1116托福机经(6)

1116托福机经（6）

TITLE:第二次技术浪潮

1.

最重要的进步之一是在19世纪末引进了新的发动机，补充并最终使蒸汽机黯然失色：煤炭、水力发电和石油产生的电能；以及石油产生的电能。

Among the most significant advances was the introduction of new engines in the late 1800s that supplemented and ultimately overshadowed the steam engine: electric generated energy from coal, hydroelectric power, and petroleum; and generated power from petroleum.

2.

正如第一次革命的工厂取代了早期的家庭制造业一样，随后的发展也迫使一些先前的工业中心逐渐痛苦地去工业化。

Just as the first revolution’s factories had displaced earlier household manufacturing, so, too, did subsequent developments force the gradual, painful deindustrialization of some prior industrial centers.

3.

由于使用了电动缝纫机，以前是家庭或工艺职业的制衣业开始进入车间。

The manufacture of clothing, previously a household or craft occupation, began to move into workshops as a result of the use of electrically powered sewing machines.

4.

技能仍然很重要，但它们不再可能是纯粹的传统技能，而且由于许多操作的机械化，它们更容易学习。

Skills remained important, but they were no longer likely to be purely traditional, and because of the mechanization of many operations, they were more likely to be easily learned.

5.

正如福特公司的工程师所说，目标是使工人尽可能地像机器一样，消除任何思考或思考的需要。

The goal was, as Ford’s engineers put it, to make workers as much like machines as possible—to remove any need for thought or reflection.

TITLE:火灾干扰与景观格局

1.

在温带和热带森林中，小规模的自然干扰（如个别树木的死亡）经常发生。

In temperate and tropical forests, small-scale natural disturbances (such as the death of individual trees) occur frequently.

2.

在森林生态系统中，火灾发生的频率因森林类型的不同而有很大的差异。

This amount of time was needed for sufficient surface material, dead stems, and leaves to accumulate.In forest ecosystems, the frequency of fires varies greatly, depending on the type of forest.

3.

这类火灾防止了大量燃料的积累，使树木群变薄，消除了能够将火带到树顶的耐荫针叶树物种，并鼓励树下形成开阔的草地。

Such fires prevented the buildup of heavy fuel load, thinned the groups of trees, eliminated shade-tolerant conifer species that could carry fire up into the tops of the trees, and encouraged an open, grassy area below the trees.

4.

灭火允许燃料的积累，树梢上树枝的生长，树下区域的植物生长，可以把火带到树梢，个别树木的老化和死亡。

Fire suppression allows the accumulation of fuel, growth of the tree branches across the top, plant growth in the area under the trees that can carry fire to the tree tops, aging, and death of individual trees.

5.

大量喷施云杉和冷杉林以消灭这种虫，保护树木不受短期木材损失的影响，但它创造了条件，最终导致覆盖数十万公顷的昆虫大面积爆发。

Extensive spraying of spruce and fir forest to eliminate the budworm protects trees from short-term timber losses, but it creates conditions that allow an eventual widespread insect outbreak that covers hundreds of thousands of hectares.