Feminist Interpretation of Doris Lessing's The Golden Notebook
女性主义翻译理论
Feminist translation theory 女性主义翻译理论
• 背景
• 上世纪60年代西方第二次女性主义浪潮兴起，这次运动的目的旨在打破社会中 性别歧视、男性占主导，女性只是男性的附属品的社会意识形态。随着二战的 发展，除了英国的自由主义女性主义外，此时兴起了社会主义女性主义和激进 女性主义等主要一些流派。这场由知识女性发起的意识形态的战争,波及到了 政治、文化、文学等社会上层建筑的各个方面,更推动了女性主义在学术领域 的发展。翻译研究者从中找到了女性主义与翻译的相似点,认为翻译中存在严 重的性别歧视问题,开始质疑暗含男性中心论的译论。由此,女性主义翻译观应 运而生。
Feminist translation theory 女性主义翻译理论
（二）翻译目的 简言之，女性主义翻译目的是让语言为女性说话，使女性显现于语言 之中，延展女性的话语权。她们提倡通过操纵译文而彰显女性。魁北 克女性主义翻译者B.Godard（1990）公然提倡操纵—“女性主义译者 肯定其关键作用，以没完没了的反复阅读和反复写作为乐，炫耀她对 文本操纵的迹象。”
Feminist translation theory 女性主义翻译理论
（三）原文与译文的关系 传统译论将原作和译作看作对立的两元，认为原作占主导地位，译作 是派生的，处于从属地位。然而，女性主义翻译者认为，译文与原文 是平等互补的共生关系，译文与原文享有同等的地位。典型的说法是 译文是原文的后起生命（afterlife），使原作的生命得以延续。
Feminist translation theory 女性主义翻译理论
（五）女性主义翻译实践 20 世纪上半叶的许多文学作品都是由女性翻译的。俄罗斯文学中的经 典著作最初主要是由女性翻译家嘎尔奈特翻译成英语的，她60 卷的翻 译著作包括屠格涅夫、托尔斯泰、陀思妥耶夫斯基、契诃夫和果戈理 的作品。德国的情况也相似，主要的文学著作也是由女性来翻译的。 此外，《很悲伤的老虎》（Tres Tristes Tigres）的译者、女性主义者勒 雯与作者安方特紧密合作，创造出了一个“新”的作品。在自己的女 性主义项目中，勒雯对安方特德作品进行了改写、操纵和“叛逆”。
《夜莺颂》的翻译技巧探究
最新200份英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 《名利场》中蓓基人物形象分析2 追求女性自我意识的孤独灵魂——评《觉醒》中的爱德娜3 英汉自谦语的对比研究4 浅析欧洲中世纪骑士和中国侠士精神的差异─西欧中世纪初期骑士和中国秦汉游侠5 论《献给艾米莉的玫瑰》中的悲剧之源6 论凯瑟琳•曼斯菲尔德短篇小说中的爱情观7 The Gothic Love in Wuthering Heights8 挣脱枷锁，走向自由——从《人性的枷锁》看毛姆的人生观9 商标翻译分析10 The Relationship Between Character and Destiny: An Analysis of Sense and Sensibility11 An Interpretation of A Tale of Two Cities from the Perspective of Symbolism12 文化杂糅背景下的身份诉求——解读奈保尔的《半生》13 《麦田里的守望者》中霍尔顿的精神之旅14 学习动机对大学生英语学习的影响15 A New View of Feminism in The Mill on the Floss River16 The Influence of Cross-Cultural Communication on Translation17 人性的救赎——从电影《辛德勒的名单》看美国英雄主义的新侧面18 论英语新闻标题中修辞的汉译19 高级英语课堂中教师角色研究20 A Survey of the Manifestations of ―Babel‖ in the Movie Babel21 英汉动物词汇隐喻意义的对比研究22 浅析《老人与海》中的悲剧色彩23 论《喜福会》中女性的反抗精神24 李清照词英译研究25 从社会符号学角度浅谈汉语“一”字成语翻译26 从电影《暮光之城》浅析吸血鬼文化的改变27 广告折射出的中西文化差异及广告翻译策略28 战争、归乡、爱情—《冷山》的多元主题研究29 伏尼契小说《牛虻》中主人公性格分析30 《三国演义》不同译本中回目英译比较研究31 中西方传统女权主义思想异同比较——王熙凤与简爱之人物性格对比分析32 On Transcendentalism in Thoreau’s Walden33 《儿子与情人》中的恋母情结34 论艾米莉•狄金森诗歌中的死亡观35 从精神分析角度看《宠儿》中塞斯的内心世界——黑人民族精神重塑36 从语用学角度看广告英语中的模糊表达37 The Tragic Destiny of Brett Ashley in The Sun Also Rises38 科技英语语篇中被动语态语篇功能的分析39 高中英语写作前口语活动设计与实施建议40 初中英语课堂教师话语分析41 An Analysis of Youth Subculture through the Movie－－Trainspotting42 论中西婚姻观的差异43 《通天铁路》中超验主义与清教思想救赎观冲突之探析44 论《莫瑞斯》中E. 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女性翻译理论对翻译的启示
女性主义翻译理论对翻译的启示—以《简爱》两个汉译本为例[摘要] 本文以女性主义翻译理论为理论基础，对19世纪英国作家夏洛蒂〃勃朗特的代表作《简爱》的两个汉译本（祝庆英版和黄源深版）进行对比分析。
除了通过弗洛托提出的三个女性主义翻译策略：加写前言和脚注、增补和劫持，本文还有从中国化的女性主义这方面进行对比赏析。
由此发现女性主义翻译策略的运用对翻译《简爱》这样女性主义小说有很大的作用，同时也发现女性译者往往更能准确形象的在译文中再现女性形象。
由此得到两点启示，一是类似《简爱》这样的文学作品的翻译实践中，应该提倡采用女性主义翻译理论。
二是应该充分重视并发挥译者性别对翻译的影响。
[关键词] 女性主义翻译理论；《简爱》；译者性别Translation Implications from Feminist Translation Theory—A comparative Study of Two Chinese Versions ofJane EyreAbstract: The thesis is a comparative analysis of two Chinese versions(Zhu Qingying’s version and Huang Yuanshen’s version) of Jane Eyre, a representative work of Charlotte Bronte who was a writer in 19century from United Kingdom. Based on the Feminist Translation Theory, the author makes a comparative case study from several aspects: the strategies concluded by flotow: prefacing and footnoting , supplementing, hijacking and the character of Feminist Translation Theory in China, to be more specific. And the conclusion is made that Feminist Translation Theory is helpful to translate the feminist works like Jane Eyre and female translator are able to describe female image more vividly than male translator. And thus suggestions are put forward in the thesis, one is that it is more advisable to adopt Feminist Translation Theory in feminist literature works’translation, another suggestion is that the function of the translator’s gender should be attached great importance to.Key words: Feminist Translation Theory, Jane Eyre,the gender of translator1 引言自从20世纪50年代，翻译研究出现文化转向的萌芽，传统的“对等”翻译观念和思想逐渐受到质疑，人们开始对翻译进行更深层次的思考和探索，开始质疑“对等”是否真是翻译的前提和翻译的目标（Bassnett, Susan and Andre Lefevere,1990:6）。
（英语毕业论文）从美剧《绝望主妇》中看中美家庭教育的异同
有提示） 英语专业全英原创毕业论文，是近期写作，公布的题目可以用于免费参考（贡献者ID 有提示）最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 Teleology, Religion and Contexts2 从涉外婚姻分析中西方文化差异从涉外婚姻分析中西方文化差异3 《蝇王》主题之原型解读《蝇王》主题之原型解读4 浅析英语演说中对照与其他修辞格的混合应用浅析英语演说中对照与其他修辞格的混合应用5 分析《喧哗与骚动》中昆丁的人物形象和悲剧意义分析《喧哗与骚动》中昆丁的人物形象和悲剧意义6 浅析星巴克现象中的独特文化浅析星巴克现象中的独特文化7 Naturalism in Sister Carrie8 浅论广告语汉译的美学效果浅论广告语汉译的美学效果9 浅析“翻译文学”的本体认知与功用价值浅析“翻译文学”的本体认知与功用价值10 英汉“悲伤”情感隐喻认知对比分析英汉“悲伤”情感隐喻认知对比分析11 浅谈来自《圣经》的英语习语浅谈来自《圣经》的英语习语12 逆成构词的分类及其认知机制和规律逆成构词的分类及其认知机制和规律13 从英汉习语的翻译看中西方文化差异从英汉习语的翻译看中西方文化差异14 Cultural Influences on Business Negotiation between China and Japan15 试析《弗兰肯斯坦》中的哥特风格试析《弗兰肯斯坦》中的哥特风格16 顺应理论视角下《红楼梦》中委婉语的英译顺应理论视角下《红楼梦》中委婉语的英译17 对《远离尘嚣》中三个男主人公命运的分析对《远离尘嚣》中三个男主人公命运的分析18 Cultural Differences and Translation19 简爱和林黛玉的反叛性格对比分析简爱和林黛玉的反叛性格对比分析20 浅析儿童自然英语教学法的心理学优势浅析儿童自然英语教学法的心理学优势21 圣地亚哥，一位让人敬佩的英雄——海明威《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的人物形象分析22 中英日委婉语语言特征中英日委婉语语言特征23 美国电视剧中双关语的研究－重点关注双关语的汉语翻译美国电视剧中双关语的研究－重点关注双关语的汉语翻译24 从女性主义视角解读《飘》中斯嘉丽.奥哈拉的性格特征奥哈拉的性格特征25 学生写作中中式英语的表现形式及其改进方式学生写作中中式英语的表现形式及其改进方式26 《老人与海》中圣地亚哥人物形象的特点探析《老人与海》中圣地亚哥人物形象的特点探析27 文化负载词的交际翻译论——以《吾国与吾民》为例文化负载词的交际翻译论——以《吾国与吾民》为例28 商标文化特色和翻译技巧商标文化特色和翻译技巧29 浅析霍桑罪恶观在《拉帕西尼的女儿》中的体现浅析霍桑罪恶观在《拉帕西尼的女儿》中的体现30 An Interpretation of China Boy from the Perspective of Post-colonialism31 课外作业对高中英语学习的作用研究课外作业对高中英语学习的作用研究A Feminist Study on Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”A Southern Elegy-A Feminist Study on Faulkner’s “A Rose for Emily”32 A Southern Elegy-33 《土生子》里的象征艺术《土生子》里的象征艺术34 《宠儿》的黑人女性主义解读（开题报告+论）论）35 用批评性语言分析中美主要矛盾用批评性语言分析中美主要矛盾36 英汉谚语互译中的归化与异化策略分析英汉谚语互译中的归化与异化策略分析37 中国跨文化交际学研究存在的不足与建议中国跨文化交际学研究存在的不足与建议38 论奥康纳短篇小说的创作特色论奥康纳短篇小说的创作特色39 浅析“苹果”广告中的文化因素浅析“苹果”广告中的文化因素40 Cooperative Learning in English Interpretation Class41 《晚安,妈妈》中公共汽车和洗衣机的象征寓意妈妈》中公共汽车和洗衣机的象征寓意42 女性主义视角下《傲慢与偏见》的情态意义解读女性主义视角下《傲慢与偏见》的情态意义解读43 《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义《嘉莉妹妹》中的自然主义44 The Study of Humor in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn from the Perspective of Cooperative Principle45 The Influences of the Bible on Some American Movies46 对比分析英式英语和美式英语的区别对比分析英式英语和美式英语的区别47 分析《华伦夫人的职业》中母女矛盾所折射出的社会问题分析《华伦夫人的职业》中母女矛盾所折射出的社会问题48 人性的救赎——从电影《辛德勒的名单》看美国英雄主义的新侧面人性的救赎——从电影《辛德勒的名单》看美国英雄主义的新侧面49 论广告英语的人际沟通功能论广告英语的人际沟通功能50 中美大学生课堂讨论话语性别差异对比中美大学生课堂讨论话语性别差异对比51 英语商务合同的文体特点及其汉译英语商务合同的文体特点及其汉译52 论夏绿蒂勃朗特与简爱在意识形态上的相似之处论夏绿蒂勃朗特与简爱在意识形态上的相似之处53 以《喜福会》中的母女关系为例试析跨文化交际中的“失语”现象以《喜福会》中的母女关系为例试析跨文化交际中的“失语”现象54 探讨美容化妆品翻译技巧－－以安利雅姿产品为例探讨美容化妆品翻译技巧－－以安利雅姿产品为例55 合作性学习在高中英语写作教学中的应用合作性学习在高中英语写作教学中的应用56 A Study of Humour And Satire in Mark Twain’s Two Famous Adventures57 Analyses of the Morels’Oedipus Complex in Sons and Lovers58 陶渊明和华兹华斯的共同追求——自然陶渊明和华兹华斯的共同追求——自然59 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》人物性格的宗教色彩剖析《汤姆叔叔的小屋》人物性格的宗教色彩剖析60 简爱和林黛玉不同命运的文化透析简爱和林黛玉不同命运的文化透析61 《魔戒》中的现实主义初探《魔戒》中的现实主义初探62 从语用学角度对英语课堂中委婉语的使用探究从语用学角度对英语课堂中委婉语的使用探究63 《飘》中的家园意识探究《飘》中的家园意识探究64 解读奥斯卡王尔德的《莎乐美》中的女性意识王尔德的《莎乐美》中的女性意识65 中英思维模式比较分析中英思维模式比较分析66 广告标语的语言特色广告标语的语言特色67 从弗洛伊德的精神分析理论浅析《道林格雷的画像》中的主要人物从弗洛伊德的精神分析理论浅析《道林格雷的画像》中的主要人物68 网络英语的构词方式网络英语的构词方式69 论《第二十二条军规》的写作手法论《第二十二条军规》的写作手法70 Pragmatic Empathy and Chinese-English Translation71 高中英语听力课中的文化教学高中英语听力课中的文化教学72 A Superficial Analysis of Religious Consciousness of Jane Eyre73 中美广告创意的文化差异性研究中美广告创意的文化差异性研究74 中西方文化差异对商务谈判的影响中西方文化差异对商务谈判的影响75 An Exploration on Different Cultures in Terms of Flowers76 《喜福会》中隐喻的使用《喜福会》中隐喻的使用77 基于认知语境的英语动物习语的理解策略研究——以“狗”的习语为例基于认知语境的英语动物习语的理解策略研究——以“狗”的习语为例78 Coherence in English-Chinese Translation: A Pragmatic Study79 “合作学习”策略在英语教学中的应用“合作学习”策略在英语教学中的应用80 商标翻译中的文化要素商标翻译中的文化要素81 论《苔丝》中女性意识与社会现实之间的冲突论《苔丝》中女性意识与社会现实之间的冲突82 浅析《我们共同的朋友》中的象征手法浅析《我们共同的朋友》中的象征手法83 浅论英文原声电影在英语教学中的应用浅论英文原声电影在英语教学中的应用84 福克纳小说中的圣经意象福克纳小说中的圣经意象85 论《金色笔记》中的象征手法论《金色笔记 》中的象征手法86 从词汇对等角度看《红楼梦》中“笑”一词的英译从词汇对等角度看《红楼梦》中“笑”一词的英译87 从文化角度探析中英基本颜色词的比较和翻译从文化角度探析中英基本颜色词的比较和翻译88 着魔的猎人——解读《洛丽塔》中的男主人公亨伯特着魔的猎人——解读《洛丽塔》中的男主人公亨伯特89 阅读中的英语词汇教学策略阅读中的英语词汇教学策略90 苔丝的反叛精神苔丝的反叛精神91 女性哥特视角下的《蝴蝶梦》女性哥特视角下的《蝴蝶梦》92 浅析英汉基本颜色词之文化内涵－－以“白”与“黑”为例浅析英汉基本颜色词之文化内涵－－以“白”与“黑”为例93 从三美原则看中国古诗词中酒意象的英译从三美原则看中国古诗词中酒意象的英译94 有关“生命”概念隐喻的英汉对比研究有关“生命”概念隐喻的英汉对比研究95 论《科利奥兰纳斯》的政治悲剧论《科利奥兰纳斯》的政治悲剧96 分析西方末世论在美国电影中的体现分析西方末世论在美国电影中的体现97 从构式视野下对英语图式习语的解读从构式视野下对英语图式习语的解读98 图式理论分析中国网络流行词翻译图式理论分析中国网络流行词翻译99 英语专业本科毕业论文摘要的体裁分析英语专业本科毕业论文摘要的体裁分析100 《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》一文中守旧因素的象征运用《献给艾米丽的玫瑰》一文中守旧因素的象征运用101 Roads to Happy Marriage: a New Conception of Feminism in Doris Lessing’s Novel s102 中美大学生道歉策略对比研究中美大学生道歉策略对比研究103 数字模糊语义的汉英翻译数字模糊语义的汉英翻译104 《新编英语教程》浅析《新编英语教程》浅析105 美国战争电影的人性和文化透视－－以《拯救大兵瑞恩》为例美国战争电影的人性和文化透视－－以《拯救大兵瑞恩》为例106 《名利场》的女性主义解读《名利场》的女性主义解读107 (英语系经贸英语)从“口红效应”看中国文化产业的机遇从“口红效应”看中国文化产业的机遇108 李清照“声声慢”英译本的对比研究李清照“声声慢”英译本的对比研究109 浅谈英语委婉语的作用和原则浅谈英语委婉语的作用和原则110 浅析简.奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的女性主义奥斯丁在《傲慢与偏见》中的女性主义111 相似的母爱，不同的表达——对比研究《黑孩子》和《宠儿》中的母亲形象相似的母爱，不同的表达——对比研究《黑孩子》和《宠儿》中的母亲形象112 形合与意合对比研究及翻译策略形合与意合对比研究及翻译策略113 对《红字》中完美人性的求索－－浅析海斯特与丁梅斯代尔的自我思想较量与精神升华中完美人性的求索－－浅析海斯特与丁梅斯代尔的自我思想较量与精神升华 114 《爱玛》的三个中译本中翻译策略的比较研究《爱玛》的三个中译本中翻译策略的比较研究115 在冲突与迷茫中凋零－－浅析苔丝悲惨命运的必然性在冲突与迷茫中凋零－－浅析苔丝悲惨命运的必然性116 旅游翻译中的跨文化语用失误旅游翻译中的跨文化语用失误117 埃德加.爱伦.坡小说《黑猫》的写作技巧应用分析坡小说《黑猫》的写作技巧应用分析118 英汉数词的文化对比及其翻译英汉数词的文化对比及其翻译119 中美肥胖问题比较研究中美肥胖问题比较研究120 英语中的汉语外来词英语中的汉语外来词121 论《红字》中的清教主义思想论《红字》中的清教主义思想122 英汉习语的差异及其翻译——对杨、霍译《红楼梦》中习语翻译的研究英汉习语的差异及其翻译——对杨、霍译《红楼梦》中习语翻译的研究123 对《儿子与情人》中的自然环境描写的研究对《儿子与情人》中的自然环境描写的研究124 从以目的为导向的翻译原则看委婉语的翻译从以目的为导向的翻译原则看委婉语的翻译125 初中生英语学习内在动机的激发初中生英语学习内在动机的激发126 语法翻译法与交际法的对比研究语法翻译法与交际法的对比研究127 文化语境视域下英语习语的汉译研究文化语境视域下英语习语的汉译研究128 《德伯家的苔丝》中的象征解析《德伯家的苔丝》中的象征解析129 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的悲剧根源浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的悲剧根源130 对《老人与海》中主人公的性格分析对《老人与海》中主人公的性格分析131 任务型教学在高中英语阅读课堂中的应用任务型教学在高中英语阅读课堂中的应用132 从制度文明起源的角度浅谈中西方家庭观念的差异从制度文明起源的角度浅谈中西方家庭观念的差异133 卡森.麦卡勒斯《心是孤独的猎手》福柯式解读麦卡勒斯《心是孤独的猎手》福柯式解读134 从精神分析学角度看哈姆莱特的性格变化从精神分析学角度看哈姆莱特的性格变化135 An Analysis on Characterization in Sense and Sensibility136 伏尼契小说《牛虻》中主人公性格分析伏尼契小说《牛虻》中主人公性格分析137 哥特元素在《宠儿》中的运用哥特元素在《宠儿》中的运用138 浅议《女勇士》中的个人英雄主义浅议《女勇士》中的个人英雄主义139 浅析英语中的性别歧视浅析英语中的性别歧视140 中美民族性格差异及其文化渊源中美民族性格差异及其文化渊源141 试论盖茨比对其梦想生活的追求试论盖茨比对其梦想生活的追求142 不可缺少的书信——《傲慢与偏见》中书信功能的研究不可缺少的书信——《傲慢与偏见》中书信功能的研究143 试论任务型教学法在英语阅读教学中的应用试论任务型教学法在英语阅读教学中的应用144 An Analysis of Self-reliance in Little Women145 浅析好莱坞英雄主义中的传统英雄和反英雄形象浅析好莱坞英雄主义中的传统英雄和反英雄形象146 通过分析《德伯家的苔丝》中主要人物形象分析哈代的宿命论思想通过分析《德伯家的苔丝》中主要人物形象分析哈代的宿命论思想147 高中英语写作前口语活动设计与实施建议高中英语写作前口语活动设计与实施建议148 An American Nightmare: A Naturalistic Approach To Clyde in An American Tragedy149 政治演讲辞中常用修辞政治演讲辞中常用修辞150 澳大利亚英语词汇和澳大利亚文化澳大利亚英语词汇和澳大利亚文化151 论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象及象征意义论《失乐园》中撒旦的形象及象征意义152 浅析中西习俗文化“冲突”浅析中西习俗文化“冲突”153 An Analysis of Tess’s Tragic Fate and the Realization of Hardy’s Fatalism154 《野性的呼唤》中巴克形象分析《野性的呼唤》中巴克形象分析155 大学生上网调查大学生上网调查156 Analysis on the Picaresque Elements in The Adventures of Huckleberry FinnA Comparison of English Vocabulary Learning Strategy Use in Learners of Different Agesocabulary Learning Strategy Use in Learners of Different Ages 157 A Comparison of English V158 《追风筝的人》中阿米尔的性格分析《追风筝的人》中阿米尔的性格分析159 从词汇对等角度看《红楼梦》中“笑”一词的英译从词汇对等角度看《红楼梦》中“笑”一词的英译160 艾米莉.狄金森的死亡观研究狄金森的死亡观研究161 解读艾丽斯.沃克《紫色》中的家庭沃克《紫色》中的家庭162 从文化语境角度分析英汉禁忌语的异同从文化语境角度分析英汉禁忌语的异同163 英语写作中教师的书面反馈英语写作中教师的书面反馈164 Comparing the Reasons for Hester Prynne’s and Tess D’Urbervilles’s Tragedies165 模糊限制语在英语新闻中的语用功能模糊限制语在英语新闻中的语用功能166 从关联理论的角度看《围城》中言语幽默的翻译从关联理论的角度看《围城》中言语幽默的翻译167 《哈姆雷特》中不言而喻的隐喻魅力(开题报告+论文+文献综述文献综述 )168 目的论指导下《页岩》英译汉中的词类转译现象目的论指导下《页岩》英译汉中的词类转译现象169 路易斯——现实世界在非现实世界的投影——解读《夜访吸血鬼》的现代性路易斯——现实世界在非现实世界的投影——解读《夜访吸血鬼》的现代性170 新课标下初中英语教师角色转变的研究新课标下初中英语教师角色转变的研究171 唯美主义与奥斯卡.王尔德的《道林.格雷的画像》格雷的画像》172 对《看得见风景的房间》的象征主义解读对《看得见风景的房间》的象征主义解读173 跨文化视角中中英颜色词的对比及翻译跨文化视角中中英颜色词的对比及翻译174 英汉称谓语的文化差异与翻译－－以《京华烟云》为例英汉称谓语的文化差异与翻译－－以《京华烟云》为例s Predicament and Dreamland175 Rabbit’Rabbit’s Predicament and Dreamland176 从文化价值的角度解读歌王迈克尔.杰克逊的艺术影响杰克逊的艺术影响177 商务信函中委婉语的使用策略商务信函中委婉语的使用策略178 《洛丽塔》悲剧结局因素探析《洛丽塔》悲剧结局因素探析179 论中美商务谈判中的跨文化交际因素论中美商务谈判中的跨文化交际因素180 分析《雾都孤儿》中的讽刺手法分析《雾都孤儿》中的讽刺手法181 从礼貌原则分析发盘的语言技巧从礼貌原则分析发盘的语言技巧182 (英语系经贸英语)贸易壁垒下中国企业跨国经营的突破之路—以华为为例贸易壁垒下中国企业跨国经营的突破之路—以华为为例183 交际教学法在初中口语教学中的应用交际教学法在初中口语教学中的应用184 国际商务谈判及其谈判风格国际商务谈判及其谈判风格185 布什总统演讲词中幽默话语的语用功能分析布什总统演讲词中幽默话语的语用功能分析186 分析《要说出全部真理,但不能直说》中的标记用法但不能直说》中的标记用法187 中美脱口秀会话分析对比研究中美脱口秀会话分析对比研究188 论《海的女儿》的女性自我价值主题论《海的女儿》的女性自我价值主题189 汉语中的英语外来语汉语中的英语外来语190 《觉醒》女主人公-艾德娜追求自我的过程艾德娜追求自我的过程191 论初中生英语学习资源策略培养论初中生英语学习资源策略培养192 人格、环境与命运——以弗洛伊德“人格结构理论”分析《还乡》中的主要人物命运 193 跨文化背景下广告汉英翻译策略研究跨文化背景下广告汉英翻译策略研究194 《觉醒》与《欢乐之家》中的女性形象和女权思想之比较《觉醒》与《欢乐之家》中的女性形象和女权思想之比较195 从死亡委婉语中透视中西方文化差异从死亡委婉语中透视中西方文化差异196 极限环境中的善与恶——浅析《蝇王》中的主要人物人格结构极限环境中的善与恶——浅析《蝇王》中的主要人物人格结构197 福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧成因分析福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》中凯蒂的悲剧成因分析198 析《远大前程》主人公性格之路析《远大前程》主人公性格之路199 论中西方时间观念差异对日常生活的影响论中西方时间观念差异对日常生活的影响200 广告英语中的模糊语言及其语用功能广告英语中的模糊语言及其语用功能。
英语专业毕业论文--论萧伯纳《皮格马利翁》中伊莉莎的女性独立
XXXX大学本科毕业论文（设计）任务书编号：论文（设计）题目：论萧伯纳《皮格马利翁》中伊莉莎的女性独立学院：外国语学院专业：机器翻译班级： 2009级机器翻译班学生姓名： XX 学号： XXXXXX 指导教师： XXX 职称：讲师1、论文（设计）研究目标及主要任务本论文的研究目标是探讨萧伯纳《皮格马利翁》中女性独立对女性幸福的重要影响。
其主要任务是通过阐述女性独立意识对女性幸福生活的重要影响呼吁女性要独立。
2、论文（设计）的主要内容本论文分为三章，第一章介绍伊莉莎独立意识形成的原因，第二章介绍伊莉莎独立意识的具体表现，最后一章介绍独立意识给伊莉莎人生带来的影响。
3、论文（设计）的基础条件及研究路线本论文的基础条件是不同的文学家、评论家及作者本人对作品的解读。
研究路线是对萧伯纳《皮格马利翁》中女主人公伊莉莎的女性独立意识为其生活带来的影响进行详细分析。
4、主要参考文献George Bernard Shaw, Pygmalion and Major Barbara, 贵州科技出版社，1992.The Cambridge Companion to Feminism in Philosophy, Cambridge University Press.萧伯纳.卖花女[M].杨宪益,译.北京:中国对外翻译出版公司,2001。
塔特洛克，希腊罗马神话，中央编译出版社，2012。
陈敏，皮格马利翁效应：用赞美、信任和期待来改变个人和团队的成功法则，北京工业大学出版社，2005。
沃特斯（朱刚、马晓蓉译），女权主义简史，外语教学与研究出版社，2008。
5、计划进度阶段起止日期1 确定初步论文题目3月16日前2 与导师见面，确定大致范围，填开题报告和任务书，导师签字3月16日-3月23日3 提交论文提纲3月23日-3月30日4 交初稿和文献综述4月20日5 交终稿和评议书5月8日前指导教师：年月日教研室主任：年月日注：一式三份，学院（系）、指导教师、学生各一份XXXX大学本科生毕业论文（设计）开题报告书外国语学院机器翻译专业 XXX 届学生姓名XX论文（设计）题目论萧伯纳《皮格马利翁》中伊莉莎的女性独立指导教师XXX专业职称讲师所属教研室商务英语教研室研究方向英语语言文学课题论证：通过研究萧伯纳《皮格马利翁》中女主人公伊莉莎的独立意识对其生活的影响来探讨女性独立意识对女性幸福的重要影响。
初稿
OUTLINEAbstractⅠ.IntroductionⅡ.Doris Lessing and FeminismⅢ.Feminist Language and Theme in The Golden Notebook3.1Feminist Language in the Golden Notebook3.2 Theme in the Golden NotebookⅣ.Challenge to Feminism in The Golden Notebook.4.1Political Life4.2Professional Life4.3Relationship with Child4.4Relationship with ManⅤ.ConclusionBibliography中文标题、摘要、关键词Feminist Interpretation of Doris Lessing’s The GoldenNotebookAuthor: Chang Fengjiao Number: 10680401 Tutor: Lv Lingyun Abstract: Doris Lessing is one of the most famous writers in contemporary literary world. The Golden Notebook is considered as her representative work in contemporary British 1iterature, and now it is translated into many languages. The novel is very meaty with unique representation, which plays an important role in Britain and the United States 1iterary circles. In 2007, Doris Lessing was awarded the Nobel Prize for literature. She was described by the Swedish Academy as “that epicist of the female ex perience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny”.This essay has been written with the aim to interpret The Golden Notebook from the perspective of feminism. This essay is divided into three parts for the demonstration. The first part introduces the basic information of feminism which is regarded as the background of Doris Lessing‟s writing and the relationship between Doris Lessing and feminism. The second part analyses the novel‟s theme and the lang uage of feminism respectively. And I also point out that the theme and the language of feminism in The Golden Notebook are combined together to serve forthe expression of feminist sensibility in the essay. The last part explores challenges to feminism in The Golden Notebook which make us on the feminism road.Key Words: Doris Lessing; The Golden Notebook; Feminism;Ⅰ.IntroductionDoris Lessing was born in Persia(now Iran) on October 22, 1919. She spent her early childhood in Kermanshah, Persia, but grew up in Zimbabwe(former Rhodesia). Doris Lessing is one of the most influential living writers in English literature through the whole twentieth century, establishing herself with more than seventy short stories, ten novels, two plays, one collection of poems and many papers and reminiscences mainly focus on women‟s fate. Lessing is termed as “the best living British wri ter of fiction.” In 2001, Lessing was awarded the David Cohen Prize for a lifetime‟s achievement in British Literature. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature. And she was described by the Swedish Academy as “that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny”. Doris Lessing supports the women‟s liberation and feels sympathy about women‟s suffering, but she is not willing to call herself “feminist”. As a woman writer, Lessing concerns herself with certain themes specific to late-twentieth century consciousness, ranging from racism, communism, to feminism and terrorism. As a woman writer, Lessing has explored the philosophical problems through the medium of female experiences. She is, perhaps more than any other contemporary novelist reveals what it is like to be a woman in modern society. The prevalence of women protagonists in her works makes her become a feminist icon. Her work, especially her masterpiece, The Golden Notebook aroused the awakening of the second wave of feminism.Many people attempt to define the term “feminism” from their own perspectives since it occurs. There are many definitions about “feminism”, the core of it is that “men and women should be equal politically, economically and socially”. There are three wave of feminism. In 1792, the publication of Mary Wolstonecraft‟s Vindication of Women marks the beginning of feminism. In the first wave of feminism, women fought for the abolition of slavery, the right for women to have the vote. These womenalso won the right to own and inherit property, the right to divorce and to joint custody. The feminists of second wave campaigned in favor of equal social and political rights for women, and argue against the objectification of women as the passive objects of male desire. The third wave has come out because of young women. They promoter the development of the contemporary women‟s writing and criticism, while women‟s writings have impelled the development of feminism as well. Among Doris Lessing‟s distinguished works, The Golden Notebook is her most representative one.The Golden Notebook published in 1962 is Doris Lessing‟s most outstanding novel which is generally regarded as her masterpiece. John Barklam makes comments on this novel: “A long and complex novel which draws on all the talent and insight of this gifted woman. It is no ordinary work of fiction. The technique, in a word, is brilliant, and in itself places Doris Lessing in the fore front of present British woman novelists. ” Milwaukee Journal makes comments on this novel: “England‟s brilliant Doris Lessing looks deeply into the problem of a sensitive and disillusioned modern woman…Seldom are the troubles recesses of a soul probe d as ruthlessly as Mrs. Lessing has done here…It is a rewarding book, an usually perceptive one.”In this novel, Doris Lessing has presented two vivid roles—Anna and Molly who are named as the “Free women”. They two have broken the old-fashioned life style of sex discrimination. They are independent on economic income; they support children without their ex-husband; they take part in political activities. In order to look for true love, they give up their marriage and search for true love freely.Ⅱ.Doris Lessing and FeminismDoris Lessing, one of the most excellent contemporary women novelists. Lessing arouses the attention of many writers and commentators of her time. Singleton also praises her as “not simply an artist, she is also a critic and pr ophet, dissecting in minute details the faults of society …hypnotized by the idea of Armageddon‟ and prophesying the calamitous results of those faults. At the same time, she attempts to delineate possible solutions to the world‟s problems.” Lessing is worthy of the high praise according to the contributions she has made and is still making to the world literature.The twentieth-century literature has witnessed Doris Lessing‟s creation of more than forty novels, dozens of short stories collections as well as quantities of plays and poems. She has won many prizes, having been considered as a powerful writer, Lessing explored many of the most important social, political, psychological areas of the twentieth century. Her works focus on specific topic as racism, communism, feminism and mysticism.Looking back the long history of human being‟s society, we can easily find the relationship between male and female is unequal for a long time. It is resulted from many complex reasons, and it is unequal dated back to a very early time. Particularly in European, women have suffered enough sex discrimination because of their subordinate status. Women warn break this kind of discrimination and fight for the equal rights. Then, feminism is just the most typical one among these fights. “Feminism” first appeared in France at the end of the nineteenth century, it means “women‟s liberation” in that time.We can know the literal meaning of feminism, but it is difficult for us to give an integrated and united definition about feminism. Talk to feminism, we need to know its central participant—feminists. Doris Lessing is unquestionably praised by the feminists in that time, but Lessing is reluctant to have any connection with feminism and refuse to regard as a feminist. Nowadays, feminism is not only a campaign about women‟s fight with men for equality but also a kind of ideology which spread in women‟s daily life and gradually becomes to social culture.At the end of the eighteenth century, “French Revolution” comes to the first clim ax of feminism. Under the “French Revolution”, women actively take part in the social revolution. But it seems that women‟s status in political and economic filed is still low. Women also did the same job with men, but gotten half salary of men‟s. These objective facts not only have accumulated power but turned into the prerequisite condition for the first climax of feminism to some extent.Mary Wollstonecraft, the British reporter and translator. Her book Vindication of the Right of Woman is the first major book of feminism in history. Mary Wollstonecraft “articulated women‟s claims needs and desires at a deeper level”. This book lead deeper desires to fight for political rights. After it, women clearly realizedthat to women who are eager to obtain the equal position and right with men. And the first step is to own the right to vote. The first climax of feminism demonstrates the women‟s power; it not only wins over the right to vote but the right to divorce and to joint custody.The first wave aims to fight for right, property and get education, it is the women‟s first movement.The second climax of feminism stars in the United States and sweep the northern America and other European countries in the 1960s. After the first wave, the revolution seemed to get some improvements. In 1940 the U.S encountered World War Ⅱ, due to lack of labor forces, women have improved themselves in the realistic working environment. But given those unequal payment and little opportunities for their advancement, and the national media propagated the importance of women to be a happy housewife. This situation made professional women feel contradictory and confused. But often the housework bring boring into their life. “…they refused to submit to the subordinate role in which they had been placed in the home before they got their factory j obs”. The Feminine Mystique written by Betty Friedan was published in 1963. It is a national and excellent book that describing social pressures lead women to be a mother and a wife. After the second climax, there are three kinds of feminism—Marxist feminism, Radical feminism and Liberal feminism. Along the three branches‟ development, feminists had toughened their willpower as the participants and exercised their talent. Marxist feminism emphasizes women‟s equal right with men in economy and class struggle. Radical feminism talks about the social relationship and structure of authority between men and women in every aspect. Liberal feminism requires women‟s liberation in sex. The second climax of feminism makes the feminists become more and more mature. Women not only emphasize their equal abilities as human being with men in the society but try their best to stress their own advantages than men in some fields.The third wave of feminism, many young women have grown up because of a voice of their own. It has the similar goals with the second. Many things such as single mother, children of low quality, which make people rethink whether feminism is worthy of expanding in the society. The main problem is to control the authority ofdiscourse for women.During the process of feminism, there appeared plenty of writers who mainly wrote for women and wrote about women. These three waves of feminism have developed contemporary women‟s writing and criticism, while women‟s works have impelled the advance of feminism as well. Doris Lessing is one of the influential one under the atmosphere of feminism.Ⅲ. The Feminist Language and the Theme of the Golden Notebook3.1The Feminist Language of the Golden NotebookAnthony Paul Kerby endorses this position and claims, “Language is not simply a tool of device used by persons but is part of their very definitio n.”If the self is constituted and produced in language as they assert, it follows that we arrive at a concept of who we are only after the fact of expression. It is because the power of naming that controlled by men who create the language, it delivers men‟s value. Women are affected by men‟s value when using the language created by them. From the feminists‟ point of view, language itself is the oppression to women, which makes the women keep silent all the time. Women have been fundamentally oppressed by a male-dominated language. Women often are constrained by the language available to them and can not express their true feelings freely under the social pressure, men also pay little attention to women‟s emotion. Therefore, the feminine consciousness has no opportunity to be expressed fully. To break away from the domination of men in discourse, it is necessary for women writers to fight against men‟s control of language rather than merely retreat into a ghetto of feminine discourse. Only when they have their own voice in our society can they fully explore their female experience. Unlike the traditional narrative strategies, in the Golden Notebook, the protagonist Anna Wulf, who is also the narrator of the story, is given by her creator the freedom of “narrated monologue”. Doris Lessing subverts the traditional male discourse and get the female narrative authority.Through Anna‟s narration, we have the opportunity to explore women‟s colorful inner world from their own perspectives. Women‟s self-consciousness is fully expressed through a reformed language. For Anna, language means to freedom. Shenarrates vividly, we can know female‟s personalities deeply. Lessing‟s writing may be usefully described as “feminine”—material, solid, and concrete. This language style is reflected fully in the Golden Notebook. There are few women who have been able to tell the truth about the body or the mind, for language it conceals women‟s real emotion. Since Anna is supposed to be a writer, she is shown to be concerned with the expression of self in written words and the freedom to express her true feeling through language. She acknowledges that language is a means of communication.The Golden Notebook disputes the established language. In the first part of the blue notebook, there appeared a large number of fragmented words from the clipping newspaper. The five notebooks are made up by a lot of fragments which offer a wide range of forms and styles. Most of the five notebooks engage in the untraditional use of language. Language plays an important role in reality. Anna‟s experience with the language illustrates well that language can restrain our perception of the world rather than passively convey our observation. Finding an innovative writing style, Anna breaks her writer‟s block and gets rid of traditional writing at last. We can know how much pressure women endured under the traditional culture.3.2 The Theme of the Golden NotebookWomen in that time have no opportunity to go outside and take part in the social activities. After that, women writers‟works are mostly concentrated on private life, passion between men and women, daily things of being women, personal relationships and so on. Moreover, the aim of men is to entertain themselves and to kill away their boring time. Men despised women writers‟ works, and don‟t care to have a look at their works.The protagonist of the Golden Notebook Anna is more than thirty years old. She calls herself “free women”—she leads a kind of free life; she choose her true love freely leave alone the bondage of marriage; she has divorced and brought up her daughter alone. She has found her love but five years later her love leaves her. She feels her life was in a mass. As a free woman, she found that she faced the collapse of her own world. She feels the whole world around her are beginning to fall down. The Golden Notebook is “set in London in the 1950s, with long recollections of Rhodesia during World War Ⅱ, the Golden Notebook tells a story of a woman‟s breakdown,fragmentation and healing into Unity.”The novel concerns mainly on male-female relationship and little on other fields such as the fate of the whole humankind, because they are beyond women‟s understanding. But sometimes the limited life experiences restrict women writers‟writing scope. For Jane Austen, Bronte sisters and George Eliot, all the experiences doors are closed to them except the scene of middle class‟s living room. It is impossible for women to get the first hand materials about politics, war and trade. In male reviewers‟ mind whether a novel is good one or not depends on its theme. If a novel deals with the passion of “the angel of the house”, it counts for little. If a novel deals with the war, then it is a vital one. Only when women break through this limitation can they write great works that is responsible for the world. In 1960s, through the second wave of Women‟s Liberation, women gained the equal rights in legislation. The Golden Notebook breaks away from the traditional topics in most women‟s works. It deals with not only sentiment between men and women, but also with the political problem, the racial problems, the feminism, the communism, the psychoanalysis, the religion, the spiritual life of human being and so on. It is a masterpiece in portraiture of the manners, anxieties, aspirations and the particular problems of the times in which we live.Concerning itself with some of the most vociferous causes of its time, it is no wonder that The Golden Notebook can have such a prominent place in the world literature. Through its capacious themes, the novel gives its readers an idea of the climate and the intellectual of Britain in the mid-twentieth century. After reading the Golden Notebook, we can not help but feel that women writers can writer as well as, if not better than, men writers.Ⅳ.Challenge to Feminism in The Golden Notebook4.1Political LifeThrough the first wave of feminism, women have successfully strived for female suffrage as the citizens. Here, Engels emphasizes the significance of women‟s participation in the social activities. Being confined to their household chores, most of the women have no opportunities to leave their house, let alone taking part in the political activities. Therefore, most women are innocent of politics, which we can see clearly from Anna‟s talking with some housewives one afternoon when canvassing forthe Communist Party in North London by-election in the Golden Notebook. Anna talked with one housewife, she says her husband has always voted Labor, and she does what her husband says. Then she added that her husband always voted Labor. Anna thinks:Five lonely women going mad quietly by themselves, in spite of husband and children or rather because of them, the equality they all had: self-doubt. A guilt because they were not happy. The phrase they all used:”There must be something wrong with me.”Above all, we can see clearly the ignorance of the traditional housewives on politics and their total subordination to their husband as far as concerned in patriarchy society. Lessing‟s “Free Women” try to redefine themselves by means of political and social commitments. They, as Lessing herself, involve in the British Communist Party, and immerse themselves in a lot of political activities. Anna thinks that,”when I joined the Party was a need for wholeness, for an end to the split, divided, unsatisfactory way we all live.” Anna joined the Party in 1950 with the dream about the politics. The “Free Women” are not concerned only about their personal lives as the conventional women do; they have wider scope of activities. But in the early 1960s, that even as Soviet-style communism failed as a vehicle for massive social transformation in Britain and elsewhere, mass movement for women‟s rights and civil rights would turn society upside down precisely by wedding the personal to the political.In the Golden Notebook, vivid women figure provide us with a lot of materials about women‟s life. Women in this novel all experienced the baptism of feminism, so the characters in this novel reflected women‟s problems in feminism. Women‟s political status in society are not changed a lot, they still voted according to their husband‟s opinions. So in women‟s political life, there exist a lot of problems we should deal with deeply.4.2Professional LifeIn this novel, Anna and Molly are all professional women. Anna and Molly are named by Lessing as “Free Women” who endeavor to live as freely as men do. They are both divorced and live with their husbands‟ economical support. The protagonistof this novel—Anna chooses her own career and holidays freely. “Free Women” in this novel are free to live without men‟s interference because of their economic independence from men.They all have their own spacious room, Anna as a famous writer, she earns her income from famous novel, but she is still confronted with “writer‟s block” which is one of the reasons about her final disillusionment. Molly‟s career is a minor actress always disappoints herself. The reality often forces women to exhaust all their energy, uses up their vitality and strain very nerve in order to reach the market value, very few ever succeeded. So it is obvious to find that those women teachers, lawyers, architects, engineers, and doctors are neither met with the same confidence as their male colleagues nor received equal remuneration.There is a great tension between Anna‟s life as a woman and her commitment to literature. The reality is that women can not be equal with men under the social environment. Women have to sacrifice much more than men if they want to become successful. “Free Women” meet much more resistance in pursuing their own career than men do in the patriarchal society because their career‟s pursuit is often despised by male. There are still a lot of predicaments to be overcome before the “Free Women” can enjoy as much as men have and it is still a long way to go.4.3Relationship with ChildrenIn the Golden Notebook, Anna and Molly both have divorced and be single mothers. But Anna loves her daughter Janet and Molly loves his son Tommy as traditional mothers. When Anna and Molly are getting along with their children without husbands, do these free women get the right relationship they want most between them and their children?Do their children live the same life with ones whose responsibilities of guardianship belong to fathers?Anna and Molly as “Free Women”, they not only responsible for their children‟s daily life; but also try to construct the right outlook on life style, love and study for their children. Molly let Tommy choose his own way of life as a socialist, she dose not agree to put any pressure on her son and she hopes that Tommy can decide his future and fate by his own; but to her disappointment, Tommy chooses suicide whichleaves him the complete blindness at length. The protagonist—Anna brings up her daughter Janet just like a traditional mother. Finally, Janet has gone into the boarding school by her own choice in spite of her mother‟s rejection.To the teenagers, may be the most important thing is the order and security. They are not interested in politics, casual love affair. “Free Women”try to educate their children through the means of no pressure, no authority which brought their children idleness. But Children do not care rights, movements, they need one to point out the way for future and they also need protection from society authority.4.4Relationship with ManIn that society, most of the traditional women get married but not with true love. After married, most women feel unsatisfied with their life because their status in family. And there is little communication between husbands and wives, so it is difficult to understand each other.In the Golden Notebook, there are two typical conventional women—Muriel and Marion. They get married with their husbands without love. The relationship between Muriel and her husband Paul Tanner is the best illustration of this kind of loveless marriage. She takes good care of her children and does housework every day but her husband does not share the love with his wife. Muriel needs her husband‟s economic support and protection, so she has no courage to give up the relationship with her husband.Marion is Richard‟s wife, she is also the traditional conventional woman. Her husband does not understand Marion‟s hard housework and there is no love among them. Marion brought up her three children and got married at an early age. Finally her husband betrayed her then developed a love with his secretary without thinking Marion‟s feeling.The “Free Women” are searching for their own perfect love all the time. Anna say to Molly,”our real royalties are to men, and not to women.”（GN,p.48）Women can not independent from men completely.There is an American writer Saul describes Anna as “a real domestic woman”. Both Saul and Anna are enthusiastic about Communist at the beginning but turns a great disappointment at the end. Being writers, both of them have the same experience,so they can understand each other. In fact, Saul acts as a mirror to reflect Anna‟s chaotic inside world and helps her to better realize her fragmented self. Anna‟s experience with Saul Green has been a therapeutic one. “A true conception of the relation of the sexes will not admit of conqueror and conquered;”(Goldman 509).Doris Lessing‟s novel tells that the relationship between women and men are friends not enemies.In the process of feminism, the feminists with large numbers always put men on the opposite place to obtain the global of their movement. Women are always blame men for their suffering from the experience of working, education, relationship with men. Lessing‟s novel tells us men are not the enemies to women but their collaborators. The liberation of women is indispensable of men‟s help. Women can cooperate very well with men. From the relationship between Anna and Saul, we can find that they know each other‟s mind, recognize each other in themselves. Their mutual understanding is the basis of their harmonious relationship.Ⅴ.ConclusionDoris Lessing has written her representative book from the female perspective. Doris Lessing, as a female writer, her attitude to feminism has come to be a special one:”To get the subject of Women‟s Liberation over with—I support it, of course, because women are second-class citizen, as they are saying energetically one and competently in many countries. ”The Golden Notebook tries to communicate a women‟s story-history and to offer women a multiplicity of roles, identities and particularly ones that move beyond male-centered constructions with the unconventional narrative. It is a great challenge to the male-dominant culture. This novel creates not only a new novel form but also a new, female subject. Through Anna, we see a vivid and accurate picture of the situation of the “Free Women” in the modern Western world. Anna in this novel tries her best to be independent.Bibliography[1]Blooms, Harold. Modern Critical Views: Doris Lessing [J]. New York: Chelsea HousePublisher, 1986, (2):36-78.[2]Dunayevskaya, Raya.Women’s Liberation and the Dialectics of Revolution [J].Detroit: Wayne State University Press, 1996, (2):32-45.[3]Goldman, Emma. The Tragedy of Women’s Emancipation [J]. Columbia: Columbia UniversityPress.1973, (1):450-520.[4]Heilmann, Anna. Feminist Forerunners [J]. London: Pandora Press, 2003, (2):64-89.[5]Lessing, Doris. The Golden Notebook [M]. New York: Bantam, 1973.[6]Ware, Susan. Modern American Women [M]. New York: The Mcgraw-Hill Press, 1997.[7]蒋花,《金色笔记》中关于自由的反讽[J]. 译林, 2007, (4): 191-194.[8]李福祥, 钟清兰, 八九十年代多丽丝·莱辛的文学创作[J]. 四川外语学院学报, 2000, 16(1): 58-61.[9] 李世新, 形式与内容的高度统一—论多丽丝·莱辛《金色笔记》的创作特色[J].青海社会科学，2003, (2): 155-158.[10]刘颖, 建构女性的主题性话语—评多丽丝·莱辛的《金色笔记》[J]. 邵阳学院报,2003, 3(1): 88-91.[11]张友燕. “存在性”困境和“自由姓”—多丽丝·莱辛《金色笔记》解读[J]. 熟理工学院学报, 2005, (1): 71-74.46.解读多丽丝·莱辛《金色笔记》的女权主义作者：昌凤姣学号：10680401 指导老师：吕凌云摘要：多丽丝·莱辛是当代世界文坛上颇负盛名的作家,她的代表作《金色笔记》可谓当代英国文学中一部独具风格的作品,也是她最具代表性的作品,现已被译成多种文字。
论文题目
*1.初中（高中）英语教师的职业倦怠问题调查（job burnout）
2.初中（高中）英语课堂互动情况调查
3.初中（高中）英语课堂任务类型调查
4.中学英语教师课堂提问状况调查
5.初中（高中）英语教材中的文化内容分析
6.初中（高中）英语作业现状调查
7.初中（高中）学生课外英语阅读状况调查
8.初中（高中）英语教师课外阅读现状调查
9.初中（高中）英语教师开展教研活动的现状调查
10.初中（高中）英语课堂中学习策略教学状况的调查
11.中学生自主学习能力与英语成绩的相关研究
*12.中学生性格类型与英语口语表达能力的相关研究
13.英语学习动机与英语成绩的相关研究
14.中学生英语学习策略使用状况的调查研究
Internship problems for college English majors and their solutions 10. 外国电影题目翻译的原则和技巧
On principles and skills of movie title translation。
玛丽的伦理悲剧_三维伦理视角下的_野草在歌唱_蔡斌
外/国/文/学/研/究玛丽的伦理悲剧—三维伦理视角下的《野草在歌唱》蔡 斌 宋彤彤摘要：多丽丝·莱辛的处女作《野草在歌唱》内涵丰富，一出版便备受关注。
学者们分别从后殖民主义、女性主义、生态主义等不同角度剖析过这部作品。
本文采用文学伦理学的批评方法，从三维伦理角度—家庭伦理、社会伦理和政治伦理逐层解读这部作品，分析女主人公玛丽梦想破灭、人格分裂、家破人亡的伦理学意义，探讨发生在她身上不可避免的伦理冲突和悲剧命运，由此揭示出传统伦理道德对人们精神封闭式的压制和扭曲。
小说传达了莱辛对人类伦理建构的深切关怀和广博的人道主义的情怀。
关键词：莱辛 《野草在歌唱》 家庭伦理 社会伦理 政治伦理作者简介：蔡斌，南京河海大学外国语学院副教授，研究方向为英美文学。
宋彤彤，南京河海大学外国语学院硕士研究生，研究方向为英美文学。
Title: Analysis of Mary’s Tragedy from the Three-dimensional Ethical PerspectiveAbstract: Doris Lessing is one of the most famous w riters in the contemporary world literature arena. Her first novel The Grass Is Singing, with its profound implications, captures much critical attention since its publication. Numerous scholars have studied this work from different perspectives, to name a few, post-colonialism, feminism and ecological criticism. This paper, based on the perspective of ethical literary criticism, tries to interpret the ethical tragedy of the heroine Mary from the three-dimensional ethical angle—family ethics, social ethics and political ethics, therefore reveals the suppression and distortion of traditional ethics over men’s spirit and Lessing’s broad humanistic feelings.Keywords: Lessing, The Grass Is Singing, family ethics, social ethics, political ethicsAuthors: Cai Bin <cb_6203@> is an associate professor of College of Foreign Language and Culture, Hohai University, Nanjing, China(211100). His major field is English and American literature. Song Tongtong <zssghoedn@> is a graduate student of College of Foreign Language and Culture, Hohai University, Nanjing, China (211100). Her major field is English and American literature.2007年诺贝尔文学奖获得者，著名女作家多丽丝·莱辛作为20世纪英国文坛的常青树，是“最有成就的、多才多艺的，并且是最具有启发性的用英语写作的非洲籍英国作家”（Ghosh 27）。
《简爱》中女权主义意识(英文)
摘要《简·爱》是现实主义时期著名的女作家夏洛蒂·勃朗特的代表作品,她被认为是一位卓越的女作家。
因为她在小说中描述的是与传统不同的女主人公简·爱的勇于追求自由、平等和独立精神。
它也是作者的自传体小说。
通过对简·爱的性格进行剖析，证明了简·爱是一个标准的女权主义者。
简·爱这个人物形象，博得读者的爱怜，在英国文学史上是位具有代表性的人物，不仅表现在外表的朴实无华，而且表现在她性格上的独特魅力。
简·爱因其性格中所具有的强烈反抗意识而特别地引人注目。
她坚持自己的原则去不断反抗不公平的社会。
她用尽全力去追求自由，平等，独立和真爱。
经过坚持不懈的努力她最终获得自尊，自由和真爱。
关键词：女权, 反叛, 独立, 平等, 真爱ABSTRACTJane Eyre is the most famous work of Charlotte Bronte, who is considered as an extraordinary woman novelist. Because the novel throbs with the heart-beats of its author, both literary critics and the readers have taken great interest in its unconventional heroine Jane Eyre, whose unconventionality is shown in the heroine’s pursuit of liberty, equality and independence. It is an autobiographical novel in a certain degree. This essay attempts to prove Jane is a real feminist through the analysis of her personality. Jane Eyre is a typical and magnificent representative in English literature, not only for her plain but famous appearance but also for her character’s outsta nding and alien thoughts. The image of Jane Eyre is brilliant for her rebellious character. She always insists on her principle to rebel and fights bravely against the unjust world. She still tries her best to pursue freedom, equality, independence and true love. By unremitting efforts she finally gets dignity, freedom and true love.KEY WORDS: feminist, rebel, independence, equality, true loveContentsIntroduction (9)Chapter One The D evelopment of Jane Eyre’s Resistance (10)1.1 Outburst period at Gateshead (10)1.2 Jane’s resistance at Lowood Institution (11)1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor House (13)Chapter Two Jane Eyre’s Pursuit of Independence and Freedom (14)2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedom (14)2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve herindependence (14)2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of it (15)Chapter Three Jane Eyre’s Attitude Towards Love (18)3.1True love should be based on equality and mutual understanding (18)3.2The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love (19)Conclusion (23)Acknowledgements (24)Bibliography (25)IntroductionCharlotte Bronte, an English writer, is a great critical realist in the 19th century. She writes lots of works in her life. She sets to work on a new novel,Jane Eyre, which is published in August, 1847. Jane Eyre is her masterpiece which is a world famous novel. Jane Eyre has been translated into many languages and is always high in reading popularity. Jane Eyre, a plain, timid, weak and pale girl who appears to be a heroine, exists in numerous people’s minds. It seem s to be a strange phenomenon. How can she arouse the eminent attention of the readers throughout the world? Because Jane Eyre stands for an idealized woman in the 19th century. Charlotte Bronte aims at awakening women's consciousness and courage to equal rights and freedom. Jane Eyre cuts a completely new woman image. She represents those middle-class working women who are struggling for the recognition of their basic rights and equality as a human being. Jane strives with all difficulties to gain women’s liberation and to pursue freedom, equality and true love. The analysis of Jane’s personalities and her attitudes toward love has shown partly Jane’s love — a kind of direct, enthusiastic and faithful love. The story of the independent-minded Jane and her love affair with Mr. Rochester opens up new dimension for women. She is a typical character of awakening bourgeois intellectual women. The heroine Jane moves most readers as a kind and unique image in spite of her plainness, poverty and low position. The profound meaning of Jane’s personalities makes this novel an extremely important work lists in the history of world literature as well as in the English literature.Chapter One The D evelopment of Jane Eyre’s Resistance1.1 Outburst period at GatesheadJane Eyre seems to be pale, thin and weak. She is like a piece of dust, nobody pays attention to her. At any time she may disappear. She was born an orphan, with an unfortunate family and long time repressive feeling; she builds up her resistant emotion. Under this background, everyone looks down upon her. Jane asks herself “why was I always suffering, always browbeaten, always abused, for ever condemned.” (Bronte, 2002:13) Her reason says “unjust!-unjust!” (Bronte, 2002:14) A first angry voice bursts out from her deep heart. When John beats her again, she attacks him viciously. She shouts at him, “Wicked and cruel boy! You are like a murderer —you are like a slav e-driver—you are like the Roman emperors!" (Bronte, 2002:7) When Mrs. Reed tells Mr. Brocklehurst that Jane has a bad character and a deceitful disposition, she defends that “I am not deceitful: if I were, I should say I loved you; but I declare I do not love you: I dislike you the worst of anybody in the world except John Reed; and this book about the liar, you may give it to your girl, Georgiana, for it is she who tells lies, and not I." (Bronte, 2002:48) However, Jane is a brave soldier who dares to face up all kinds of injustice and fights against them. Before she leaves Gateshead, she rebukes her aunt’s cruelty, “How dare I, Mrs. Reed? How dare I? Because it is the truth. You think I have no feelings and that I can do without one bit of love or kindness; but I cannot live so: and you have no pity. I shall remember how you thrust me back—roughly and violently thrust me back—into the red- room, and locked me up there, to my dying day; though I was in agony; though I cried out, while suffocating with distress, ‘Have mercy! Have mercy, Aunt Reed!’And that punishment you made me suffer because your wicked boy struck me—knocked me down for nothing. I will tell anybody who asks me questions, this exact tale. People think you a good woman, but you are bad, hard-hearted. You are deceitful!” (Bronte, 2002:49) Jane suffers various violent treatments by her aunt and cousins; she tries her best to be a good girl but only results in failure in Mrs. Reed’seyes.Jane resists and resists, but finally breaks out and speaks all her anger; Jane’s courage frightens Mrs. Reed, for she knows Jane is right. In those days at Gateshead Hall, Jane's strong, brave and unbending characteristics are expressed step by step. Her every behavior shows her great indignation. Isolation, poverty, discrimination and oppression cause her to revolt against the unfair society in her own way. Jane is driven away from and escapes from Reed’s house partly because of fearless courage. Jane fights not only for just treatment, but also for equality. This is the first step of the development of Jane Eyre’s rebellious character.1.2 Jane’s resistance at Lowood InstitutionLowood Institution is a charity school for poor clergymen’s da ughters. Jane lives here for eight years. Her rebellious sprits become mature. In fact it is a hell for poor girls. The school is like a prison dominated by cold, implacable cruelty and Brocklehurst. Children here are not supplied with enough food, clothes and good treatment of disease. Many of them die of illness. They have no love and sympathy at all, living in hunger and cold. Children must pray for God and thank for oppressors. Helen, a clever, intelligent and beautiful girl receives curse and beat, finally loses her young life. She believes in God. She says to Jane, “I am sure there is a future state; I believe God is good; I can resign my immortal part to Him without any misgiving. God is my father; God is my friend: I love Him; I believe He loves me.”(Bronte, 2002:121) Just because of these ideas, Helen has n’t a little rebel against that kind of cruel treatment.However Jane is not like Helen. She always tries to rebel, though she is still a child. She tells Helen: “A great deal: you are good to those who are good to you. It is all I ever desire to be. If people were always kind and obedient to those who are cruel and unjust, the wicked people would have it all their own way: they would never feel afraid, and so they would never alter, but would grow worse and worse. When we are struck at without a reason, we should strike back again very hard; I am sure we should—so hard as to teach the person who struck us never to do it again." (Bronte,2002:82) This rhythmic and forceful speech embodies the deep bourgeois oppression of the lower women and Jane’s rebellious spirit. To achieve independence as an equal human, Jane never yields to fate and background. She does as she says. Her attitude towards her cousins, her aunt and Mr. Brocklehurst all proves it.Another woman, Miss Temple, is also admired and deeply loved by Jane. Miss Temple’s learning stimulates Jane’s longing for intelligence and Miss Temple’s kindness stirs up her enthusiasm for ideal life. So when Miss Temple leaves Lowood, Jane can’t put up with dullness and isolation there. She thinks that now she is left in her natural element, and begins to feel the stirring of old emotions. Jane looks forward to a new life and a free sky. No matter what will happen in the future, she will face it bravely. The rebellious fury is burnt again. Then Jane makes an advertisement and gets a governess profession at Thornfield. In this period, Jane’s rebellious spirit is up to a new standard and catches a more profound meaning. Her fighting is not only against a person, but against the social convention.1.3 The perfection period at Thornfield and Moor HouseAt Thornfield, Jane, as a grown-up, changes her harshness into a refined woman with good education, delicacy of feeling and gentleness of manners. At Thornfield she gets along well with everyone. Jane is mild to everyone. Adele, a girl without talent is carefully taught by Jane and made safe and happy. In such a wild world, she forgets her pain and her misery. Furthermore, she learns to be tolerant to others’ shortcomings. Hearing that Mrs. Reed is dying, she comes back soon to Gateshead. Although she once has told Mrs. Reed that she never wants to see her again, she forgets and forgives her. Jane’s delicate feeling is best revealed when she meets Rochester, who is hurt. She gives him a hand in a polite way. In spite of his rude rejection, she says, “I can not think of leaving you, sir, at so late an hour, in this solitary lane, till I see you are fit to mount your horses.” (Bronte, 2002:173)When Jane falls in love with Rochester, she is awaken and still keeps her resistance; she makes her every effort to rebel against social prejudice and customs, struggling for independence and true love. She dares to say “no” to anyone, includingher master, Mr. Rochester who is domineering and arrogant. When she talks with Mr. Rochester, she doesn’t avoid saying what she thinks whether Mr. Rochester is happy or not. On the wedding between Jane and Rochester, Jane is told that Rochester has married before. Bertha Mason, a mad woman is his wife who has been living in Thornfield. At the bad news, Jane knows if she lives with him, she will fall into the category of mistress and lose her respect. The dream of freedom, happiness and the independence which she was looking forward to would become fancies. The strength of reason is power over emotion. Jane leaves Thornfield resolutely to meet unknown fate in the future. When she almost starves to death, St. John helps her. Jane’s sp irit of revolt is obviously expressed by her refusal of St. John’s offer of marriage .Jane never changes her will to follow St. John. She thinks, “If I join St. John, I abandon half myself, if I go to India, I go to premature death”, “if I do make the sacrifice he urges, I will make it absolutely: I will throw all on the altar—heart, vitals, the entire victim.”(Bronte, 2002:642) Jane says to St. John, “I scorn your idea of love.”(Bronte, 2002:649) Jane dares to rebel against St. John’s offer because she th inks they are equal. She has the right to rebel against him. This period is the perfection of Jane Eyre’s rebelli ons.Chapter Two Jane Eyre’s Pursuit of Independence andFreedom2.1 Jane begins to realize the importance of independence and freedomIndependence is the outstanding quality throughout the whole process of the novel. Jane Eyre is not pretty and her character is unique. She is maltreated by her cousins and aunt. One day, when Jane takes John’s book to read, he beat s her once more. John says that Jane has no business to take his books; “Y ou have no business to take our books; you are a dependant, mama says, you have no money; your father left you none; you ought to beg, and not to live here with gentlemen’s children like us, and eat the same meals we do, and wear clothes at our mama’s expense”. (Bronte, 2002:7) When she fights against him severely, she is sent to Red Room.In the Red Room, she is frightened, but she keeps a clear mind that she realizes she needs to be saved from her blind fear of authority and be self-reliant. Her mind is in tumult, and all her heart in insurrection, her reason says “unjust! I never compromise to them. I shall be independent.” (Bronte, 2002:14) She hates Gateshead, hates everyone there. She hates Mrs. Reed who is a bad, hard-hearted woman. She treats her with miserable cruelty. Gateshead is a shelter for her, which teaches her a lot of things. Only when she is independent, can she be respected by others.After all, she is a little girl, it is hard for her to be economically independent. Therefore, she decides to be independent, self-sufficient in her mind. The Reeds are really mean to her and she thinks they suck. Of course, the feeling is mutual. Therefore, she is spared from the Reeds and is sent to a low budget orphan school called Lowood Institution.2.2 Jane gains strength from her teacher and her friend to achieve herindependenceAt Lowood Institution, under the hypocritical Evangelicalism of the headmaster, Mr. Brocklehurst, she suffers further privation in the austere environment. Thecondition there is disgusting, but Jane does n’t submit to it. She gain s her strength from her teacher and her fellow students to achieve her independence. Maria Temple, an independent woman, is the headmaster of the Institution. She is a responsible teacher, and kind to the students, even the low students. Consequently, she gains respect and popularity from the people around her. From Maria Temple, Jane learns that independence is a very important thing for everyone.In our modern society, it seems to be more important to be independent. Jane learns the importance of duty and self-control through the friendship with Helen. At the beginning, Jane has much sympathy for Helen. Because Helen does n’t dare to fight against the person who insults her. When Helen is to be flogged and to be asked to stand in the middle of a room that full of people. Jane thinks that Helen should turn against others when she is bullied; she should resist against Miss Scatcherd, and dislike Miss Scatcherd. From these we can see that Jane is not obedient to anyone if someone bullies her, she will do the same thing to others. As known to all, it is not violence that best overcomes hatred, nor vengeance that most certainly heals injury. And Jane learns these from Helen. Jane is deeply moved by Helen’s actions and words. “Yet it would be your duty to bear it, if you could not avoid it: it is weak and silly to say you cannot bear what your fate to be required to bear”. (Bronte, 2002:79) Then through the friendship with Helen, she learns to be self-control in a certain degree. “It is far better to endure patiently a smart which nobody feels but yourself, than to commit a hasty action whose evil consequences will extend to all connected with you; and besides, the Bible bids us return good for evil”. (Bronte, 2002:79) Jane stays at Lowood for 8 years. She attempts to do well in all aspects. She makes rapid progress both in study and work. She becomes stronger than before in her heart. The idea of breaking out the conservative puritan life does not occur to her. She longs for a new form of life. So she gets a job by herself.2.3 Jane develops her independence fully and learns the pleasure of itIn order to lead a life of independence, Jane works as a governess at Thornfield Hall. She is looks down upon by the rich ladies of the fashionable society, but she never despises herself, she never feels herself inferior. She is satisfied with, and even proud of her honest, independent work. She loves Rochester who is in a large possession of fortune and in a high social position, but she never thinks of relying on these things. Once she immediately answers Rochester’s question about what else she needs, by saying, “Your regard: and if I give mine in return, that debt will be quit.”(Bronte, 2002:424) This kind of independence is irrevocable out of her pure soul which hasn’t been contaminated by the earthy care at all and represented the pur e uprightness. When the happiness reaches the highest point where she is about to be the dreamy person’s wife, Jane ke eps a clear mind, protecting her independence and her personality. She refuses all the precious gifts that could have been owned as a fiancee and reminded Rochester again and again of the responsibility she should continue to fulfill as a governess.As Rochester’s bri de, she continues to be Adele’s governess; when Rochester intends to give her a lot of jewelry and beautiful clothes, she refuses. Generally, beautiful clothes and jewelries are the favorite things to women. Jane thinks that real love is not based on money and jewelry. Her love does n’t mix with other strange ideas. In her opinion, self-respect, independence and equal rights are the fundamental elements of one’s love. She does n’t want to be the slave of money, and she d oes n’t want to rely on others. They fall in deep love with each other. Rochester does n’t want Jane to go on working，he wishes Jane belongs to him and considers Jane as his property．Jane refuses his suggestion without any hesitation．In her opinion，if she loses her job, she must depend on Rochester to live，thus independence says goodbye to her. She doesn’t want to be a thing of Rochester. At last, she decides to preserve her independence.With the news coming that Rochester’s wife is still alive, Jane is driven back to her original status. It means that Jane is just a lover to him. By this time, there are two roads in front of her: One is to be the lover of Rochester. The other is away from Rochester to begin a new life. Actually, it’s very sad for Jane to leave the place sheliked, and the man she deeply loved. However, Jane is the unique! She is determined to leave Thornfield without any hesitation. As we know that nothing can succeed in confining her before her resistant spirit .The powerful shout of the born independent spirit from her heart remains her independence. The natural strength of independence overwhelms her, “still indomitable was the reply—I care for myself. The more solitary, the more friendless, and the more unsustained I can be, the more I will respect myself.” (Bronte, 2002:467) With Jane and Rochester’s suffering the readers’ compassion is also aroused besides the feeling of pity. There is no defying that the blood of independence is going through Jane’s whole body from the day she was born. Fleeing from calamity solitarily, she does not hesitate all prices to maintain her own personality, dignity, and rebellions and independence is portrayed more perfect, and richer. Nowadays, as to women, we can’t depend on men completely. We should earn money through our efforts, we must be independent, never be subsidiary to others.In order to get dignity, freedom and independence, she runs away. At the prerequisite of maintaining her own character she does n’t take the jewelry and clothes which Rochester gives her. Jane arrives at the desolate crossroads of whitcross and is reduced to begging for food. Fortunately, the Rivers siblings helped her. At Moor House, Jane learns the pleasure of self-sufficiency. She lives a happy life there. She develops great affection for the ladies, Diana and Mary, and they are really nice to her. Jane becomes spiritually stronger and more confident through the friendship with Diana and Mary. She does n’t want to live there for a long time. She intend s to find a job to support herself, so St. John finds a job for her to teach at the local school. While teaching, she gains more social respect, and her students make progress quickly. Furthermore, the students and their parents like her very much. She is very happy and satisfied with her own conditions. As a teacher, her students’ progress and popularity are the best gifts to her.Chapter Three Jane Eyre’s Attitude Towards Love3.1True love should be based on equality and mutual understandingFrom the strong ego and independent personality, Jane seeks for love which should be based on mutual understanding, equality, respect and attraction. Jane is a governess, who has the profession with very low social position. Nearly no one looks up on it at that time. Being born of second class, Jane is sensitive about her position in society. She hopes that she can live with the same self-esteem as everyone in the upper class. She works very hard to be a good lady to reach the norm which is required by the upper class. Then she is eager to be admitted by the man who she loves, i.e. Rochester. Generally speaking, people are often satisfied with beloved one’s compliment. As for Jane, things are the same. Rochester is one of the members of the upper class. Rochester is a rich gentleman with high social status and reputation. But Rochester falls in love with Jane, so does Jane. Jane doesn’t pay much attention t o the difference between their social positions, because she only admires and believes in marriage based on true love. Humble job and poverty cannot stop her loving an upper class gentleman. On this point, she shows a woman's extra strength to take a risky love with Rochester and keeps her self-esteem. She respects the mutual equality of personality.Jane’s viewpoint shows she has clear self-awake sense of love. As a woman living in the society unequal between men and women, Jane doesn’t follow the outmoded conventions. She believes men and women are equal even if not in property, but in personality. When Rochester tells Jane that he is going to marry Miss Ingram and he insists that Jane must stay at Thornfield. Jane is angry at it. Let us see how Jane retorts to Rochester’s teasing.“I tell you I must go!” “Do you think I can stay to become nothing to you? Do you think I am an automaton?––a machine without feelings? And I can bear to have my morsel of bread snatched from my lips, and my drop of living water dashed from my lips? Do you think I am poor, obscure, plain, and little, I am soulless and heartless?In fact you think wrong!––I have as much soul as you, and full as much heart! And if God had gifted me with some beauty. and much wealth, I should have made it as hard for you to leave me, as it is now for me to leave you .I am not talking to you now through the medium of custom, conventionalities, nor even of mortal flesh; it is my spirit that addressed your spirit; just as if both had passed through the grave, and we stood at God’s feet, equal,—as we are!”(Bronte, 2002:396) Rochester understands fully and esteems her. Jane still maintains self-control and clear-headed when she becomes Rochester’s fiancée. She wants to protect her honor and independence. When Rochester buys diamond necklace, bracelet, ring, etc., which means to bind her, she refuses those gifts and reminds her, “I shall continue to act as Adele’s governess; by that I shall earn my board and lodging, and thirty pounds a year besides.” (Bronte, 2002:423) Thus she is such a person who regards her dignity sacredly and inviolably. Jane seeks for happiness and love, but she does n’t think love is supreme. She can throw away traditions to follow love, but she will never sacrifice her dignity and independence for the reason of love. Obtaining equality in life is Jane's ambition. It is equality that makes her love Rochester with all of her heart and soul; also it is equality that makes her leave Rochester with her disappointment and distress. Life is hard to Jane.On their wedding day, a secret is exposed that Rochester has a mad wife locked for several years, and then Jane resolutely gives up Rochester and is determined not to be a mistress. Jane's ambition, of course, forbids her to accept the unequal position of being the mistress of someone’s husband. She has her self-respect and must keep her nobility. Being an illegal mistress benefits her nothing but reduces her virtue and demoralizes her personality. Then she would have to depend on Rochester and lose her quality, independence and freedom. So she chooses the distress of leaving Rochester to realize her pursuit.3.2 The marriage pursued by women must be based on true loveAt that time, women were first customarily dependent on their parents then upon husbands. Their parents tried their best to choose good husbands for their daughters.The choices of husbands and fates were determined by men’s social position s and properties, rather than personalities and sincere emotions. Usually, women’s rationa l consideration triumphed over their personal interests. A problem raises in the novel is the position of a woman in society. Jane Eyre, the heroine of the novel, maintains that women should have equal rights with men. When she decides to leave her love, she is very sad. But Jane will feel unpeaceful if she does not leave and stays with Rochester as a lover. And she would not be her cousin’s wife without love. It is very easy to choose one’s own love in today’s England. But it is not so easy to do it in the 18th and 19th century England.Jane thinks that it is a glorious thing to have the hope of living with him and being his wife. Jane loves him with her whole heart. They have a meeting of the mind. But in that social background, people pay too much attention to property, rank and status. If the disparity is great, a pair of lovers would suffer disagreement with their families and their friends. Mrs. Fairfax, one of Rochester’s servants, is very surprised and feels puzzled that her master is madly clinging to Jane. In their opinion, Blanche Ingram, who is a typical representative of the rich class, is so beautifu1, rich and has the same high social position. She is regarded as Thornfield wife of Rochester in the future by most people. She is the ideal wife of Rochester. If Rochester marries Ingram, it is natura1．Because in that society，people’s sense of love is on the basis of money. In their eyes，money is everything，money is marriage. For the sake of money they can marry anyone even though the husband or the wife is an idiot. So the marriage between Rochester and Ingram is fair and reasonable．In their opinion, Jane is an ordinary looking woman without wealth, so she can never match Rochester. But with the development of the plot，Miss Ingram is proven to be a loser．Rochester is deeply attracted by Jane and gives up Ingram. Jane defeats her though Jane has no property and beauty. Jane’s plainness，poverty, position and disposition are contrasted to Ingram’s obviously. Jane is kind，intelligent, sympathetic and thoughtful, while Ingram’s minds is poor and hypocritica1.She has no sympathy at al1. She plans to marry Rochester only because of Rochester’ s property，Ingram tries her best tofascinate Rochester again and again，unfortunately，she falls again and again. Jane is fully aware of it．She witnesses “repeated failure s”．The party is the climax of the novel and the essence of the book. At the party，Jane’s victory is complete. According to her beautiful personality and the strength of her noble spirit，Jane drives those aristocrats away from competitive stages．High position and great wealth shows by the noble class are put aside．Jane gets glorious victory．The marriage pursued by women must be based on true love. She distains the money and hunt marriage, and looks down upon her artificial and hypocritical manners.The way she gets to know Rochester well is talking with him, observing him and getting agreements with him. She falls in love with Rochester not at the first sight but after a fairly long time of acquaintance. Before she completely knows Rochester Jane only takes him as the master and an object for talking. Every time she talks with him, her attitude to Rochester changes. Through communicating with each other by their minds, they gradually come to a harmony in spirit. Jane thinks, “The ease of his manner freed me from painful restraint; the friendly frankness, correct as cordial，with which he heated me, drew me to him. I felt at times as if he were my relation rather than my master: yet he was imperious sometimes still; but 1 did not mind that.”(Bronte, 2002:225) This is Jane's revelation of true feeling to Rochester. Only when Jane understands Rochester, can she appropriately analyse and accept Rochester’s character. Understanding each other and getting harmonious in spirit，the solid base of their true love. Jane loves Rochester’s value as a man, instead of his properties, social and family status. So, whether Rochester is a rich person in the upper-class society, or is afflicted with calamity and becomes totally-blinded disabled man; whether Jane is a poor and plain governess in Thornfield, or she becomes a rich heiress in one night. Nothing can change her steadfast love for Rochester.After leaving Rochester’s home, Thornfield Hall, Jane walks and travels without any aim. She lives in hunger and cold. As she roams about a whit cross, she is nearly dead because she suffers terrible hardships. St. John helps her and saves her life. St John wants to marry Jane and takes her to India with him. Although he is a little。
英文毕业论文--从女性主义的角度分析《简爱》
英文毕业论文--从女性主义的角度分析《简爱》本科生毕业论文从女性主义的角度分析《简爱》An Analysis on Jane Eyre from the Perspective ofFeministI摘要十九世纪英国女作家夏洛蒂.勃朗特的作品《简爱》因其独特的思想内容和表现手法，一直被看作是英国文学的经典之作。
自从作品问世以来，一直受到文学评论界的关注。
尤其是作品中对女性独立与平等的追求，使得小说中女主人公简爱的形象负载了西方妇女在19世纪开始觉醒的女性意识。
英国文学不乏叛逆女性的形象，但像简爱那样卑微、平凡、孤苦无依而又相貌平平的“弱势”女性，如此自觉地对抗强大的父权社会，算是空前的。
此篇论文从女性主义的角度出发，通过对作品中女主人公简爱的分析，揭示小说中所反映的维多利亚时期女性性别意识的觉醒和当时女性的社会地位。
在维多利亚时期女性地位得到了提高，女性意识得到了发展，但是仍然受到社会等级和社会地位的限制。
但总体来说，随着时代的发展，女性地位和女性意识都得到了不同程度的提高。
关键词：简爱；夏洛蒂.勃朗特；女性主义；平等和自由IIAbstractCharlotte Bronte is an outstanding woman writer in the 19th century English literature, her work Jane Eyre has been regarded as the classics of the English literature due to its unique content and way of expression. Since the work has been published, it has attracted the attention of the literary critics. Especially the pursuit of female independence and equality, making the heroines of Jane’s image loads the Western women’s awakening of feminist consciousness in the 19th century. There is no lack of the image of rebellious women in English literature, but like Jane Eyre, as humble, ordinary, plain but who have no “minority”women, so consciously against the strong patriarchal society, be regarded as unprecedented.This paper reveals the wake of theIIIgender conscious and the social position of women in Victorian period through the analysis of the heroine from the feminist perspective. The status of women in the Victorian period has improved by the development of female consciousness, but still affected by social class and social status.Key words: Jane Eyre；Charlotte Bronte; female; equality; freedomTable of Contents Acknowledgements............... 错误!未定义书签。
女性主义英文介绍(1)
The influences of the first wave Feminism
The second Wave Feminism (also called Modern Feminism)
The second wave (1960s-1980s) dealt with the inequality of laws as well as cultural inequalities.
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The First Wave Feminism
The first wave refers to the movement of the 19th through early 20th centuries (1900s– 1920s), which dealt mainly with suffrage（投 票权选举权）,working conditions and educational rights for women and girls.
Feminism
___Rita
Questions for you!
How would you define it as an ideology意识形态?
What comes to mind when you think of the word “feminism”?
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Feminists
Feminists are persons of either sex, or females only (in which case males may be profeminists), who believe in feminism.
谈多丽斯·莱辛的短篇小说《屋顶丽人》中的女性思想
英国著名作家多丽斯·莱辛被文坛誉为“祖母级作家”。 她曾多次 获得普利策奖，并多次被提名诺贝尔文学奖。 在 2007 年最终摘得这顶 文学桂冠，瑞典文学院颁与诺贝尔文学奖时给予她这样的评价：“她以 一种怀疑、热情、构想的力量来审视一个分裂的文明，其作如一部女性 经验的史诗。 ”[1]作为第 11 位获得诺贝尔文学奖的女性，她的小说题材 广泛、内容丰富、手法独特、意义深远。 作品表现的主题多样，种族压 迫、预言人类未来，尤其是在探讨女性问题上，她与伍尔夫并称为英国 女性文学的“双璧”，她以女性特有的笔触与感受为我们勾勒出女性的 方方面面，《屋顶丽人》中始终保持沉默的女性就是其中的一类。
【Abstract】The paper try to give an analysis on the figures in A Woman on a Roof which is the works of Doris Lessing. According to the analysis, we can see the true condition of the society of England in the 1950s, especially the impact to the female in the second feminist movement. With the analysis of the female figure, Doris Lessing has the breakthrough on the basis of Virginia Woolf, and gives her own serious thinking on history, society, human being of 20th century, her own explanation of female also make a great achievement of feminist- thinking in the 20th century.
女性主义视角下品特戏剧《房间》中被忽略的女性露丝
第34卷第2期总第288期2021年1月(下)湖北开放职业学院学报Journal of HUBEI Open Vocational CollegeVol.34.No.2(Gen.No.288)Jan.(last half)2021女性主义视角下品特戏剧《房间》中被忽略的女性露丝肖文平(桂林师范高等专科学校外语与旅游系，广西桂林541000)［摘要］《房间》是荒诞派剧作家品特的第一部作品。
本文从女性主义的角度去解读品特戏剧《房间》中的女主露丝，发现这个角色的身份、需求和灵魂，都是“被忽略确定性”的创作手法和风格［关键词］《房间》；露丝；女性主义；被忽略［中图分类号］1106［文献标识码］Adoi：10.3969/j.issn.2096-711X.2021.02.085女性主义(feminism)-词在19世纪80年代出现在法语中，也指女性批评主义.根据迈克尔•蒂拉赫德的说法，是“一种批评方式，通过揭露如何反映父权意识来批判男性的语言和文学的方法。
”(裴绍燕,2011：7)它是一种把文学作品融入其社会背景中、为研究女权问题提供包括历史学、心理学等跨学科的方法，旨在改变大众“男性占主导地位”的意识，同时也试图改变一些女性从内心附属于男性的思维。
哈罗德•品特(Harold Pinter)于1930年出生于英国一个犹太家庭，是著名的荒诞派剧作家。
1956年,26岁的他创作了首部剧作《房间》。
虽是品特的第一部作品，但它“已经蕴含了品待在此之后作品中的基本主题，并展现了品特的写作缝合和特色。
”(Esslin,1982：73)这部独幕剧讲述的是一对住在伦敦一个偏僻出租房中的中年男女伯特(Bert)和露丝(Rose)的故事。
照顾伯特用餐后，伯特外出，留在家里的露丝迎来了三批访客：疑似房东基德，正在寻找出租屋的桑德斯夫妇，黑人赖利。
从始至终，女主露丝都在房间里，出现在读者的视野里。
但是从整个故事情节去考察，从女权主义视角去解读，就会发现,女主露丝这个角色几乎是被忽略的，是作为情节发展的牺牲品而被忽略的。
(英语毕业论文)解析《小妇人》中的女性意识
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文化负迁移对翻译的影响123 功能对等理论视角下李白诗歌中意象的英译124 《红字》的人文主义色彩125 功能对等视角下记者招待会古诗词翻译策略研究126 Feminism under the Traditional Masculine Standards127 An Analysis of the Main Characters in Twilight-eclipse128 从适应与选择角度看公示语翻译方法129 文本特征与高中英语阅读130 从翻译美学角度评析白朗宁夫人“How do I Love Thee?”四种汉译本的得失131 从跨文化交际中的语用失误看中西文化差异132 会话含义在商务谈判中的运用133 宋词英译中的归化和异化134 浅析合作学习在英语专业口语教学中的应用135 战争时期坠入凡间的天使——通过《永别了，武器》分析海明威眼中的理想女性136 中美学生对待教师的礼貌言行的对比分析137 The Analysis of the Narrative Style in Toni Mor rison’s Beloved138 英汉汽车广告中常用“滑溜词”的对比分析139 中英文化差异与翻译策略140 从词汇对等角度看《红楼梦》中“笑”一词的英译141 《月亮与六便士》中查尔斯.思特里克兰德的追寻自我142 对《一小时的故事》的批评分析143 浅析托尔金在《魔戒》中的创作特色144 论《德伯家苔丝》中安吉尔行为的合理性145 基于中西文化差异的翻译策略研究146 从《时时刻刻》看三种不同身份的女性与现实的抗争147 英汉含文化植物词谚语对比研究148 To Obey or Rebel –A Study of Female Characters in Moment in Peking149 浅析《最蓝的眼睛》中佩科拉的悲剧150 On Carl’s Personality in Titanic151 中西方文化中家庭观念差异研究——以电影《推手》为例152 从文化差异角度研究英文新闻标题翻译的策略153 从《远离尘嚣》看托马斯哈代的生态自然观154 商务英语的语用特点及翻译155 全球化背景下的中国热与好莱坞电影156 《推销员之死》中主角威利的性格分析157 论《飘》与《傲慢与偏见》中女性追求幸福的不同方式158 An Analysis of Verbal Humor in American Sitcom Friends from the Perspective of Cooperative Principal159 从中英文动物隐喻看中国与英语国家的文化差异160 海明威《雨中猫》的文体分析161 浅析文化语境对翻译的影响162 论《龙年》中呈现的中国文化163 中英颜色词内涵对比分析——《骆驼祥子》个案分析164 论《鲁滨逊漂流记》中的殖民主义165 H.G.威尔斯科幻小说中的科学措辞研究166 英语流行语的文化内涵167 影响英语专业学生阅读理解因素的分析及对策探讨168 On Freudian Interpretation of Dreams In Sense and Sensibility169 广告中反语现象的关联分析170 初中英语课堂教学现状调查171 乔伊斯《都柏林人》中瘫痪主题分析172 狄金森、席慕蓉爱情诗中隐喻现象对比研究173 功能对等理论在中文菜单翻译中的应用174 毕业论文]Tragedy in The Mayor of Casterbridge175 系统功能语法理论在BB电子商务网站中的应用与实例分析176 形合与意合对比研究及翻译策略177 语境与商务英语信函写作178 《达.芬奇密码》中的女性主义179 语言经济学视角下的商务英语信函写作180 谈电影片名汉译的不忠181 《老人与海》中马洛林形象的不可或缺性182 试分析《牡丹亭》与《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的爱情模式183 D．H．劳伦斯《东西》中象征主义的运用184 圣经对J.K.罗琳创作《哈利.波特》的影响——对《哈利.波特与凤凰社》的写作手法及其宗主题的研究185 《小镇畸人》的现代主义解读186 On the Narrative Arts of Hemingway's Short Stories－－－－A Case Study of"A Clean Well-lighted Place"187 The Unique Characteristics of Edgar Allen Poe’s Gothic Stories188 论《海浪》中体现的死亡意识和生命意识189 从适应与选择角度看公示语翻译方法190 瓦尔登湖畔的隐士：反抗与变革191 On House’s Model for Translation Quality Assessment——A Case Study of Li Mi’s Chen Qing Biao192 从中西方文化的比较中谈英语隐喻的汉译193 中美穿越剧中文化构架差异研究——以《步步惊心》和《回到未来》为例194 从叔本华的哲学思想角度简析《德伯家的苔丝》中苔丝的悲剧195 从《红字》看霍桑的政治观196 浅谈故事在小学英语教学中的运用197 论英语新闻中的模糊语言198 动物成语的英译199 “土生子”叛逆精神探源200 论翻译中的衔接与连贯。
英国文学选读—Doris Lessing莱辛
1919/12/22-
Doris May Lessing ( born 22 October 1919) is a British writer, author of works such as the novels The Grass is Singing and The Golden Notebook. In 2007, Lessing won the Nobel Prize in Literature. She was described by the Swedish Academy as “that epicist（叙事诗人） of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilization to scrutiny".授奖辞称： “这个表述女性经验的诗人，以其怀疑主义精神，火一 样的热情和丰富的想象力，对一个分裂的文明作了详尽 细致的考察”。 Lessing is the eleventh woman to win the prize in its 106-year history, and also the oldest person ever to win the literature award.
Alfred
Tayler moved his family to Persia（波斯） (now Iran), in order to take up a job as a clerk for the Imperial Bank of Persia and it was here that Doris was born in 1919. The family then moved to the British colony of Southern Rhodesia (now Zimbabwe) in 1925 to farm corn, when her father purchased around one thousand acres of bush. Lessing's mother attempted to lead an Edwardian life style amongst the rough environment, which would have been easy had the family been wealthy; it was not. The farm was not successful and failed to deliver the wealth they had expected.
从女性主义角度解析简爱与德伯家的苔丝之开题报告
Applicant`s name:Ⅰ.Title:Reading from Feminism Perspective Jane Eyre and Tess of the D`UrbervillesⅡ.Abstract:⒈Research questionJane Eyre and another novel Tess of the D`Urbervilles are two typical novels of the Victorian era, both of them proclaim the consciousness of independence and resistance of women who have lower social status. This article starts from the situation of women and development of feminism at that time and analyze the two novels from the perspective of feminism.⒉Rationale for the studyIn the Victorian era, man was still holding the dominant position.Women don`t have equal rights with man. For instance, when man and women get marry, the property brought by women will belong to her husband, when they divorce, women don`t have guardianship right. Besides that for most of women, finding job is an incredible thing, much less have right to vote. Taking care of children and husband are their only duty. The writers reveal the living situation of women through the characters in their novels .What`s more, as the awakening of female consciousness and development of feminism, the characters are granted the features of independence and resistance.⒊MethodologyIn this paper I firstly use standardized research to outline the theory in this study. This method will be based on secondary research which source will be the research published in various journals and management publications.⑴Advantages of Secondary ResearchThe most important factor determining me to use the secondary data is that it is easy to do and helps to save time. My research dissertation has to be completed within four months, which implies constraints from the time, and some other factors. Furthermore, the verification process is more rapid and the reliability of the information and conclusion is greatly enhanced.⑵Disadvantages of Secondary ResearchAlthough secondary data collection is very useful for us to collect the existing information, the information collected through this method may be incomplete. Using this technique requires people to be quite clear about what they are looking for and the technique is restricted to the materials that already exist. It is not a flexible way to collect materials. If you are not clear about what you are looking for, you may spend much time but not collect the materials you need. So this method of documentation should be used base on the assumption that you have the clear objective about whatkind of materials you want to collect. And the data and information that you want to collect through this method must be the real and existing information available in the market. So this method just can help to collect the past and historic information and can not collect the in-depth information.Ⅲ.Procedure:Firstly, Jane Eyre written by Charlotte Bronte and another novel Tess of the D`Urbervilles written by Thomas Hardy have been read. I am familiar with the characters in the novels, their image, their features and their families.Secondly, I will read some books record the history of the Victorian era to realize the living condition of women. Moreover, I want to know the social background and what the authors want to reflect of the society.Lastly, I will read literature about feminism, such as the source of it and its development in the 19th century. Then I will on the perspective of this theory to analyze expression of feminism in the novels.Above all, I can use library method to do the theoretical outline of this dissertation. Some journals and articles from internet will be read.Ⅳ.TimetableTo decide a topic November, 2013Collect secondary materials and review of literatures December, 2013Complete a research proposal December, 2013Write up results and conclusion January, 2014First draft of project report completed January, 2014Second draft of project report completed February, 2014Third draft of project report completed April, 2014Final writing of project report April, 2014Ⅴ.Introduction:⒈Purpose of the studyThe main purpose of this research is to analyze the feminism in the two novels, one aspect is their spirit of resistance, another aspect is their perception of love which shaped by their independent personality. Comprehending the social background of the novels and the development of feminism in Victorian era is the first task.⒉ImportanceJane Eyre and Tess of the D`Urbervilles are two famous works with the profound history of imprinting, we regard them as canons until now. The novels are worth being studied because their literary value and historical value. In the Victorian era women did not want to be limited by children and families, they eager to have jobs, socialstatus, and even political rights same with man. From the perspective of feminism, the novels show awaking of women`s consciousness. That time and those novels help to feminism study all over the literature.⒊Major issues and sub-problemsThis study seeks to study1.The expression of feminism in Jane Eyre and Tess of the D`Urbervilles, includingthe independent personalities, what did the characters do when they trapped in dilemma, their perception of love.2.The living conditions, social status and rights of women in Victorian era3.The source of feminism and developing process in that era⒋Delimitation and boundaries1.Do the research from the perspective of feminism2.Just analyze the two novels,Jane Eyre and Tess of the D`Urbervilles3.State the living condition of women only in Victorian eraⅥ.Key concepts⒈Victorian era （social status of women, literature）Man in Victorian era thinks that women are in inferior position , even the most famous poet and great leader of that time also have the same thought. Women are appreciated because they are obedient to their husband. Women don`t have equal rights with man. For instance, when man and women get marry, the property brought by women will belong to her husband, when they divorce, women don`t have guardianship right. Besides that for most of women, finding job is an incredible thing, much less have right to vote.Some great novelists try to reflect the true life of the public from different aspects at that time. Meanwhile, they carry the duty of criticizing the society and defending interest of people. Their novels with the same feature, they care about life and fate of general people, they show their anger for the poverty and injustice. The most vital thing is that they wake up the consciousness of social problem and development from the public. Their works truly reflects the reality and spirit of that era.⒉Jane EyreJane Eyre is a representative work with autobiographical color of Charlotte Bronte. Jane Eyre was an orphan of poor clerical family. This young girl was placed in foster care with her aunt and uncle. However, Jane`s uncle passed away, she suffered ill-treat and bear discrimination from her aunt and cousins in decade. Later, she was sent to the ROM. Wood orphanage, where children had hard life and died in their bed. In that school, her best friend Helen passed away. Then the condition was improved, Jane got education for 6 years. As the leaving of her teacher ---Miss temple Bohr，she left the school . Finally, she found a job in Thornfield manor as a tutor. Gradually, Jane fall in love with the host Mr Rochester. However, someone came to testify Mr Rochester had got married with the mad woman locked in the third floor of the abbey 15 years ago.They were separated by law in pain. Jane left the abbey and led a vagrant life. A priest St. John, her cousin took her in and gave her a job as a teacher in a school. Later, they got legacy left by Jane`s uncle. John proposed to Jane for a reason she fit to be a wife of priest. Jane refused him and went to visit Mr Rochester. However, she found the abbey became a total ruin. The mad woman died after falling from the building. Mr. Rochester lost an arm and eye for saving his mad wife. Finally, Jane Eyre got married with him and they had happy life.⒊TessTess`s father is a simple farmer, that he is descended from the illustrious D`Urbervilles family or maybe not. He send Tess to check on a family named D`Urbervilles living in a manor house less than a day`s carriage ride away. Alec is delighted to meet this beautiful “cousin”. Then, Alec falls in love with Tess and rapes her. She leaves the family and back to home, she finds she is pregnant. She is laughed and discriminated. After the baby dies, she begins work as milkmaid, there she meets her true love Angel Clare. They fall in love, but Angle does n`t learn of her previous relationship with Alec until their wedding night and rejects her. Deserted by her husband, Tess meets Alec again, but poverty forces her to resume their relationship. Angle returns from traveling abroad, remorseful at his treatment of Tess, but finds her with Alec. Tess murders Alec in order to run away with Angle. They spend one night of happiness together before she is arrested and hung.⒋British Feminist Literary CriticismBritish Feminist Literary Criticism has a long history. The most famous work is A Vindication of the Rights of Women written by Mary Wollstonecraft, published in the 1792. She holds the opinion that the educational degree of women should match their social status. She asserts women should be given the same social rights like men, rather than are treated as the subsidiaries of society or a part of family property. Her opinion of feminist criticism is carried on by people in 19th century and 20th century. For instance, some outstanding writers, Jane Austin, the Bronte sisters, George Eliot, they express feminist feelings through characters in their novels.British feminism is divided into three groups: Liberal Feminism, Social feminism (Marxist feminism) and Radical Feminism. In the Victoriann era the liberal feminism which purpose is erasing the social distinction in law, politics, employment and other social fields of life via legal reform is the main trend.In the 20th Virginia Woolf gets the greatest achievement in the British feminist literary criticism because she puts forward the female economic independence consciousness. She pointed out economic independence has closed connection with education, privation of women restrict development of education.The second high tide of British feminism is motivate by a work Women`s Two Roles written by Viola Klein and Alva Myrdal in 1956. They think female should integrate family with work, elevate economic status so that they can get ride of the subordinate position in society.Ⅶ.Literature review[1]Charlotte Bronte(2003)Jane Eyre Shanghai:World Publishing Corporation[2]Thomas Hardy(2008)Tess of the D`Urbervilles Beijing:Foreign Languages Press[3]Clayton Roberts.David Roberts.Douglas R Bisson(2002)A History of England, V olumeⅡ:1688 to the Present 4th ed.London:Pearson Education.Inc.[4]Martha Licinus(1980)Suffer and Be Still Women in the Victorian Age Bloomington:Indiana University Press[5]Virginia Woolf(2003)On Novels and Novelist Shanghai:Shanghai Translation Publishing House[6]Elain Showalter(2005)A Literature of Their Own Beijing:Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press[7]Charles E. Bressler(2004)Literary Criticism:An Introduction to Theory and Practice Beijing:Higher Education Education Press[8]Dale Kramer(2000)The Cambridge Companion to Thomas Hardy Shanghai:Shanghai Foreign Language Education Press[9]张京媛.当代女性主义文学批评.北京大学出版社，1992[10]王卫新，隋晓获.英国文学批评史.上海外语教育出版社,2012[11]杨静远.勃朗特姐妹研究.中国社会科学出版社，1983[12]张载中.托马斯-哈代——思想与创作.外语教学与研究出版社，1983。
女性主义的英文材料
FeminismFeminism is a collection of movements aimed at defining, establishing, and defending equal political, economic, and social rights for women.[1][2] In addition, feminism seeks to establish equal opportunities for women in education and employment. A feminist is a "person whose beliefs and behavior are based on feminism."[3]Feminist theory, which emerged from these feminist movements, aims to understand the nature of gender inequality by examining women's social roles and lived experience; it has developed theories in a variety of disciplines in order to respond to issues such as the social construction of sex and gender.[4][5] Some of the earlier forms of feminism have been criticized for taking into account only white, middle-class, educated perspectives. This led to the creation of ethnically-specific or multiculturalist forms of feminism.[6]Feminist activists campaign for women's rights–such as in contract law, property, and voting– while also promoting bodily integrity, autonomy and reproductive rights for women. Feminist campaigns have changed societies, particularly in the West, by achieving women's suffrage, gender neutrality in English, equal pay for women, reproductive rights for women (including access to contraceptives and abortion), and the right to enter into contracts and own property.[7][8] Feminists have worked to protect women and girls from domestic violence, sexual harassment, and sexual assault.[9][10][11] They have also advocated for workplace rights, including maternity leave, and against forms of discrimination against women.[7][8][12] Feminism is mainly focused on women's issues, but because feminism seeks gender equality, some feminists argue that men's liberation is a necessary part of feminism, and that men are also harmed by sexism and gender roles.Contents[hide]• 1 Historyo 1.1 Nineteenth and early twentieth centurieso 1.2 Mid-twentieth centuryo 1.3 Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries • 2 Theory• 3 Movements and ideologieso 3.1 Political movementso 3.2 Materialist ideologieso 3.3 Black and postcolonial ideologieso 3.4 Social constructionist ideologieso 3.5 Cultural movements• 4 Societal impacto 4.1 Civil rightso 4.2 Languageo 4.3 Theologyo 4.4 Patriarchyo 4.5 Men and masculinity• 5 Cultureo 5.1 Architectureo 5.2 Literatureo 5.3 Musico 5.4 Visual arts• 6 Sexualityo 6.1 Sex industry▪ 6.1.1 Pornography▪ 6.1.2 Prostitution and trafficking•7 Relationship to political movementso7.1 Socialismo7.2 Fascismo7.3 Civil rights movement and anti-racism•8 Scienceo8.1 Biology and gender•9 Reactionso9.1 Pro-feminismo9.2 Anti-feminism•10 See also•11 References•12 Further reading•13 External linkso13.1 Multimedia and documentso13.2 Articleso13.3 Listingso13.4 ToolsHistoryFeminist Suffrage Parade in New York City, May 6, 1912.Main article: History of feminismSee also: ProtofeministDepending on historical moment, culture and country, feminists around the world have had different causes and goals. Most western feministhistorians assert that all movements that work to obtain women's rights should be considered feminist movements, even when they did not (or do not) apply the term to themselves.[13][14][15][16][17][18] Other historians assert that the term should be limited to the modern feminist movement and its descendants. Those historians use the label "protofeminist" to describe earlier movements.[19]The history of the modern western feminist movements is divided into three "waves".[20][21]Each wave dealt with different aspects of the same feminist issues. The first wave comprised women's suffrage movements of the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries, promoting women's right to vote. The second wave was associated with the ideas and actions of the women's liberation movement beginning in the 1960s. The second wave campaigned for legal and social equality for women. The third wave is a continuation of, and a reaction to, the perceived failures of second-wave feminism, beginning in the 1990s.[22]Nineteenth and early twentieth centuriesFirst-wave feminism was a period of activity during the nineteenth century and early twentieth century. In the U.K. and US, it focused on the promotion of equal contract, marriage, parenting, and property rights for women. By the end of the nineteenth century, activism focused primarily on gaining political power, particularly the right of women's suffrage, though some feminists were active in campaigning for women's sexual, reproductive, and economic rights as well.[23]Louise Weiss along with other Parisian suffragettes in 1935. The newspaper headline reads "The Frenchwoman Must V ote."Women's suffrage was achieved in Britain's Australasian colonies at the close of the 19th century, with the self-governing colonies of New Zealand and South Australia granting women the right to vote in 1893 and 1895 respectively. It was followed by Australia permitting women to stand for parliamentary office and granting women the right to vote.[24][25]In Britain the Suffragettes and the Suffragists campaigned for the women's vote, and in 1918 the Representation of the People Act was passed granting the vote to women over the age of 30 who owned houses. In 1928 this was extended to all women over twenty-one.[26]In the U.S., notable leaders of this movement included Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Susan B. Anthony, who each campaigned for the abolition of slavery prior to championing women's right to vote. These women were influenced by the Quaker theology of spiritual equality, which asserts that men and womenare equal under God.[27] In the United States, first-wave feminism is considered to have ended with the passage of the Nineteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (1919), granting women the right to vote in all states. The term first wave was coined retroactively to categorize these western movements after the term second-wave feminism began to be used to describe a newer feminist movement that focused as much on fighting social and cultural inequalities as political inequalities.[23][28][29][30][31]During the late Qing period and reform movements such as the Hundred Days' Reform, Chinese feminists called for women's liberation from traditional roles and Neo-Confucian gender segregation.[32][33][34] Later, the Chinese Communist Party created projects aimed at integrating women into the workforce, and claimed that the revolution had successfully achieved women's liberation.[35]In 1899, Qasim Amin, considered the "father" of Arab feminism, wrote The Liberation of Women, which argued for legal and social reforms for women.[36] Hoda Shaarawi founded the Egyptian Feminist Union in 1923, and became its president and a symbol of the Arab women's rights movement. Arab feminism was closely connected with Arab nationalism.[37]The Iranian Constitutional Revolution in 1905 triggered the Iranian women's movement, which aimed to achieve women's equality in education, marriage, careers, and legal rights.[38] However, during the Iranian revolution of 1979, many of the rights that women had gained from the women's movement were systematically abolished, such as the Family Protection Law.[39]In France, women obtained the right to vote only with the Provisional Government of the French Republic of 21 April 1944.[40] The Consultative Assembly of Algiers of 1944 proposed on 24 March 1944 to grant eligibility to women but following an amendment by Fernand Grenier, they were given full citizenship, including the right to vote.[40] Grenier's proposition was adopted 51 to 16.[40]In May 1947, following the November 1946 elections, the sociologist Robert Verdier minimized the "gender gap," stating in Le Populaire that women had not voted in a consistent way, dividing themselves, as men, according to social classes.[40] During the baby boom period, feminism waned in importance.[40]Wars (both World War I and World War II) had seen the provisional emancipation of some, individual, women, but post-war periods signaled the return to conservative roles.[40]Mid-twentieth centuryFrench philosopher Simone de Beauvoir provided a Marxist solution and an existentialist view on many of the questions of feminism with the publication of Le Deuxième Sexe (The Second Sex) in 1949.[41] The book expressed feminists' sense of injustice. Second-wave feminism is a feminist movement beginning in the early 1960s[42] and continuing to the present; as such, it coexists with third-wave feminism. Second wave feminism is largely concerned with issues of equality other than suffrage, such as ending discrimination.[23]Second-wave feminists see women's cultural and political inequalities as inextricably linked and encourage women to understand aspects of their personal lives as deeply politicized and as reflecting sexist power structures. The feminist activist and author Carol Hanisch coined the slogan "The Personal is Political", which became synonymous with the second wave.[9][43]Second and third-wave feminism in China has been characterized by are-examination of women's roles during the communist revolution and other reform movements, and new discussions about whether women's equality has actually been fully achieved.[35]In 1956, President Gamal Abdel Nasser of Egypt initiated "state feminism", which outlawed discrimination based on gender and granted women's suffrage, but also blocked political activism by feminist leaders.[44] During Sadat's presidency, his wife, Jehan Sadat, publicly advocated for further women's rights, though Egyptian policy and society began to move away from women's equality with the new Islamist movement and growing conservatism.[45]However, some activists proposed a new feminist movement, Islamic feminism, which argues for women's equality within an Islamic framework.[46]In Latin America, revolutions brought changes in women's status in countries such as Nicaragua, where feminist ideology during the Sandinista Revolution aided women's quality of life but fell short of achieving a social and ideological change.[47]Late twentieth and early twenty-first centuriesIn the early 1990s in the USA, third-wave feminism began as a response to perceived failures of the second wave and to the backlash against initiatives and movements created by the second wave. Third-wave feminismseeks to challenge or avoid what it deems the second wave's essentialist definitions of femininity, which, they argue, over-emphasize the experiences of upper middle-class white women. Third-wave feminists often focus on "micro-politics" and challenge the second wave's paradigm as to what is, or is not, good for women, and tend to use a post-structuralist interpretation of gender and sexuality.[23][48][49][50]Feminist leaders rooted in the second wave, such as Gloria Anzaldua, bell hooks, Chela Sandoval, Cherrie Moraga, Audre Lorde, Maxine Hong Kingston, and many other black feminists, sought to negotiate a space within feminist thought for consideration of race-related subjectivities.[49][51][52]Since the 1980s standpoint feminists have argued that the feminist movement should address global issues (such as rape, incest, and prostitution) and culturally specific issues (such as female genital mutilation in some parts of Africa and the Middle East and glass ceiling practices that impede women's advancement in developed economies) in order to understand how gender inequality interacts with racism, homophobia, classism and colonization in a "matrix of domination."[53][54] Third-wave feminism also contains internal debates between difference feminists, who believe that there are important differences between the sexes, and those who believe that there are no inherent differences between the sexes and contend that gender roles are due to social conditioning.[55]The term post-feminism is used to describe a range of viewpoints reacting to feminism since the 1980s. While not being "anti-feminist",post-feminists believe that women have achieved second wave goals while being critical of third wave feminist goals. The term was first used to describe a backlash against second-wave feminism, but it is now a label for a wide range of theories that take critical approaches to previous feminist discourses and includes challenges to the second wave's ideas.[56] Other post-feminists say that feminism is no longer relevant to today's society.[57] Amelia Jones has written that the post-feminist texts which emerged in the 1980s and 1990s portrayed second-wave feminism as a monolithic entity.[58]TheoryMain article: Feminist theorySee also: Gynocriticism and écriture féminineFeminist theory is the extension of feminism into theoretical or philosophical fields. It encompasses work in a variety of disciplines, including anthropology, sociology, economics, women's studies, literarycriticism,[59][60]art history,[61]psychoanalysis[62] and philosophy.[63][64] Feminist theory aims to understand gender inequality and focuses on gender politics, power relations, and sexuality. While providing a critique of these social and political relations, much of feminist theory also focuses on the promotion of women's rights and interests. Themes explored in feminist theory include discrimination, stereotyping, objectification (especially sexual objectification), oppression, and patriarchy.[4][5]In the field of literary criticism, Elaine Showalter describes the development of feminist theory as having three phases. The first she calls "feminist critique", in which the feminist reader examines the ideologies behind literary phenomena. The second Showalter calls "gynocriticism", in which the "woman is producer of textual meaning". The last phase she calls "gender theory", in which the "ideological inscription and the literary effects of the sex/gender system are explored".[65]This was paralled in the 1970s by French feminists, who developed the concept of écriture féminine (which translates as female, or feminine writing).[56]Helene Cixous argues that writing and philosophy are phallocentric and along with other French feminists such as Luce Irigaray emphasize "writing from the body" as a subversive exercise.[56] The work of the feminist psychoanalyst and philosopher, Julia Kristeva, has influenced feminist theory in general and feminist literary criticism in particular. However, as the scholar Elizabeth Wright points out, "none of these French feminists align themselves with the feminist movement as it appeared in the Anglophone world".[56][66]Movements and ideologiesFor more details on the many feminist movements, see Feminist movements and ideologies.Many overlapping feminist movements and ideologies have developed over the years.Political movementsSome branches of feminism closely track the political leanings of the larger society, such as liberalism and conservatism, or focus on the environment. Liberal feminism seeks individualistic equality of men and women through political and legal reform without altering the structure of society. Radical feminism considers the male-controlled capitalist hierarchy as the defining feature of women's oppression and the total uprooting and reconstruction of society as necessary.[9]Conservativefeminism is conservative relative to the society in which it resides. Libertarian feminism conceives of people as self-owners and therefore as entitled to freedom from coercive interference.[67]Separatist feminism does not support heterosexual relationships. Lesbian feminism is thus closely related. Other feminists criticize separatist feminism as sexist.[68]Ecofeminists see men's control of land as responsible for the oppression of women and destruction of the natural environment, but a criticism is that ecofeminism focuses too much on a mystical connection between women and nature.[69]Materialist ideologiesRosemary Hennessy and Chrys Ingraham say that materialist feminisms grew out of western marxist thought and have inspired a number of different (but overlapping) movements, all of which are involved in a critique of capitalism and are focussed on ideology's relationship to women.[70] Marxist feminism argues that capitalism is the root cause of women's oppression, and that discrimination against women in domestic life and employment is an effect of capitalist ideologies.[71]Socialist feminism distinguishes itself from Marxist feminism by arguing that women's liberation can only be achieved by working to end both the economic and cultural sources of women's oppression.[72]Anarcha-feminists believe that class struggle and anarchy against the state[73]require struggling against patriarchy, which comes from involuntary hierarchy.Black and postcolonial ideologiesSara Ahmed argues that Black and Postcolonial feminisms pose a challenge "to some of the organizing premises of Western feminist thought."[74]During much of its history, feminist movements and theoretical developments were led predominantly by middle-class white women from Western Europe and North America.[51][75][76] However women of other races have proposed alternative feminisms.[75] This trend accelerated in the 1960s with the civil rights movement in the United States and the collapse of European colonialism in Africa, the Caribbean, parts of Latin America, and Southeast Asia. Since that time, women in developing nations and former colonies and who are of colour or various ethnicities or living in poverty have proposed additional feminisms.[76]Womanism[77][78] emerged after early feminist movements were largely white and middle-class.[51] Postcolonial feminists argue that colonial oppression and Western feminism marginalized postcolonial women but did not turn them passive or voiceless.[6]Third-world feminism is closely related to postcolonial feminism.[76] These ideas also correspond with ideas in African feminism,motherism,[79] Stiwanism,[80] negofeminism,[81] femalism, transnational feminism, and Africana womanism.[82]Social constructionist ideologiesIn the late twentieth century various feminists began to argue that gender roles are socially constructed,[83][84] and that it is impossible to generalize women's experiences across cultures and histories.[85]Post-structural feminism draws on the philosophies of post-structuralism and deconstruction in order to argue that the concept of gender is created socially and culturally through discourse.[86]Postmodern feminists also emphasize the social construction of gender and the discursive nature of reality,[83]however as Pamela Abbot et al. note, a postmodern approach to feminism highlights "the existence of multiple truths (rather than simply men and women's standpoints)."[87]Cultural movementsRiot grrrl (or riot grrl) is an underground feminist punk movement that started in the 1990s and is often associated with third-wave feminism. It was grounded in the DIY philosophy of punk values. Riot grrls took an anti-corporate stance of self-sufficiency and self-reliance.[88] Riot grrrl's emphasis on universal female identity and separatism often appears more closely allied with second-wave feminism than with the third wave.[89]The movement enc ouraged and made "adolescent girls’ standpoints central," allowing them to express themselves fully.[90]Lipstick feminism is a cultural feminist movement that attempts to respond to the backlash of second-wave radical feminism of the 1960s and 1970s by reclaiming symbols of "feminine" identity such as make-up, suggestive clothing and having a sexual allure as valid and empowering personal choices.[91][92]Societal impactMain article: Feminist effects on societyThe feminist movement has effected change in Western society, including women's suffrage; greater access to education; more nearly equitable pay with men; the right to initiate divorce proceedings; the right of women to make individual decisions regarding pregnancy (including access to contraceptives and abortion); and the right to own property.[7][8]Civil rightsParticipation in the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women.From the 1960s on, the campaign for women's rights[93] was met with mixed results[94] in the U.S. and the U.K. Other countries of the EEC agreed to ensure that discriminatory laws would be phased out across the European Community.Some feminist campaigning also helped reform attitudes to child sexual abuse. The view that young girls cause men to have sexual intercourse with them was replaced by that of men's responsibility for their own conduct, the men being adults.[95]In the U.S., the National Organization for Women (NOW) began in 1966 to seek women's equality, including through the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA),[96] which did not pass, although some states enacted their own. Reproductive rights in the U.S. centered on the court decision in Roe v. Wade enunciating a woman's right to choose whether to carry a pregnancy to term. Western women gained more reliable birth control, allowing family planning and careers. The movement started in the 1910s in the U.S. under Margaret Sanger and elsewhere under Marie Stopes. In the final three decades of the 20th century, Western women knew a new freedom through birth control, which enabled women to plan their adult lives, often making way for both career and family.[97]The division of labor within households was affected by the increased entry of women into workplaces in the 20th century. Sociologist Arlie Russell Hochschild found that, in two-career couples, men and women, on average, spend about equal amounts of time working, but women still spend more time on housework,[98][99]although Cathy Young responded by arguing that women may prevent equal participation by men in housework and parenting.[100]In international law, the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW) is an international convention adopted by the United Nations General Assembly and described as an international bill of rights for women. It came into force in those nations ratifying it.[101]LanguageFor more details on this topic, see Gender-neutral language in English.Gender-neutral language is a description of language usages which are aimed at minimizing assumptions regarding the biological sex of human referents. The advocacy of gender-neutral language reflects, at least, two different agendas: one aims to clarify the inclusion of both sexes or genders (gender-inclusive language); the other proposes that gender, as a category, is rarely worth marking in language (gender-neutral language). Gender-neutral language is sometimes described as non-sexist language by advocates and politically-correct language by opponents.[102]TheologySee also: Feminist theology and Gender of GodCmdr. Adrienne Simmons speaking at the 2008 ceremony for the first and only women's mosque in Khost City, a symbol of progress for growing women's rights in the Pashtun belt.Feminist theology is a movement that reconsiders the traditions, practices, scriptures, and theologies of religions from a feminist perspective. Some of the goals of feminist theology include increasing the role of women among the clergy and religious authorities, reinterpreting male-dominated imagery and language about God, determining women's place in relation to career and motherhood, and studying images of women in the religion's sacred texts.[103]The Christian bible refers to women in authority in Genesis 3:16 and 1 Tim 2:11-13.Christian feminism is a branch of feminist theology which seeks to interpret and understand Christianity in light of the equality of women and men, and that this interpretation is necessary for a complete understanding of Christianity. While there is no standard set of beliefs among Christian feminists, most agree that God does not discriminate on the basis of sex, and are involved in issues such as the ordination of women, male dominance and the balance of parenting in Christian marriage, claims of moral deficiency and inferiority of women compared to men, and the overall treatment of women in the church.[104][105]Islamic feminists advocate women's rights, gender equality, and social justice grounded within an Islamic framework. Advocates seek to highlight the deeply rooted teachings of equality in the Quran and encourage a questioning of the patriarchal interpretation of Islamic teaching through the Quran, hadith (sayings of Muhammad), and sharia (law) towards thecreation of a more equal and just society.[106] Although rooted in Islam, the movement's pioneers have also utilized secular and Western feminist discourses and recognize the role of Islamic feminism as part of an integrated global feminist movement.[107]Jewish feminism is a movement that seeks to improve the religious, legal, and social status of women within Judaism and to open up new opportunities for religious experience and leadership for Jewish women. The main issues for early Jewish feminists in these movements were the exclusion from the all-male prayer group or minyan, the exemption from positive time-bound mitzvot, and women's inability to function as witnesses and to initiate divorce.[108]Secular or atheist feminists have engaged in feminist criticism of religion, arguing that many religions have oppressive rules towards women and misogynistic themes and elements in religious texts.[109][110][111]PatriarchyMain article: PatriarchyPatriarchy is a social system in which the role of the male as the primary authority figure is central to social organization, and where fathers hold authority over women, children, and property. It implies the institutions of male rule and privilege, and is dependent on female subordination.[112] Most forms of feminism characterize patriarchy as an unjust social system that is oppressive to women. As the feminist and political theorist Carole Pateman writes: "The patriarchal construction of the difference between masculinity and femininity is the political difference between freedom and subjection."[113] In feminist theory the concept of patriarchy often includes all the social mechanisms that reproduce and exert male dominance over women. Feminist theory typically characterizes patriarchy as a social construction, which can be overcome by revealing and critically analyzing its manifestations.[114] Some radical feminists have proposed that because patriarchy is too deeply rooted in society, separatism is the only viable solution.[115]Other feminists have criticized these radical feminist views as being anti-men, though some radical feminists reject this portrayal of their views.[116][117][118] Societal tension caused by second-wave feminism gave rise to backlash in the form of anti-feminist men's movements, such as Masculism, though today some see masculism as a complementary movement that does not oppose feminism.[119][120]Men and masculinityMain article: Men and feminismFeminist theory has explored the social construction of masculinity and its implications for the goal of gender equality. The social construct of masculinity is seen by feminism as problematic because it associates males with aggression and competition, and reinforces patriarchal and unequal gender relations.[50][121]The patriarchal concept of masculinity is also seen as harmful to men by narrowing their life choices, limiting their sexuality, and blocking full emotional connections with women and other men.[119] Some feminists are engaged with men's issues activism, such as bringing attention to male rape and spousal battery and addressing negative social expectations for men.[122][123][124]Male participation in feminism is encouraged by feminists and is seen as an important strategy for achieving full societal commitment to gender equality.[68][125][126]Many male feminists and pro-feminists are active in both women's rights activism, feminist theory, and masculinity studies. However, some argue that while male engagement with feminism is necessary, it is problematic due to the ingrained social influences of patriarchy in gender relations.[127] The consensus today in feminist and masculinity theories is that both genders can and should cooperate to achieve the larger goals of feminism.[119]CultureMain article: Feminism in cultureAccording to the Tate Collection, feminist art can "be defined as art by women artists made consciously in the light of developments in feminist art theory since about 1970."[128]ArchitectureGender-based inquiries into and conceptualization of architecture have also come about, leading to feminism in modern architecture. Piyush Mathur coined the term "archigenderic". Claiming that "architectural planning has an inextricable link with the defining and regulation of gender roles, responsibilities, rights, and limitations", Mathur came up with that term "to explore...the meaning of 'architecture' in terms of gender" and "to explore the meaning of 'gender' in terms of architecture".[129]。
英语论文：夏洛蒂 勃朗特的女权主义宣言 评简爱的女性意识,下载无需积分
Charlotte’s Feminist Declaration- On Jane Eyre’s Female Consciousness[ Abstract] The Victorian Age was men centered and men cont rolled times. Women were discriminated against by men at that time. However , the ahead of age female consciousness of Jane Eyre , the main character of J ane Ey re written by Charlotte Bronte ,challenged men’s authority. In this novel of the Victorian Age , Charlotte exposed and denounced men’s oppression of and discrimination against women. On the other hand , Charlotte is remarkable in port raying J ane Eyre as a self respecting and rebellious girl , desiring equality , bravely showing her love and deciding on her own marriage. Through the port rayal , Charlotte set s a new rote model for women of Victorian times as well as modern age.[ Key words] female consciousness ; self-respect ; equality When G. K. Chesterton said ,“The novel of the 19th century was female”he must have been referring to the emergence of a number of brilliant woman writer s whose works gave voice to the feelings and aspirations of the educated women of theirage.Charlotte Bronte is one of the greatest women writer s ,and her J ane Ey re is undoubtedly an out standing women’s declaration of independence and love. It is J ane Eyre’s female consciousness that awakens women and voices women’s aspiration for liberation. J aneEyre’s female consciousness is far beyond.Victorian times. In 19th century , women did not have any status. They were discriminated against and conceived of as people inferior to men. Although women’s colleges were established at Cambridge in 1869 and at Oxford in 1879 , women could not take degrees at theuniversity until 1920-1921. At that time , almost the only occupation open to women of good families was teaching as school mist ress or more likely serving as governess in a private family. The Victorian moral code for women was that they should remain ignorant and uneducated. So , novels about young girls who went out alone into the world , suffered various t rials , miseries and temptation , and emerged chaste and t riumphant had been popular in England for over a century. Charlotte Bronte and her J ane Ey re challenged the old commandment and t raditional discrimination to women.That is why J ane Ey re was criticized by some people.Lionel Stevenson said ,“J ane Eyre was an intolerable renegade from all the standards of behavior expected of respectable girls. ”W. A. Craik thought ,“The Bronte biography does them a disservice with the reader ,may prevent him f rom seeing properly are air individual merit s or indeed what is her purpose in writing it . ”However , the praise of J ane Eyre by far outweighs criticism. Most people regarded this book as one of the greatest novels of that time. It was J ane’srebelliousness , her dislike of servility , her insistence on equality with her master and her claim that she had a right to feelings and passions that gave the book it’ s uniqueness and force , shocked many of it s early reader s and earned popularity among most women. The book also encouraged women to be independent and fight for their own right s. Luo Jingguo said ,“J ane Ey re is the first English novel even the most powerful and popular novel , which present s the modern view of women’s position in society. ”J ane Eyre’s female consciousness , which runs through the whole story , can be viewed in two aspect s. One is the exposure and denunciation of man’s oppression. The other is the port rayal ofJ ane Eyre’s outstanding character .Jane Eyre’s stories taking place in different stages of her life can be seen as connected by men’s oppression to her .The first oppressor is J ane Eyre’s cousin , John Reed. John , at the age of 14 , has become particularly obnoxious , a fat , greedy , unwholesome bully. He regards himself as the future owner of the house. He beat s and insult s J ane at will . Goaded by John Reed’s bullying , she hit s back on two occasions , fighting like a mad cat until she is overpowered. Then , she is locked up alone in the red room. Terror as well as anger is always with her when she is in the red room where her own vivid imagination f rightens her into afrantic fit . J ane experiences the fir st crisis in life and nearly dies. In the clash between J ane and her cousin ,the writer emphasizes Jane’s feelings of dread , loathing and despair as the weak when facing unreasonable , illmannered merciless even brutish threat . This description shows exactly small and weak female’s general sentiment under male’s malt reatment . When we read the part f rom Chapter I to Chapter IV , we will sympathize with J ane’s miserable experience.The second oppressor is Mr . Brocklehur st , the headmaster of Lowood orphanage. The fir st impression he gives J ane is “What a great nose ! And what a mouth !Just like a brutal bloodsucking animal .Here , Brocklehur st is port rayed as a very severe and hard hearted person who not only keeps the children half starved but prevent s them f rom having normalmental growth. He is meddling , loveless and hypocritical . Brocklehur st thinks it is his duty to punish the eighty girls’bodies in order to save their immortal souls. He does not let them have enough rest . He forces them to cut their long hair and makes them wearthe worst quality , the most ugly clothes. He attempts to kill these poor girls nature of pursuing beauty. He is hostile to women. He calls these girls’bodies “vilebodies”and their natural curled hair “excrescence”. He st rangles these girls’vigor and vitality. Thesegirls almost become machines which can only work and read Bible. Brocklehur st’s devastation to these girls is far beyond people’s toleration. Brocklehur st makes the life condition much worse , which causes a lot of deaths including that of Jane’s best f riend , Helen Burns. Life in Lowood Orphanage may be the most agonizing memory to J ane , but the miserable life gives J ane much more courage and determination to struggle for her right .The third oppressor J ane has met is Mr. Rochester . Most writer s agree that the theme of J ane Ey re isthe search for love. Lawrence has said ,“The novel is revolutionary in it s t reatment of love. ”Rochester’s oppression does not come f rom the fact that Rochester want s to marry J ane without telling her his mad wife’s story. Here the point is that Rochester’s love oppresses J ane and jeopardizes her independence.When they prepare things for marriage , Rochester says he will put the diamond chain“round Jane neck , andcirclet on her forehead , clasped the bracelet s on these fine wrist s , and load her finger s with rings”. He uses visible jewelry to limit Jane invisibly. Jane feels that she is oppressed. She feels Rochester’s smile has “such a sultan might , bestow on a slave his gold and gems had enriched ”, and she , herself , just like the east allusion , is without f reedom . J ane knows , facing Rochester , she is no longer as independent as before. J ane’s heart is always in a state of intensest ruggle . She willingly devotes herself to Rochester , but she still t ries to grasp her own soul . When the secret is discovered ,Rochester hopes that J ane can go with her in the name of love. J ane is nearly shaken. After all ,she keeps her individual soul .In Jane’s life , she never stops st ruggling against miserable life and misfortune. She hasn’t a noble position , an illust rious background , wealth or a beautiful appearance. The only proud thing for her is her self respect which is supported by her self-confidence and her staunch independence. She never expect s that Rochester can love her because she thinks there is a big gapbetween them forever . When they fall in love , J ane has to keep her self-respect and independence in case of losing her self . What she can give to Rochester is only her love , her infatuation , her spiritual support and nothing else. However , what Rochester gives her is more than her s. He can also improve J ane Eyre’s social status and increase her wealth. This unequal exchange makes Jane Eyre uneasy. The situation makes her feel that they are not quite equal and her independence is also threatened.The fourth oppressor J ane comes across is the clergyman , St . John Rivers. He is idealistic , very good looking , religious and zealous. He turns egotism and ambition to the service of religion. He uses the name of obligation to oppress J ane and gives J ane spiritualsuffering. He does not t reat J ane as a woman or as his future wife , but a slave , a slave of God as well as his. St . John says to J ane ,“Simplify your complicated interest s , feelings , thought s , wishes , aims ;merge all consideration in one purpose that of fulfilling with effect - - with power - - the mission of your great Master . ”Here ,“Master”is capitalized. It seems that“Master”is the God. In fact , St . John uses the word“Master”to refer to his own mission. He regards himself as J ane’s“Master”. He deprives J ane of all her right s , especially the right s of a woman. J ane is no longer an independent woman , but a doll , a machine.In his eyes. The word“Master”also delicately discovers the most important element of man’s attitude to wards woman. St . John’s proposal is even more out rageous than Rochester’s , for it involves a spiritual prostitution instead of a physical one. Only when St . John involves God’s name in support of a false idea of marriage does J ane resist ,“If I were to marry you , you would kill me. You are killing me now”. J ane’s fir st“kill me”indicates that the miserable life in India would dest roy her health and kill her . J ane’s second“kill me”refer s to St John’s oppression to her spirit .J ane Eyre bravely shows her feelings , but St . John denounces J ane as violent , unt rue and unfeminine. But what is feminine ? Should women always regard man and their husbands as “Master ”?Shouldn’t women show their t rue feelings and be rude pendent ? Man forces woman to live and behave as man want s , which really gives women a great oppression.For thousand of year s , women suffer f rom man’s oppression and discrimination. John Reed , Brockcehur st Rochester and St John oppress J ane in different ways. They are only some typical examples. By them , Charlotte exposes and denounces man’s oppression sharply.The agony women actually suffer may be much more than J ane’s. Should they always be silent or stand to fight ?J ane Eyre gives a definitely answer . Her stories awaken women’s female consciousness. What is a woman like if she want s to fight for her proper right s ?Here , Charlotte answer s the question with the port rayal of J ane Eyre’s character .All in all , J ane is such a self2respecting , independent and decisive woman. Her female consciousness and her st ruggling experience set a brilliant example for the female worldwide. Her spirit encourages women to fight for liberation. J ane Eyre tells not only what an independent woman is like but also what a successful woman should do. In fact , Charlotte is presenting through the character of J ane some of her own most deeply felt convictions of permanent importance in human life such as the right of the humblest per son toaffection ,self2realization , honesty and integrity , the right to speak out f rankly and the claims of morality and religion. J ane’s long struggle to attain these values to become a per son who is admired , respected and cared for without compromising any of her other principles leaves an indelible impression on us. As a great book ,J ane Ey re not only awakens it s early readers of the Victorian Age , but also stimulates and encourages modern women’s movement . J ane Eyre has said in Chapter Ⅻ,“It is in vain to say human beings ought to be satisfied with t ranquility ; they must have action ; and they will make it if they can not find it ⋯women are supposed to be very calm generally ; but women feel just as men feel ; they need exercise for their faculties ,and a field for their effort sare much as their brother s do ; they suffer f rom too rigid a rest raint , too absolute a stagnation , precisely as men would suffer It is thoughtless to condemn them , or laugh at them , if they seek to do more or learn more than custom has pronounced necessary for their sex. ”This is J ane’s female consciousness. It is Charlotte’s as well as world wide female’s feminist declaration.【References 】[1 ] Luo J ingguo. A New A ntholog y of Engl ish L i terature( vol ume I , I I , I I I ) [ M ] . Beijing : Beijing UniversityPress , 1997.[2 ] Blackburn , Ruth H. Charlotte B ronte J ane Ey re [M] .New York : Simon & Schuster , 1974.[ 3 ] Bronte , Charlotte. J ane Ey re [M] . New York : Oxford University Press , 1975.夏洛蒂·勃朗特的女权主义宣言———评简爱的女性意识[摘要] 在男权至上的维多利亚时代,简爱超前的女性意识挑战了男性权威。
当知识遭遇性别——女性主义方法论之争
社会学研究2003年第1期当知识遭遇性别———女性主义方法论之争吴 小 英 Abstract:This paper examines feminist debates on methodological issues of sociology,and ex-plores the ways in which knowledge is gender ed in feminist perspectives.Most of the feminists agreethat a distinctively feminist methodology is needed but any kinds of methods are welcomed in feministsociological research,and here the most important thing is perspective.Many feminist sociologists crit-icize the dichotomy of quantitative and qualitative methods and call for the replacement of patriarchalresearch with a reflextive and participatory research,although they often reject quantitative in favor ofqualitative methods practically.Feminist empiricism,feminist standpoint and feminist postmodernismpr ovide three different types of explanation on relationship between knowledge and gender,which implyit's two sides of the same goal for feminists to liberate method and liberate gender.当学院派女性主义在20世纪70年代以“女性研究”(women's studies)的形式进军学术界时,其初衷还只是想借助女性主义运动的力量在学术界为女性争得一席之地,同时为解释女性所处的不平等的生存境况和寻求走向未来解放的可行途径提供理论上的依据和知识上的储备。