Scripture into English.9.The most important work of Alfred the Great is _________, which is regarded as the best monument of the OldEnglish Prose.10.__________ is the most prevailing literary form in the Middle Ages.11.The most magnificent prose work of the 15th century is Morte d' Arthur concerning with _________legend.12.Critics tend to divide Chaucer's literary career into three periods: the___________period, the__________periodand the_________period.13.Among the Middle English poets, three are the greatest. One is the author of Sir Gawain and the Green Knight.The other two are _________ and____________14._________ was the first most significant poet in English history to write in Middle English.15.The Canterbury Tales contains the________ and 24 tales, four of which are fragments.16._________ is the author of Decameron, which has the similar way of telling stories to that of The CanterburyTales.17.The framework in The Canterbury Tales is a__________18.When Chaucer died in 1400, he was the first to be buried in Westminster Abbey and founded ________19.________, the first English printer, brought the technique of printing from movable type into England fromItaly.20.The Elizabethan age was one in which Renaissance transformed from Chaucer’s_____England intoShakespeare’s _______ one.21.The translation of the Homeric classics, Iliad and Odyssey, won _______ the title “a translator of the prince ofpoets”22.Thomas Wyatt, the first great Englsih sonneteer, introduced the ______ into England. He first used a couplet forthe conclusion of sonnets---a practice followed by Shakespeare.23.Henry Howard, Earl of Surry, brought the _______ into English poetry in his translation of Virgils’ The Aenied,and it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama.24.Edmund Spenser is often referred to as "the poets' _______" because of his considerable influence on laterpoets.25.The word “euphemism” comes from John Lyly’s _________26.As a sonnet sequence, Sidney’s sonnet cycle ______________ was probably the first of its kind ever to appearin English literary history.27.The drama had gone through a number of phases over the centuries including those of the ____, the _____, the_______, the _______ and the _______drama.28.________ is considered the first great English dramatist and the most important Elizabethan playwright beforeShakespeare.29.Shakespeare's 154 sonnets fall into two series: one series are addressed to W. H, a young man, and the otheraddressed to a________30.A Shakespearean sonnet is composed of three four-line quatrains and a concluding two-line________31. The second period of English Renaissance is also called the________ period or the Age of________32. Soon after the ________was introduced by the Earl of Surrey in his translation of Virgil's The Aeneid, and it became the standard meter for Elizabethan and later poetic drama.33. Shakespeare's plays have been traditionally divided into four categories according to dramatic type: histories, _______ , tragedies and___________34. Though written in the form of an________, the characters in The Pilgrim's Progress impress the readers like real persons. The places in it are English scenes, and the conversations which enliven his narratives vividly repeat the language of the writer's time.35. The poems of John Donne belong to two categories: the _______ , and the___________ later.36. John Donne is the founder of the school of ____________. His works are characterized by mysticism in content and fantasticality in form.37. Because of the success of Paradise Lost, John Milton produced in 1671 another epic,________38. John Milton's Paradise Lost opens with the description of a meeting among the fallen angels, and ends with the departure of _______ and___________from the Garden of Eden.39. The most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden, poet, _______ , and playwright.40. Paradise Lost is a long epic. The stories are taken from___________ .41. The Pilgrim's Progress tells of the spiritual pilgrimage of Christian, who flies form City of Destruction, and finally comes to the Delectable Mountains and the_____________42. Pamela is written in the form of a __________novel.43.____________ written by Sheridan is a clever satire on the sentimental and pseudo-romantic fancies of many young women of the upper classes of the 18th century.44. The biography of Samuel Johnson entitled Life of Johnson is frequently considered the best in the English language. The author of the book is_________45. The only important English dramatist produced in the 18th century is___________46. Friday is a character in the novel___________.47__________is called the Father of the English Novel.48. Among the representatives of the Enlightenment, ______ was the first to introduce rationalism to England.49. The 18th century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of_________50. __________is Alexander Pope's best satirical poem. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general.II. Choose the best answer.（23%）1.Beowulf is a ________ poem, describing an all-round picture of the tribal society.A. paganB. ChristianC. romanticD. lyric2.Caedmon's life story is vividly described in _______ 's Historic Ecclesiastica .A. GrendelB. BedeC. CynewulfD. Beowulf3.In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called_________A. heroic coupletB. quatrainC. Spenserian stanzaD. terza rima4.The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of themedieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely________A. William Langland's Piers the PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer's The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower's Confessio AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight5.In the English Renaissance period, scholars began to emphasize the capacities of the human mind and theachievements of human culture. The most significant intellectual movement was______A. the ReformationB. geographical explorationsC. humanismD. the Italian revival6.Sir Philip Sidney's Arcadia was a long _________ written in an elaborately artful prose.A. pastoral eclogueB. pastoral lyricC. pastoral romanceD. pastoral drama7.Sir Philip Sidney is known for the following three works EXCEPT__________A. ArcadiaB. Astrophel and StellaC. The Shepherd's CalendarD. Apology for Poetry8.The following playwrights belong to the "university wits", EXCEPT_________A. John LylyB. Ben JonsonC. Thomas KydD. Christopher Marlowe9.Which is NOT the works of Christopher Marlowe?A. LycidasB. Tamburlaine the GreatC. The Jew of MaltaD.The Tragic History of Doctor Faustus10.The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus is one of Christopher Marlowe's best works in which Dr. Faustus seeks________ no matter at what cost and finally meets his tragic end as a result of selling his soul to the Devil.A. moneyB. immoralityC. knowledgeD. political power11.Which of the following plays does NOT belong to Shakespeare's great tragedies?A. OthellloB. MacbethC. Romeo and JulietD. Hamlet12.Which of the following plays does NOT belong to Shakespeare's comedies?A. Heary VB. The Merchant of VeniceC. A Midsummer Night's DreamD. The Winter's Tale13.An important variety of ode in the 16th century was________ , a poem in praise of marriage, conventionallyfollowing the course of the wedding day.A. hymnB. epithalamionC. odeD. ballad14.Which of the following poetic forms is the principal form of Shakespeare's dramas?A. lyricB. sonnetC. blank verseD. quatrain15.5. "Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewed and digested" is foundin_________ A. Francis Bacon's "Of Studies" B. Thomas More's Utopia C. John Bunyan's The Pilgrim's Progress D. Fielding's Tom Jones16.6. In Shakespeare's The Merchant of Venice, Antonio could not pay back the money he borrowed from Shylockbecause__________A. his money was all invested in the newly-emerging textile industryB. his enterprise went bankruptC. Bassanio was able to pay his own debtD. his ships had all been lost17.The sentence "Shall I compare thee to a summer's day?" is the beginning line of one ofShakespeare's____________A. comediesB. tragediesC. sonnetsD. histories18.8. John Dryden's tragedy All for Love deals with the same story as ___________ 's Antony and Cleopatra.A. William ShakespeareB. John MiltonC. Christopher MarloweD. John Bunyan19.9. In John Milton's Paradise Lost, Adam and Eve are forbidden to eat the fruit of the Tree of Knowledgeof___________A. Love and HateB. Good and EvilC. Faith and BetrayalD. Sense and Sensibility20.10. Which of the following novels by Henry Fielding satirizes the politicalsystem of England and the then Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole?A. Joseph AndrewsB. Jonathan Wild the GreatC. The History of Tom Jones, a FoundlingD. Amelia21.11. The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan is often said to be concerned with the search for_________A. material wealthB. spiritual salvationC. universal truthD. self-fulfillment22.12. "To wage by force or guile eternal war, Irreconcilable to our grad Foe." (John Milton, Paradise Lost ) Bywhat means were Satan and his followers to wage this war against God?A. By planting a tree of knowledge in the Garden of Eden.B. By turning into poisonous snakes to threaten man's life.C. By removing God from His throne.D. By corrupting man and woman created by God.23.13. By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of Vanity Fair, John Bunyan intendsto show the prevalent political and religious__________of his time.A. persecutionB. improvementC. prosperityD. disillusionment24.14. Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in______________A. alliterationB. heroic coupletC. sonnetD. blank verse25.15. Lives of the Poets consists of the biographies of 52 poets and affords some of the best-known pictures of theearly English poets. Its author is_____________A. Samuel RichardsonB. Jonathan SwiftC. Joseph AddisonD. Samuel Johnson26.16. Jonathan Swift's famous prose work _______ is a satirical dialogue between the Ancients and the Modernsin the character of the Bee and the Spider.A. A Modest ProposalB. The Battle of the BooksC. The Drapier 's LettersD. A Tale of a Tub27.17. Of all the 18th century novelists, __________ was the first to set out in theory and practice, to writespecially a "comic epic in prose", and the first to give the modem novel its structure and style.A. Daniel DefoeB. Samuel RichardsonC. Henry FieldingD. Oliver Goldsmith28.Which of the following is NOT a character in the novel The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling?A. BlifilB. SophiaC. Mr. AllworthyD. Amelia29._________ is the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman--Dictionary of the English Language,which has become the foundation of all subsequent English dictionaries.A. Samuel JohnsonB. Laurence SterneC. Oliver GoldsmithD. Samuel Richardson30.In Sheridan's The School for Scandal, the man who wins the hand of his beloved as well as the inheritance ofhis rich uncle is__________A. Charles SurfaceB. Joseph SurfaceC. Sir Peter TeazleD. Sir Benjamin Backbite31.Modern English novel arose in the___________century.A. 16thB. 17thC. 18thD. 19th32._________was a progressive intellectual movement going on throughoutEurope in the 18th century.A. The RenaissanceB. Puritan MovementC. Romantic MovementD. The Enlightenment33.Sheridan's ___________ is the best English comedy since the days of Shakespeare.A. She Stoops to ConquerB. The RivalsC. The School for ScandalD. The Conscious Lovers34.Which of the following place does Gulliver visit first in Gulliver's Travels?A. LilliputB. BrobdingnagC. LaputaD. Houyhnhnms35.The rise and growth of ____________ is the most prominent achievement of the 18th century English literature,which has given the world such writers as Daniel Defoe, Jonathan Swift and Henry Fielding.A. nco-classical poetryB. realistic novelC. sentimentalist novelD. Gothic novel36. _________ is Poet Laureate in English Literary history?A. John DrydenB. Edmund SpenserC. William ShakespeareD. Christopher Marlowe37. The most significant intellectual movement of the Renaissance was________A. the ReformationB. humanismC. the Italian revivalD. geographical exploration38. Which of the following plays does not belong to Shakespeare's great tragedies?A. Romeo and JulietB. King LearC. HamletD. Macbeth39. Which statement about the Elizabethan age is not true?A.It is the age of translation.B.It is the age of poetryC. It is the age of exploration.D. It is the age of the protestant reformation.40. _________ first made blank verse the principal instrument of English dramaA. ShakespeareB. WyattC. SidneyD. MarloweIV. Definitions: (37%)1.alliteration2.assonance3.understatement4.blank verse5.heroic couplet6.iambic pentameter7.eclogue8.university wits9.renaissance hero10. Spenserian stanza。
AbriefhistoryofEnglishliterature
Old English， Middle English and Chaucer Old English English， as we know it， descends from the language spoken by the north Germanic tribes who settled in England from the 5th century A.D. onwards. They had no writing （except runes， used as charms） until they learned the Latin alphabet from Roman missionaries. The earliest written works in Old English （as their language is now known to scholars） were probably composed orally at first， and may have been passed on from speaker to speaker before being written. We know the names of some of the later writers （C？？dmon，？？lfric and King Alfred） but most writing is anonymous. Old English literature is mostly chronicle and poetry - lyric， descriptive but chiefly narrative or epic. By the time literacy becomes widespread， Old English is effectively a foreign and dead language. And its forms do not significantly affect subsequent developments in English literature. （With the scholarly exception of the 19th century poet， Gerard Manley Hopkins， who finds in Old English verse the model for his metrical system of "sprung rhythm".） Middle English and Chaucer From 1066 onwards， the language is known to scholars as Middle English. Ideas and themes from French and Celtic literature appear in English writing at about this time， but the first great name in English literature is that of Geoffrey Chaucer （？1343-1400）。
英美文学简史PPT课件
——阿贝拉尔（12世纪法国神 学家）
如何学习文学——“三不 分”
君掌盛无边
刹那含永
劫
—
—William Blake
文学包罗万象
• the inseparability of literature, history & philosophy
• Close connection between literature, music, painting & photography
Of prancing poetry
This traverse may the poorest take
Without oppress of toll:
How frugal is the chariot
That bears the human soul!
Emily Dickinson
——
文学的激励作用
1. learn basic information about different periods in English and American literary history
2. understand important writers of different schools of English and American literature
如何学好文学
• 学而无思则罔， 思而不学则殆。
文学与生活密切相关。从生活中汲 取灵感来理解文学；从文学中吸取智慧 来感悟人生。在“悟”中把握人生的真 谛。
The History of English Literature(2011-2012)(1)
1. good and perfect classroom performances. (20%) 2. assignment completion. (10%) 3. final examination. (70%)
1. What is Literature?
Literature refers to the practice and profession of writing. It comes from human interest in telling a story, in arranging words in artistic forms, in describing in words some aspects of human experiences. Literature is characterized by beauty of expression and form and by university of intellectual and emotional appeal. Literature shows us not only what a society is like in a certain age, but also what individual feel about it, what they hope from it, and how they can change it or escape from it.
Language: Anglo-Saxon (Old English) Society: from tribal society to feudalism Belief: christianity (7th century) Literature: poetry
The Old and Middle Age English literature古世纪英国文学
The Old and Medieval Ages
The Renaissance Period The Neoclassical Period
Part Four
Part Five Part Six
The Romantic Period
The Victorian Period The Modern Period
The cultural influences
The Anglo-Saxons and the Normans conquests much affected England. The cultural influences of these two conquests provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.
Another Way of Looking at the History of English
Old English 400-1066 Beowulf
“Gaæþa wyrd swa hio scel” (OE)
( f r o m = “ Fate goes ever as it must ” (MnE) Beowulf!)
Transition to Beowulf
The major text we will read from this period is the epic Beowulf. It is the story of a Scandinavian (Geat) “thane” (warrior or knight) who comes to help a neighboring tribe, the Danes, who are being attacked by a monster. We study English history to understand the context of Beowulf, and we study Beowulf to understand the world which was Old England.
English literature I简介和古英语时期英国文学
❖ (7) Enabling one to get more education or to appear well educated. etc.
Important historical periods in English literature
❖ The Old English Period ❖ The Middle Ages ❖ The Renaissance ❖ The Period of Revolution and Restoration (17th Century) ❖ The Age of Enlightenment (18th century ) ❖ The Romantic Period (the early 19th century) ❖ The Victorian Age (the later 19th Century) ❖ 20th Century (Modernism and Post-modernism.)
What Is Literature
❖ Literature is a permanent expression in words of some thoughts or feelings or ideas about life & the world.
Literary genres
❖ Narrative, lyric, dramatic ❖ Poetry, prose, drama, fiction
❖ Genres are often divided into sub-genres. Ancient Greece divided Literature into classic three forms: poetry, drama, and prose.
A Short History of English__ Literature1
A Short History of English Literature(新增订本）（刘炳善编著）Structure of the BookOne:Early and Medieval English LiteratureTwo: The English RenaissanceThree: The Period of the English Bourgeois Revolution Four: The Eighteenth CenturyFive: Romanticism in EnglandSix: English Critical RealismSeven: Prose-writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th CenturyEight: Twentieth Century English LiteratureNine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote Both Before and After the Second World WarOne: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1: The Making of England1.The Britons(1) a mixed blood(2) a tribe of Celts, living in tribal society(3) a primitive people(4) Britain is the land of Britons.2.The Roman Conquest(1) Time: 78 A.D.(2) Roman theatres and baths quickly rose in the towns.(3) Native Britons were trodden down as slaves.(4) The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years, built anetwork of highways (Roman Roads)(5) London became an important trading centre.(6) Christianity was introduced to Britain.(7) Declining: at the beginning of the 5th century.(8) Ended: in 410 A.D.3. The English Conquest(1) Angles → (built) the kingdoms of the East Anglia(2)Saxons→(established)Wessex,Essex,Sussex.(3) Jutes → (occupied) KentEngland (the land of AnglesEnglish (people)Anglo-Saxon (Old English)4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonsThe Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism.5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its Influence(1)heathen people(2)believed in old mythology of northern EuropeTiu (战神）TuesdayOdin (All Father) WednesdayThor (雷神）ThursdayFrigga (the beautiful goddess) Friday(3)Christianized in the 7th century(4)at a time when few but monks could read and write (theearliest English books were written down, but tinged with some Christian colour)Chapter 2: Beowulf1.Anglo-Saxon Poetry:(1) English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon settlement in England.(2) Of old English literature, 5 relics (poems or songs: heroic deeds of old time to the chiefs and worriors in the feasting-hall.) are still preserved. Four are short fragments of long poems.(3) Beowulf, over 3000 lines, is the national epic of the English people.2. The Story of Beowulf3.Analysis of Its Content(1) a folk legend, written down in the 10th century, brought toEngland by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes.(2)Its main story are evidently folk legends of primitive Northerntribes.(3)These tribes were brave but superstitious.(4)Beowulf, simply by his deeds, faithful to his people, is a grandhero.(5)In his manuscripts on English and Irish histories, Engelsmentioned the historical significance of Beowulf in reflecting the features of the tribal society of ancient times.4. Features of Beowulf(1)T he most striking feature in its poetical form is the use ofalliteration.(2)T he use of metaphors and of understatements (give animpression of reserve and at times a tinge of ironical humour.This quality is often regarded as a permanent characteristic of the English) .“Th us m ade th eir m ourning the m en of Geatland,For their h ero’s p assing, h is h earth-com p anionsQuoth that of all the kings of earth,Of m en he was the m ildest and m ost beloved,To his k in the k indest, k eenest to praise.”5. Thesis (articles) about Beowulf《贝奥武甫》中的葬礼魔性·人性·神性——评《贝奥武夫》的两个电影版本英语史诗《贝奥武甫》(Beowulf)中的语法分析电影《贝奥武甫》的象征与主题浅析英国文学史诗《贝奥武甫》译者主体性的彰显——谢默斯·希尼英译《贝奥武甫》之风格解析电影《贝奥武甫和格伦德尔》与原著《贝奥武甫》比较研究古典史诗《贝奥武甫》的现代阐释:一部富于人性和理性的电影《贝奥武甫和格兰德尔》《贝奥武甫》中基督教和日耳曼两大传统的并存与融合再论《贝奥武甫》中的基督教精神再论贝奥武甫其人重复与变化:《贝奥武甫》的结构透视英雄与怪物:《贝奥武甫》中对人类理性的呼唤《贝奥武甫》中的英雄主义精神与基督徒意识《贝奥武甫》与魔怪故事传统《贝奥武甫》中的罗瑟迦王与他所代表的王权理念《贝奥武甫》——英国人的民族史诗试论《贝奥武甫》的思想与艺术旧衣新裁——试述《贝奥武甫》诗中的哀伤情调北欧史诗中的英雄形象——贝奥武甫——兼论古代北欧人民的英雄观念Chapter 3: Feudal England1. The Norman Conquest(1) The Danish Invasion (about 787, plundering the country, then settled)King Alfred the Great:a. encouraging education and literatureb. translating some works from Latin himselfc. Anglo-Saxon Chronicle (beginning wit h Caesar’s conquest and is a monument of Old English prose.)(2) The Norman Conquesta. William the Conqueror ruled England with a high hand.b. he pushed England well on its way to feudalismc. the Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.(3) The Influence on the English Languagea. The Norman lords spoke French, while their English subjects retained their old tongue.b. For a long time, the scholar wrote in Latin and the courtier in French. (there was almost no written literature in English for a time.)c. Chronicles and religious poems were in Latin.d. Romances (the prominent kind of literature in the Anglo-Norman period), were all in French at first.e. by the end of 14th c., English was once more the dominent speech in the country. But mow it became sth. different from the old Anglo-Saxon.f. the structure of the langusge remained English, and the common words were almost all retained, though often somewhat modified in form. But many terms employed by the Normans were adopted into the English landuage.2、Feudal EnglandFeudalism:★The word ―feudalism‖ was derived from the Latin ―feudum‖, a grant of land.★In Europe was mainly a system of land holding------a system of holding land in exchange for military service.★It was also a system of government------ a form of local and decentralized government.(1)Social Features of the Feudal Englanda. two classes: landlords and peasantsb. there was a whole network of church government as well as that of the King’s officers.(2)The Miseries of the Peasantsa. Black Death: perished of this terrible plague, quitting their homes in fearch of work, working at low wages.b. The war between England and France: burden fell upon the common people(3)The Rising of 1381a. The leaders: Wat Tyler, John Ballb. The essence of his sermon was not an appeal to the oppressors to mend their ways, but a call to action directed to the oppressed.c. The rising was treacherously and bloodily repressed.d. The peasants’ rising had shaken the feudal system in England to the root.3. The Romance(1) The Content of the Romance①the most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England.② a long composition, or verse, or prose, describing the life and adventures of a noble hero.③Central character: knights, a man of noble birth skilled in the use of weapons, riding forth to seek adventures, taking part in tournaments, or fighting for his lord in battle, devoting to the church and the king.④The code of manners and morals of a knight is known as chivalry.(2) The Romance Cycles★Matters of Britain (adventures of King Arthur and his Knights ofthe Round Table)★Matters of France (Emperor Charlemagne and his peers)★Matters of Rome (Alexander the Great and so forth‖①The English versions were translated from French or Latin.②It has its origin in Celtic legends.＊Beginning: Geoffrey of Monmouth’s History of thr Kings ofBritain(in Latin prose) and Layamon’s Brut(in alliterativeand rimed English verse)＊Culmination: Sir Gawain and the Green Knight(metricalromance)＊Summing up: Thomas Malory’s Le Morte D’Arthur(inEnglish prose)(3) The Class Nature of the Romance①loyalty to king and lord (the corner-stone of feudal morality)②were either recited by professional minstrels or written to be read aloud.③the audience was usually that of the court or of the castle, and hadnothing to do with the common people. (Romances were composed for the noble, of the noble, and in most cases by the poets patronized by the noble.)(4)Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurLe Morte D’Arthur(the death of King Arthur) is a collection ofstories about King Arthur, translated from French by Sir Thomas Malory.King Arthur is a romantic hero, whose original may be traced to an ancient Celtic chieftain Arthur of Wales who led victorious battles against the Saxons.The legends of King Arthur are the foundation of Le Morte D’Arthur.①Malory treated the Arthurian legends in the spirit of medieval knighthood and chivalry.②Malory converted the long and involved sentences of the French romances into simple, idiomatic English prose, and told the Arthurian stories in such a vivid manner that he added to English literature a 15th –century masterpriece which has amused generations of readers and influenced English poets and writers of later centuries.Chapter 4: Langland1. Piers the Plowman and Its Arthur11。
英国文学史2整理大纲
英国文学史及选读History & Anthology of English Literature18世纪最主要的是enlightenment and Neo-classicism ，新古典主义主要是prose and essay，文艺复兴时期主要是戏剧。
18世纪初期，新古典主义，中期sentimentilism 感伤主义，后期，浪漫主义。
感伤主义在形式上是新古典主义，但内容上是浪漫主义，所以是新古典主义向浪漫主义过渡时期。
⏹The Eighteenth Century 。
1688-1798（1798年浪漫主义开始）⏹Age of Reason⏹Age of Enlightenment⏹Age of Neo-classicism⏹Age of Prose⏹ 1. Historical background:⏹ A comparatively peaceful period in which English capitalism gained rapid development;⏹Politically----The two parties;----newspapers and Journals⏹Economically----The Industrial Revolution, the completion of the EnclosureMovement;⏹Intellectually----The Enlightenment;(1) Newton’s scientific discovery and the philosophy of John Locke affected people’s thinking of the world.(2)Reason rather than superstition dominated.⏹English literature was influenced by French enlighteners and ancient Roman writers.⏹Neo-classicism was the leading literary trend in early 18th century.⏹Enlightenment⏹ a progressive intellectual movement (mainly philosophical and artistic movement)⏹Originated in France:⏹It grows out of the Renaissance and continues until the 19th century. Its purpose wasto enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas (So literature during this period is heavily didactic and moralizing).⏹The enlighteners celebrated reason, equality and science. They called for a reference toorder, reason & rules and advocated universal education, believing that the best way to improve human society is to educate the people, to use critical reason to free them of false beliefs, prejudice, superstitions, misunderstandings (They optimistically believed that humanity could improve itself by applying logic and reason to all things).①Nature: On the whole an expression of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.②They thought science was to answer the actual needs and requirements of the people and they intended to reform social life according to a more reasonable principle.③Representatives: Famous among the greatenlighteners in England were those great writers like Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists; Alexander Pope, the poet.⏹These writers in their works criticized different aspects of contemporary England,discussed social problems, and even touched upon morality and private conduct.⏹In religion: secular; Deism: the universe is set in motion by a God as a self-regulatingmechanism; everything was operated according to natural laws, which could be understood by the human mind.⏹In art and literature: neo-classicism great respect for the classical artists. Harmony,proportion, balance and restraint⏹In economic thought: state inference did violate to the law of nature; favoredlaissez-faire policies.⏹2．An Overview of the 18th Century English Literature:⏹(1) Neo-classicism in poetry of Alexander Pope, a new prose literature in theessays of Addison and Steele⏹(2) The rise and growth of modern English novel---- the first realistic fiction of Defoe and Swift;---- the realistic novels of Richardson, Fielding and Smollett, of whom the last two made rather fierce attacks on the existing social conditions but still maintained sufficient faith in the eventual triumph of virtue over vice and in the final attainment somehow of social justice.⏹(3) The 18thC English Drama----R.B. Sheridan(1751-1816) and O. Goldsmith(1730-1774)⏹(4)The last decades, decline of the Enlightenment, the appearance of new literarytendencies of sentimentalism (representatives wrote for the poor though still in a classical style) and pre-romanticism.⏹ 3. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century⏹In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival ofinterest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.⏹According to the neoclassicists, all forms of literature were to be modeled after theclassical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer, Virgil, & so on)& those of the contemporary French ones.⏹They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion &accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion, unity, harmony & grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct & correct human beings. Thus, a polite, urbane, witty, & intellectual art developed.⏹⏹Features of Neoclassical Literature⏹①witty, intellectual and restrained: order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy⏹②polished form---- almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws &rules.⏹(Rhymed couplets instead of blank verse, the 3 unities of time, place, and action,regularity in construction, the presentation of types rather than individuals—these were some of standards the classicists required of drama. Poetry should be lyrical, epic, didactic, satiric or dramatic. Prose should be precise, direct, smooth, and flexible. )⏹③didactic and satirical; writer had the duty to educate as well as entertain people(middle class), satire being an effective means of correcting people’s folly andweaknesses.⏹④city life and man-made object preferred; city life gave a sense of order while ruralwild life, natural landscape were coarse, chaotic and disorderly.⏹Representativesof Neoclassical Literature⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists⏹The major representative of neoclassical poetry is Alexander Pope.⏹ 3.1 Alexander Pope (1688-1744):⏹having great influence on the18th century poetry, a man of extraordinary wit andextensive learning, one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet.⏹He used heroic couplet with exceptional brilliance and made it popular (five-footiambic rhymed in couplets).⏹Literary ideas-----Pope strongly advocated Neoclassicism, emphasizing that literaryworks should be judged by classical rule of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.⏹His language style---- a satiric, concise, smooth, graceful &well-balanced style. Hewrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day.⏹Major works①Essay on Criticism---- a long didactic poem;Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of an Essay on Criticism in 1711.“ A little learning is a dangerous thing”“To err is human, to forgive, divine.”②The Rape of the Lock---- A delightful burlesque of epic poetry, ridiculing the manners of the English nobility;③Dunciad----- a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature;④Essay on Man-----brilliantly expressing the philosophical trends & concepts of his age. Translations⏹ 3.2 Periodical Literature in Early 18th-Centruy England: Addison and Steele⏹Joseph Addison and Richard Steele —Famous essayists, the publishers of a moralisticpaper The Spectator. The latter also started his paper The Tatler in 1709.⏹Their essays and stories gave a great push to the development of the 18th centurynovel.•Literature in the 18th Century (II)(1688-1798)•Lecture Outline•I. Neo-classicism in Early 18th century1.1 Introduction1.2 Features of Neoclassical Literature1.3 Representatives•II. Modern English novel1.1 Definition1.2 Representatives• 1.1 Introduction to Neo-classicism•In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. (在文学领域，启蒙主义运动使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
Part One: Early and Medieval English Literature
Chapter 1: The Making of England
The early inhabitants in the island were Britons, a tribe of Celts. The Britons were a primitive people. They were divided into dozens of small tribes, each of which lived in a clustering of huts. (100 B.C.—44 B.C) Vendi, vidi, vici.– I came, I saw, I conquered.
Chapter 3: Feudal England
The Danish Invasion and The Norman Conquest:
In about 787, bands of Danish vikings came to England to make permanent settlements. King Alfred the Great (849-901) succeeded in driving the Danes off . However, after his death, The Danes occupied the country in1013 and held it for 30 years. In 1066, invaders from what is now northern France crossed the English Channel and successfully conquered England. William the conqueror was crowned as King of England and it was he who pushed England well on its way to feudalism, and the Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.
What is the significance of ―Beowulf‖?
(see the textbook)
What is an epic?
Epic is one of the ancient types of poetry and plays a very important role in Early development of literature and civilization. An epic is a long narrative poem of great scale and grandiose style about the heroes who are usually warriors or even demigods. The epic deals with noble characters and heroic deeds. Basically, the epic is a story about hero. Meanwhile, it incorporates myth, legend and folk tale. More Significantly, it reflects national history. An epic is more cultural than literary. There are two kinds of epic, the primitive and the literary epics. The primitive epic belongs to the oral tradition. ―Iliad,‖ ―Odyssey‖ and ―Beowulf‖ are primitive epics. Literary epics are the results of improvement by literary men on the existent works. ―Paradise Lost‖ belongs to this kind. The term ―epic‖ is also applied to works that do not treat heroic deeds or national history, but that have some qualities embodied by true epics, namely, coverage of vast space, concentration on characters and unusual happenings. In this sense, ―Divine Comedy,‖ ―Faerie Queene,‖ Moby Dick, War and Peace can be taken as epics. (《文学导论》，邵锦娣，白劲鹏 编著，上海外语教育出版社，347-348页。）
In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar and was completely subjugated to the Roman Empire in 78 A.D. (What was the Britain’s response to the Roman Conquest?) The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years. And with the decline of the Roman Empire, all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned. Thus Ended the Roman occupation in Britain in 410 A.D. (How did the Roman Conquest influence the lives of the Britain?) Britain was then invaded by three tribes of pirates from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes. (Which area did each of these tribes occupy?) By the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a united kingdom called England or the land of Angles. The three tribes had mixed into a whole people called English. And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a Single language called Anglo-Saxon, or Old English.
Artistic Features:
1) Alliteration: Each full line has four stresses with a number of unstressed syllables, three of which begin with the same sound or letter. 2) Metaphors 3) Understatements The epic poem ―Beowulf‖ came from this period before 1066.
Relics of Roman Empire
The Colosseum
The Anglo-Saxon people
Chapter 2: “Beowulf”
Excerpt from the epic poem ―Beowulf‖
Introduction: English literature began with the Anglo-Saxon
History of English Literature
PartⅠ: Early and medieval English literature PartⅡ: The English Renaissance Part Ⅲ: The period of the English bourgeois revolution Part Ⅳ: The eighteenth century Part Ⅴ: Romanticism in England Part Ⅵ: English critical realism Part Ⅶ: Prose-writers and poets of the mid and late 19th century Part Ⅷ: Twentieth century English literature
society that was highly civilized and rather newly Christian. The poem was originally in an oral form, sung by the bards (minstrels) at the end of the 6th century. The present script was written down in the 10th century. The English language before 1066 was quite different from what it is today.
settlement in England. The epic ―Beowulf‖ (3183 lines ), written in the 8th century, is among the earliest recorded poem in British literature.