1KW Off Grid Solar Power System1
太阳能电池的专用名词
机械激活电池 mechanically activated battery物理电源 physical power source光电转换效率 photoelectric conversion efficiency填充因数 fill factor太阳［能］电池 solar cell标准太阳电池 standard solar cell背反射太阳电池 back surface reflection solar cell, BSR solar cell背场背反射太阳电池 back surface reflection and back surface field solar cell 背场太阳电池 back surface field solar cell, BSF solar cell薄膜太阳电池 thin film solar cell垂直结太阳电池 vertical junction solar cell多结太阳电池 multijunction solar cell多晶硅太阳电池 polycrystalline silicon solar cell非晶硅太阳电池 amorphous silicon solar cell硅太阳电池 silicon solar cell聚光太阳电池 concentrator solar cell硫化镉太阳电池 cadmium sulfide solar cell砷化镓太阳电池 gallium arsenide solar cell肖特基太阳电池 Schottky solar cell同质结太阳电池 homojunction solar cell紫光太阳电池 violet solar cell异质结太阳电池 heterojunction solar cell集成二极管太阳电池 integrated diode solar cell卷包式太阳电池 wrap-around type solar cell点接触太阳电池 point contact solar cell化合物半导体太阳电池 compound semiconductor solar cell太阳级硅太阳电池 solar grade silicon solar cell金属-绝缘体-半导体太阳电池 metal-isolator-semiconductor solar cell, MIS solar cell 带状硅太阳电池 ribbon silicon solar cell定向太阳电池阵 oriented solar cell array壳体太阳电池阵 body mounted type solar cell array折叠式太阳电池阵 fold-out type solar cell array刚性太阳电池阵 rigid solar cell array柔性太阳电池阵 flexible solar cell array太阳电池组合板 solar cell panel太阳电池组合件 solar cell module光电化学电池 photoelectrochemical cell绒面电池 textured cell光伏型太阳能源系统 solar photovoltaic energy system光伏器件 photovoltaic device热光伏器件 thermo-photovoltaic device半导体温差制冷电堆 semiconductor thermoelectric cooling module调节控制器 conditioning controller温差发电器 thermoelectric generator核电池 nuclear battery热离子发电器 thermionic energy generator电子发射 electron emission场致发射 field emission光电发射 photoelectric emission次级电子发射 secondary electron emission寄生发射 parasitic emission欠热发射 underheated emission原电子 primary electron次级电子 secondary electron次级电子导电 secondary electron conduction, SEC空间电荷 space charge小岛效应 island effect逸出功 work function又称“功函数”。
新能源专业词汇
新能源产业专业词汇1.单晶硅片 mono-crystalline silicon wafer多晶硅片 polycrystalline silicon wafer晶向 orientation少数载流子寿命 lifetime导电类型 conductivity type位错密度 dislocation硅单晶片厚度 thickness硅单晶片的弯曲度 surface camber准方单晶硅片 : quasi-square mono-crystalline silicon wafer2.太阳电池 solar cell3.薄膜太阳电池 film solar cell4.光电转换 photo-electricity conversion5.太阳电池组件 solar module多晶硅太阳电池组件 polycrystalline solar module单晶硅太阳电池组件mono-crystalline solar module6.太阳能户用系统solar home system（分为：太阳能直流户用系统；太阳能交流户用系统；太阳能交直流户用系统）7.太阳能电站solar power station（分为：离网型太阳能电站 off-grid solar power station ；并网型太阳能电站 grid-connected solar power station ）8.太阳能热水器solar water heater9.太阳能热水系统：solar heating system10.太阳能直流式热水系统 : solar direct heating system11.太阳能强迫循环热水系统 solar compelling cycle heatingsystem12.太阳能自然循环热水系统 solar spontaneously cycle heatingsystem13.真空管太阳能集热器 vacuum tube solar centralized heatingsystem14.平板型太阳能集热器 flat type solar centralized heatingsystem15.全玻璃真空太阳能集热器full-glass vacuum solarcentralized heating system16.热管式真空管太阳集热器heat-tube vacuum solarcentralized heating system17.采光面积 : lighting area18.太阳能幅照度 solar radiant intensity19.太阳能控制器：solar controller20.太阳能逆变器：solar inverter21.太阳能通讯基站 solar telecommunication power systems22.石油和天然气管道太阳能阴极保护电站：solar power stationsfor cathode protection of the oil and gas feeding pipes23.太阳能电池方阵 solar array24.太阳能通讯电源 solar communication power station25.太阳能自动跟踪装置 solar automatic tracker26.太阳能移动电源车（站） solar mobile electrical vehicle(station)27.光伏水泵 solar pump28.太阳能杨水系统 solar pumping system29.光—网---柴互补系统complementary system for solar–grid-diesel oil30.风---光互补系统 complementary system for solar - wind31.太阳能交通信号灯 solar traffic signal light32.太阳能交通警示标志 solar traffic warning symbol33.太阳能道钉 solar road mark34.太阳能庭院灯 solar garden light35.太阳能路灯 solar street light36.太阳能草坪灯 solar lawn light37.太阳能广告牌 solar billboard38.太阳能电话亭 solar telephone booth39.综合楼 Management and Control building40.管理区Living quarter41.132kV升压站 132kV substation42.支架 The mounting structure43.围栏 Railing44.围墙 Enclosure45.平面布置图 layout46.水泵房 Water Pump House47.门卫室 Guard house48.砂砾碎石Graded crushed gravel49.泥结碎石 Glay mixing gravel50.场地平整 ground leveling51.原始高程（自然地面高程）Natural Ground Level.（简写：N.G.L）52.升压变压器 Step-up transformer53.逆变器 Inverter54.临设区域 The laydown area55.边界线 Boundary line56.等高线 Gontour57.子方阵 Sub-arrays58.电缆 cable59.汇流箱 Combiner Box60.发电单元Generating Unit61.主控室 Local control room62.33KV配电室 33KV Switchgear room63.电缆沟 Cable Trenchesyout drawing 平面布置图65.主变压器 Main transformer66.SVC reactive compensation device SVC无功补偿装置67.Ground connection transformer 接地变压器68.guard room 门卫室69.SF6 breaker SF6 断路器70.132kv current transformer 132KV电流互感器71.132kv disconnecting switch 132KV隔离开关72.132kv zinc oxide arrester 132KV氧化锌避雷器73.132kv voltage transformer 132KV电压互感器74.Meter Panel 电度表屏75.太阳能扬水和照明综合应用系统：the comprehensive utilization system of solar pumping and lighting76.变频调速交流异步电机：high-efficient frequency conversion alternating asynchronous motors（这个产品不是太阳能产品）77.送电到乡: Power Supply to Township78.丝绸之路光明工程： Silk Road Brightness Project79.太阳能亮化工程 solar brightness project80.太阳能与建筑一体化 integrate solar energy with building81.活动Activity82.活动定义：Activity Definition83.活动描述/说明：AD=Activity Description84.活动历时估算：Activity Duration Estimating85.箭线网络图（双代号网络图）：AOA=Activity-On-Arrow86.节点式网络图（单代号网络图）：AON=Activity-on-Node87.已执行工作实际成本：ACWP=Actual Cost of Work Performed88.实际完成日期：AF=Actual Finish Date89.实际开始日期：AS=Actual Start Date90.行政收尾：Administrative Closure91.箭线：Arrow92.箭线图示法：ADM=Arrow Diagramming Method93.逆推计算法：Backward Pass94.横道图：Bar Chart95.基准计划：Baseline96.完工预算：BAC=Budget At Completion97. 概算：Budget Estimate98.已执行预算成本：BCWP=Budgeted Cost of Work Performed99.计划执行预算成本：BCWS= Budgeted Cost of Scheduled 100.日历单位：Calendar Unit101.变更控制委员会：CCB=Chang Control Board102.沟通规划：Communications Planning103.并行工程：Concurrent Engineering104.意外费用：Contingencies105.意外准备金：contingency Allowance106.意外规划：Contingency Planning107.意外储备：Contingency Reserve108.合同：Contract109.合同管理：Contract Administration110.合同收尾：Contract Close-out111.控制：Control112.控制图：Control Chart113.纠正措施：Corrective Action114.费用预算：Cost Budgeting115.费用控制：Cost Control116.费用做算：Cost Estimating117.质量成本：Cost of Quality118.费用绩效指数：CPI=Cost Performance Index119.费用偏差：CV=Cost Variance120.赶工：Crashing121.关键工序：Critical Activity122.关键路线：Critical Path123.关键路线法：CPM=Critical Path Method124.当前完成日期：Current Finish Date125.当前开始日期：Current Start Date126.数据日期：DD=Data Date127.交付物：Deliverable128.依赖关系：Dependency129.虚活动：Dummy Activity130.延续时间：DU=Duration131.延续时间压缩：Duration Compression132.最早完工日期：EF=Early Finish Date133.最早开始日期：ES=Early Start Date134.挣值法：EV=Earned Value135.挣值分析：Earned Value Analysis136.人工量：Effort137.估算：概算：Estimate138.在完成时的费用估算：EAC=Estimate At Completion 139.到完成时的估算：ETC=Estimate To Complete140.单节点事件图：Event-on-Node141.例外报告：Exception Report142.完成日期：Finish Date143.完成到完成关系：FF=Finish-to-Finish144.完成到开始关系：FS=Finish-to-Start145.时差：机动时间：浮动时间：Float146.顺推计算法：Forward Pass147.自由时差：FF=Free Float148.职能经理：Functional Manager149.职能组织：Functional Organization150.甘特图：Gantt Chart151.图解评审技术：GERT=Graphical Evaluation and Review Technique152.集合工作：Hammock153.悬摆：Hanger154.信息分发：Information Distribution155.立项：Initiation156.成本/进度综合报告：Integrated Cost/Schedule Reporting 157.邀标：IFB= Invitation for Bid158.关键事件进度计划：Key Event Schedule160.滞后量：Lag161.最晚完成日期：LF=Late Finish Date162.最晚开始日期：LS=Late Start Date163.提前量：Lead164.全生命期成本估算：Life-cycle Costing165. 产品经理：Line Manager166. 逻辑图：Logic Diagram167.逻辑关系：Logical Relationship168.回路：Loop169.管理储备量：Management Reserve170.主进度计划：Master Schedule171.矩阵型组织：Matrix Organization172.里程碑：Milestone173.里程碑进度计划：Milestone Schedule174.现代项目管理：MPM=Modern Project Management175.监控：Monitoring176.蒙托卡罗分析：Monte Carlo Analysis177.次关键工作：Near-Critical Activity178.网络：Network179.网络分析：Network Analysis180.网络逻辑：Network Logic181.网络路线：Network Path182. 节点：Node183.组织分解结构：OBS=Organizational Breakdown Structure 184.组织规划：Organizational Planning185.整体变更控制：Overall Change Control186.重叠：Overlap187.参数估算法：Parametric Estimating188.线路：Path189.线路时差：Path Float190.完成百分比：PC=Percent Complete191.执行报告：Performance Reporting192.执行机构：Performing organization193.计划评审技术图：PERT Chart194.计划的完成日期：PF=Planned Finish Date195.计划的开始日期：PS=Planned Start Date196.优先图示法：PDM=Precedence Diagramming Method197.优先关系：Precedence Relationship198.紧前工作：Predecessor Activity199.采购规划：Procurement Planning200.工程：Program201.计划评审技术：PERT=Program Evaluation and Review Technique 202.项目：Project203.项目许可证、项目章程：Project Charter204.项目沟通管理：Project Communication Management205.项目费用管理：Project Cost Management206.项目人力资源管理：Project Human Resource Management 207.项目综合管理：Project Integration Management208.项目生命周期：Project Life Cycle209.项目管理：PM=Project Management210.项目管理知识体系：PMBOK=Project Management Body of Knowledge211.项目管理软件：Project Management Software212.项目管理团队：Project Management Team213.项目经理：PM=Project Manager214.项目网络图：Project Network Diagram215.项目阶段：Project Phase216.项目计划：Project Plan217.项目计划开发：Project Plan Development218.项目计划实施：Project Plan Execution219.项目规划：Project Planning220.项目采购管理：Project Procurement Management221.项目质量管理：Project Quality Management222.项目风险管理：Project Risk Management223.项目进度计划：Project Schedule224. 项目范围管理：Project Scope Management225.项目团队成员：Project Team Member226.项目时间管理：Project Time Management227.项目型组织：Project Organization228.质量保证：QA=Quality Assurance229.质量控制：QC=Quality Control230.质量规划：Quality Planning231.剩余持续时间：RDU=Remaining Duration232.请求建议书：RFP=Request for Proposal233.请求报价单：RFQ=Request for Quotation234.储备量：Reserve235.资源平衡：Resource Leveling236.资源约束进度计划：Resource-Limited Schedule237.资源规划：Resource Planning238.责任分配矩阵：RAM=Responsibility Assignment Matrix 234.责任图：Responsibility Chart235.责任矩阵：Responsibility Matrix236.保留金：Retain age237.突发事件：Risk Event238.风险识别：Risk Identification239.风险应对控制：Risk Response Control240.风险应对开发：Risk Response Development241.曲线：S-Curve242.进度计划：Schedule243.进度计划分析：Schedule Analysis244.进度计划压缩：Schedule Compression245.进度计划控制：Schedule Control246.进度执行指数：SPI=Schedule Performance Index247.进度偏差：SV=Schedule Variance248.计划完成日期：SF=Scheduled Finish Date249.计划开始日期：SS=Scheduled Start Date 250.范围：Scope251.范围基准计划：Scope Baseline252.范围变更：Scope Change253.范围变更控制：Scope Change Control 254.范围定义：Scope Definition255.范围规划：Scope Planning256.范围验证：Scope Verification257.时差：Slack 258.询价：Solicitation259.询价规划：Solicitation260.工作人员招募：Staff Acquisition261.项目相关者：Stakeholder262.开始日期：Start Date263.开始到完成关系：Start-to-Finish264.开始到开始关系：Start-to-Start265.工作说明：SOW=Statement of Work266.子网：Subnet 267.子网络：Subnet Work268.后续工作：Successor Activity269.目标完成日期：TC=Target Completion Date 270.目标时度计划：Target Schedule271.任务：Task 272.团队建设：Team Development273.团队成员：Team members274.时标网络图：Time-Scaled Network Diagram 275.目标完成日期：TF=Target Finish Date 276.目标开始日期：Ts=Target Start Date277.总时差：TF=Total Float278.全面质量管理：TQM=Total Quality Management 279. 权变措施：Workaround280.工作分解结构：WBS=Work Breakdown Structure 281.工作包：Work Package。
太阳能专业术语翻译
光伏发电板(电池) (Cell-photovoltaic)太阳能发电板中最小的组件.光伏发电系统平衡(BOS or Balance of System - photovoltaic) 光伏发电系统除发电板矩阵以外的部分. 例如开关, 控制仪表, 电力温控设备, 矩阵的支撑结构, 储电组件等等.光伏矩阵或发电板阵(Array - photovoltaic) 太阳能发电板串联或并联连接在一起形成矩阵.阻流二极管(Blocking Diode)用来防止反向电流, 在发电板阵中, 阻流二极管用来防止电流流向一个或数个失效或有遮影的发电板(或一连串的太阳能发电板) 上. 在夜间或低电流出的期间, 防止电流从蓄电池流向光伏发电板矩阵."旁路二极管(Bypass Diode)是与光伏发电板并联的二极管. 用来在光电板被遮影或出故障时提供另外的电流通路.充电显示器(表) (Charge Monitor/Meter) 用以测量电流安培量的装置, 安培表.充电调节器(Charge Regulator)"用来控制蓄电池充电速度和/或充电状态的装置, 连接于光伏发电板矩阵和蓄电池组之间. 它的主要作用是防止蓄电池被光伏发电板过度充电, 同时监控光伏发电矩阵和/或蓄电池的电压."组件(Components)指用于建立太阳能电源系统所需的其他装置.交直流转换器(Converter) 将交流电转换成直流电的装置.晶体状(Crystalline)具有三维的重复的原子结构.直流电(DC)"两种电流的形态之一, 常见于使用电池的物件中, 如收音机, 汽车, 手提电脑, 手机等等."无序结构(Disordered)减小并消除晶格的局限性. 提供新的自由度, 从而可在多维空间中放置其他元素. 使它们以前所未有的方式互相作用. 这种技术应用多种元素以及复合材料它们在位置, 移动及成分上的不规则可消除结构的局限性, 因而产生新的局部规则环境. 而这些新的局部环境决定了这些材料的物理性质, 电子性质以及化学性质. 因此使得合成具有新颍机理的新型材料成为可能.电网连接- 光伏发电(Grid-Connected - photovoltaic) 是一种由光伏发电板阵向电网提供电力的光伏发电系统. 这些系统可由供电公司或个别楼宇来运作.直流交流转换器(Inverter)用来将直流电转换成交流电的装置.千瓦(Kilowatt)1000 瓦特, 一个灯泡通常使用40 至100 瓦特的电力.百万瓦特(Megawatt)1,000,000 瓦特光伏发电板(Module - photovoltaic) 光伏电池以串联方式连在一起组成发电板.奥佛电子(Ovonic)[以S. R. 奥佛辛斯基(联合太阳能公司创始人)及电子的组合命名] - 用来描述我们独有的材料, 产品和技术的术语.奥佛辛斯基效应(Ovshinsky effect) 一种特别的玻璃状薄膜在极小电压的作用下从一种非导体转变成一种半导体的效应..并联连接(Parallel Connection)一种发电板连接方法. 这种连接法使电压保持相同, 但电流成倍数增加峰值输出功能(Peak Power)持续一段时间(通常是10 到30 秒)的最大能量输出.光伏(Photovoltaic - PV)光能到电能的直接转换.光伏发电板(电池) (Photovoltaic Cell) 经过特殊处理可将太阳能辐射转换成电力的半导体材料.卷到卷工序(Roll-to-Roll Process) 将整卷的基件连续地转变成整卷的产品的工序.串联连接(Series Connection)电流不变电压倍增的连接方式.太阳能(Solar)来自太阳的能量.太阳能收集器(Solar Collectors)用以捕获来自太阳的光能或热能的装置. 太阳收集器用于太阳能热水器系统中(常见于住家), 而光伏能收集器则是用于太阳能电力系统.太阳能加热(Solar Heating) 利用来自太阳的热能发电的技术或系统. 太阳能收集器用于太阳能热水器系统中(常见于住家), 而光伏能收集器则是用于太阳能电力系统中太阳能发电模块或太阳能发电板(Solar Module or Solar Panel) 一些由太阳能发电板单元所组成的太阳能发电板板块.稳定能量转换效率(Stabilized Energy Conversion Efficiency) 长期的电力输出与光能输入比例.系统, 平衡系统(Systems; Balance of Systems)"太阳能电力系统包括了光伏发电板矩阵和其它的部件. 这些部件可使这些太阳能发电板得以应用在需要可控直流电或交流电的住家和商业设施中. 用于太阳能电力系统的其它部件包括:接线和短路装置, 充电调压器,逆变器, 仪表和接地部件."薄膜(Thin-Film)在基片上形成的很薄的材料层.瓦特(Watts)用电压乘以电流的值来衡量的电力度.MWpMWp 的具体解释:M 是兆瓦,1MW 是1000KW ,WP 是太阳能电池的瓦数,是指在1000W/ 平方光照下的太阳能电池输出功率,与实际太阳光照照强度有区别.伏特(Volts)电动势能单位•能促使一安培的电流通过一欧姆的电阻•电压(Voltage)电势的量. 电压表(Voltage Meter)用以测量电压的装置.屋顶光伏屯源系统Rt K)f-UK>untedPVpciwersystern独立家庭电源系统Off- gi idhi)int?p<>ivei systt*i TI小述太阳能发屯系统Resident L4JtlureuPVp<jw or ay stem光伏建筑一体化BIPVproducts太阳能境电在1 芒馆、学校中的应用Appl icat ionsof solarPV 1 nhote 1 sandschc ml a移动信号塔太阳能发电猥胃So larPVp< iwersystemsformobi 1 ecomiitur] i cations i gnalstat i ons移动通f方垒汨T工放汕电源PVpt用systpnisf<>rGS\fljnsesttil ioils小型并网光伏社站sjna】lon^gridPVpowerstation人平井网光伙i|l?[S liirg&i en]-^ridPVp(i'WPrstci t iori乡tft公路太阳能路灯灼应用Solarstreet 1 ightsforrura 1 roadsA L R I 能建设新农村工程Solarprojec tssfornowvil Iagos城rfl A阳能庭院灯的応ffl SolargardenL ight sforci t ies乡镇太阳能庭院灯的应用So 1 ar gar de n 1 i gh t s f or town s郊区太阳能冲坪灯工程Sol ar 1 awn 1 i gh t s f<)r suburbs太阳能交通"；弓灯匸程Installationof solar trafficsigns成乡风光互补路灯丈例WindanclI^hybridstre?!! ights卜区风光互补系统WindandPVhybridpowersysteinsforresidentialareas入力发屯系统的应用Windgeneratingsysterns人阳能方血专业术语「I1英文对照诠脅［原文地址］比伏发电板(电池)(Cell-photovoltaic)太阳能发屯板屮最小的组件.光伏发电系统平衡(BOS or Balance of System 一photovoltaic)光伏发屯系统除发电板矩阵以外的部分.例如开关，控制仪丧，电力温控设备，矩P 芟撑结构，储电组件等等.此伏矩阵或发电板阵(Array - photovoltaic)太阳能发电板串联或并联连接在一起形成矩阵.目流二极管(Blocking Diode)您影的发电板(或一连小的太阳能发电板)上.在夜间或低电流出的期间，防止电流》社池流向光伏发电板矩阵・"旁路二极管(Bypass Diode)足与光伏发电板并联的二极管・用來在光电板被遮影或川故障时捉供刃外的电流通学充电显示器(表)(Charge Monitor/Meter'用以测量屯流安培量的装置，安培表.充电调节器(Charge Regulator)"川來悴制薔电池充电速度利/或充电状态的装置，连接于光伏发电板矩阵和蒂电池彳nJ.它的主要作用足防止需电池被光伏发电板过度充屯，同时监拧光伏发屯矩阵和/或他的电压・"组件(Components)指用于建立太阳能电源系统所需的戏他装置.交直流转换器(Converter)将交流电转换成直流电的装買.晶体状(Crystalline)具有三维的重复的原子结构.直流电(DC)"两种电流的形态Z- 常见于使用电池的物件中,如收音机，汽车，手提电脑，T无序结构(Disordered)减小并消除晶格的局限性.提供新的自山度，从而可在多维空间屮放置戏他兀素・{ 门以丽所未冇的力武互相作用.这种技术应用多种兀素以及复介材科.它们在位胃，I 及成分I】的不规则诃消除姑构的局限性，因而产生新的局部规则环境.而这此新的局* 竟决定了这些材料的物理性质，电了性质以及化学性质.冈此使得合成具冇新颍机理G 型材料成为可能.电网连接-光伏发电(Grid-Connected - photovoltaic)是一种由光伏发电板阵向电网捉供电力的光伏发电系统.这映系统可曲供电公司或彳 *宇来运作.I直流交流转换器(Inverter)用来将恵流电转换成交流电的装置.千瓦(Kilowatt)1000瓦特，一个灯泡通常使用40至100瓦恃的屯力.13■万瓦特(Megawatt)1, 000, 000 瓦特光伏发电板(Module - photovoltaic)光伏电池以串联方式连在一起组成发电板，奧佛电了(Ovonic)［以S. R•奥佛辛斯基(联合太阳能公司创始人)及电子的组合命名］-用來描述我们勺材料，产品和技术的术语.奥佛辛斯基效应(Ovshinsky effect)一种特别的玻璃状薄膜在极小电压的作用卜从一种非导体转变成一种半导体的效应… |并联连接(Parallel Connection)一种发电板连接力法.这种连接法使电爪保持相同，但电流成倍数增加峰值输出功能(Peak Power)持续一段时间(通常是10到30秒)的敲大能量输出.光伏(Photovoltaic PV)光能到电能的宜接转换.光伏发电板(电池)(Photovoltaic Cell)经过特殊处理可将太阳能辐射转换成电力的半导体材料.卷到卷工序(Roll-to-Roll P roe ess)将整卷的基件连续地转变成整卷的产品的工序.巾联连接(Series Connection)电流不变电压倍增的连接方式.太阳能(Solar)米自太阳的能量.太阳能收集器(Solar Collectors)用以捕快來自太阳的光能或热能的装胃.人阳收集器用于K阳能热水器系统小(常贝「家人1ft］光伏能收集器则是用于太阳能电力系统.I太阳能加热(Solar Heating)利用來自人阳的热能发电的技术或系统.太阳能收集器用丁太阳能热水器系统小(常七家)，血光伏能收集器则是用于太阳能电力系统中太阳能发屯模块或太阳能发屯板(Solar Module or Solar Panel)一些山太阳能发电板单元所组成的太阳能发电板板块.稳定能量转换效率(Stabilized Energy Conversion Efficiency)长期的电力输出与光能输入比例.系统，平衡系统(Systems; Balance of Systems)"人阳能电力系统包括了光伏发电板矩阵和其它的部件.这些部件可使这些太阳能发写以应用在需喪吋控玄流电或殳流电的住家和商业设施川・用于太阳能电力系统的！代乍但括:接线和短路装置，充电调圧器•逆变器，仪表和接地部件・"薄膜(Thin-Film)在基片上形成的很鞠的材料层.瓦特(Watts)用电压乘以电流的值來衡量的电力度.MWpMWp的具体解释:M是兆瓦,1MV是1000KW , WP是太阳能电池的瓦数，是指在1000W/平!«卜的太阳能电池输出功率，与实际太阳光照照戲度冇区別•伏特(Volts)电动势能单位.能促使一安培的电流通过一欧姆的屯阻.屯压(Vol tage)电势的•量.电压表(Vo 1 tage Me ter)用以测虽电压的装置.甸立国的太阳能屯池专业英语Ampere的缩写，安培amorph silicon的缩写,含氢的,非结晶性硅.absorption,吸收.ibsorption of the photons:光吸收；为能量大于禁带宽度的光子入射时.太阳电池内r能量从价带迁到导____________________________________________________;卜产生电子——空穴对的作用.称为光吸收•\b s or p t i on scoef f i c i en t，吸收系数，吸收强度.C,交流电.k安培小时.\cceptor,接收者，在半导体中可以接收一个电了.\lternating current，交流电•简称“交流.-般扌旨人小和力向随时I可作周期性变化衣或电流.它的最基木的形式是正弦屯流.我国交流电供电的标准频率规定为50赫兹，交流电随时间变化农可以是多种多样的。
光伏产业 英语
光伏产业英语光伏产业在英语中通常被称为"Photovoltaic Industry"。
以下是一些关于光伏产业的英语词汇和表达：1.Photovoltaic (PV) Technology:•光伏技术2.Solar Cells:•太阳能电池3.Solar Panels:•太阳能面板4.Solar Energy Harvesting:•太阳能收集5.PV Modules:•光伏模块6.Solar Power Generation:•太阳能发电7.Renewable Energy Industry:•可再生能源产业8.Solar Photovoltaic System:•太阳能光伏系统9.Solar Farm:•太阳能农场10.I nverter Technology:•逆变器技术11.G rid-Tied Solar System:•并网太阳能系统12.O ff-Grid Solar System:•独立式太阳能系统13.T hin-Film Solar Cells:•薄膜太阳能电池14.S olar Energy Storage:•太阳能储能15.P hotovoltaic Efficiency:•光伏效率16.S olar Energy Policies:•太阳能政策17.C lean Energy Solutions:•清洁能源解决方案18.S olar Industry Trends:•太阳能行业趋势19.S olar Research and Development:•太阳能研究与开发20.C arbon Footprint Reduction:•碳足迹减少这些术语和短语涵盖了光伏产业中的各个方面，从技术、系统到政策和可再生能源领域。
希望对您了解光伏产业的英语表达有所帮助。
NEC Energy Solutions ALM 12V35 高性能、长寿命、安全的铅离子电池说明书
HIGH PERFORMANCE, LONG LASTING, SAFE BATTERIES FOR TOUGH, CRITICAL APPLICATIONSNEC Energy Solutions ALM ™ family of lithium-ion batteries offers exceptional performance and long operating life.The ALM 12V35 delivers significant advantages over lead-acid batteries:High energy capacity even under high discharge rateand deep cyclingIndustry-leading service life in both cycling andfloat applicationsIntegrated, redundant safety protection circuitsAvailable Energy (at 1hr rate)Up to 60% greater Cycle Life (to 50% DOD)10–50X longer Calendar/Float Life Up to 5X longer Charging Time 10–100X faster Weight (Kg)50% lighterLong LifeExceptional 100% deep discharge cycle life Superior float, calendar, and shelf lifeExcellent partial state-of-charge enduranceHigh PerformanceHigh rate power delivery with consistent energy capacityFast, simple charging. Compatible with most lead acidchargersIntegrated intelligence and communications (ALM i-Series)Scalable arrays up to 48V, 350Ah (4S10P) without externalBattery Monitoring System (BMS)Robust SafetyEverSafe™ battery technology. Protection at the cell, battery,and system levelFast response short circuit protectionSafe, proven, high-performance Nanophosphate ® LiFePO4chemistrySealed ABS plastic case (UL 94-5VA flame retardant)Environmentally friendly; cells contain no lead or cadmiumTough, Critical ApplicationsStrong performance and long life across temperatureextremesLight weight with superior energy densitySimple, scalable system configurability up to 18kWh of energyUPS SYSTEMSTELECOM BACKUP POWERPV SOLAR-STORAGEOFF-GRID POWER ELECTRIC MOBILITYMEDICAL EQUIPMENT1001,00010,000100,0001,000,00010,000,00020406080100# o f C y c l e s t o 70% B O L C a p a c i t yDelta SOC (%)Cycle Life vs. Delta SOCBehavior of Lithium Nanophosphate® cellNumber of cycles is dependent upon average SOC, charge/discharge rates, temperature and calendar time.Actual results will depend on specific use cases. Contact NEC Energy Solutions for more details.The ALM12V35 is available in standard (s), intelligent (i), and High Power (HP) series to match application requirements. The i-Series offer integrated CAN or SMbus communications for access to critical battery status, usage tracking, State of Charge (SOC), run time to empty, and other parameters.Nominal Voltage13.2 V Nominal Capacity135 Ah Available Energy (BOL)462 WhMax. Charge/Discharge Current Pulse(1 sec)250 AMax. Inrush CurrentCharge or Discharge (0.3s)500 AMax. Continuous Discharge Current (to 100% Depth of Discharge)105 A4 210A4Max. Continuous Charge Current105 A4 210A4 Max. Recommended Charge Voltage14.4 VMax. Charger Voltage (w/o damage)60 V Recommended Float Voltage13.6 - 14.4 VCharge time @ max rate 20 min.@ 3C10 min.@ 6CMin. Float Voltage13.6 V Under-voltage Limit (min)8 V Operating Temperature5-40 to +60°C Recommended Storage Temperature2-40 to +35°C Transportation3-40 to +80°C1. Minimum Capacity – 33.6 Ah at beginning of life (BOL)2. Storage at higher temperature reduces the battery’s life3. Transportation up to two weeks4. Duration of maximum constant current is thermally limited by internalelectronics and depends on ambient temperature.5. Charge and discharge power, and energy availability, will be limited at the lowand high ends of the specified operating temperature range.SAFETY AND COMPLIANCEIEC62133; UL 1973REACH, RoHS and Battery Directive (2006/66/EC)Meets FCC 47CFR 15 Class B, IEC61000-6-1,-2, -3, -4, ICES-003 UN Manual of Tests and Criteria Part III1011121314110100TerminalVoltage(V)Discharge Time (Minutes)Typical 400W Constant PowerDischarge Behavior45°C25°C0°C-20°C1011121314110100 TerminalVoltage(V)Discharge Time (Minutes)Typical Constant Current DischargeBehavior at 25°C0.5C1C2C3C6C1011121314110100TerminalVoltageDischarge Time (Minutes)Typical Constant Power DischargeBehavior at 25°C200W400W825W1250WEnd Voltage30 min45 min60 min90 min120 min180 min240 min 10V886598456305231156118End Voltage20 min30 min45 min60 min90 min120 min240 min 10V10569463523189TELECOMMUNICATIONS POWER SYSTEMS Communications gear, whether in public or private networks, must meet critical up-time requirements, despite being deployed in harsh and difficult to access locations. The ALM 12V35 dramatically exceed the performance and life expectations of traditional back-up power solutions, whether in stable, weak,or off-grid environments. ALM 12V35 is ideal for:Base stations, Small cells, outside plant OSP equipment,Distributed Antenna Systems (DAS)Private wireless, Microwave systems, Central office power back-upOFF-GRID OR WEAK-GRID POWER SYSTEMS Off-grid power systems demand fast and frequent charge and discharge cycles, often in harsh environments with portability requirements. The ALM 12V35’s long cycle life, fast charging, and light weight are ideal for these challenging applications:Oil / gas / mining, remote sensors, electronic road signs, lightingUPS SYSTEMSUninterruptible Power Supplies are ubiquitous not only in data centers and small offices, but also in a broad array of industrial applications – anywhere where computers are used in critical applications. The exceptional power delivery capabilities, long life, and light weight ALM 12V35 enable UPS systems including:Industrial Automation, Data Center, Server UPSINTEGRATED PV SOLAR-STORAGE SYSTEMS Advanced battery systems promise to extend the utility ofthe solar PV systems experiencing rapid global adoption.In residential and small commercial environments with unreliable electric grids, high performance batteries are critical components. The fast charging and long life ability of ALM 12V35 – even in frequent partial state-of-charge scenarios – are key to effective PV+storage applications including:Remote sites, Residential PV with weak-grid systems, Small Commercial back-upMEDICAL EQUIPMENTMedical equipment increasingly relies on advanced batteries for operational portability. However, sidelining equipment for hoursto accommodate battery charging or frequent servicing directly impacts the cost and quality of patient care. The fast recharging and long operating life of the ALM 12V35 maximizes the value for:Mobile Carts, Diagnostic EquipmentELECTRIC MOBILITYMobility assistance systems for disabled persons energy storage that delivers consistent high power when needed,light weight and fast recharging. NEC Energy ALM batteries significantly outperform lead-acid batteries in these applications, including:Wheelchairs, Disability Scooters70%75%80%85%90%95%100%0 2.557.51012.51517.520Projected Cycle and Calendar Life ScenariosNEC Energy Solutions, Inc.155 Flanders RoadWestborough, MA 01581(508) 497-7319 Performance may vary depending on use conditions and application. NEC Energy Solutions, Inc. makes n o warranty explicit or implied with this data sheet. Contents subject to change without notice.ALM 12V35 (i-SERIES) INTELLIGENT BATTERIESThe intelligent ALM 12V35i batteries allow unprecedented monitoring and control of battery systems, eliminating the need for external sensors and monitoring systems. Each ALM 12V35i maintains detailed information on battery and cell-level operation, including:Battery voltage and current Relative State of Charge (SOC) Cell voltage and temperaturesFull charge and remaining capacity Cycle countIn addition, each ALM 12V35i allows user programmablethresholds and alarms for capacity, remaining time, under and over-voltage warnings, and temperature warnings. Battery activity, including time at different temperatures, is logged and available to the user. NEC Energy offers a Windows-based graphical software application for demonstrating the ALM 12V35i’s capabilities.The ALM 12V35i’s management functions are accessible through CAN Bus or SMBus interfaces. The CAN Bus interface allows 40 or more batteries to be daisy-chained into one link, and may be connected to a wide variety of smart power system controllers used in telecommunications and other industrial power systems. The SMBus interface allows up to 8 daisy-chained batteries and is specifically designed for medical cart and UPS systems.PHYSICAL AND MECHANICAL SPECFICATIONSORDERING INFORMATIONPower System ControllerDevice ControllerCommunicationsGatewayor or CAN bus or SMBus。
Solar inverter
Solar Power SystemVISHAY TODAYKEYFOR COMPONENTS SOLAR PANELS & INVERTERSTHE VISHAY ADVANTAGE: Long Life, High Reliability Small Size Safety Approvals High Power densityOpto-coupler &Solid State RelaysSnap in electrolytic Snap-in electrolytic capacitorsFilm-capacitors for Snubber Buffer EMC Inverter-modulesPower Schottky Snubber, Buffer, EMC applicationsPower Schottky by-pass diodes2010 PV Market by CountrySolar BoxJunctionBypass Diodes•Diode fitted across each panel (in parallel) in a multi panel setup.•Most panel have bypass panel incorporated them.large into them•When a panel is damaged, weak, or in shade (most likely), then there is risk that full current from damage.the rest of panels will pass through the shaded panel and cause overheating damage•Bypass diodes are not essential for 12V and 24Vsystems, but over 36V they should always used.for beBlocking Diodesg•PV cells (also applies to entire panels) is either a power producer or consumer depending on whether it is exposed to sunlight or not.•Diode is blocking capacity are installed between paralleled panel stringsand/or between array and the battery. They prevent current fromflowing back into shaded parallel series strings or arrays that are actingas power consumers, discharging all the power produced by the otherdi h i ll h d d b h hstrings and/or the power stored in the battery at night (dark current).y p•A 12V system will lose more power from losses due to thisblocking diode (drop on voltage up to 0.7V) than you willthrough the solar panel at night.•24V to solar system the losses through diode would bet48V l t th l th h di d ld bmuch lower thus should be considered.y g g p()•If more than one battery is being charged from the same panel(s)then a diode should be fitted for each battery.•Low loss Schottky diodes are best since the least power is less.•Blocking diode are seldom needed in system with controllers as they have built in method of preventing reverse current.Maximum Power Point TrackerVISHAY TODAYSolar Panel Characteristic•Generate max voltage when panel is in full sunlight with no load, referred to as the open circuit voltage (Voc) of the panel. As increases, the output voltage of panel will decrease in a non linear •load of panel‐fashion until max output current,the short‐circuit current (Jsc) is reached.•Operate the panel at different load points to maximize the output power.•Solar panel have negative Voc temperature coefficient and a positive Jsc temperature coefficient.•The relationship between illumination and temperature make it difficult to estimate the properp p p p ppoint at which to operate the solar panel in order to maximize the output power.•Solution for this problem is MPPTMax power outputTypical PV module systemMaximum Power Point ConverterMaximum Power Point ConverterMPPT CircuitsMPPT CircuitsCircuits MPPTMPPT CircuitsSolarInvertersSolar Energy (PV Grid-Connected Inverters) String Inverters (Professional>10KW)String Inverters(Professional>10KW)Power Plant Inverters (Professional>300KW)Solar Inverter Market by Power Ratings<10kW primarily for EU market>250kw demand expect to increase significant in the next few years driven by demand in AsiaKey of PV systems Challenges•High Conversion Efficiency•Low failures (Reliability)•Able to withstand tough conditionsambient •Economic CostReliabilityPV modules has improved significantly in the past few years•Excellent reliability -MTBF (Mean Time between Failure) between 500 & 6000 years respectively in commercial utility power system•Manufacturers can now provide performance guarantees for PV modules at least for 20 years•Assuming average inverter lifetime of 5 years, it is evident that the overall reliability of PV systems with integrated inverter is determined chiefly by the inverter itself.the inverter itself.TypicalConnection between PV modules Strings and PV inverters •Central Inverteryp g •Used for large power system•Strings of PV connected in parallel.•Modules mismatch and uncertain shading will reduce energy yield g gy y•Multi Strings Inverter•inverter with terminals for several individual PV module strings One •Each module string equipped with independent MPPT function that reduce energy loss caused by system in ‐balance.•Module integrated converters (MIC)•Each module is equipped with it’s own inverter.Module Integrated Converter (MIC)•Experiments shows max 96.5% efficiency through use of reliable components •Optimized thermal management to remove redundant heat from decisive heat 23p g component without –ve effect on reliability of adjacent componentsSolar Inverter SystemBoost Diode Inverter MOSDC linkS it hi MOSSwitching MOSFreewheeling diodeDC link CapacitorTypes of Fixed CapacitorCharacteristics of CapacitorsReliability •Defined as the probability that a product performs it’s intended function ith t f il d ifi d diti f i i d f ti ywithout failure under specified condition for a given period of time. •Express as function of timeR(t) = e = e t =lifetime or operating time of product‐1/MTBF ‐t λt = lifetime or operating time of product MTBF = 1/λ, λdefines as system failure rateA lifetime prediction defines the time until one single unit is worn out•A lifetime prediction defines the time until one single unit is worn-outRelationship between Reliability and MTBF base on different lifetime definitionComponent Failure RateCapacitor LifetimeCapacitor Reliability•Model to calculate capacitor reliabilityT ref-T op10L= L . α. 2OL SL VL= Operating life at operating temp and voltage OLL = Reference service lifeSLα= Applied voltageVT ref= Reference temperature (40 deg celius)T op= Operating temperatureO ti t tEquivalent Series Resistance (ESR) ESR can be expressed as below equation and would increase 3 times with the volume of electrolyte reduced by 40% due to long time operationESR=V O2ESR O VESR = initial ESROV = initial volume of electrolyteOInternal Max Temp of Capacitor Defined asT Cmax= T a+ I rm‐dc. R ESR(T c, f, DF) . R thC dT a =ambient temperatureR ESR = actual ESR integrating temperature T C, F are frequency fit factor and DF is dissipation factorR th= equivalent thermal resistance•Peak ripple voltage, ripple current will impact temperature of capacitor •Film capacitor has lower raising temperature thus better reliabilitySystem Reliability Prediction of MIC systemCapacitor Usage in Solar Inverters Capacitor Type Function Family CommentsFilm RFI X1338 4 (440Vac)Film RFI X2339 (310Vac)Cer RFI Y2VY2Film DC-Link DC + Ripple MKP1848Applied for String Type.Film DC-Link DC + Ripple MKP1849Applied for Power PlantType.Could be covered by part ofFilm SnubberIGBTProtecting386MDC-Link's function in thefuture.Industrial PV Solar Inverters: Typical C-values usage 3KW~5KW PV Solar Inverters (String):Snap In Alu Capacitor: 450Vdc/330uF/105C 4~6pcs (Energy Buffer)DC-Link Capacitor: MKP1848/850Vdc/30~50uF/10% 1~2pcs (Ripple Current)Snubber Capacitor: MKP386M/1250Vdc/0.47uF (Option)10KW+ PV Solar Inverters (String):DC-Link Capacitor: MKP1848/850Vdc/50uF/10% 20~30pcs (Ripple Current)Snubber Capacitor: MKP386M/1250Vdc/0.47uF (Option)250KW or above PV Solar Invertors (Power Plant):DC-Link Capacitor: MKP1849/1100Vdc/1000uF or above/10% (Ripple Current)Snubber Capacitor: MKP386M/1250Vdc/0.47uF or above (Match IGBT)VISHAY TODAYConstruction:MKP(Metallized PolypropyleneFilm)Industrial DC link Capacitor MKP1848MKP (Metallized Polypropylene Film)2 or 4 pins, (6 or 12 for the big C-values)Application:DC-Filtering applicationsMotor drives, Windmills, Solar PanelsParameter:Undc: Cap range450VDC 1…400µF700VDC 1…320µF900VDC 1…100µF1100VDC 1…60µF1200VDC 1…60µFPcm= 27,5…52,5mmRated temperature: 105°CStatus: production 2008Industrial DC link Capacitor MKP1848Key benefitsHigh rms current capabilities up to 1Arms/µF;Overvoltage withstanding up to 1.3 times the rated voltage (1min/day); Handle a reverse voltage;High peak current capabilities (dv/dt);Low ESLNo electrolyte inside;Long lifetime(no drying out);Long lifetime (no drying out);Pitch 27,5mm -52,5mm and customized solutions;Application:Industrial DC link Capacitor MKP1849DC-Filtering applications1MW/1.5MW/2MW/2.5MW or above WindmillsT i tiTerminations:Tinned Embedded Bus Bar or Screw ConnectionsParameter:Undc: Cap range450VDC 500…6000µF5006000F575VDC 500…6000µF 700VDC 500…6000µF800VDC 500…6000µF5006000µF900VDC 500…6000µF 1100VDC 500...4000uF1200VDC 500...4000uFSnubber CircuitsBasic snubber circuitBasic snubber circuit RC-networkresistor-capacitor damping network, most common used.-It reduces the peak voltage at turn-off.p g-Damps the ringing.-R = self resistance of the IGBTUsed:low and medium power applications and as secondary damping network tosuppress the high frequency ringingBasic snubber circuitBasic snubber circuit RCD-networkresistor-capacitor-diode damping network. Several advantages over the RC:-reduces the total loss, including bothd th t t l l i l di b thswitching and snubber losses.-the load line pass better within the SOAp(safe operating area).-for a given value of Cs, the total losses will be lesswill be less-the shunt cap. (Cp) across the switch isa useful part of the snubberBFC2386 ‐MKP386MIdeal snubber capacitorThe most important criteria are:‐Low self inductanceL(i l t i i t)‐Low ESR (equivalent serie resistance)‐High pulse load capability (dv/dt)‐low loss factor (tg delta)386/386M snubber features:‐Low loss polypropylene design‐Low self inductance achieved by end‐surface contacting‐High pulse load capability due to double sided metallization or wave cute Hi h l l d bilit d t d bl id d t lli ti t ‐High voltage / overvoltage strength‐Different connection configurationsPower One 10KW Solar Inverter。
家庭式可再生能源发电系统
小型混合发电系统 （太阳能和风能）
小型太阳能发电系统
U.S.Department of Energy
Home energy systems
Grid-tied or Off Grid?
家庭式可再生能源发电系统 并网还是离网？
离网发电系统 完全独立于公用电网 除了能够直接使用的系统的如水泵抽水和光伏供电的通风系统，离网再生能源发电系统在低 输入和高使用率时需要用电池提供电力
Home energy systems
Grid-tied or Off Grid?
家庭式可再生能源发电系统 并网还是离网？
Location
Cost
Power outages
Grid-tied PV System
并网光伏发电系统
太阳能电池组件
光伏逆变器
住宅
双向电表
多余的电力
When a home or business is using energy, but the solar panels aren‘t producing enough energy (at night, or on a stormy day), electricity from the grid supplements or replaces electricity from the panels. 当一个家庭或企业的用电量超过太阳能电池板的供电量时，电网供电可以作为补充
Grid-tied PV System
并网光伏发电系统
太阳能电池组件
光伏逆变器
住宅
双向电表
多余的电力
Grid-tied PV systems are the most common type of solar PV system. They rely on moving energy to
春季05-八年级英语培优版-下册Unit3 Water-教师版
Ⅰ. Important words:1.____________ v.移动____________ n.动作2.____________ v.感到____________ n.情感3.____________ adj.瘦的____________ 比较级____________ 最高级4.____________ v.流动____________ 过去式____________ 过去分词5.____________ v.解释____________ n.解释6.____________ adj.看得见的____________ adj.看不见的7.____________ n./v.关心，照顾____________ adj.仔细的8.____________ n.电____________ adj.用/带电的Unit3 Electricity 同步教案sth. be familiar to sb. 某物对某人而言是熟悉的【拓展4】lose a match 输掉一场比赛win a match 赢得一场比赛lose one’s way 迷路lose weight 减肥4.The location of the library is far from their houses, but these boys are so keen on reading the historybooks that they are willing to spend the whole afternoon on there every Sunday. 图书馆离他们的房子很远，但是这些男孩太热衷于读历史书籍，以至于他们愿意每周日花整个下午在那里。
【拓展1】locate v.坐落location n.位置local adj.当地的be locate in sp. = lie in坐落于【拓展2】be far from 距离...远的反义：be close to 距离...近的【拓展3】be willing to do sth. 愿意做某事willingness n.意愿Ⅰ. Choose the best answer. （单项选择）（错误率：掌握情况：）1. Which of the following is correct for the underlined word? Please measure the length of the gap.A. /me dʒə(r)/B. /meɪʒə(r)/C. /meʒə(r)/D. /meʃə(r)/2. Which of the following underlined parts is different in pronunciation with the others?A. I value the work he offers me.B. You'd better behave well.C. He charged the battery of the car.D. The boy wears long sleeves to stop himself from scratching.3. It was my______ third visit to your schoolA. /B. anC. aD. the4. The old man was polite______ his neighbors.A. toB. ofC. withD. at5. I’m thinking______ designing an experiment on how to save electricity.1.默写本单元单词和词组。
光伏行业常用英文单词
光伏行业常用英文单词在光伏行业中，英语单词是必备的工具，具备一定的英文词汇能力对于从事光伏行业的人士来说至关重要。
本文将介绍光伏行业中常用的英文单词以及它们的中文意义，希望能帮助读者更好地理解和运用这些术语。
1. Solar energy - 太阳能Solar energy refers to the energy derived from the sun's radiation. It is the primary source of power in the solar industry, driving the generation of electricity through solar panels.2. Photovoltaic (PV) - 光伏的Photovoltaic, often abbreviated as PV, is the technology used to convert sunlight directly into electricity. It involves the use of solar cells or modules to capture and convert solar energy.3. Solar panel - 太阳能电池板A solar panel is a device that consists of multiple solar cells connected together. It converts sunlight into electricity through the photovoltaic effect.4. Solar cell - 太阳能电池A solar cell, also known as a photovoltaic cell, is the basic building block of a solar panel. It converts sunlight into electricity by absorbing photons and releasing electrons.5. Solar module - 太阳能模块A solar module, also referred to as a solar panel module, is a packaged assembly of interconnected solar cells. It provides a larger surface area for capturing sunlight and generating electricity.6. Solar farm - 太阳能发电场A solar farm is a large-scale installation of solar panels or modules. It is designed to generate significant amounts of electricity for commercial or utility-scale applications.7. Inverter - 逆变器An inverter is a device used in photovoltaic systems to convert the direct current (DC) produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) for use in electrical grids or appliances.8. Net metering - 净计量Net metering is a billing arrangement that allows solar energy system owners to receive credit for the excess electricity they generate and feed back into the grid. It promotes the integration of solar power into existing electrical grids.9. Feed-in tariff - 上网电价A feed-in tariff is a policy mechanism that promotes renewable energy generation by providing financial incentives for the production of electricity from renewable sources, such as solar power.10. Solar irradiance - 太阳辐照度Solar irradiance refers to the power per unit area received from the sun in the form of electromagnetic radiation. It is a key parameter in evaluating the potential energy output of solar panels.11. Off-grid - 脱网Off-grid refers to systems or applications that are not connected to the main electrical grid. Off-grid solar systems often rely on batteries to store excess energy for use during periods of low or no sunlight.12. Grid-connected - 并网Grid-connected systems are connected to the main electrical grid and feed excess electricity back into the grid. They allow for both the consumption of solar-generated power and the use of grid power when necessary.13. Photovoltaic efficiency - 光伏效率Photovoltaic efficiency measures how effectively a solar cell or module converts sunlight into electricity. Higher efficiency means a greater conversion rate and more power output.14. Solar thermal - 太阳能热利用Solar thermal refers to the use of solar energy to generate heat. It often involves the use of solar collectors to absorb sunlight and transfer the heat to a fluid, which can then be used for heating or generating electricity.15. Renewable energy - 可再生能源Renewable energy refers to energy sources that can be replenished naturally or essentially indefinitely. Solar energy is considered a renewable energy source, as it relies on the continuous availability of sunlight.以上是光伏行业中常见的英文单词及其中文意义。
光伏术语
太阳能路灯solar street light风光互补型路灯太阳能市电互补路灯太阳能庭院灯solar garden light太阳能草坪灯/地埋灯solar lawn light / underground light太阳能交通信号灯/道钉灯solar traffic signal lights,/ Solar Spike Light；Solar Clip Bolt Lights太阳能监控系统Solar Monitoring System风光互补型监控系统太阳能手机/笔记本电脑充电器Solar Mobile Charger ,Solar Notebook Charger太阳能背包Solar Backpack太阳能帐篷Solar tents太阳能便携式电源箱Solar portable power box家用小型太阳能发电系统small solar power generator system for household (PV SYSTEM) 地下停车场照明用太阳能发电系统PV SYSTEM for underground parking lighting晶棒Ingot移动信号塔太阳能发电装置Solar PV power systems for mobile communication signal stations分段cropping移动通信基站-直放站电源PV power systems for GSM base stations开方squaring小型并网光伏电站small on-grid PV power station切片slicing大型并网光伏电站large on-grid PV power station更换砂浆slurry exchange乡镇公路太阳能路灯的应用Solar streetlights for rural roads断线wire break城市太阳能庭院灯的应用Solar garden lights for cities热场hot zone郊区太阳能草坪灯工程Solar lawn lights for suburbs石英quarts城乡风光互补路灯实例Wind and PV hybrid streetlights加热器heater电极electrode光伏系统额定功率Nominal power of the PV system搀杂剂dopant模块倾斜度Inclination of modules电机motor模块方位度Orientation (azimuth) of modules籽晶seed反射相关估计损耗Estimated loss due to angular reflectance effects电阻率resistivity屋顶光伏电源系统Roof-mounted PV power system切削液glycol独立家庭电源系统Off-grid home power system石墨坩埚graphite crucible小区太阳能发电系统Residential area PV power system头尾tops & tails排气air exhaust电气柜electric cabinet进给启始/终止位feed start/end position总厚度差异TTV切割进给速度cutting feed rate导轮wire guide roll固定/活动轴承fixed/mobile bearing触摸屏touch screen转化器inverter变压器Transformer半导体pn结semiconductor pn junction空腔电子对hole - electron pairs光电二极管semiconductor photodiode电池串联或并联cells are connected in series or parallel单晶硅电池Monocrystalline silicon solar cell多晶硅薄膜电池Polycrystalline silicon thin film solar cell, Ampere的缩写, 安培a-Si, amorphous silicon的缩写, 含氢的, 非结晶性硅。
太阳能行业英语术语
太阳能产业行业术语光伏产业链PV industry chain多晶硅原料-----单晶硅棒----单晶硅片----晶体硅电池----电池封装----系统集成----工程安装polycrystalline silicon raw material ---mono-crystalline silicon ingot---mono-crystalline silicon wafer---crystalline silicon cell—cells encapsulation---system integration---construction installation单词：1.单晶硅片mono-crystalline silicon wafer多晶硅片polycrystalline silicon wafer晶向orientation少数载流子寿命lifetime导电类型conductivity type位错密度dislocation硅单晶片厚度thickness硅单晶片的弯曲度surface camber准方单晶硅片: quasi-square mono-crystalline silicon wafer2.太阳电池solar cell3.薄膜太阳电池film solar cell4.光电转换photo-electricity conversion5.太阳电池组件solar module多晶硅太阳电池组件polycrystalline solar module单晶硅太阳电池组件mono-crystalline solar module6.太阳能户用系统solar home system（分为：太阳能直流户用系统；太阳能交流户用系统；太阳能交直流户用系统）7.太阳能电站solar power station（分为：离网型太阳能电站off-grid solar power station ；并网型太阳能电站grid-connected solar power station ）8.太阳能热水器solar water heater9.太阳能热水系统：solar heating system10.太阳能直流式热水系统: solar direct heating system11.太阳能强迫循环热水系统solar compelling cycle heating system12.太阳能自然循环热水系统solar spontaneously cycle heating system13.真空管太阳能集热器vacuum tube solar centralized heating system14.平板型太阳能集热器flat type solar centralized heating system15.全玻璃真空太阳能集热器full-glass vacuum solar centralizedheating system16.热管式真空管太阳集热器heat-tube vacuum solar centralizedheating system17.采光面积: lighting area18.太阳能幅照度solar radiant intensity19.太阳能控制器：solar controller20.太阳能逆变器：solar inverter21.太阳能通讯基站solar telecommunication power systems22.石油和天然气管道太阳能阴极保护电站：solar power stations forcathode protection of the oil and gas feeding pipes23.太阳能电池方阵solar array24.太阳能通讯电源solar communication power station25.太阳能自动跟踪装置solar automatic tracker26.太阳能移动电源车（站）solar mobile electrical vehicle (station)27.光伏水泵solar pump28.太阳能杨水系统solar pumping system29.光—网---柴互补系统complementary system for solar –grid-dieseloil30.风---光互补系统complementary system for solar - wind31.太阳能交通信号灯solar traffic signal light32.太阳能交通警示标志solar traffic warning symbol33.太阳能道钉solar road mark34.太阳能庭院灯solar garden light35.太阳能路灯solar street light36.太阳能草坪灯solar lawn light37.太阳能广告牌solar billboard38.太阳能电话亭solar telephone booth短语：太阳能扬水和照明综合应用系统：the comprehensive utilization system of solar pumping and lighting变频调速交流异步电机：high-efficient frequency conversion alternating asynchronous motors（这个产品不是太阳能产品）送电到乡: Power Supply to Township丝绸之路光明工程：Silk Road Brightness Project太阳能亮化工程solar brightness project太阳能与建筑一体化integrate solar energy with building。
SUN FROST 超级高效低功耗冰箱说明书
with photovoltaics or other low-output energy sources,sumer of electricity. But the super-efficient SUNFROST refrigerator makes these alternative technologies both feasible and affordable.• In a home using utility power, SUN FROST normally cuts energy consumption by 80%.• Along with energy efficiency, the SUN FROST offers other advantages not found in conventional refrigerators including food-saving high-humidity storage, quiet operation, and an easy-to-clean interior.• With its clean, uninterrupted lines and choice of more than 100 colors and numerous natural wood finishes, the custom-built SUN FROST refrigerator adds elegance to every kitchen.The world’s most elegant refrigerators are also the world’s mostenergy efficient!The cooling system on the SUN FROST is top mounted. This configuration reduces energy consumption several ways. The heat generated by the compressor and condenser (black coils on the back of many refrigerators) does not reenter the refrigerator, and also with a cooler- running condenser, the efficiency of the cooling system is increased.In a SUN FROST, there is no air circulation between the refrigerator and freezer sections, unlike both manual defrost and automatic defrost refrigerators. This compartmental design reduces infiltration of warm kitchen air when the doors are opened.In a conventional refrigerator, the 38ºF refrigerator section is typically cooled by an unnecessarily cold (-10ºF)refrigerator, the 38ºF refrigerator section is cooled by a higher- temperature evaporator slightly colder than the refrigerator section. This design significantly increases the efficiency of the cooling system.Good insulation also contributes to the SUN FROST’s energy efficiency. The walls of the refrigerator contain 2.5 to 4.5 inches of polyurethane foam, the best nonexotic insulation available. Unlike many other refrigerators, the insulation in the walls of the SUN FROST refrigerator is not degraded by thermal bridges (metal supports between the inner and outer walls).Another SUN FROST energy-saving feature is the elimination of strip heaters in the doors’ gasket area. In conventional refrigerators, these heaters prevent condensation under humid conditions, howeverthey also increase the energy consumption of the cooling system. The energy savings switch found on many refrigerators merely turns these heaters off. SUN FROST refrigerators use waste heat from the condenser in place of these electric heaters to prevent condensation.The efficiency of the cooling system is further increased by making use of a passive evaporator (no fans) and a condenser with a large surface area. If a fan is circulating air over an evaporator, energy is needed not only to run the fan, but also to remove the heat produced by the fan motor.When dust and cobwebs collect on a cooling system, they lower its efficiency. The top-mounted condenser on the SUN FROST refrigerator s accessible and easy to clean, allowing the cooling system to continue unning efficiently.NCY – PLUSDefrosting a SUN FROST is a simple process. Frost buildup in the SUNFROST freezer is very slow because there is no air circulating between he freezer and the refrigerator sections. The ice which forms in the reezer collects primarily on the ceiling.When defrosting the freezer section, the contents of the freezer may be transferred to the refrigerator section so they remain frozen. After he freezer has been turned off for about twenty minutes, the ice is easily removed in large pieces. There is no mop-up because the ice does not need to be melted, only separated from the flat ceiling.EFFICIENT DEFROSTThe SUN FROST refrigerator typically reduces refrigerator energy consumption by a factor of five. The accompanying cost of the solar power system is similarly reduced. The SUN FROST RF16 typically consumes 15 KWH per month. By contrast, the average refrigerator in a home typically consumes about 90 KWH per month.Producing the 90 KWH needed to run this refrigerator in an off-grid solar power system would require an investment of at least $10,000 in hardware.FEWER SOLAR PANELSSUN FROST refrigerators keep food fresher by maintaining high humidity. This prevents freezer burn and wilting caused by water loss in food. Since there is minimal water loss in foods stored in a SUN FROST, foods often last two to three times longer than in conventional refrigerators.In typical refrigerators, the water contained in food is transformed into ice on the freezer's cooling coils. This process results in the dehydration of fruits and vegetables, increases energy consumption, and accelerates frost buildup. In a conventional refrigerator, high humidity is achieved by storing food in airtight containers, which creates high humidity conditions, but cuts off the food’s oxygen supply. Without oxygen, plant cells break down more rapidly, decreasing shelf life.The SUN FROST allows you to store produce in breathable containers, such as paper bags, that can double their storage life.SUPERIOR STORAGEThe cooling system of the SUN FROST refrigerator contains a minimal number of moving parts. Both the DC and AC compressors incorporate highly reliable, hermetically sealed, brushless motors.The efficient thermal design of SUN FROST refrigerators also contributes to the reliability. The top-mounted cooling system runs at a lower temperature than most, which prolongs the life of the system’s lubricants and reduces mechanical strain on thecompressor. The cooling system is designed to provide typically over twenty years of trouble-free operation.RELIABLECOOLER SUMMER KITCHENDuring the summer, a typical refrigerator adds as much heat to your kitchen as a 1000-watt heater running five hours per day! The energy needed by your air conditioner to remove this excess heat will be about half the energy consumed by your refrigerator, increasing the cost of running it by an additional 50%.By producing much less waste heat than a conventional refrigerator, a SUN FROST makes your kitchen more comfortable and reduces the cost of airconditioning in your home.Sun Frost RF16 shown with 13" CabinetThe Sun Frost RF16 is an extremely efficient full-size refrigerator. It has two independent cooling systems and temperature controls. In fact, one compartment may be left running while the other is shut off. The uniquely designed cooling coils on the outside of the Sun Frost do not require fans. The Sun Frost RF16 may be mounted on a 13-inch high cabinet for maximum convenience.Sun Frost RF19, R19, and F19shown with 13" CabinetThese refrigerators and freezers have two compartments of equal size.The Sun Frost RF19: one compartment is a refrigerator and the other a freezer. The RF19 can be ordered with the freezer on the top or on the bottom. The freezer is twice as large as the freezer in the RF16; however, the refrigerator compartment is slightly smaller than that of the RF16. The RF19 often eliminates the need to buy a separate freezer. Like the RF16, this model is typically mounted on a 13-inch high cabinet. The RF19 uses two quiet and highly efficient fans to cool the exterior cooling coils.The Sun Frost R19: a refrigerator-only model with two equal-sized refrigerator sections. It does not need defrosting and incorporates a passive (no fans) cooling system.The Sun Frost F19: our largest freezer-only unit. It has two equal-sized compartmentsincorporating two independently controlled cooling systems. One compartment may be turned off to conserve energy when its storage space is not required. It uses the same fans as the RF19 to cool its cooling coils.Sun Frost RF12 shown with 24" CabinetThe Sun Frost RF12 is a single-compressor refrigerator/freezer with a passive (no fans) cooling system. For convenience it is typically mounted on a 24" high cabinet. The matching cabinet made by Sun Frost has two large side-by side drawers.Sun Frost R10 and F10The Sun Frost R10 and F10 are the same width and depth as our larger models but are shorter, and for maximum convenience would require a higher base cabinet. The R10 is a refrigerator-only unit and the F10 is a freezer-only unit.Sun Frost RF4, R4, and F4The Sun Frost RF4, R4, and F4 are our smallest refrigerators and freezers. They are the same width and depth as the larger units. The RF4 consists of a refrigerator with an ice tray freezer section. The R4 is a refrigerator-only unit, and the F4 is a freezer-only unit. For convenience, these units would require a higher base cabinet,or they could be placed on a countertop. Our 4 cubic foot models are also ideal for use in bus conversions, boats, and RVs.Sun Frost RFVBThe Sun Frost RFVB vaccine-storage refrigerators are used primarily in developing countries, or where power is intermittent. Available in two sizesSUN FROST refrigerators are designed to be mounted on a cabinet. With the refrigerator raised, all stored food will then be at a convenient height. In addition, a cabinet beneath the refrigerator provides much more accessible storage space than an overhead cabinet. This base can be built by the homeowner to match other kitchen cabinets or supplied by SUN FROST. SUN FROST manufactures a 13" high cabinet for the RF16 and RF19 refrigerators and a 24" high cabinet for the RF12. Each cabinet has two large side-by-side drawers. A SUN FROST refrigerator can be placed against a wall, minimizing floor area utilized. It will not have to be moved for either cleaning or servicing.SENSIBLE USE OF KITCHEN SPACECUSTOM FINISHESEach custom-built SUN FROST refrigerator is available in more than 100 colors of high-pressure laminate and many natural wood finishes. The spacious interior, made from sturdy fiberglass-reinforced plastic, is exceptionally easy to clean with no exposed ducts, tubing, or inaccessible corners. The adjustable door shelves canaccommodate half-gallon beverage containers, while adjustable glass shelves line the refrigeratorsection.P.O. Box 1101, Arcata, CA 95518Ph. 707 822-9095 • Fax 707 •*****************。
光伏行业常用英文术语 pdf
光伏行业常用英文术语pdf
光伏行业常用的英文术语有：
1.Photovoltaic(PV)-光伏
2.Solar energy-太阳能
3.Solar panel/module-太阳能电池板/组件
4.Solar cell-太阳能电池
5.Solar power system-太阳能发电系统
6.Photovoltaic system-光伏系统
7.Grid-connected system-并网系统
8.Off-grid system-离网系统
9.Solar array-太阳能阵列
10.Inverter-逆变器
11.DC to AC conversion-直流到交流转换
12.Maximum Power Point Tracking(MPPT)-最大功率点跟踪技术
metering-并网计量
14.Feed-in tariff-上网电价补贴政策
15.Renewable Energy Certificate(REC)-可再生能源证书
16.Solar irradiance-太阳辐照度
17.Solar thermal-太阳能热能
18.Concentrated solar power(CSP)-聚光太阳能
发电
19.Thin-film solar cell-薄膜太阳能电池
20.BIPV(Building Integrated Photovoltaics)-建筑一体化光伏
以上是光伏行业常用的英文术语，希望能对您有所帮助。
SMT-I1KW 并网微型逆变器安装使用说明书
Installation/User Manual安装使用说明书SMT-I1KWPhotovoltaic Grid-connected Microinvertor并网微型逆变器Version1.0 SmartEnergy Electronic Technology Co.,LtdRoom301,Building C,Wujin District Tianan Cyber Park,ChangzhouTEL**************EMAIL:************************常州新智源电子科技有限公司江苏省常州市武进高新技术产业开发区常武南路588号天安数码城C幢301-1、301-2室电话**************邮箱:************************Important Safety InstructionsThis manual contains important instructions to follow during installation and maintenance of the Photovoltaic Grid-connected Inverter(Microinverter)system.To reduce the risk of electrical shock and ensure the safe installation and operation of the Microinverter system,the following symbol appears throughout this document to indicate dangerous conditions and important safety instructions.Warning:this symbol is used to identify some important instructions.Failure to follow these instructions will lead to serious hardware failure or physical danger.Pay special attention to these operations.重要的安全信息本手册包含了在安装和维护逆变器时需遵从的重要指示。
写英语作文推荐草原上的小木屋列提纲
全文分为作者个人简介和正文两个部分：作者个人简介：Hello everyone, I am an author dedicated to creating and sharing high-quality document templates. In this era of information overload, accurate and efficient communication has become especially important. I firmly believe that good communication can build bridges between people, playing an indispensable role in academia, career, and daily life. Therefore, I decided to invest my knowledge and skills into creating valuable documents to help people find inspiration and direction when needed.正文：写英语作文推荐草原上的小木屋列提纲全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1Title: Why You Should Read The Little House on the Prairie BooksIntroduction• Briefly introduce the Little House series of books by Laura Ingalls Wilder• Thesis: The Little House on the Prairie books are enga ging, educational, and inspiring stories that everyone should read.Body Paragraph 1: An engaging story about pioneer life• Describe how the books tell the story of the Ingalls family's journey across the American frontier in the 1800s• The b ooks vividly depict the daily struggles and adventures of living off the land• Wilder's writing brings the characters and setting to lifeBody Paragraph 2: Insights into history and frontier life• The books provide a window into what pioneer life was really like• Readers learn about things like building log cabins, farming, and dealing with blizzards• The books touch on important historical events like the Homestead ActBody Paragraph 3: Inspirational themes of perseverance and family• Despite the hardships, the Ingalls family perseveres with courage and optimism• The close-knit family supports each other through thick and thin• The books celebrate values like self-reliance, hard work, and appreciation for natureBody Paragraph 4: Reasons the books appeal to all ages• The engaging stories can captivate young readers• Older readers can appreciate the rich historical context• The simple but beautiful writing style has a timeless qualityBody Paragraph 5: Personal connection to the books• Describe personal memories of reading the books as a child• Explain how the stories fired your imagination and inspired an interest in history• The books remain sentimental favorites you return to again and againConclusion• The Little House books transcend time as classic tales of frontier spirit• They deserve a place on everyone's must-read list• Call for readers to expe rience the wholesome adventures for themselves篇2Living the Dream: A Case for a Tiny Prairie CabinI. IntroductionA. The city grind - overcrowded, stressful, disconnected from natureB. Yearning for a simpler life, closer to the landC. Thesis: A small cabin on the prairie could provide the perfect escape and lifestyleII. Advantages of Prairie LivingA. Tranquility and peace1. Wide open spaces, endless horizons2. Sounds of nature - birdsong, rustling grasses3. Starry nights and brilliant sunrises/sunsetsB. Affordable and sustainable1. Low cost of land and building materials2. Off-grid living - solar power, rainwater harvesting3. Growing your own food, living off the landC. Health benefits1. Clean air, no pollution or noise2. Physical labor - chopping wood, tending gardens3. Reduced stress, better mental healthIII. Designing the Perfect Prairie CabinA. Size and layout1. Tiny home concepts - multipurpose spaces2. Open floor plan to maximize space3. Loft for sleeping, main floor for livingB. Rustic and eco-friendly materials1. Log cabin construction for charm2. Solar panels, rainwater collection system3. Composting toilet, greywater recyclingC. Self-sufficiency features1. Kitchen garden and root cellar2. Woodstove for heating and cooking3. Animal husbandry - chickens, goatsIV. Daily Life in the Prairie CabinA. Rising with the sun1. Morning chores - feeding animals, gardening2. Simple but nourishing homecooked meals3. Long walks on the prairie, wildlife watchingB. A day of peaceful productivity1. Hobbies - woodworking, art, reading, writing2. Home repairs, improvements, firewood collection3. Slowing down, living in the momentC. Nights under the stars1. Campfires, stargazing, listening to nature2. Early to bed, rising refreshed3. Connecting with yourself and the landV. Addressing Concerns and ChallengesA. Isolation and loneliness1. Inviting friends and family to visit2. Online communities for rural living3. Local events and gatheringsB. Lack of amenities and entertainment1. Trading modern luxuries for richer experiences2. Finding joy in simple pleasures3. Books, music, hobbies to keep engagedC. Hard work and self-reliance1. Embracing an active, purposeful lifestyle2. Pride in being self-sufficient3. Always more to learn and improveVI. ConclusionA. The prairie cabin - an attainable dreamB. Escaping the rat race for a life of meaningC. Living simply, sustainably, and freely on the land篇3I. IntroductionA. Hook: Describing the joy of getting lost in a good bookB. Thesis: "Little House on the Prairie" by Laura Ingalls Wilder is a classic novel that offers valuable lessons and an engaging story, making it an excellent choice for English composition assignments.II. Plot SummaryA. Brief overview of the Ingalls family's journey to the Kansas prairiesB. Highlighting the challenges they faced while settling in their little houseC. Touching upon the family's interactions with Native American tribesIII. Character AnalysisA. Laura Ingalls Wilder as the protagonist and narratorB. The resilience and determination of Caroline Ingalls (Ma)C. The adventurous spirit of Charles Ingalls (Pa)D. The significance of supporting characters (Mary, Carrie, and others)IV. Themes and ValuesA. The importance of family bonds and supporting one anotherB. Appreciating the beauty of nature and respecting the environmentC. The value of hard work, perseverance, and self-sufficiencyD. The complexities of cultural differences and the treatment of Native AmericansV. Writing TechniquesA. Wilder's masterful use of descriptive language to transport readers to the prairieB. The incorporation of dialogue to bring characters to lifeC. The use of sensory details to create vivid imageryD. The influence of autobiographical elements on the narrativeVI. Personal ReflectionsA. How the book inspired a love for reading and writing at a young ageB. The lasting impact of the Ingalls family's story on personal valuesC. The relevance of the themes and lessons in today's worldD. The enduring appeal of "Little House on the Prairie" across generationsVII. RecommendationA. Emphasizing the book's suitability for English composition assignmentsB. Encouraging readers to explore the rich character development and descriptive writingC. Suggesting ways to analyze the book's themes and historical contextD. Final thoughts on the timeless nature of this beloved classicVIII. ConclusionA. Reiterating the thesis and main pointsB. Encouraging readers to embark on their own literary adventuresC. Closing remarks on the power of literature to educate and inspire。
SOLAR OFF-GRID SYSTEM MANUAL
SOLAR OFF-GRID SYSTEM MANUALSample AS 1000VACOTECH SOLAR GROUP LIMITEDNo. 580, Zhengli Rd, Yangpu District, ShanghaiTEL:0086-21-55665687FAX: 0086-21-55665634WEBSITE:EMAIL:info@TABLE OF CONTENTS1．Product Introduction 1.1. Features Description (1)1.2. Technical data (1)1.3. Storage and Working environment (2)1.4. Appliance (2)2. Instruction of Installation2.1. Before fixing (2)2.2. Outside view of solar home system (2)2.3. Install solar panel (3)2.4. Connecting (4)3. USAGE INSTRUCTION3.1. Outside view of power box (6)3.2. The system panel and setting value code explanation (7)3.3. Using Method (8)4. Fault and Measures 4.1. The emergency measures of fault (9)4.2. Power box fault diagnosis and corrective measures (9)4.3. Regular checking (9)5. Other notice1．Product Introduction:Cotech Solar series Solar Power System adopts advanced technique from Germany, develop and designnew generation Solar PV System: Simplified structure, reliable performance, easy operation. This SolarPower System can offer stable and reliable electricity to those regions where are short of power or evenwithout power.1.1. Features DescriptionA. High Efficiency. Solar controller: Double Close-loop Controller (both voltage & current control). Itensures the solar panel charges the battery farthest. Experiment tells us, under the sameenvironment and same load condition, this Solar Power System can save 15% solar panel.B. Driver of inverter, special micro-computer control way, its main circuit adopts latest advanced IntelligentPower Module (IPM), to provide a stable, accurate output voltage, offer high-quality, high reliabilityPower for a variety of terminal equipments.C. Mature protective function. There is a series of protective measures, including over-voltage &under-voltage DC input protection, against inversion of polarity DC input protection, over load &short-circuit AC output protection, overheating protection to assure the system is safe and reliable andexcellent in performance.D. Humanized Human-Computer Interaction interface, with the inquiry function about failure and runningstate information1.2. Technical data:ITEM SPECCapacity 1000VARate Output Power 800WOutput wave Pure sine waveOutput current 3.6A(220V) / 7.3A(110V)）Precision of output voltage ±3%Precision of output frequency ±0.1%False output wave of AC less than 3%Power factor 0.8Overload ability 120%,30 secondsInvert efficiency More than 85%Output voltage AC220/110VOutput frequency 50/60HZMaximum output power of solar Module 800WMaximum output voltage of solar module70VMaximum output current of solar module 11.4ABattery capacity 48V240AHBest output power everyday 2920WH1.3. Storage and Working environmentA. StorageTo avoid possible damage, take notice of the following items when restoring.a. Placed in the ventilation and away from dust and dirt area;b. Environmental temperature:Inverter & Battery: -10℃ ~ 50℃;Solar panel: -40℃~ 90℃;c. Relative moisture less than ninety percent, and without the phenomenon of dripcongealed;d. Away from erosive gas and liquid;e. Long-period of no using, discharge and charge once six month.B. Working environmenta. Working temperature:Inverter & Battery: -10℃ ~ 50℃;Solar panel: -40℃~ 90℃;b. Moisture: 0 ~ 90%;c. Elevation: ≤ 5000m;1.4. ApplianceTour, nomads, families, boat, island, none or short of electricity area, Satellite Ground Stations, weather stations, forest fire stations, Border-guard Stations, etc.2. Instruction of Installation2.1. Before fixing (Fittings list)Part SPEC QTYpcs Power box 1000VA 1pcs Battery 12V120AH 4pcs Solar panel 17.5V100W 4set Solar bracket 2 Other wires,MANUAL, CERTIFICATE, WARRANTY REGISTRATION CARD2.2. Outside view of solar home system2.3. Install solar panelSketch map of solar panel bracket installation:1. The installation place: no shadows on the surface of solar panel in the sunlight;2. The angle: City:STEP A ： Install S1&S2&S3 S1 S2S3STEP C ：Install solar panelSTEP B ： Install S4&S5&S6 S4S5STEP D ： Cycle STEP A & B & C,finish installation2.4. ConnectingA. Connection attentionDANGERIn order to avoid electrocution and fire hazards, pay attention to the follow:a. Before wiring, please make sure the switch on the power box is OFF.b. Please ask the professional electrical engineer to wire.c. Ground-connector must reliable.d. Make sure the wire connection is correct.e. Do not touch the terminals or circuit boards; do not short connect the terminals.f. The inverter AC output terminals with high-voltage, please keep it away from children.g. Do not increases, decrease, change the parts (especially solar panel, battery ) NOTICEa. Before connecting wire, please confirm the storage battery voltage is in accordancewith the power box voltage.b. Connection order: power box – battery, then, power box – solar panel; cutting order:The inverter AC output terminals with high-voltage, please keep it away from children, then, power box – battery, or the system will be damaged.c. Please DO NOT do withstanding voltage test to the power box, or, the semi-conductorcomponent and other devices will be damaged.d. All switches must in "OFF", check the load is short-circuited or not.B. Connection terminalsa. Terminal explanationNo. Name Function Wire size1 BATTERY+ Connect with the battery + 6㎜22 BATTERY- Connect with the battery - 6㎜23 PV OUTPUT1 + Connect with PV output + 2.5㎜24 PV OUTPUT1 - Connect with PV output - 2.5㎜25 PV OUTPUT2 + Connect with PV output + 2.5㎜26 PV OUTPUT2 - Connect with PV output - 2.5㎜27 AC OUTPUT L Connect with AC output + 2.5㎜28 AC OUTPUT N Connect with AC output - 2.5㎜29 EARTH E Connect with the ground 4㎜210 PV1 Turn on/off solar panel /11 PV2 Turn on/off solar panel /12Radiatordissipation holeDissipate the heat inside of thecase/Notice: First connect the battery cable to the battery terminal, note the polarity, and then connect solar panel, lastly the load.b. Drawing of the solar panels connectionc. Drawing of the batteries connection3. USAGE INSTRUCTION3.1. outside view of power box3.2. The system panel and setting value code explanationNo. Name Function13 PV1 Show whether PV input is connected or not14 PV2 Show whether PV input is connected or not15 Inverter Shows whether controller output is running or not(bright: running)16 Low voltage Shows whether battery voltage is low-voltage or not(bright: low voltage)17 Over voltage Shows the inverter output is over-load or short-circuit(bright: low voltage)18 Over load Shows the inverter output is over-load or short-circuit (bright: over-load, flash: short-circuit)19 Reset “stop/start” of the inverter20 Output voltage Show AC output voltage21 Output current Show AC output current22 Switch Turn on or off the Inverter23 Digital display Display the status of systemSetting value code explanationCode Parameter Setting value fs00 Battery over discharge voltage 43.2(v) can set fs01 Battery over discharge and recover voltage 52.8(v) can set fs02 Battery over-voltage 70(v) can set fs03 Battery over-voltage recovery 66(v) can set fs04 Battery mean charge voltage 52.8(v) can set fs05 Battery floating charge protection voltage 57.6(v) can set fs06 Battery voltage over high action value 60(v) can set/ fs07 Mean charge protection voltage(using when systemexpands)/ fs08 Mean charge protection voltage(using when systemexpands)fs09 Charge current protection value 5.7(A) can set fs10 Temporarily don’t, using when system expands 0fs11 Over-load current protection value 20(A) no use fs12 Choice of charging loop quantity 2 (way)fs13 Modify password 0-disable 1-enable fs14 Recover leaving factory value 0-invalid 1-recover fs15 Load short-circuit decrement gradually value 100 (time)fs16 Recommended load short-circuit value 100 (time)fs17 Show minute Can modify in pc fs18 Show hour Can modify in pc fs19 Show day Can modify in pc fs20 Show power generation quantity on month /fs21 Show discharge quantity on month /fs22 Show power generation quantity on day /fs23 Show discharge quantity on day /A．Fs13 is modifying password, if it is set “1”, namely allow setting, in order to prevent the not professional personnel mistaking operation, the controller has already changed into “0” before leaving factory.B．Fs14 is set “0”, if recovering leave factory value please set “1”. But value set by you isn’t being stored.C．The leave factory initial value is reference one, each storage battery over-charge and over-discharge voltage are different, please set by oneself or ask the storage battery supplier.D． When connecting the moment of storage battery, the all front panel nixie tube manifestation are bright, because at first, the micro-computer wants to carry on checking by oneself, if the controller isn’t used as long as time, checking by oneself isn’t finished, which is normal phenomenon, at this time cut storage battery, connect storage battery again.E．Digital access parameter values can be operated as follows:Press ”PROG”, nixie tube will show “PROG” again, and then press “READ” again, nixie tube shows the parameter value of “fs00” code; Press ”PROG” again, and then press”△”, nixie tube shows “fs00”, next press “READ”, nixie tube shows the parameter value of “fs01” code. The rest may be deduced by analogy, nixie tube can consult corresponding parameter value of fs00-fs23 code. “△” is up (or increment), “△” is down (or decrement).F．While modifying parameters, according to operation as follows:Firstly press “PROG”, secondly press “△”, until nixie tube shows “fs13”, if “fs13” shows “0”, and then press “△”, parameter will change “0” into “1”, next press “enter”, finally fs13 will be set successfully.G．In any state if you want to check battery voltage, please click “enter” button then you can view this state.3.3. Using MethodA. Power the load:a. Connect the load with ”AC output”; make sure the load is OFF.b. Turn the “Switch” ON,c. “Inverter” indicator light turns on,” Output voltage” shows the output voltage. Thevoltage of the electric appliance must be match this system.d. Turn on the load.B. Cut the load:a. Turn off the load.b. Turn the “Switch” OFF.C. ChargingConnect the solar panel and power box.Notice: when the load is not working, make sure the Switch is OFF to save the power,4. Fault and Measures4.1. The emergency measures of faultA.Cut off solar panel wire; B.Cut off AC output loop; C.Cut off battery; D. Wait for two minutes or longer time and make sure the electric charge of capacitances isempty.E. Cut off boat-shaped switch and Reset button;4.2. Power box fault diagnosis and corrective measures FaultChecking content measuresSolar panel can not charge Is the connection among the solarpanels, among the batteries, between the solar panel and controller, betweenthe battery and controller right?Connect them again The Battery voltage LED is red. Is it lack of power? Cut off the load, and charge it timely.The over-load LED is brightIs the load running on over-power Decrease the load. The over-load LED is flash Is the load short circuit? Or is the temperature of radiator too high, Cut off the load When checking, please do firstly cut off the PV input, then the load, lastly cut off the battery, do not cut off battery before you don’t cut off solar. 4.3. Regular checkingComponentsCycle content measure All terminalsOne year loosen Screw down inside the machine dust and dunghillWith 392 kPa - 588kPa pressuredry compressed air 5. Other noticeA. Apart from professionals, do not carry on inspections and maintenance.B. Do not operate switch with wet hands, Do not using wet cloth to clean panels, againstwater inflow power box.C. Make sure the earth wire is connecting well.D. It is normal to have heat radiation during the power box working time, but keeps theinstall environment airiness, good heat dissipation, and clean, especially do not cover the ventilated window.E. The fan in the machine box is controlled by temperature, that the fan do not work isnormal phenomenon when load is small. When temperature is higher than 50 ℃, the fan is running.F. Other circumstances please contact with us directly.。
新能源方面的英语
新能源方面的英语以下是一些新能源行业的英语单词汇总：1.renewable energy：可再生能源2.solar energy：太阳能3.wind energy：风能4.hydroelectricity：水力发电5.biomass energy：生物质能源6.geothermal energy：地热能7.ocean energy：海洋能8.nuclear energy：核能9.green energy：绿色能源10.clean energy：清洁能源11.energy storage：能源储存12.smart grid：智能电网13.grid-connected power station：并网电站14.off-grid power station：离网电站15.independent power system：独立电力系统16.photovoltaic (PV) cell：光伏电池17.wind turbine：风力涡轮机18.tidal turbine：潮汐涡轮机19.wave energy converter：波浪能转换器20.fuel cell：燃料电池21.hydrogen fuel cell：氢燃料电池22.direct current (DC) motor：直流电机23.alternating current (AC) motor：交流电机24.supercapacitor：超级电容器25.lithium-ion battery：锂离子电池26.lead-acid battery：铅酸电池27.nanomaterials：纳米材料28.smart meter：智能电表29.efficiency：效率30.conversion efficiency：转换效率。
The power of the sun Solar power plants
The power of the sun Solar power plants Solar power plants harness the energy of the sun to generate electricity, providing a renewable and sustainable alternative to traditional fossil fuels. The power of the sun is immense, and tapping into this resource has the potential to revolutionize the way we produce and consume energy. However, like any form of power generation, solar power plants also come with their own set of challengesand limitations. One of the key advantages of solar power plants is their ability to produce clean and renewable energy. Unlike fossil fuels, which release harmful emissions when burned, solar power generates electricity without producing any pollution. This is a crucial benefit in the fight against climate change and the transition to a more sustainable energy system. By harnessing the power of the sun, we can reduce our reliance on finite resources and minimize the environmental impact of our energy production. In addition to being environmentally friendly, solar power plants also offer a decentralized form of energy production. Unlike large, centralized power plants that rely on extensive transmission anddistribution networks, solar power can be generated on a smaller scale and located closer to where the electricity is needed. This can help improve energy security and resilience, especially in remote or off-grid areas where access to traditional power sources may be limited. Furthermore, solar power plants have the potential to create new economic opportunities and jobs. The growing demand for solar energy has led to the development of a thriving solar industry, with companiesspecializing in the design, installation, and maintenance of solar power systems. This has the potential to create jobs in manufacturing, construction, and maintenance, providing a boost to local economies and contributing to overall economic growth. Despite these advantages, solar power plants also face a number of challenges. One of the most significant limitations of solar power is its intermittency. Unlike traditional power plants that can generate electricity around the clock, solar power generation is dependent on the availability of sunlight. This means that energy storage and backup systems are necessary toensure a reliable and consistent power supply, especially during periods of low sunlight or at night. Another challenge facing solar power plants is the issue of land use. Large-scale solar farms require significant amounts of land toaccommodate the solar panels needed to generate electricity. This can lead to conflicts over land use, particularly in areas where agricultural or ecological concerns are at play. Additionally, the installation of solar panels may havevisual and aesthetic impacts on the surrounding landscape, leading to concernsfrom local communities and environmental groups. Furthermore, the upfront costsof building and installing solar power plants can be a barrier to widespread adoption. While the long-term operational costs of solar power are relatively low, the initial investment required to build and commission a solar power plant can be significant. This can make it challenging for some communities and businesses to justify the transition to solar power, particularly in regions where traditional energy sources are still relatively cheap and abundant. In conclusion, the power of the sun has the potential to revolutionize the way we produce and consume energy. Solar power plants offer a clean, renewable, and decentralized form of energy production, with the potential to create new economic opportunities and jobs. However, challenges such as intermittency, land use, and upfront costs must be carefully considered and addressed in order to maximize the benefits of solar power. By overcoming these challenges and continuing to invest in solar technology, we can harness the full potential of the sun and transition towards a more sustainable and resilient energy system.。
太阳能发电容量
太阳能发电容量Solar energy is one of the fastest-growing renewable energy sources globally. The solar photovoltaic (PV) system converts sunlight directly into electricity using semiconductors in PV panels. The solar power capacity refers to the maximum amount of power that a solar installation can generate under standard test conditions.The installed capacity of solar power varies widely across different regions and countries, depending on factors such as climate, available sunlight, technological advancements, investment levels, and government policies that support renewable energy. As of my knowledge cutoff date in early 2023, solar PV installations have been growing rapidly worldwide.For example, in China, the world's largest market for solar power, the cumulative solar PV capacity has surpassed several hundred gigawatts, with continuous growth driven by government incentives and ambitious renewable energy targets. Similarly, other countries like the United States, India, Germany, and Japan have significant solar capacities, contributing to their overall energy mix and reducing reliance on fossil fuels.The growth in solar power capacity is not only due to large utility-scalesolar farms but also to distributed generation, including rooftop solar installations, which enable individuals and businesses to generate their own power. Technological improvements and economies of scale have led to a decrease in the cost of solar panels and systems, making solar energy more accessible and competitive with conventional energy sources.In addition to grid-connected solar power, off-grid solar solutions are becoming increasingly important in remote areas or in regions with unreliable electricity grids, providing clean and reliable power for residential, commercial, and industrial applications.It's worth noting that the actual power generated by solar installations depends on factors such as weather conditions, seasonality, and the efficiency of the solar panels and inverters. Therefore, while。