Graphics in Google Chrome
激活隐藏功能让谷歌浏览器更方便
激活隐藏功能让谷歌浏览器更方便作者：阿立来源：《电脑爱好者》2020年第02期虽然谷歌浏览器自带下载功能，但是很多用户还是习惯性地使用专业的下载软件，主要原因就是专业的下载软件可以利用多线程技术进行文件下载，而谷歌浏览器只能使用一个线程进行下载，所以在速度上没有专业软件下载得快。
其实我们如果激活谷歌浏览器的并行下载功能，同样可以提升它的下载速度。
首先在地址栏输入“chrome：//f lags”并按下回车键，在弹出的功能设置页面上方的搜索框中，输入关键词“Parallel downloading”，查找到这个选项后点击并选择列表中的“Enabl ed”选项（图1），根据提示重新启动浏览器，以后再下载文件时就可以激活并行下载功能而提速了。
由于谷歌浏览器窗口大小的局限性，因此在打开多个浏览器页面以后，浏览器标签的文字就会被挤压，这样要想知道浏览器的内容，就只能切换到该标签进行查看。
其实很多浏览器都自带缩略图显示功能，方便用户了解网页内容，而谷歌浏览器也具备类似的功能。
首先在功能设置页面上方的搜索框中，输入关键词“Tab HoverCard Images”，查找到这个选项后同样选择列表中的“Enabled”选项。
以后我们只需要将鼠标移动到某一个网页标签上悬停，就会弹出一个网页当前内容的缩略图，这样我们就可以快速了解到该网页的大致信息了（图2）。
其实标签页开得过多，除了上面遇到的情况以外，还会遇到其他的问题，比如我们在一个标签页中在线播放音乐，而同时又在对另外一个标签页进行浏览，这时如果想对播放的音乐进行管理操作，就需要先找到该播放页面才可以。
其实谷歌浏览器为用户提供了一个专门的多媒体控制命令。
在功能设置页面上方的搜索框中，输入关键词“Tab Hover CardImages”，查找到这个选项后选择列表中的“Enabled”选项。
以后当我们在谷歌浏览器中进行在线多媒体播放操作时，就会在工具栏中自动显示出一个名为“控制您的音乐、视频等媒体内容”的功能按钮，点击它以后，在弹出的对话框中就可以看到当前正在播放的多媒体信息名称，通过里面的按钮即可进行暂停、播放等相关控制操作了（图3）。
图片格式
CDR格式
CDR格式缩略图CDR格式是著名绘图软件CorelDRAW的专用图形文件格式。由于CorelDRAW是矢量图形绘制软 件，所以CDR可以记录文件的属性、位置和分页等。但它在兼容度上比较差，所有CorelDraw应用程序中均能够使 用，但其他图像编辑软件打不开此类文件。
WebP团队还在开发WebKit内核补丁，用于在Google Chrome浏览器中提供对WebP格式的原生支持。
BMP格式
蓝天草坪位图（外语简称：BMP、外语全称：BitMaP）BMP是一种与硬件设备无关的图像文件格式，使用非常 广。它采用位映射存储格式，除了图像深度可选以外，不采用其他任何压缩，因此，BMP文件所占用的空间很大。 BMP文件的图像深度可选lbit、4bit、8bit及24bit。BMP文件存储数据时，图像的扫描方式是按从左到右、从下 到上的顺序。
优点：BMP支持 1位到 24位颜色深度。
PCX格式
个人电脑交换（外语简称：PCX、外语全称：Personal Computer eXchange ）这种图像文件的形成是有 一个发展过程的。最先的PCX雏形是出现在ZSOFT公司推出的名叫PC PAINBRUSH的用于绘画的商业软件包中。以 后，微软公司将其移植到 Windows环境中，成为Windows系统中一个子功能。先在微软的Windows3.1中广泛应用， 随着Windows的流行、升级，加之其强大的图像处理能力，使PCX同GIF、TIFF、BMP图像文件格式一起，被越来 越多的图形图像软件工具所支持，也越来越得到人们的重视。
Pt（PSD）这是Photoshop图像处理软件的专用文件格式，文件扩展名是．psd，可以支持 图层、通道、蒙板和不同色彩模式的各种图像特征，是一种非压缩的原始文件保存格式。扫描仪不能直接生成该 种格式的文件。PSD文件有时容量会很大，但由于可以保留所有原始信息，在图像处理中对于尚未制作完成的图 像，选用 PSD格式保存是最佳的选择。
Chrome 浏览器7个隐藏功能和使用技巧
Chrome浏览器7个隐藏功能和使用技巧Chrome 浏览器支持丰富的第三方扩展，使其增加了很多实用的功能，提升网页浏览操作效率。
比如集成多个命令的地址栏、有趣的实验功能页面chrome://flags、丰富的快捷键组合操作、高级好玩的开发者工具。
无需额外安装扩展，利用好这些被隐藏的内置功能，同样可以让Chrome 浏览器用得更顺手。
实验功能页面开启命令：chrome://flags这条命令将打开Chrome 浏览器实验功能和特性的页面，在这里提供了大量处于实验阶段的功能选项。
页面按照可用(Available)和不可用(Unavailable)两种分类方法，顶部位置提供的搜索栏，支持即时反馈搜索结果。
当然如果你明确知道要找的实验功能选项名称，可以直接在浏览器地址栏输入chrome://flags 选项名称，比如输入chrome://flags/#enable-desktop-pwas，快速转至并高亮显示了查找结果。
设置页面开启命令：chrome://settingsChrome 设置选项分为基础和高级两部分，在设置页面可以单独设置浏览器登陆用户、自动填充、浏览器外观(主题背景、字号字体)、搜索引擎等，高级选项包括了隐私和安全、语言、下载内容等较少使用的选项。
通过chrome://settings/设置选项名称类似的命令直接定位到对应的设置选项。
在设置选项中，对我来说最常用的是自动填充的密码功能，输入chrome://settings/passwords同样可以打开已保存密码的页面，碰到要查看某个网站账号保存的密码是什么，只需要通过这个页面的显示密码按钮，帮助用户轻松找到账号密码信息。
扩展程序页面开启命令：chrome://extensions使用这条命令减少了通过菜单选项打开浏览器扩展程序的点击步骤，扩展页面提供了开关开发者模式、手动加载已解压的扩展程序、打包扩展程序以及更新的功能。
另外在页面左边栏还可以切换键盘快捷键标签页，或者在地址栏输入chrome://extensions/shortcuts，用户可以单独为每个扩展设置快捷键组合，碰到截图等类型的扩展还设置快捷键实现区域截图、滚动截图等功能。
chromechromium启动命令行开关参数switchescommandlineflags
chromechromium启动命令⾏开关参数switchescommandlineflagsLast automated update occurred on 2020-08-12.out\Default\chrome1.exe --enable-skia-benchmarking --enable-gpu-benchmarking --no-sandbox --process-per-site --remote-debugging-port=9222 --enable-logging --disable-gpu-rasterization --disable-gpu rem --ui-show-composited-layer-borders --ui-show-layer-animation-bounds --ui-show-paint-rects --ui-show-screenspace-rectsrem http://localhost:8080/a.htmlrem --remote-debugging-port=9222rem --enable-logging --v=1 --disable-gpu-vsync --vmodule=layer_tree_host=3 --ui-show-composited-layer-bordersrem --vmodule=metrics=2,image_animation_controller=2,layer_tree_host_impl=2 --v=0 --trace-startup=ccrem --show-composited-layer-borders --show-screenspace-rects1，常⽤参数软渲染与gpu渲染切换：--disable-gpu-rasterization --disable-gpu启动时指定⽤户数据的存放⽬录--user-data-dir=UserDataDirView Code源码存放：/ / chrome_base/base_switches.h// Copyright (c) 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be// found in the LICENSE file.#include "base/base_switches.h"#include "build/build_config.h"namespace switches {// Delays execution of TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT tasks until shutdown.const char kDisableBestEffortTasks[] = "disable-best-effort-tasks";// Disables the crash reporting.const char kDisableBreakpad[] = "disable-breakpad";// Comma-separated list of feature names to disable. See also kEnableFeatures.const char kDisableFeatures[] = "disable-features";// Force disabling of low-end device mode when set.const char kDisableLowEndDeviceMode[] = "disable-low-end-device-mode";// Indicates that crash reporting should be enabled. On platforms where helper// processes cannot access to files needed to make this decision, this flag is// generated internally.const char kEnableCrashReporter[] = "enable-crash-reporter";// Comma-separated list of feature names to enable. See also kDisableFeatures.const char kEnableFeatures[] = "enable-features";// Force low-end device mode when set.const char kEnableLowEndDeviceMode[] = "enable-low-end-device-mode";// This option can be used to force field trials when testing changes locally.// The argument is a list of name and value pairs, separated by slashes. If a// trial name is prefixed with an asterisk, that trial will start activated.// For example, the following argument defines two trials, with the second one// activated: "GoogleNow/Enable/*MaterialDesignNTP/Default/" This option can// also be used by the browser process to send the list of trials to a// non-browser process, using the same format. See// FieldTrialList::CreateTrialsFromString() in field_trial.h for details.const char kForceFieldTrials[] = "force-fieldtrials";// Generates full memory crash dump.const char kFullMemoryCrashReport[] = "full-memory-crash-report";// Logs information about all tasks posted with TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT. Use// this to diagnose issues that are thought to be caused by// TaskPriority::BEST_EFFORT execution fences. Note: Tasks posted to a// non-BEST_EFFORT UpdateableSequencedTaskRunner whose priority is later lowered// to BEST_EFFORT are not logged.const char kLogBestEffortTasks[] = "log-best-effort-tasks";// Suppresses all error dialogs when present.const char kNoErrorDialogs[] = "noerrdialogs";// Starts the sampling based profiler for the browser process at startup. This// will only work if chrome has been built with the gn arg enable_profiling =const char kProfilingAtStart[] = "profiling-at-start";// Specifies a location for profiling output. This will only work if chrome has// been built with the gyp variable profiling=1 or gn arg enable_profiling=true.//// {pid} if present will be replaced by the pid of the process.// {count} if present will be incremented each time a profile is generated// for this process.// The default is chrome-profile-{pid} for the browser and test-profile-{pid}// for tests.const char kProfilingFile[] = "profiling-file";// Controls whether profile data is periodically flushed to a file. Normally// the data gets written on exit but cases exist where chromium doesn't exit// cleanly (especially when using single-process). A time in seconds can be// specified.const char kProfilingFlush[] = "profiling-flush";// When running certain tests that spawn child processes, this switch indicates // to the test framework that the current process is a child process.const char kTestChildProcess[] = "test-child-process";// When running certain tests that spawn child processes, this switch indicates // to the test framework that the current process should not initialize ICU to// avoid creating any scoped handles too early in startup.const char kTestDoNotInitializeIcu[] = "test-do-not-initialize-icu";// Sends trace events from these categories to a file.// --trace-to-file on its own sends to default categories.const char kTraceToFile[] = "trace-to-file";// Specifies the file name for --trace-to-file. If unspecified, it will// go to a default file name.const char kTraceToFileName[] = "trace-to-file-name";// Gives the default maximal active V-logging level; 0 is the default.// Normally positive values are used for V-logging levels.const char kV[] = "v";// Gives the per-module maximal V-logging levels to override the value// given by --v. E.g. "my_module=2,foo*=3" would change the logging// level for all code in source files "my_module.*" and "foo*.*"// ("-inl" suffixes are also disregarded for this matching).//// Any pattern containing a forward or backward slash will be tested// against the whole pathname and not just the module. E.g.,// "*/foo/bar/*=2" would change the logging level for all code in// source files under a "foo/bar" directory.const char kVModule[] = "vmodule";// Will wait for 60 seconds for a debugger to come to attach to the process. const char kWaitForDebugger[] = "wait-for-debugger";#if defined(OS_WIN)// Disable high-resolution timer on Windows.const char kDisableHighResTimer[] = "disable-highres-timer";// Disables the USB keyboard detection for blocking the OSK on Win8+.const char kDisableUsbKeyboardDetect[] = "disable-usb-keyboard-detect"; #endif#if defined(OS_LINUX) && !defined(OS_CHROMEOS)// The /dev/shm partition is too small in certain VM environments, causing// Chrome to fail or crash (see /715363). Use this flag to// work-around this issue (a temporary directory will always be used to create// anonymous shared memory files).const char kDisableDevShmUsage[] = "disable-dev-shm-usage";#endif#if defined(OS_POSIX)// Used for turning on Breakpad crash reporting in a debug environment where // crash reporting is typically compiled but disabled.const char kEnableCrashReporterForTesting[] ="enable-crash-reporter-for-testing";#endif#if defined(OS_ANDROID)// Enables the reached code profiler that samples all threads in all processes// to determine which functions are almost never executed.const char kEnableReachedCodeProfiler[] = "enable-reached-code-profiler";#endif#if defined(OS_LINUX)// Controls whether or not retired instruction counts are surfaced for threads// in trace events on Linux.//// This flag requires the BPF sandbox to be disabled.const char kEnableThreadInstructionCount[] = "enable-thread-instruction-count"; #endif} // namespace switchesView Code\content\public\common\content_// Copyright 2012 The Chromium Authors. All rights reserved.// Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style license that can be// found in the LICENSE file.#include "content/public/common/content_switches.h"#include "build/build_config.h"#include "media/media_buildflags.h"namespace switches {// The number of MSAA samples for canvas2D. Requires MSAA support by GPU to// have an effect. 0 disables MSAA.const char kAcceleratedCanvas2dMSAASampleCount[] = "canvas-msaa-sample-count"; // Allows processing of input before a frame has been committed.// TODO(schenney): Remove when /987626 is fixed.const char kAllowPreCommitInput[] = "allow-pre-commit-input";// By default, file:// URIs cannot read other file:// URIs. This is an// override for developers who need the old behavior for testing.const char kAllowFileAccessFromFiles[] = "allow-file-access-from-files";// Enables TLS/SSL errors on localhost to be ignored (no interstitial,// no blocking of requests).const char kAllowInsecureLocalhost[] = "allow-insecure-localhost";// Allows loopback interface to be added in network list for peer connection.const char kAllowLoopbackInPeerConnection[] ="allow-loopback-in-peer-connection";// Allow a page to show popups during its unloading.// TODO(https:///937569): Remove this in Chrome 82.const char kAllowPopupsDuringPageUnload[] = "allow-popups-during-page-unload";// Allow a page to send synchronus XHR during its unloading.// TODO(https:///1003101): Remove this in Chrome 82.const char kAllowSyncXHRInPageDismissal[] = "allow-sync-xhr-in-page-dimissal";// Uses the android SkFontManager on linux. The specified directory should// include the configuration xml file with the name "fonts.xml".// This is used in blimp to emulate android fonts on linux.const char kAndroidFontsPath[] = "android-fonts-path";// Set blink settings. Format is <name>[=<value],<name>[=<value>],...// The names are declared in Settings.json5. For boolean type, use "true",// "false", or omit '=<value>' part to set to true. For enum type, use the int// value of the enum value. Applied after other command line flags and prefs.const char kBlinkSettings[] = "blink-settings";// Causes the browser process to crash on startup.const char kBrowserCrashTest[] = "crash-test";// Causes the browser process to display a dialog on launch.const char kBrowserStartupDialog[] = "browser-startup-dialog";// Path to the exe to run for the renderer and plugin subprocesses.const char kBrowserSubprocessPath[] = "browser-subprocess-path";// Tells whether the code is running browser tests (this changes the startup URL// used by the content shell and also disables features that can make tests// flaky [like monitoring of memory pressure]).const char kBrowserTest[] = "browser-test";// Sets the tile size used by composited layers.const char kDefaultTileWidth[] = "default-tile-width";const char kDefaultTileHeight[] = "default-tile-height";// Disable antialiasing on 2d canvas.const char kDisable2dCanvasAntialiasing[] = "disable-canvas-aa";// Disables Canvas2D rendering into a scanout buffer for overlay support.const char kDisable2dCanvasImageChromium[] = "disable-2d-canvas-image-chromium"; // Disables client-visible 3D APIs, in particular WebGL and Pepper 3D.// This is controlled by policy and is kept separate from the other// enable/disable switches to avoid accidentally regressing the policy// support for controlling access to these APIs.const char kDisable3DAPIs[] = "disable-3d-apis";// Disable gpu-accelerated 2d canvas.const char kDisableAccelerated2dCanvas[] = "disable-accelerated-2d-canvas";// Disables hardware acceleration of video decode, where available.const char kDisableAcceleratedVideoDecode[] ="disable-accelerated-video-decode";// Disables hardware acceleration of video encode, where available.const char kDisableAcceleratedVideoEncode[] ="disable-accelerated-video-encode";// Disable limits on the number of backing stores. Can prevent blinking for// users with many windows/tabs and lots of memory.const char kDisableBackingStoreLimit[] = "disable-backing-store-limit";// Disable backgrounding renders for occluded windows. Done for tests to avoid// nondeterministic behavior.const char kDisableBackgroundingOccludedWindowsForTesting[] ="disable-backgrounding-occluded-windows";// Disable task throttling of timer tasks from background pages.const char kDisableBackgroundTimerThrottling[] ="disable-background-timer-throttling";// Use names from runtime_enabled_features.json5, separated by commas.// Applied after kEnableBlinkFeatures, and after other flags that change these// features.const char kDisableBlinkFeatures[] = "disable-blink-features";// Enable Web Bluetooth Scanning// This switch enables Web Bluetooth Scanning without any// permission prompt for testing.const char kEnableWebBluetoothScanning[] = "enable-web-bluetooth-scanning"; // Disables HTML5 DB support.const char kDisableDatabases[] = "disable-databases";// Disable the per-domain blocking for 3D APIs after GPU reset.// This switch is intended only for tests.const char kDisableDomainBlockingFor3DAPIs[] ="disable-domain-blocking-for-3d-apis";// Disable all versions of WebGL.const char kDisableWebGL[] = "disable-webgl";// Disable WebGL2.const char kDisableWebGL2[] = "disable-webgl2";// Disable FileSystem API.const char kDisableFileSystem[] = "disable-file-system";// Disable 3D inside of flapper.const char kDisableFlash3d[] = "disable-flash-3d";// Disable Stage3D inside of flapper.const char kDisableFlashStage3d[] = "disable-flash-stage3d";// Disable user gesture requirement for presentation.const char kDisableGestureRequirementForPresentation[] ="disable-gesture-requirement-for-presentation";// Disables GPU hardware acceleration. If software renderer is not in place,// then the GPU process won't launch.const char kDisableGpu[] = "disable-gpu";// Prevent the compositor from using its GPU implementation.const char kDisableGpuCompositing[] = "disable-gpu-compositing";// Disable proactive early init of GPU process.const char kDisableGpuEarlyInit[] = "disable-gpu-early-init";// Do not force that all compositor resources be backed by GPU memory buffers. const char kDisableGpuMemoryBufferCompositorResources[] ="disable-gpu-memory-buffer-compositor-resources";// Disable GpuMemoryBuffer backed VideoFrames.const char kDisableGpuMemoryBufferVideoFrames[] ="disable-gpu-memory-buffer-video-frames";// For tests, to disable the limit on the number of times the GPU process may be // restarted.const char kDisableGpuProcessCrashLimit[] = "disable-gpu-process-crash-limit"; // For tests, to disable falling back to software compositing if the GPU Process // has crashed, and reached the GPU Process crash limit.const char kDisableSoftwareCompositingFallback[] ="disable-software-compositing-fallback";// When using CPU rasterizing disable low resolution tiling. This uses// less power, particularly during animations, but more white may be seen// during fast scrolling especially on slower devices.const char kDisableLowResTiling[] = "disable-low-res-tiling";// Disable the thread that crashes the GPU process if it stops responding to// messages.const char kDisableGpuWatchdog[] = "disable-gpu-watchdog";// Disallow image animations to be reset to the beginning to avoid skipping// many frames. Only effective if compositor image animations are enabled. const char kDisableImageAnimationResync[] = "disable-image-animation-resync"; // Disables the IPC flooding protection.// It is activated by default. Some javascript functions can be used to flood// the browser process with IPC. This protection limits the rate at which they// can be used.const char kDisableIpcFloodingProtection[] = "disable-ipc-flooding-protection";// Suppresses hang monitor dialogs in renderer processes. This may allow slow // unload handlers on a page to prevent the tab from closing, but the Task// Manager can be used to terminate the offending process in this case.const char kDisableHangMonitor[] = "disable-hang-monitor";// Disable the RenderThread's HistogramCustomizer.const char kDisableHistogramCustomizer[] = "disable-histogram-customizer"; // Don't kill a child process when it sends a bad IPC message. Apart// from testing, it is a bad idea from a security perspective to enable// this switch.const char kDisableKillAfterBadIPC[] = "disable-kill-after-bad-ipc";// Disables LCD text.const char kDisableLCDText[] = "disable-lcd-text";// Disable LocalStorage.// Force logging to be disabled. Logging is enabled by default in debug// builds.const char kDisableLogging[] = "disable-logging";// Disables using CODECAPI_AVLowLatencyMode when creating DXVA decoders. const char kDisableLowLatencyDxva[] = "disable-low-latency-dxva";// Disables clearing the rendering output of a renderer when it didn't commit// new output for a while after a top-frame navigation.const char kDisableNewContentRenderingTimeout[] ="disable-new-content-rendering-timeout";// Disables the Web Notification and the Push APIs.const char kDisableNotifications[] = "disable-notifications";// Disable partial raster in the renderer. Disabling this switch also disables// the use of persistent gpu memory buffers.const char kDisablePartialRaster[] = "disable-partial-raster";// Disable Pepper3D.const char kDisablePepper3d[] = "disable-pepper-3d";// Disables the Permissions API.const char kDisablePermissionsAPI[] = "disable-permissions-api";// Disable Image Chromium for Pepper 3d.const char kDisablePepper3DImageChromium[] = "disable-pepper-3d-image-chromium"; // Disables compositor-accelerated touch-screen pinch gestures.const char kDisablePinch[] = "disable-pinch";// Disable the creation of compositing layers when it would prevent LCD text.const char kDisablePreferCompositingToLCDText[] ="disable-prefer-compositing-to-lcd-text";// Disables the Presentation API.const char kDisablePresentationAPI[] = "disable-presentation-api";// Disables throttling of history.pushState/replaceState calls.const char kDisablePushStateThrottle[] = "disable-pushstate-throttle";// Disables RGBA_4444 textures.const char kDisableRGBA4444Textures[] = "disable-rgba-4444-textures";// Taints all <canvas> elements, regardless of origin.const char kDisableReadingFromCanvas[] = "disable-reading-from-canvas";// Disables remote web font support. SVG font should always work whether this// option is specified or not.const char kDisableRemoteFonts[] = "disable-remote-fonts";// Disables the RemotePlayback API.const char kDisableRemotePlaybackAPI[] = "disable-remote-playback-api";// Turns off the accessibility in the renderer.const char kDisableRendererAccessibility[] = "disable-renderer-accessibility";// Prevent renderer process backgrounding when set.const char kDisableRendererBackgrounding[] = "disable-renderer-backgrounding";// Whether the ResourceScheduler is disabled. Note this is only useful for C++// Headless embedders who need to implement their own resource scheduling.const char kDisableResourceScheduler[] = "disable-resource-scheduler";// Disable shared workers.const char kDisableSharedWorkers[] = "disable-shared-workers";// Do not use runtime-detected high-end CPU optimizations in Skia. This is// useful for forcing a baseline code path for e.g. web tests.const char kDisableSkiaRuntimeOpts[] = "disable-skia-runtime-opts";// Disable smooth scrolling for testing.const char kDisableSmoothScrolling[] = "disable-smooth-scrolling";// Disables the use of a 3D software rasterizer.const char kDisableSoftwareRasterizer[] = "disable-software-rasterizer";// Disables the Web Speech API (both speech recognition and synthesis).const char kDisableSpeechAPI[] = "disable-speech-api";// Disables the speech synthesis part of Web Speech API.const char kDisableSpeechSynthesisAPI[] = "disable-speech-synthesis-api";// Disables adding the test certs in the network process.const char kDisableTestCerts[] = "disable-test-root-certs";// Disable multithreaded GPU compositing of web content.const char kDisableThreadedCompositing[] = "disable-threaded-compositing";// Disable multithreaded, compositor scrolling of web content.const char kDisableThreadedScrolling[] = "disable-threaded-scrolling";// Disable V8 idle tasks.const char kDisableV8IdleTasks[] = "disable-v8-idle-tasks";// Disables WebGL rendering into a scanout buffer for overlay support.const char kDisableWebGLImageChromium[] = "disable-webgl-image-chromium";// Don't enforce the same-origin policy. (Used by people testing their sites.)// Disable rasterizer that writes directly to GPU memory associated with tiles. const char kDisableZeroCopy[] = "disable-zero-copy";// Disable the video decoder from drawing directly to a texture.const char kDisableZeroCopyDxgiVideo[] = "disable-zero-copy-dxgi-video";// Specifies if the |DOMAutomationController| needs to be bound in the// renderer. This binding happens on per-frame basis and hence can potentially// be a performance bottleneck. One should only enable it when automating dom// based tests.const char kDomAutomationController[] = "dom-automation";// Disable antialiasing on 2d canvas clipsconst char kDisable2dCanvasClipAntialiasing[] = "disable-2d-canvas-clip-aa";// Disable YUV image decoding for those formats and cases where it's supported. // Has no effect unless GPU rasterization is enabled.const char kDisableYUVImageDecoding[] = "disable-yuv-image-decoding";// Logs Runtime Call Stats for Blink. --single-process also needs to be// used along with this for the stats to be logged.const char kDumpBlinkRuntimeCallStats[] = "dump-blink-runtime-call-stats";// Enables LCD text.const char kEnableLCDText[] = "enable-lcd-text";// Enable the creation of compositing layers when it would prevent LCD text.const char kEnablePreferCompositingToLCDText[] ="enable-prefer-compositing-to-lcd-text";// Enable one or more Blink runtime-enabled features.// Use names from runtime_enabled_features.json5, separated by commas.// Applied before kDisableBlinkFeatures, and after other flags that change these// features.const char kEnableBlinkFeatures[] = "enable-blink-features";// Enables Canvas 2D overlays for Windows.const char kEnableCanvas2dSwapChain[] = "enable-canvas2d-swap-chain";// Enable native caret browsing, in which a moveable cursor is placed on a web// page, allowing a user to select and navigate through non-editable text using// just a keyboard. See https:///977390 for links to i2i.const char kEnableCaretBrowsing[] = "enable-caret-browsing";// Enables experimental WebAssembly features.const char kEnableExperimentalWebAssemblyFeatures[] ="enable-experimental-webassembly-features";// Enables Web Platform features that are in development.const char kEnableExperimentalWebPlatformFeatures[] ="enable-experimental-web-platform-features";// Disables all RuntimeEnabledFeatures that can be enabled via OriginTrials.const char kDisableOriginTrialControlledBlinkFeatures[] ="disable-origin-trial-controlled-blink-features";// Specify that all compositor resources should be backed by GPU memory buffers. const char kEnableGpuMemoryBufferCompositorResources[] ="enable-gpu-memory-buffer-compositor-resources";// Enable GpuMemoryBuffer backed VideoFrames.const char kEnableGpuMemoryBufferVideoFrames[] ="enable-gpu-memory-buffer-video-frames";// When using CPU rasterizing generate low resolution tiling. Low res// tiles may be displayed during fast scrolls especially on slower devices.const char kEnableLowResTiling[] = "enable-low-res-tiling";// Force logging to be enabled. Logging is disabled by default in release// builds.const char kEnableLogging[] = "enable-logging";// Enables the type, downlinkMax attributes of the NetInfo API. Also, enables// triggering of change attribute of the NetInfo API when there is a change in// the connection type.const char kEnableNetworkInformationDownlinkMax[] ="enable-network-information-downlink-max";// Disables the video decoder from drawing to an NV12 textures instead of ARGB. const char kDisableNv12DxgiVideo[] = "disable-nv12-dxgi-video";// Enables testing features of the Plugin Placeholder. For internal use only.const char kEnablePluginPlaceholderTesting[] ="enable-plugin-placeholder-testing";// Make the values returned to window.performance.memory more granular and more // up to date in shared worker. Without this flag, the memory information is// still available, but it is bucketized and updated less frequently. This flag// also applys to workers.const char kEnablePreciseMemoryInfo[] = "enable-precise-memory-info";// Enables PrintBrowser mode, in which everything renders as though printed. const char kEnablePrintBrowser[] = "enable-print-browser";// Enables RGBA_4444 textures.const char kEnableRGBA4444Textures[] = "enable-rgba-4444-textures";// Set options to cache V8 data. (off, preparse data, or code)const char kV8CacheOptions[] = "v8-cache-options";// If true the ServiceProcessLauncher is used to launch services. This allows// for service binaries to be loaded rather than using the utility process. This// is only useful for tests.const char kEnableServiceBinaryLauncher[] = "enable-service-binary-launcher";// Enables the Skia benchmarking extensionconst char kEnableSkiaBenchmarking[] = "enable-skia-benchmarking";// On platforms that support it, enables smooth scroll animation.const char kEnableSmoothScrolling[] = "enable-smooth-scrolling";// Enable spatial navigationconst char kEnableSpatialNavigation[] = "enable-spatial-navigation";// Blocks all insecure requests from secure contexts, and prevents the user// from overriding that decision.const char kEnableStrictMixedContentChecking[] ="enable-strict-mixed-content-checking";// Blocks insecure usage of a number of powerful features (device orientation,// for example) that we haven't yet deprecated for the web at large.const char kEnableStrictPowerfulFeatureRestrictions[] ="enable-strict-powerful-feature-restrictions";// Feature flag to enable HTTPS subresource internal redirects to compressed// versions.const char kEnableSubresourceRedirect[] = "enable-subresource-redirect";// Enabled threaded compositing for web tests.const char kEnableThreadedCompositing[] = "enable-threaded-compositing";// Enable tracing during the execution of browser tests.const char kEnableTracing[] = "enable-tracing";// The filename to write the output of the test tracing to.const char kEnableTracingOutput[] = "enable-tracing-output";// Enable screen capturing support for MediaStream API.const char kEnableUserMediaScreenCapturing[] ="enable-usermedia-screen-capturing";// Enable the mode that uses zooming to implment device scale factor behavior. const char kEnableUseZoomForDSF[] = "enable-use-zoom-for-dsf";// Enables the use of the @viewport CSS rule, which allows// pages to control aspects of their own layout. This also turns on touch-screen// pinch gestures.const char kEnableViewport[] = "enable-viewport";// Enable the Vtune profiler support.const char kEnableVtune[] = "enable-vtune-support";// Enable the Web Authentication Testing API.//https://w3c.github.io/webauthnconst char kEnableWebAuthTestingAPI[] = "enable-web-authentication-testing-api"; // Enable WebGL2 Compute context.const char kEnableWebGL2ComputeContext[] = "enable-webgl2-compute-context"; // Enables WebGL extensions not yet approved by the community.const char kEnableWebGLDraftExtensions[] = "enable-webgl-draft-extensions";// Enables WebGL rendering into a scanout buffer for overlay support.const char kEnableWebGLImageChromium[] = "enable-webgl-image-chromium";// Enables interaction with virtual reality devices.const char kEnableWebVR[] = "enable-webvr";// Enable rasterizer that writes directly to GPU memory associated with tiles. const char kEnableZeroCopy[] = "enable-zero-copy";// Handle to the shared memory segment containing field trial state that is to// be shared between processes. The argument to this switch is the handle id// (pointer on Windows) as a string, followed by a comma, then the size of the// shared memory segment as a string.const char kFieldTrialHandle[] = "field-trial-handle";// Define an alias root directory which is replaced with the replacement string// in file URLs. The format is "/alias=/replacement", which would turn// file:///alias/some/path.html into file:///replacement/some/path.html.const char kFileUrlPathAlias[] = "file-url-path-alias";// Always use the Skia GPU backend for drawing layer tiles. Only valid with GPU // accelerated compositing + impl-side painting. Overrides the// kEnableGpuRasterization flag.const char kForceGpuRasterization[] = "force-gpu-rasterization";// Disables OOP rasterization. Takes precedence over the enable flag.const char kDisableOopRasterization[] = "disable-oop-rasterization";// Turns on out of process raster for the renderer whenever gpu raster// would have been used. Enables the chromium_raster_transport extension. const char kEnableOopRasterization[] = "enable-oop-rasterization";// Turns on skia deferred display list for out of process raster.const char kEnableOopRasterizationDDL[] = "enable-oop-rasterization-ddl";// Enables WebGL overlays for Windows.const char kEnableWebGLSwapChain[] = "enable-webgl-swap-chain";。
计算机专业常用英语
Distribution：发行 版
Terminal：终端
03
网络常用英语
协议常用英语
• TCP：Transmission Control Protocol，传输控制协议 • UDP：User Datagram Protocol，用户数据报协议 • HTTP：Hypertext Transfer Protocol，超文本传输协议 • DNS：Domain Name System，域名系统 • FTP：File Transfer Protocol，文件传输协议 • SMTP：Simple Mail Transfer Protocol，简单邮件传输协议 • POP：Post Office Protocol，邮局协议 • IMAP：Internet Message Access Protocol，互联网邮件访问协议
核心，CPU中的运算器 部分，负责执行计算任 务。
超线程技术，使一个物 理核心能够模拟多个逻 辑核心，从而提高处理 器的并行能力。
缓存，用于临时存储数 据和指令，以加快CPU 访问速度。
兆赫兹/吉赫兹，频率单 位，表示CPU每秒执行 的时钟周期数。
主板常用英语
Motherboard：主板，是计算机的主要 部件之一，上面集成了各种电子元件和 插槽。
Apple Safari，苹果公司开发的网络 浏览器
服务器常用英语
Web服务器
邮件服务器
DNS服务器
FTP服务器
数据库服务器
网络故障常用英语
网络连接故障
DNS解析失败
网页无法访问
FTP连接失败
邮件发送失败
04
计算机安全常用英语
病毒与木马常用英语
Malware: 恶意软件
基于WebKit的嵌入式浏览器研究与移植（1）
摘要随着嵌入式设备日新月异的发展，嵌入式浏览器作为获取网络信息的一种重要工具，逐渐成为嵌入式设备必不可少的一部分。
然而，由于嵌入式设备的多样性和差异性，开发人员往往需要针对不同的设备开发相应的嵌入式浏览器，导致大量人力与物力的投入。
为了解决这些问题，研发人员开发了一个既方便又快捷的新浏览器引擎WebKit。
同时，随着Google公司基于WebKit引擎的浏览器Google Chrome的成功开发，WebKit引擎才渐渐引起了人们的广泛关注。
目前国外已经推出了几款基于WebKit引擎的嵌入式浏览器，如iPhone和Android的内置浏览器。
随着我国数字电视机顶盒的大面积普及，机顶盒市场对嵌入式浏览器的需求日益增大。
在这种情况下，研究设计基于WebKit的嵌入式浏览器可以推动国内机顶盒市场的发展。
本文研究了WebKit引擎的排版技术；结合几种常用图形库详细研究了WebKit 引擎如何实现对不同的图形库提供支持，同时对如何实现支持新图形库做了探讨；结合Qt网络库和cURL网络库研究了WebKit引擎对不同网络库的支持机制。
本课题设计了基于WebKit引擎和Qt/Embedded平台的数字电视嵌入式浏览器架构；实现了遥控器驱动插件，修改了Cookie功能存在的问题，并进行了图像解码库的替换。
同时设计并实现了浏览器用户界面，从而最终完整地实现了基于WebKit引擎的数字电视嵌入式浏览器。
最后，结合具体的开发板STB225，完成了对该嵌入式浏览器功能与性能的测试。
关键词：WebKit，嵌入式浏览器，图形库，Qt/EmbeddedABSTRACTWith the rapid development of embedded devices, more and more embedded devices are required in surfing the Internet. As an important tool to obtain network information, the browser becomes an essential part of embedded devices. However, due to the diversifications and differences of embedded devices, the designer has to develop a different embedded browser for different devices, which leads to a large number of human and material inputs. In order to solve these problems, researchers developed a convenient and efficient browser engine WebKit. Meanwhile, with the successful development of Google Chrome browser which based on WebKit, WebKit engine was beginning to attract people's attention. Foreign workers have developed several WebKit-based embedded browsers, for instance, iPhone and Android's built-in browser. With digital TV set-top boxes spreading around China, the demand of embedded browser is increasing rapidly in set-top box market. In this case, the study and design of embedded browser based on WebKit can promote the domestic development of set-top box market.This thesis studys the layout technology of WebKit engine. Combining with several common graphics library, explores the WebKit engine how to provide support to different graphics library in detail, also discusses how to transplate a new graphics library, studys how WebKit support different network library combined with the Qt network library and cURL network library.This thesis designs a digital TV embedded browser which is based on WebKit engine and Qt/Embedded platform, realizes the remote controller plugin, modifies the functional problems of Cookie, and takes the place of the image decoding library. Meanwhile, this thesis designs and realizes the browser user interface, eventually achieves the digital TV embedded browser based on WebKit engine. Finally, combining with the specific development STB225, this thesis achieves the testing of the embedded browser both on function and performance.Keywords:WebKit, embedded browser, graphics library, Qt/Embedded目 录第一章引言 (1)1.1研究背景及意义 (1)1.2国内外研究现状 (1)1.3研究内容及章节安排 (3)第二章 WebKit引擎及Qt/Embedded技术介绍 (5)2.1浏览器相关技术介绍 (5)2.2常见图形库介绍 (6)2.3 WebKit排版引擎介绍 (9)2.3.1发展现状 (9)2.3.2组成结构与管理 (9)2.3.3内存管理机制 (10)2.4 Qt/Embedded技术介绍 (11)2.4.1 Qt与Qt/Embedded概述 (11)2.4.2信号和槽机制 (12)2.4.3虚拟帧缓冲 (13)2.4.4 Qt服务器 (14)2.4.5应用程序的显示 (15)2.4.6编译工具qmake (17)2.5 本章小结 (18)第三章 WebKit引擎排版技术及移植机制研究 (20)3.1排版技术研究 (20)3.1.1 WebKit引擎排版流程 (20)3.1.2 HTTP请求处理流程 (21)3.1.3 DOM树和Render树 (22)3.1.4布局和绘制 (23)3.2移植机制研究 (24)3.2.1底层库支撑架构 (24)3.2.2 图形库支撑研究 (25)3.2.2.1 WebCore (25)3.2.2.2 WebCore Support (34)3.2.2.3 WebView与WebFrame (37)3.2.3 网络库支撑研究 (40)3.3本章小结 (44)第四章数字电视嵌入式浏览器移植 (45)4.1开发环境的搭建 (45)4.1.1硬件平台 (45)4.1.2软件平台 (46)4.2移植WebKit引擎 (46)4.2.1移植架构设计 (46)4.2.2遥控器插件的实现 (47)4.2.3 Cookie功能的改进 (50)4.2.4图像解码库替换 (53)4.2.5用户界面设计 (54)4.2.6交叉编译 (55)4.3功能性能测试 (57)4.4本章小结 (58)第五章总结与展望 (60)致谢 (61)参考文献 (62)攻硕期间取得的研究成果 (65)第一章 引言1.1研究背景及意义近年来，随着嵌入式设备的发展，越来越多的嵌入式设备对网络功能提出了要求，例如手机、数字电视机顶盒、PDA等。
谷歌浏览器快捷键
谷歌浏览器
Google快捷键
操 作
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Ctrl+1 到 Ctrl+8
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键入搜索字词，然后按 Enter 键。
使用默认搜索引擎进行搜索。
计算机英语常用语词汇表
计算机英语常用语词汇表作者: 日期:计算机英语常用术语、词汇表Computer Vocabulary In Com mon Use一、硬件类(Hardware)二、软件类(Software)三、网络类(Network)四、其它CPU(Ce nter Processor Un it) 中央处理单元main board 主板RAM(random access memory)随机存储器(内存)ROM(Read Only Memory)只读存储器Floppy Disk 软盘Hard Disk 硬盘CD-ROM光盘驱动器(光驱) monitor监视器keyboard键盘mouse鼠标chip芯片CD-R光盘刻录机HUB集线器Modem= MOdulator-DEModulator 调制解调器P-P(Plug and Play)即插即用UPS(Uninterruptable Power Supply)不间断电源BIOS(Basic-i nput-OutputSystem)基本输入输岀系统CMOS(ComplementaryMetal-Oxide-Semico nductor)互补金属氧化物半导体unin stall 卸载操作系统办公自动化edit编辑cut剪切delete删除find查找replace 替换redo重做license许可(证) next下一步folder文件夹目的文件夹click点击doubleclick 双击right click 右击settings 设置update 更新release发布data数据data base数据库DBMS(Data Base Man ege System) 库管理系统view视图insert插入object 对象configurationcomma nd 命令document attribute 属性servicepack 服务补丁Demo演示exception 异常previous 前一个row列text文本size大小in terface界面access访问active激活计算机语言GUI(graphical user interfaces ) 图形用户界面template模版pagesetup页面设置password 口令code密码print preview打印预览zoom in 放大zoom out 缩小pan 漫游cruise 漫游full screen 全屏tool bar 工具条status bar状态条ruler标尺table 表paragraph 段落symbol符号style风格execute 执行graphics 图形image图像Unix用于服务器的一种操作系统Mac OS苹果公司开发的操作系统OO(Object-Oriented)面向对象virus病毒file文件open 打开colse 关闭exit退岀clear清除Client/Server客户机/服务器ATM( Asy nchro nousTransfer Mode)异步传输模式Windows NT微软公司的网络操作系统In ter net互联网WWW(World Wide Web) 万维网protocol协议HTTP超文本传输协议FTP文件传输协议Browser浏览器homepage主页Webpage网页website 网站URL在In ter net的WWW 服务程序上用于指定信息位置的表示方法Online在线Email电子邮件ICQ网上寻呼Firewall防火墙Gateway 网关HTML超文本标识语言hypertext超文本hyperlink超级链接IP(Address)互联网协议(地址)Search Engine搜索引擎TCP/IP用于网络的一组通讯协议Tel net远程登录IE(Internet Explorer)探索者(微软公司的网络浏览器)Navigator弓I航者(网景公司的浏览器)multimedia 多媒体ISO国际标准化组织ANSI美国国家标准协会able能active file活动文件add watch添加监视点all files所有文件all rights reserved 所有的权力保留altdirlst切换目录格式and fix a much wide rrange of disk problems并能够解决更大范围内的磁盘问题and other in formatio n 以及其它的信息archive file attribute 归档文件属性assign to指定至U auto an swer 自动应答autodetect自动检测auto i ndent自动缩进autosave 自动存储available on volume 该盘剩余空间bad comma nd 命令错bad comma nd or file n ame 命令或文件名错batch parameters 批处理参数bin ary file二进制文件binaryfiles二进制文件setup安装wizzard 向导OS(Operati on Systrem) OA(Office AutoMatio n) exit退岀copy复制paste粘贴select选择select all 全选undo撤消program 程序back前一步finish结束Desti nati onFolderuser用户数据配置文档电源自检程序POST(power-o n-self-test) cursor光标icon图标option pack 功能补丁short cut快捷方式debug调试column行restart重新启动font字体scale比例function 函数manual指南computer language menu菜单new新建save保存default 默认WAN广域网LAN局域网borla nd intern ati onal borla nd 国际公司bottom margin 页下空白b ydate按日期by exte nsion 按扩展名by name按名称by tesfree 字节空闲calls tack调用栈case sen sitive 区分大小写causes prompt into con firm you want to over writean要求岀现确认提示，在你想覆盖一个central point software inc central point 软件股份公司cha nge directory 更换目录change drive 改变驱动器cha nge n ame 更改名称character set 字符集checking for 正在检查checks a disk and displays a status report检查磁盘并显示一个状态报告cha nge drive path 改变盘/ 路径china中国choose one of the follow in 从下列中选一项clear all全部清除clearall break points 清除所有断点clears an attribute 清除属性clears comma nd history 清除命令历史clears creen 清除屏幕close all关闭所有文件code gen erati on 代码生成color palette 彩色调色板comma nd line 命令行comma ndprompt 命令提示符compressed file 压缩文件con figures a harddisk for use with msdos配置硬盘，以为MS-DOS所用conven ti onal memory 常规内存copies directories and subdirectories except empty ones 拷贝目录和子目录，空的除外copies files with the archive attribute set 拷贝设置了归档属性的文件copies one or more files to another location 把文件拷贝或搬移至另一地方copies the contents of one floppydisk to an other把一个软盘的内容拷贝到另一个软盘上copy diskette 复制磁盘copy right c 版权(c create dos partition or logica ldos drive 创建DOS分区或逻辑DOS驱动器create extended dos partition 仓U建扩展DOS分区create logical dos drives in the exte ndeddos partition在扩展DOS分区中创建逻辑DOS驱动器create primary dos partition 仓U建DOS 主分区creates a directory 仓U建一个目录creates changes or deletes the volume labelof a disk创建,改变或删除磁盘的卷标curre nt file当前文件curre nt fixed disk drive 当前硬盘驱动器curre nt setti ngs 当前设置curre nt time 当前时间cursor positi on 光标位置defrag整理碎片dele删去delete partiti on or logical dos drive 删除分区或逻辑DOS驱动器deletes a directory and all the subdirectoriesand files in it 删除一个目录和所有的子目录及其中的所有文件deltree删除树device driver设备驱动程序dialog box 对话栏directi on keys 方向键directly 直接地directory list argume nt 目录显示变量directory of 目录清单directory structure 目录结构disk access 磁盘存取diskcopy 磁盘拷贝disk services copy compare find ren ameverify view edit map locate n itialize 磁盘服务功能：C拷贝O比较F搜索R改卷名V校验浏览E编缉M图L找文件N 格式化disk space 磁盘空间display file 显示文件display opti ons 显示选项display partiti on inF ORMati on 显示分区信息displays files in specified directory and allsubdirectories 显示指定目录和所有目录下的文件displays files with specified attributes 显示指定属性的文件displays or changes file attributes 显示或改变文件属性displays or sets the date 显示或设备日期displays setup scree ns in mono chrome instead of color以单色而非彩色显示安装屏信息displays the amount of used and freememory in your system 显示系统中已用和未用的内存数量displays the full path and n ame of every fileon the disk显示磁盘上所有文件的完整路径和名称displays the name of or changes the current directory 显示或改变当前目录doctor 医生doesn 不does n't cha nge the attribute 不要改变属性dos shell DOS 外壳double click 双击do you want to display the logical driveinFORMation y/n你想显示逻辑驱动器信息吗(y/n)?drive letter驱动器名edit menu 编辑选单ems memory ems 内存end of file 文件尾end of line 行尾en ter choice 输入选择entire disk 转换磁盘en vir onment variable环境变量esc计算机上的Esc按键everyfile and subdirectory 所有的文件和子目录existi ng desti nati on file 已存在的目录文件时expa nded memory 扩充内存expand tabs 扩充标签explicitly 明确地fastest最快的fat file system fat 文件系统fdisk options fdisk 选项file attributes 文件属性file FORMat文件格式file functions 文件功能files election 文件选择file selecti on argume nt 文件选择变元files in文件在files in subdir 子目录中文件files listed列岀文件file spec文件说明file specificati on 文件标识files selected 选中文件findfile文件查寻fixed disk 硬盘fixed disk setup program 硬盘安装程序fixes errors on the disk 解决磁盘错误floppy disk 软盘FORMat diskette 格式化磁盘FORMats a disk for use with msdos 格式化用于MS-DOS的磁盘FORM feed 进纸free memory 闲置内存full screen 全屏幕fun cti on procedure 函数过程graphical图解的graphics library 图形库group directories first 先显示目录组han gup 挂断harddisk 硬盘hardware detecti on 硬件检测has been已经helpfile帮助文件help index 帮助索引helpi n FORMatio n 帮助信息help path帮助路径help screen 帮助屏help text帮助说明help topics帮助主题help window 帮助窗口hidden file隐含文件hidden file attribute 隐含文件属性hidden files 隐含文件how to 操作方式ignore case 忽略大小写in both conven ti onal and upper memory 在常规和上位内存in correct dos 不正确的DOS in correct dosversion DOS 版本不正确in dicates a bi nary file 表示是一个二进制文件indicates an ascii text file 表示是一个ascii 文本文件in sert mode 插入方式in stead of using chkdsk try using scandisk 请用scandisk,不要用chkdsk in use在使用in valid directory 无效的目录is 是k bytes 千字节keyboard type 键盘类型label disk标注磁盘laptop膝上largest executable program 最大可执行程序largest memory block available 最大内存块可用left handed左手习惯left margin 左边界line number 行号line numbers 行号line spac ing 行间距list by files in sorted order 按指定顺序显示文件list file列表文件list of清单locate file文件定位look at查看lookup查找macro n ame 宏名字make directory 仓U建目录memory info 内存信息memory model 内存模式menu bar菜单条menu comma nd 菜单命令menus菜单message wi ndow 信息窗口microsoft微软microsoft an tivirus 微软反病毒软件microsoft corporati on 微软公司mini小的modem setup调制解调器安装module name 模块名mon itor mode 监控状态mono chrome mon itor 单色监视器movet o 移至multi 多new data 新建数据newer更新的new file新文件new name 新名称new wi ndow 新建窗口norton美国NOROTN 公司no stack 栈未定义n ote use deltree cautiously 注意:小心使用deltreeon line help 联机求助opti on ally可选择地or 或page frame 页面page length 页长pauses after each scree n ful of inFORMation在显示每屏信息后暂停一下pctools pc 工具postscript 附言prefixmeaning not 前缀意即"不prefix to reverseorder 反向显示的前缀preset switches byprefixing any switch with hyphe n forexample w 用前缀和放在短横线-后的开关（例如/-w）预置开关press a key to resume 按一键继续press any key for file functions 敲任意键执行文件功能press en ter to keep the same date 敲回车以保持相同的日期press en ter to keep the same time 敲回车以保持相同的时间press esc to continue 敲esc 继续pressescto exit 敲<esc> 键退岀press esc to exitfdisk 敲esc 退岀fdisk press esc to returnto fdisk options 敲esc返回fdisk选项previously 在以前printall全部打印printdevice 打印设备printer port 打印机端口processes files in all directories in thespecified path在指定的路径下处理所有目录下的文件program file 程序文件program ming en vir onment 程序设计环境prompts you before creati ng eachdestination file在创建每个目标文件时提醒你prompts you to press a key before copying在拷贝前提示你敲一下键pulldown 下拉pulldow n menus 下拉式选单quick FORMat 快速格式化quickview 快速查看read only file 只读文件read only file attribute 只读文件属性read only files 只读文件read only mode 只读方式redial重拨repeat last find 重复上次查找report file报表文件resize调整大小respectively 分另V地right marg in 右边距root directory 根目录runs debug a programtesting and editing tool运行debug,它是一个测试和编辑工具run time error 运行时岀错save all全部保存save as 另存为scan disk磁盘扫描程序sca ndisk can reliably detect sca ndisk 可以可靠地发现scree n colors 屏幕色彩scree n opti ons 屏幕任选项screen saver 屏幕暂存器screen savers 屏幕保护程序screen size 屏幕大小scroll bars 翻卷栏scroll lock off滚屏已锁定search for 搜索sectors per track 每道扇区数select group 选定组selection bar 选择栏set active partiti on 设置活动分区setup opti ons 安装选项short cut keys 快捷键show clipboard 显示剪贴板single side 单面size move 大小/移动sort help S排序H帮助sort order 顺序special services directory maintenance 特殊服务功能：D目录维护specifies drive directory an dor files to list 指定要列出的驱动器，目录,和文件specifies that you want to cha nge to the pare nt directory 指定你想把父目录作为当前目录specifies the directory an dor file n ame for the new file 指定新文件的目录或文件名specifies the file or files to be copied 扌旨定要拷贝的文件stack overflow 栈溢岀sta nd alone 独立的startup opti ons 启动选项status line 状态行step over 单步summary of 摘要信息suppresses prompti ng to con firm you wantto overwrite an 取消确认提示，在你想覆盖一个swap file 交换文件switches maybe preset in the dircmdenvironment variable 开关可在dircmd 环境变量中设置switch to切换到sync同步system file系统文件system files 系统文件system info 系统信息system inF ORMation 系统信息程序table of contents 目录termi nal emulati on 终端仿真termi nal sett ings 终端设置test file测试文件test file parameters 测试文件参数the active window 激活窗口the switch/y maybe preset in the copycmden viro nment variable /y 开关可以在copycmd环境变量中预置the two floppy disks must be the same type两个软磁盘必须是同种类型的this maybe over ridden with -y on thecomma nd line 在命令行输入/-y 可以使之无效toggle breakpo int 切换断点to msdos 转到MS-DOS top margin 页面顶栏turn off 关闭type cd drive to display the current directoryin the specified drive 键入cd 驱动器:显示指定驱动器的当前目录type cd with out parameters to display thecurre nt drive and directory 键入无参数的cd以显示当前驱动器的当前目录type date without parameters to display thecurre nt date sett ing and 键入无参数的date，显示当前日期设置和unmark取消标记unselect取消选择uses bare FORMat 使用简洁方式uses lowercase 使用小写uses wide list FORMat 使用宽行显示usinghelp使用帮助verbosely 冗长地verifies that new files are writte ncorrectly校验新文件是否正确写入了video mode 显示方式view win dow 内容浏览viruses 病毒vision 景象vollabel 卷标volumelabel 卷标volumeserial n umberis 卷序号是wi ndows help wi ndows 帮助word wrap 整字换行worki ng directory 正在工作的目录worm 蠕虫write mode 写方式write to 写至Uxms memory 扩充内存youmay 你可以我把网络安全方面的专业词汇整理了一下，虽然大多是乱谈，但初衷在于初学者能更好的了解这些词汇。
Google 极力推动 Web 矢量图技术
Google 极力推动Web 矢量图技术ugmbbc发布于2009-10-05 16:27:50| 1616 次阅读字体：大小打印预览感谢COMSHARP CMS的投递新闻来源:至少在10年前，人们就建议对Web 图形技术进行改造，而Google 认为，现在已经是时候了。
Google 上周五主持召开了SVG Open 2009大会，讨论有关SVG （Scalab le Vector Graphics (SVG)）Web 图形标准的问题。
随着众多浏览器厂商以及Web 开发者对SVG 的支持，这种可用于Web 的矢量图形标准很有可能在最近几年成为主流。
正如Google 的开发工程师Brad Neuberg 在大会中所言，新的编程标准虽说很难形成，但它们确实来了，他说，一开始它们被忽视，接着被炒作，接着被宣布死亡，最后发现，它们是真正能解决问题的技术。
点阵图，放大后会变虚SVG 让图形任意发达而保持质量不变矢量图使用直线，曲线，几何图形，色彩值表述图形，而JPG,GIF 一类的点阵图使用点阵描述图形，前者拥有更小的文件尺寸，不变的缩放质量，比如，我们可以看一下SVG 版的Wikipedia 标志，即使放大到整页大小，质量也不下降。
然而SVG 仍未广泛进入Web 开发者的圈子，一方面，因为占据主导地位的浏览器IE 仍不支持这种技术，Neuberg 认为，如果主流浏览器不支持，你就不敢轻易部署。
不过，Google 和它的同盟们正在改变这一现状，Chrome, Firefox, Safari, 以及Ope ra 都支持SVG，而鉴于微软是这次会议金牌赞助商，相信IE 也将在这方面有所作为。
在一项Web 开发者的调查中，矢量图成为最受期待的功能，这让Google 更有信心推出一款叫做SVG Web的软件，该软件旨在帮助那些不支持SVG 的浏览器实现SVG 支持。
Neuberg 说，对于那些支持SVG 的浏览器，SVG Web 会将SVG 渲染任务交给浏览器，对于不支持SVG 的浏览器，则会生成一个Flash 对象渲染SVG 图形，虽然这种机制永远赶不上本地SVG 的渲染速度，但可以很好地帮助Web 开发者实现矢量图功能。
电脑使用100个技巧英文
电脑使用100个技巧英文Computers are an essential part of our lives, and it's important to know the ins and outs of using them efficiently. In this article, I will share 100 computer tips and tricks that will help you make the most out of your computer experience.1. Use keyboard shortcuts to save time and navigate quickly. For example, Ctrl + C for copying, Ctrl + V for pasting, and Ctrl + S for saving.2. Customize your desktop background and screensaver to make your computer feel more personalized.3. Use a password manager to securely store all your passwords.4. Keep your computer organized by creating folders and subfolders to store your files.5. Use the search function to find specific files or folders on your computer.6. Use the 'Undo' function (Ctrl + Z) to revert any mistakes or changes you made.7. Learn to touch type to increase your typing speed and efficiency.8. Use cloud storage services, such as Google Drive or Dropbox, to backup and synchronize your files across different devices.9. Install an antivirus software and regularly update it to protectyour computer from malware and viruses.10. Use shortcut keys to open programs quickly. For example, Windows key + D to show the desktop.11. Use task manager (Ctrl + Shift + Esc) to manage and monitor running processes on your computer.12. Customize your browser with add-ons or extensions to enhance your browsing experience.13. Use a password-protected screensaver to secure your computer when you're away.14. Use the 'Print Screen' button to capture screenshots.15. Install a reliable ad-blocker to prevent intrusive ads while browsing.16. Use a virtual private network (VPN) to protect your online privacy and encrypt your internet connection.17. Use keyboard shortcuts to switch between open tabs in your browser. For example, Ctrl + Tab.18. Close unnecessary background processes to speed up your computer.19. Use 'Ctrl + F' to quickly find specific words or phrases on a webpage or document.20. Install a pop-up blocker to prevent annoying pop-up ads.21. Use a password manager to generate and store secure passwords for different websites and accounts.22. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + T' to reopen recently closed tabs in your browser.23. Use the 'Start' menu search function to quickly open programs or files.24. Clean up your computer regularly by deleting temporary files and unnecessary programs.25. Use keyboard shortcuts to navigate through documents. For example, Ctrl + Home to go to the beginning and Ctrl + End to go to the end.26. Customize your browser's homepage to have quick access to your favorite websites.27. Use private browsing mode or incognito mode to browse the internet without leaving any trace of your browsing history.28. Update your operating system and software regularly to ensure the latest security patches and features.29. Use a password manager to share passwords securely with others.30. Use a second monitor for increased productivity and multitasking.31. Use the 'Alt + Tab' shortcut to switch between open windows.32. Clean your computer's keyboard and screen regularly to maintain hygiene.33. Use the 'Ctrl + Shift + N' shortcut to open a new incognito window in Google Chrome.34. Use the 'Ctrl + Shift + V' shortcut to paste text without any formatting.35. Use a program launcher or quick launch toolbar to easily access your most used programs.36. Use keyboard shortcuts to control media playback. For example, spacebar to play or pause.37. Customize your mouse settings to suit your preferences.38. Use a password manager to automatically fill in login credentials for websites.39. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + Esc' to open task manager directly, instead of using 'Ctrl + Alt + Del'.40. Use a password manager with multi-factor authentication forextra security.41. Customize your computer's power settings to save energy.42. Use the 'Windows key + L' shortcut to quickly lock your computer when you're away.43. Set up automatic backups for your important files.44. Use the 'Ctrl + Shift + P' shortcut to open a new private window in Mozilla Firefox.45. Invest in a good quality mouse and keyboard for better ergonomics.46. Use the 'Alt + F4' shortcut to close the current window.47. Use a password manager that also works on your mobile devices.48. Use 'Ctrl + I' to italicize text and 'Ctrl + B' to bold text.49. Customize your computer's sound settings to suit your preferences.50. Use a program like CCleaner to regularly clean up your computer's registry and temporary files.51. Use 'Ctrl + U' to view the source code of a webpage.52. Use a password manager that offers secure sharing options.53. Use 'Ctrl + P' to quickly print a document or webpage.54. Customize your computer's taskbar for easy access to your most used programs.55. Use 'Ctrl + H' to open the browsing history in your browser.56. Use a password manager that supports biometric authentication for extra security.57. Use a program like Malwarebytes to scan your computer for malware and remove any threats.58. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + B' to show or hide the bookmarks bar in your browser.59. Use a password manager that syncs your passwords across different devices.60. Use a program like Microsoft OneNote or Evernote to organize and manage your notes.61. Use 'Ctrl + N' to open a new window or 'Ctrl + T' to open a new tab.62. Use a password manager with a strong password generator to create complex and secure passwords.63. Use a program like TeamViewer to remotely access and control your computer from another device.64. Use 'Ctrl + J' to open the downloads folder in your browser.65. Use a password manager that offers browser extensions for easy access.66. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + H' to open the browsing history sidebar in Firefox.67. Use a program like Adobe Photoshop or GIMP to edit and manipulate images.68. Use 'Ctrl + K' to quickly search through a document or webpage.69. Use a password manager with a digital wallet feature to securely store credit card information.70. Use a program like Microsoft Excel or Google Sheets to create and manage spreadsheets.71. Use 'Ctrl + D' to bookmark a webpage.72. Use a password manager that offers automatic form filling for quicker and easier online transactions.73. Use a program like VLC Media Player to play various multimedia files.74. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + O' to open the bookmarks manager in Google Chrome.75. Use a password manager that offers secure password sharing options.76. Use 'Alt + Left Arrow' to go back to the previous webpage.77. Use a program like Microsoft Word or Google Docs to create and edit documents.78. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + Del' to open the clear browsing data option in your browser.79. Use a password manager with a password strength indicator to ensure your passwords are strong and secure.80. Use a program like Adobe Acrobat or Foxit Reader to view PDF files.81. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + B' to show or hide the bookmarks bar in Mozilla Firefox.82. Use a password manager that supports multiple user accounts.83. Use 'Ctrl + R' to refresh the current webpage.84. Use a program like WinRAR or 7-Zip to compress and extract files.85. Use 'Ctrl + H' to open the history sidebar in Google Chrome.86. Use a password manager that can be accessed offline for added convenience.87. Use a program like Microsoft PowerPoint or Google Slides to create and deliver presentations.88. Use 'Ctrl + N' to open a new incognito window in Google Chrome.89. Use a password manager that allows you to categorize and organize your passwords.90. Use a program like Adobe Illustrator or Inkscape to create and edit vector graphics.91. Use 'Ctrl + Shift + B' to show or hide the bookmarks bar in Microsoft Edge.92. Use a password manager that offers backup and restore options.93. Use 'Ctrl + T' to open a new tab and 'Ctrl + Shift + T' to reopen recently closed tabs.94. Use a program like Microsoft Outlook or Mozilla Thunderbird to manage your emails.95. Use 'Ctrl + K' to open the search bar in your browser.96. Use a password manager that offers cross-platform support for seamless integration across devices.97. Use a program like Microsoft Access or LibreOffice Base to create and manage databases.98. Use 'Ctrl + J' to open the downloads folder in Google Chrome.99. Use a password manager that offers password strength analysis and recommendations.100. Use a program like Adobe Premiere Pro or DaVinci Resolve to edit and create videos.These 100 computer tips and tricks will help you maximize your productivity and efficiency. Whether you're a beginner or an experienced user, there's always something new to learn and discover in the world of computers. Remember to regularly update your software and maintain good security practices to ensure a smooth and safe computing experience.。
如何在电脑上安装和优化ChromeOS操作系统
如何在电脑上安装和优化ChromeOS操作系统ChromeOS是由谷歌公司开发的一款轻量级操作系统，专门用于谷歌Chromebook笔记本电脑。
然而，许多用户希望将ChromeOS安装到其他设备上，并享受它简洁、安全和快速的特性。
本文将介绍如何在电脑上安装和优化ChromeOS操作系统。
一、准备工作在开始安装ChromeOS之前，我们需要确保以下几个条件的满足：1. 可用的计算机：确保你有一台可供安装的电脑，并备份你的重要文件，以防发生数据丢失。
2. ChromeOS映像文件：从谷歌官方网站下载最新的ChromeOS映像文件。
它通常以.ova或.img文件格式提供。
3. USB驱动器：准备一个可用于制作ChromeOS启动盘的空白USB 驱动器。
确保它的容量足够存储ChromeOS映像文件。
二、创建ChromeOS启动盘1. 使用烧录工具：将USB驱动器插入计算机，并使用烧录工具（如Rufus或Etcher）将ChromeOS映像文件写入USB驱动器。
请确保选择正确的映像文件和目标驱动器。
2. 设置启动序列：在计算机上重新启动，并进入BIOS设置。
将启动顺序配置为从USB驱动器启动，保存设置并重新启动。
三、安装ChromeOS操作系统1. 引导到ChromeOS安装界面：在计算机重新启动时，它将从USB 驱动器启动，并进入ChromeOS安装界面。
按照屏幕上的提示进行操作，选择合适的语言和时区设置。
2. 完成安装：按照指导完成ChromeOS的安装过程。
它可能需要一些时间来完成，具体取决于你的计算机配置和ChromeOS映像文件的大小。
四、优化ChromeOS操作系统一旦成功安装ChromeOS，你可以采取以下措施来优化系统性能和用户体验：1. 更新ChromeOS：在设置菜单中，找到并运行系统更新。
这将确保你的ChromeOS系统保持最新，同时解决可能存在的漏洞和问题。
2. 安装扩展和应用程序：打开Chrome Web Store，安装你需要的扩展和应用程序。
Chrome快捷键大全
Chrome快捷键大全"Ctrl+N打开新窗口Ctrl+T打开新标签页Ctrl+Shift+N在隐身模式下打开新窗口Ctrl+O，然后选择文件在谷歌浏览器中打开计算机上的文件按住 Ctrl 键，然后点击链接从后台在新标签页中打开链接，但您仍停留在当前标签页中按住Ctrl+Shift键，然后点击链接在新标签页中打开链接，同时切换到新打开的标签页按住 Shift 键，然后点击链接在新窗口中打开链接Alt+F4 关闭当前窗口Ctrl+Shift+T重新打开上次关闭的标签页。
谷歌浏览器可记住最近关闭的 10 个标签页。
将链接拖动到标签页内在指定标签页中打开链接将链接拖动到两个标签页之间在标签页横条的指定位置建立一个新标签页，在该标签页中打开链接Ctrl+1 到 Ctrl+8 切换到指定位置编号的标签页。
您按下的数字代表标签页横条上的相应标签位置。
Ctrl+9 切换到最后一个标签页Ctrl+Tab或Ctrl+PgDown切换到下一个标签页Ctrl+Shift+Tab或Ctrl+PgUp切换到上一个标签页Ctrl+W或 Ctrl+F4 关闭当前标签页或弹出式窗口Alt+Home打开主页chrome地址栏快捷键在地址栏，进行下列操作之一：键入搜索字词使用默认搜索引擎进行搜索键入网址中”www.”和”.com”之间的部分，然后按Ctrl+Enter键为您在地址栏中输入的内容添加”www.”和”.com”，然后打开网址键入搜索引擎关键字或网址，按 Tab键，然后键入搜索字词使用与关键字或网址相关联的搜索引擎进行搜索。
如果谷歌浏览器可以识别您要使用的搜索引擎，则会提示您按 Tab 键。
F6 或Ctrl+L或Alt+D选中网址区域中的内容键入网址，然后按Alt+Enter键在新标签页中打开网址打开谷歌chrome浏览器各功能的快捷键Ctrl+B打开和关闭书签栏Ctrl+Shift+B打开书签管理器Ctrl+H查看”历史记录”页Ctrl+J查看”下载”页Shift+Escape查看任务管理器Shift+Alt+T将焦点设置在工具栏上。
网页视频太卡这里你改了吗
网页视频太卡这里你改了吗作者：OverLord来源：《电脑爱好者》2021年第02期首先，打开谷歌Chrome浏览器，然后点击右上方三个点的图标（地址栏最后方），在弹出菜单里点击“设置”（图1）。
在新页面的右侧下方点击“高级”，下拉新的选项中找到“系统”项（图2），点击进入。
这个时候在右侧页面中，下拉滚动条到最下方，找到“系统”，点击滑杆关闭“使用硬件加速模式（如果可用）”，（图3）注意这时Chrome浏览器會提示“重新启动”，我们先不管它。
在Chrome地址栏中，输入“chrome：//f lags”回车（注：注意符号务必为英文半角），进入实验设置页面（图4）。
在实验设置页面中可以设置的内容数不胜数，手动查找实在太麻烦，这时可以在“Search flags”中输入“GPU”搜索，我们要设置的项目分别是“Accelerated2D canvas（2D 图形加速）和GPU rasterization（GPU渲染）”两项，这两项默认分别是“Enabled（激活）和Default（默认）”，统一将两个项目修改为“D isabled（关闭）”即可（图5），然后我们重启电脑就可以了。
如此一来电脑的网页即便多开也不太容易卡顿，原因也很简单—— Ch r ome等浏览器（包括使用Chromium的浏览器）为了更好的渲染网页，都采用GPU加速渲染的方法，但是有些电脑的显卡性能有限，多开网页后，因为所有的网页都需要通过GPU加速，就造成显卡资源紧张，反而拖慢了网页的渲染刷新速度。
因此，我们关闭掉GPU加速，问题当然就迎刃而解了。
需要注意的是，关闭GPU后，我们是使用处理器来渲染网页，同时开启多个网页也会消耗大量内存，大家一定要确认自己的处理器能力足够、内存容量也够大，如果相关配置较低，还是使用G PU 辅助渲染，同时尽量控制打开网页的数量吧。
描电脑的英文句子带翻译
4. Avoid eating or drinking near your computer to prevent spills and crumbs from damaging the hardware and keyboard.
硬盘是计算机的长期存储设备。它存储着CPU未活跃使用的所有数据和程序。硬盘比RAM慢，但它们具有更大的存储容量，更为经济实惠。
5. The graphics card, also known as the video card, is responsible for rendering images and videos on the computer monitor. It is essential for gaming, graphic design, and video editing.
中央处理单元（CPU）是计算机的大脑。它处理指令，进行计算，并管理数据在系统中的流动。
2. The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer. It provides the electrical connections for all the other components and is where the CPU, memory, and other essential hardware are located.
应用软件是为用户执行特定功能的任何程序或一组程序，比如文字处理、电子邮件、网页浏览和游戏。
3. Antivirus software is designed to detect and remove malicious software, such as viruses, worms, and Trojan horses, from the computer. It is essential for protecting the system from online threats.
Chrome渲染分析之Rendering工具使用
Chrome渲染分析之Rendering工具使用页面的绘制时间（paint time）是每一个前端开发都需要关注的的重要指标，它决定了你的页面流畅程度。
而如何去观察页面的绘制时间，找到性能瓶颈，可以借助Chrome的开发者工具。
本文主要介绍Chrome渲染分析工具 Rendering。
如上图，按F12调出开发者工具，然后按“ESC”调出Rendering界面。
以上5个选项的意思如下：•1、Show paint rectangles 显示绘制矩形•2、Show composited layer borders 显示层的组合边界（注：蓝色的栅格表示的是分块）•3、Show FPS meter 显示FPS帧频•4、Enable continuous page repainting 开启持续绘制模式并检测页面绘制时间•5、Show potential scroll bottlenecks 显示潜在的滚动瓶颈。
1、Show paint rectangles开启显示绘制矩形这个选项，可以看到绿色的框（之前的版本都是红色的框，现在改绿色了，呵呵），这个绿色的框，表示页面正在绘制的区域，即是页面正在渲染，发生绘制操作的区域。
这是用来了解滚动时页面表现的第一个指示器。
鼠标移到图片上，可以发现css3动画的位移，而css3动画的位移导致页面重绘，重绘的区域即是绿色框住的部分。
细心的朋友可能会发现，这个绿色框住的部分，并不仅仅就是刚好那个div所在的区域，而涉及到周边的位置。
发生这种情况的原因，是页面的重绘是个连带反应，会影响周边元素。
开启这个选项之后，可以做一些常规的页面交互操作，如Slider 切换，拍拍网左侧导航mouse over时效果，可以看到页面效果所影响的范围。
再比如滚动页面，拍拍首页会出现一个返回顶部的按钮，滚动的时候，会发现返回顶部这个区域在不停的进行重绘，而返回顶部是position:fixed定位的。
SIMA 外部监视器快速参考指南说明书
This system is optimized for the latest version of Google Chrome and may not becompatible with other browsers.SummaryThe modernized, interactive SIMA public monitor and dashboard has many enhanced capabilities and advanced analytic features. Specifically, the new graphics in the interactive SIMA public monitor allow users to assess the U.S. steel import data in a variety of new ways that offer the user increased flexibility and options.The data can be viewed online in not only table format and graphs but can also be downloaded for individual customized work.This quick reference guide describes:1. How to navigate and customize the graphic displays of the new dashboard for both monthly and annual steelimport data;2. How users can filter and disaggregate underlying data;3. How users can then develop customized visuals of the data based on search parameters; and4. How users can export data from the SIMA public monitor for further individual analysis.The enhancements in the SIMA public monitor and interactive dashboard will allow users to conduct customized, in-depth analysis of changing trade patterns and product trends for U.S. imports of steel products.Navigation of the MonitorThe new SIMA public monitor dashboard is comprised of five different tabs located at the bottom of the landing page of the dashboard. Here is a visual example for users to reference on how to navigate these tabs:•The first tab is labelled Monthly Data Page 1. This is where the monthly steel import data from Census and the license data are located. This tab showcases, at the top, a graph that most closely replicates the old SIMApublic monitor graph in the landing page of the legacy SIMA monitor along with the data table.•The second tab is labelled Monthly Data Page 2, and expands the first tab to house other data visualizations (looking at the data by country, by category, geographically and a timeseries comparison).•The third tab is labelled Monthly License (HTS) Data. This is where the user has access to the license data displayed at the 6-digit harmonized tariff schedule (HTS) level. This tab has a visual, graphing the current and previous license data and the accompanying data table.•The fourth tab is labelled Annual Census Data Page 1. This tab mirrors the first tab. However, the data displays only annual official Census import figures. For the current year the latest year-to-date data will beavailable for display, only if there are less than 12 months of data.•The fifth tab is labelled Annual Census Data Page 2. This tab expands the fourth tab to house other visualizations. (looking at the data by country, by category, geographically and a timeseries comparison). The data are only annual official Census import figures. For the current year the latest year-to-date data will beavailable for display, if there are less than 12 months of data.•Functionality is the same across the tabs, though the content differs.How to Filter and View Disaggregated/Underlying DataEach tab has a default setting at the top of the page. This allows users to customize their view by using filters to disaggregate the underlying data: the countries, products/aggregate categories, date parameters, and data measures (i.e., value, volume, or unit value). In many of the filters, the user can choose multiple options for viewing the underlying data for more in-depth analysis of steel trade trends.•In the default setting, data are shown by the major steel categories (i.e., flat, long, pipe/tube, semifinished and stainless). The official Census data are displayed in a different color than the license data. The user can also view the disaggregated data by filtering by country or countries, product groups, or different time periods.•To filter and disaggregate the data, the user should change the default settings at the top of the page, which changes the views of the subsequent graphs and table.•To change the filters, click on the “down carrot” (v) to make a selection. Notice for the aggregate category filter, the user may filter down even further by clicking on the carrot again.•To filter dates, simply move the slider to capture the date period desired. It is also possible to use the filter on the right-hand side of the page.•To return to the default settings, the user may change the filters individually or click on the “reset filters” button.Drilling Down in the Individual Visuals/TableData can be further drilled down in the individual visuals and tables. Note, again, the filters on the top of the dashboard page guide the availability of data disaggregation in the tab. Select Country View to see data displayed by Country (and be able to drill down by category and then product group) or Products View to see data displayed by Product Categories (and be able to drill down by product group and then country).•For the tables in the Country View:o Users should click on the “down arrow” on the top right of the table.o Then click on the “plus sign” to the left of the country name if interested in only one country.o Click on the “plus sign” again to see further disaggregated data, for example, clicking on flat products to see the underlying data.o Click on the “up arrow” on the top right of the table to roll the data up.•Click on the fork icon in the top right corner to disaggregate all countries by the major steel categories and click on the fork again to see the underlying product groups.•Click on the up arrow to roll up the data. The functionality is the same for the Products View.•Users can filter both the country and category graphs, which function similarly to each other: o Click on the “down arrow” on the top right-hand side of the graph.o Click on the “country (or category)” of interest.“Canada,” and “flat products.”•To revert back to a higher-level of aggregation, click on the “up arrow”For the map: The map geographically displays the import data. Here, the size of the bubbles represents the measure being displayed (for example, volume of imports) and the pie charts for each country display the category type of broad steel imports from each country. The map can also be zoomed in to show an area at a granular level.•To zoom in and out, click on the “positive/negative signs.”For the time-series graphs: These time-series graphs allow users to view, compare, and contrast import trends for two countries simultaneously across different categories and sub-categories of steel.•Click on the desired filter to the right of these graphs by using the “carrot.” These filters (for measure, category, and country) for the time-series graphs are not impacted by the filters at the top of the tab.•Click on the desired selection, for “aggregate category” and “country.”Exporting Data•Another key feature of the dashboard is that users can export the data for individualized analysis of U.S. steel trends.•The user can export data by selecting the graphic by clicking anywhere on the graph, clicking on the “three dots” in the right-hand corner, and selecting “export data.”•Then, select summarized or underlying data. Selecting “summarized data” provides details related to the data, while selecting “underlying data” provides the actual data. Click “export.” The downloaded file will be on the lower left corner of the screen. Open that file.Using a Pivot Table to Organize Data•Once you have opened the downloaded file, delete the first 2 rows of the sheet.•When the popup below appears, select where you want the pivot table to be placed (either the default of a new worksheet or existing worksheet) and then click ok.•Drag and drop the concepts you want from in the table (from the top panel to the bottom panel), by columns, rows, and values. You can also right click on the variable in the top of the field view and select where to place it.(To remove annual subtotals in the pivot table, right click on the excel sheet where the heading for the subtotal is and uncheck “Subtotal Year” in the data table.)•Here is a link to Microsoft’s instructions on how to get started with using PivotTables: https:///en-us/office/video-create-a-pivottable-and-analyze-your-data-7810597d-0837-41f7-9699-5911aa282760Printing Tables and Graphs•Once you have the desired filters in place, select “focus mode” in the top right of the graph or table. This spotlights the graphic/table and you can use any screen capture method, including using the snipping tool. (To use the snipping tool, click on “New” and point and drag your mouse to select the area you want to screenshot.Then save the image or copy and paste into your desired software, like a Word document.)Table in focus mode:SupportCheck out the FAQs, Instructional Videos, and User Guides at https:///steel. Forward all questions to ***********************.。
互动画图器设备用户说明（Interactive Graphic Organizers Manual）
Learning Materials. 2. Drag “Interactive Graphic Organizers” to the trash to uninstall the
©2012 Lakeshore (800) 428-4414
HH459
Using the Software on Windows®
Installing the Software Via CD-ROM 1. Place the CD-ROM in your CD drive. 2. The installer will automatically start, guiding you through the
shortcut icon named “Interactive Graphic Organizers” to launch the software. You can also drag the icon to your Applications Dock so that you can easily launch the program by clicking on the icon. 2. You can also find the program on your hard drive, under Applications > Lakeshore Learning Materials > Interactive Graphic Organizers.
installation process. NOTE: Acceptance of the license agreement is required for installation of the software. Installing the Software Via Web Download 1. Click on the file to be downloaded. 2. Press “Save” and specify the location where you would like to save
Chrome浏览器开启高分辨率支持的设置方法
Chrome浏览器开启⾼分辨率⽀持的设置⽅法
Windows 从很早开始就⽀持了⾼分辨率（High DPI）的显⽰屏，在显⽰设置中使⽤⾼分辨率来使屏幕上的字体和图像变⼤，但不会模糊。
效果如下（图⽚来⾃⽹络），和 Retine 版本的 Macbook Pro 上的效果类似：
但不幸的是，High DPI 的功能需要应⽤程序⽀持。
也就是说，如果应⽤程序不⽀持 High DPI，即使在 Windows 中设置了，会造成应⽤程序的界⾯变得模糊，字体很虚，不容易识别。
但很多开发商都不重视High DPI这个功能，以⾄于它到现在都没法正常地使⽤。
Chrome 也是⼀直到了37.x (⽬前的 Beta)才⽀持 High DPI。
设置⽅法如下：
1.打开注册表，找到⽬录：HKEY_CURRENT_USER\Software\Google\Chrome\
2.如果其下没有 Profile 这个键，就创建⼀个新的，⽅法是右键单击“Chrome”键，“新建”->“键”。
3.在 Profile 中新建⼀个名为“high-dpi-support”的“DWORD值”，把它的值设为“1”。
然后重启 Chrome 就可以了。
如果你觉得有什么问题，想把 High DPI 的功能关闭，直接把上述 high-dpi-support 的值改
成“0”即可。
怎么优化chrome浏览器内存
怎么优化chrome浏览器内存chrome浏览器内存怎么优化?下面是店铺为大家介绍优化chrome浏览器内存的方法,欢迎大家阅读。
优化chrome浏览器内存的方法平滑滚动的关闭设置谷歌浏览器在49版本发布以后，在其中增加了一个“平滑卷动”的功能。
也就是当我们用滑鼠中键滚动网页的时候，会一次滚动一整块的区域，感觉起来好像滑顺了不少。
其实这功能对很多人来说应该是不错的，但是对于像笔者一样只想一次滚动很少几行的用户来说，还是希望将这个功能关闭掉。
首先在地址栏输入“chrome://flags”并按下回车键，进入谷歌浏览器的后台设置界面。
在弹出的页面中点击右上角的菜单按钮，再在弹出的菜单里面点击“查找”命令。
接着在弹出的搜索框里面输入关键词“平滑滚动”，查找到这个选项后点击下面的“停用”按钮，然后根据提示重新启动浏览器就可以关闭这个选项(图1)。
启用自动舍弃标签页谷歌浏览器之所以受到不少用户的喜欢，除了拥有大量的功能扩展可以选择外，还因为它的书签信息可以方便地进行同步。
但是谷歌浏览器的缺点也是非常明显的，就是其非常占用系统资源，其中系统内存更是如此。
虽然官方总是承诺说新版本会改善，但是至今也是“只听楼梯响不见人下来”。
其实除了使用功能扩展来解决占资源的问题以外，浏览器自带的“自动舍弃标签页”功能也可以试一试。
首先通过前面的方法打开谷歌浏览器的后台设置界面，通过查找功能搜索关键词“discarding”，这样就可以找到一个名为“自动舍弃标签页”的功能。
在设置列表里面选择“已启用”选项，重新启动浏览器后如果遇到系统内存不够用的时候，浏览器就会自动舍弃掉最久没有使用的标签页，从而减少系统资源占用过多的情况(图2)。
如果用户想更具体的看到实际效果，可以在地址栏里面输入“chrome://discards”命令后回车。
在弹出的页面窗口里面就可以看到谷歌浏览器实时统计出的，当前的系统资源剩余量，以及它决定自动释放哪些标签页。
新版谷歌浏览器窗口变大和字体模糊发虚的解决办法蓝点网
新版谷歌浏览器窗口变大和字体模糊发虚的解决办法蓝点网昨日谷歌浏览器面向全平台发布新版本并附带多个新功能，然而在高分屏设备上处理缩放时再次出现旧问题。
说是旧问题是因为在两年前的谷歌浏览器v54 版出现过，调用系统缩放导致窗口变大以及字体变得发虚模糊。
根本原因还是Windows 10系统在高分屏上的处理问题，正常情况检测到高分屏会自动对屏幕比例进行缩放。
例如在绝大多数新款笔记本电脑上Windows 10都会进行125%缩放，这些笔记本屏幕分辨率至少在2K级别。
谷歌浏览器调用系统的缩放比例导致整个窗口明显变大，最终也让各个网页上的字体出现发虚和模糊的问题。
如何查找谷歌浏览器的快捷方式目标：临时解决这个问题需要在谷歌浏览器的快捷方式上下手，主要分为桌面快捷方式和固定在任务栏的快捷方式。
其中桌面快捷方式直接右键点击然后选择属性即可看到，在任务栏上固定的快捷方式需要经过两次右键属性。
具体操作如下：右键点击任务栏的谷歌浏览器图标、然后再右键点击弹出的图标、最后再点击属性即可搞定。
为什么要这么操作主要是考虑不同用户的日常使用习惯，具体的操作原因后面我们修改强制缩放比例时再提。
禁用谷歌浏览器强制缩放：无论是直接右键桌面快捷方式还是如上图那样打开固定在任务栏上的谷歌浏览器图标最终都可看到下图这样。
首先我们要将谷歌浏览器快捷方式属性中的目标进行修改，即在原来的双引号后添加个空格再添加如下代码：1./high-dpi-support=1 /force-device-scale-factor=1举个栗子：例如蓝点网使用的是64位版Windows 10系统，谷歌浏览器默认安装路径加上代码后完整的如下：1.'C:\Program Files (x86)\Google\Chrome\Application\chrome.exe' /high-dpi-support=1 /force-device-scale-factor=1将代码添加完成后点击应用而不是确定，因为我们还要接着修改特定应用程序即谷歌浏览器的高DPI 设置项。
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Graphics in Google ChromeThursday, October 23, 2008Google Chrome uses a library called Skia, which is also the graphics engine behind Google's Android mobile OS.The two projects share code that implements WebKit's porting API in terms of Skia. Google Chrome also uses Skia to render parts of the user interface such as the toolbar and tab strip.I'm going to talk about some of the history that led us to choose Skia, as well as how our graphics layer works.WebKit is designed to work on multiple operating systems.It abstracts platform-specific functions into the"port,"which an embedder application such as Google Chrome implements specifically for their system.This relatively clean abstraction has helped WebKit to be adopted on a wide variety of devices and systems. One of the parts of the port we had to consider when developing Google Chrome was the graphics layer, which is responsible for rendering text, images, and other graphics to the screen.Which graphics library?One question that people often ask is,why not use OpenGL or DirectX for accelerated rendering?First,on Windows,we use a sandbox that prevents us from displaying windows from our renderer processes. The image data must be transferred to the main browser process before it can be drawn to the screen, which limits the possible approaches we can take.If the images needs to be read off the video card only to be copied back to the video card in another process,it is usually not worthwhile using accelerated rendering in the first place.Second,drawing graphics is actually a very small percentage of the time we spend rendering a page.Most of the time is spent in WebKit computing where things will be placed,what styles to apply to them,and using system routines to draw text. Accelerated3D graphics would not give us enough overall improvement in speed to balance out the extra work and compatibility problems that we would encounter.If we aren't going to be using OpenGL or DirectX,what about other graphics libraries?We considered a number of options when we first started work on our Windows port of WebKit:Windows GDI: GDI is the basic, low-level graphics API in Microsoft Windows. It is used to draw buttons, window controls, and dialog boxes for every Windows application, so we know that it's tested and works well. However, it has relatively basic capabilities. Although most web pages can be drawn using only these basic primitives,parts of <canvas>or SVG would need to be implemented separately,either using a different graphics library, or our own custom code.GDI+:GDI+is a more advanced graphics API provided on newer versions of Windows. Its API is cleaner and it supports most 2D graphics operations you could think to use. However, we had concerns about GDI+ using device independent metrics, which means that text and letter spacing might look different in Google Chrome than in other Windows applications(which measure and draw text tailored to the screen device). Additionally,at the time we were making the decision,Microsoft was recommending developers use newer graphics APIs in Windows,so we weren't sure how much longer GDI+ would be supported and maintained.Cairo: Cairo is an open-source 2D graphics library. It is successfully used in Firefox 3,and the Windows port of WebKit at that time already had a partially complete graphics implementation for WebKit. Cairo is also cross-platform, a key advantage over GDI and GDI+ when building a cross-platform browser.We ended up choosing Skia over these options because it is cross-platform (meaning our work wouldn't have to be duplicated when porting to other systems), because there was already a high-quality WebKit port using it created for Android's browser,and because we had in-house expertise.The latter point is critical because we expected to (and did)need additional features added to the graphics library as well as some bugs fixed.So far,we've been very happy with our choice.Skia has proved to be effective at handling all the graphics operations we've needed,has been fast enough despite being software-only, and we've gotten great support from the Skia team. Thanks!System-specific featuresAndroid has the advantage of controlling the entire operating system graphics layer. Skia's font layer implements all text rendering for the Android system, so all text looks consistent. However, we wanted to match the host OS's look and feel. This means using native text rendering routines so that, for example, we can get ClearType on Windows.To solve this problem,we create a wrapper around Skia's SkDevice(an object representing a low-level drawing surface)which we call PlatformDevice.The object is both a bitmap in main memory that Skia can draw into,and a"Device Independent Bitmap"that the Windows GDI layer can draw into.Lines,images,and patters are all drawn by Skia into this bitmap, while text is drawn directly by Windows. As part of our porting efforts, we are currently working on creating similar abstractions for OS X and Linux.Posted by Brett Wilson, Software Engineer。