Academic English-5
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What is this study about?
Move 3 Methods/materials/subjects/pr How was it done? ocedures
Move 4 Results/findings
What was discovered?
Move 5 Discussion/conclusion/implications/recommendations
• They function as screening devices, helping readers decide whether they wish to read the whole article or not.
RA Abstracts from various fields, adapted from Orasan (2001)
relationship between corporate taxation and corporate strategy.
Getting started
Type B: purpose or objective; e.g. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the recent change in corporate taxation.
Compressed methods descriptions
• 2nd version (3) The main data consists of 300 memoranda and 150 faxes associated with four Turkish companies representing a range of different types of enterprise. (22 words)
Move # Typical labels
Implied questions
Move 1 Background/introduction/ situation
Move 2 Present research/purpose
What do we know about the topic? Why is the topic important?
What do the findings mean?
Group Work
• Mwk.baidu.comve Analysis on Abstract 1-3
General Structure of the Abstract
• An abstract is usually a paragraph --- A topic sentence --- Supporting sentences --- Concluding Sentences
Example
(1) Increasing globalization is thought to be impacting business communications around the world (e.g., Connor, 2004). (2) To assess possible impacts in one developing country, we examine contemporary written business communications in Turkey. (Now for Move 3) (3) The primary data used consist of approximately 300 memoranda (internal correspondence) and 150 fax messages (external correspondence) associated with four different Turkish companies selected to represent a range of sectors, sizes and management styles. (4) Analysis of the primary data was supported by interviews with executives from these four companies. (50 words)
Functions of the Abstract
• They function as stand-alone mini-texts, giving readers a short summary of a study’s topic, methodology, and main findings.
the second half of the first sentence in the subject position at the beginning of the second) 3) New subject (use a new previously unmentioned topic as subject).
Links between sentence 1 and 2
Links between sentence 1 and 2
Compressing Methods Description
• Move 3 may include the following information: ---data ---participants ---length of study --- location ---etc.
Why? 2) Does the abstract author use I or we?
Group work
• Please analyze one Abstract in your field using the following questions.
1) Is it of expected length or not? 2) Most common verb tense? 3) Any citation? 4) Any first-person pronouns? 5) Any Acronyms and abbreviations?
Type C:present researcher action? e.g. Corporate taxation returns before and after the
introduction of the new tax rules were analyzed.
Getting started
Field
Computer science Chemistry Artificial intelligence Biology Anthropology Linguistics Overall Averages
# of sentences
9.6 8.6 8.2
7.9 6.2 5.8 7.4
Average # of words 232 215 166
196 158 150 175
Three types of the Abstract
• Descriptive abstract -background, topic, approach, conclusion, and significance of the research
• Informational abstract -highlights the approach and conclusion briefly and quantitatively
Getting started
• Four ways of opening sentences Type A: a Real-world phenomenon or with standard practice;
e.g. 1) Corporate taxation rates vary around the world. 2) Economists have long been interested in the
Academic English Reading, Writing and Translation
Writing of Abstract
Overview of the Abstract
• Most journals seem to ask for between 150 and 200 words for traditional abstracts (i.e., for those without subheadings). Structured abstracts – those divided into a number of named sections – can be longer.
Type D: a problem or an uncertainty; e.g. The relationship between corporate taxation and
corporate strategy remain unclear.
Supporting Sentences
• Further specify the research methods, experiments, procedures, investigations, calculations, analyses and other significant information.
• Abstracts for U.S. PhD dissertations should not exceed 350 words.
• Conference submission abstracts in some fields may be longer, 500 words or more.
• The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) asks for 50-word abstracts for “short communications” published in its many journals. Published conference program abstracts can also be as short as this.
• Informational-descriptive abstract - a combined form the above two
Task 1
• Read the sample abstract and discuss: 1) What is the main tense used in the abstracts?
Compressed methods descriptions
• 1st version (3) The primary data consist of internal and external correspondence (faxes) from four very different Turkish companies. (4) Secondary data come from interviews with selected executives. (24 words)
Links between sentence 1 and 2
• Grammatical linkages 1) Continuing Subject (keep roughly the same
subject) 2) Capturing Subject (put the information from
Rhetorical moves or communicative stages in abstracts
• A potential maximum of five moves has been identified by most researchers. - A statement of the Background - A statement of the Topic - A statement of the Approach - A statement of the Conclusion - A Statement of the Significance
Move 3 Methods/materials/subjects/pr How was it done? ocedures
Move 4 Results/findings
What was discovered?
Move 5 Discussion/conclusion/implications/recommendations
• They function as screening devices, helping readers decide whether they wish to read the whole article or not.
RA Abstracts from various fields, adapted from Orasan (2001)
relationship between corporate taxation and corporate strategy.
Getting started
Type B: purpose or objective; e.g. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of the recent change in corporate taxation.
Compressed methods descriptions
• 2nd version (3) The main data consists of 300 memoranda and 150 faxes associated with four Turkish companies representing a range of different types of enterprise. (22 words)
Move # Typical labels
Implied questions
Move 1 Background/introduction/ situation
Move 2 Present research/purpose
What do we know about the topic? Why is the topic important?
What do the findings mean?
Group Work
• Mwk.baidu.comve Analysis on Abstract 1-3
General Structure of the Abstract
• An abstract is usually a paragraph --- A topic sentence --- Supporting sentences --- Concluding Sentences
Example
(1) Increasing globalization is thought to be impacting business communications around the world (e.g., Connor, 2004). (2) To assess possible impacts in one developing country, we examine contemporary written business communications in Turkey. (Now for Move 3) (3) The primary data used consist of approximately 300 memoranda (internal correspondence) and 150 fax messages (external correspondence) associated with four different Turkish companies selected to represent a range of sectors, sizes and management styles. (4) Analysis of the primary data was supported by interviews with executives from these four companies. (50 words)
Functions of the Abstract
• They function as stand-alone mini-texts, giving readers a short summary of a study’s topic, methodology, and main findings.
the second half of the first sentence in the subject position at the beginning of the second) 3) New subject (use a new previously unmentioned topic as subject).
Links between sentence 1 and 2
Links between sentence 1 and 2
Compressing Methods Description
• Move 3 may include the following information: ---data ---participants ---length of study --- location ---etc.
Why? 2) Does the abstract author use I or we?
Group work
• Please analyze one Abstract in your field using the following questions.
1) Is it of expected length or not? 2) Most common verb tense? 3) Any citation? 4) Any first-person pronouns? 5) Any Acronyms and abbreviations?
Type C:present researcher action? e.g. Corporate taxation returns before and after the
introduction of the new tax rules were analyzed.
Getting started
Field
Computer science Chemistry Artificial intelligence Biology Anthropology Linguistics Overall Averages
# of sentences
9.6 8.6 8.2
7.9 6.2 5.8 7.4
Average # of words 232 215 166
196 158 150 175
Three types of the Abstract
• Descriptive abstract -background, topic, approach, conclusion, and significance of the research
• Informational abstract -highlights the approach and conclusion briefly and quantitatively
Getting started
• Four ways of opening sentences Type A: a Real-world phenomenon or with standard practice;
e.g. 1) Corporate taxation rates vary around the world. 2) Economists have long been interested in the
Academic English Reading, Writing and Translation
Writing of Abstract
Overview of the Abstract
• Most journals seem to ask for between 150 and 200 words for traditional abstracts (i.e., for those without subheadings). Structured abstracts – those divided into a number of named sections – can be longer.
Type D: a problem or an uncertainty; e.g. The relationship between corporate taxation and
corporate strategy remain unclear.
Supporting Sentences
• Further specify the research methods, experiments, procedures, investigations, calculations, analyses and other significant information.
• Abstracts for U.S. PhD dissertations should not exceed 350 words.
• Conference submission abstracts in some fields may be longer, 500 words or more.
• The IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers) asks for 50-word abstracts for “short communications” published in its many journals. Published conference program abstracts can also be as short as this.
• Informational-descriptive abstract - a combined form the above two
Task 1
• Read the sample abstract and discuss: 1) What is the main tense used in the abstracts?
Compressed methods descriptions
• 1st version (3) The primary data consist of internal and external correspondence (faxes) from four very different Turkish companies. (4) Secondary data come from interviews with selected executives. (24 words)
Links between sentence 1 and 2
• Grammatical linkages 1) Continuing Subject (keep roughly the same
subject) 2) Capturing Subject (put the information from
Rhetorical moves or communicative stages in abstracts
• A potential maximum of five moves has been identified by most researchers. - A statement of the Background - A statement of the Topic - A statement of the Approach - A statement of the Conclusion - A Statement of the Significance