南开大学经济学2014年博士入学考试2811真题
2014年-2016年南开大学金融学(金融学院)考研真题及答案解析 学制
vt
， t 分别为 t 时期的需求冲击、供给冲击及预期
冲击。 （1）请写出动态供给线方程和动态需求线方程，并计算长期均衡时的产出 和通货膨胀率。 （5 分） （2）假设经济在 t 时期以前处于长期均衡点，考虑在 t 期人们对通过膨胀 率产生恐慌，使得
t =1，但这种恐慌只发生在 t 期，t 期后恐慌消失，请计算 t
育明教育天津分校王老师预祝大家考研顺利，考研成功！
（2）使用 作为企业的劳动需求质量衡量指标，计算在时刻 t 经济的劳动 需求曲线（即实际工资 w 和 的函数关系）和短期总供给（Y 和 P 的关系） 。 （3 分） （3）计算在时刻 t 使得经济达到充分就业产出的货币供应数量 M (2 分） 三、论述题 1.根据下面的材料回答后面的问题 材料一，近年来，伴随着物价水平接连上涨，各地政府不断推出价格补贴措施， 如某市根据价格上升幅度， 调整了低保水平，将城市市区低保标准由 920 一月提 高到 1160 一月 材料二，自 2004 年以来，政府对农业机械购买进行价格补贴，如广东规定 2013 年底非通用类和本省自选类农产品补贴标准不超过次档农产品在本省近三年的 平均销售价格的百分之三十计算， 一般机具单机补贴额不超过五万元、 挤奶机械， 烘干机单机补贴额可提高 12 万元，73.5 千瓦以上的大型拖拉机、高性能青饲料 售货机，大型免耕播种机、大型联合收割机，水稻大型种催芽程控设备单机补贴 可提高到 15 万元、147 千瓦以上拖拉机单机补贴限额可提高到 25 万元。甘蔗收 割机单机和补贴可提高到 20 万元 材料三，2013 年 03 月 29 日公告，根据张家港市金港镇人民政府金政发【2013】 20 号《关于给予张家港化工机械股份有限公司研发补贴资金的通知》 ，张化机械 获得研发补贴 1200 万元。公司于 2013 年 03 月 27 日收到上述补贴，该部分财政 补贴资金将计入公司当期损益。根据上述材料，论述各种补贴的类型。动机，与 方式，并分析各种补贴效果的影响因素 2.据国内媒体报道，在某次高峰论坛上，某经济学家表示。中国经济增长的未来 前景还在于投资， 靠消费拉动是不现实的， 而反周期的政府举措应当是有效投资， 该学者指出，中国经济自 2008 年开始有 20 年的高增长期，每年能保持 8％左右 的增速， 但长期经济增长和短期反周期政策的结合还要靠投资拉动。此前发达国 家爆发经济危机的多是消费高增长国家， 但仅靠消费无异于无水之源。 不能持续， 还要考有效投资拉动 清结合你所学经济学理论。对该经济学者观点的合理性展开分析，论述
南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试(经济学)真题
南开大学2018年博士研究生入学考试（经济学）真题
《微观经济学》
1、简述福利经济学第一，第二定理。
2、辨析钻石产量增加，持有钻石的效用是否降低。
3、一厂商处于长期均衡生产水平，现价格变化，分析短期长期影响。
4、计算消费者剩余变化。
补偿性变化和等值性变化。
5、计算要素需求函数，利润函数，和最优要素投入量，这个题目很怪。
6、证明凸性的三个定义等价。
7、给了共享单车市场和网约车市场的市场结构变化，论述市场结构变化对效率和福利的影响。
8、给了材料说明网络效应是外部性的一种，论述传统的外部性公共政策是否合适;比较共享单车和滴滴的网络效应模式，并论述其早期补贴的效果。
《宏观经济学》：
1、新古典增长理论关于收敛的论述，并简述新古典增长理论缺陷。
2、简述李嘉图等价。
3、简述卢卡斯批判
4、计算一个两期效用最大化模型，不难。
5、计算索洛中性型（技术进步在资本上）新古典增长模型收敛路径，及产出和资本的增长率。
6、给了材料，三问分别是论述现代货币数量论和传统货币数量论的区别;凯恩斯主义和货币主义对货币政策的区别;凯恩斯主义和货币主义对通货膨胀的区别。
7、给了材料，分别论述结合增长理论，我国改革开放40年的增长源泉是什么;经济增长方式由高速到高质量转变的重要性;中等收入扩大的意义。
南开大学-2018年博士招生专业目录--(131)经济学院
04投入产出与国民经济核算
①1001英语②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）或①1001英语②2812政治经济学③3812中国经济问题
可招收申请考核制考生
05金融统计与风险管理
①1001英语②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）或①1001英语②2812政治经济学③3812中国经济问题
06企业和产业经济
段文斌
①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语选一②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）或①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语选一②2812政治经济学③3812中国经济问题
07中国经济改革与发展
①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语选一②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）或①1001英语、1002日语、1003俄语选一②2812政治经济学③3812中国经济问题
03制度变迁与经济增长
邓宏图
①1001英语②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）
04农村经济与城镇发展研究
①1001英语②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）
05合同理论
①1001英语②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）
可招收申请考核制考生
03虚拟经济
赖小民
①1001英语②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）或①1001英语②2812政治经济学③3812中国经济问题
兼职博导
06不良资产处置与风险监管
①1001英语②2811微观经济学（经济学院）③3811宏观经济学（经济学院）或①1001英语②2812政治经济学③3812中国经济问题
2014年南开大学考博宏观经济学专业课试题,真题解析,复试真题,真题笔记
考博详解与指导南开大学考博宏观经济学专业课试题宏观经济学一、简答题1、我国2009年人均GDP为XX元，人均可分配收入为YY元，后者是前者的68%，问两者的区别在哪里？2、CPI和GDP平减指数的区别是什么？3、联系菲利普斯曲线解释以下两个问题：（1）如何才能降低通货膨胀的同时又不减少经济产出？（2）欧洲很多国家都是事先宣布紧缩的货币政策，并严格按照期限执行，这个意义何在？4、利用货币供给理论解释，在危机中，银行大量倒闭，为什么货币乘数变小？5、经验证明，穷国的经济增长速度未必比富国快，富国之间的差距以2%的速度趋同，用新古典增长理论解释。
二、计算与分析题1、具体表示不记得了，给出了一个货币需求函数，P为1，给出消费函数，政府支出如果增加M，问货币增加多少才能没有挤出效应，挺简单的一个题目。
2、一个三年的投资项目，当年投资是200w，接着的一年收入是100w，再下一年收入是120w，利率是5%，通货膨胀率是2%，问这个项目值得投资否？（以前从没考过金融中的东西，诧异一下）3、小国开放经济，浮动汇率，当本币有升值预期时，利用IS-LM-BP模型画图说明对利率、就业、产出的影响。
三、论述题1、经济学发展至今，对各个经济问题都有诸多争论，有哪些不同的争论？这些争论产生的原因是什么？（其实就是考各个不同派别的观点）2、（省略100字的废话），我国内外部均衡的原因是什么？国家对此采取了什么正常，给与评价。
第一部分、传统面试问题（Sample Traditional Interview Questions）1、What can you tell me about yourself?（关于你自己，你能告诉我些什么？）这一问题如果面试没有安排自我介绍的时间的话。
这是一个必问的问题。
考官并不希望你大谈你的个人历史，他是在寻找有关你性格、资历、志向和生活动力的线索，来判断你是否适合读研或者MBA。
下面是一个积极正面回答的好例子：“在高中我参加各种竞争性体育活动，并一直努力提高各项运动的成绩。
南开大学考研2014年899经济学考研真题解析复试线
1/9【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】1育明教育天津分校2015年天津地区15所高校考研辅导必备天津分校地址南京路新天地大厦2007专注考研专业课辅导8年天津地区专业课辅导第一品牌天津分校王老师与大家分享资料育明教育，创始于2006年，由北京大学、中国人民大学、中央财经大学、北京外国语大学的教授投资创办，并有北京大学、武汉大学、中国人民大学、北京师范大学复旦大学、中央财经大学、等知名高校的博士和硕士加盟，是一个最具权威的全国范围内的考研考博辅导机构。
更多详情可联系育明教育天津分校王老师。
2/9【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】22014年考研南开大学899经济学考研真题解析参考书复试线考录比2014年考研南开大学899经济学试题（回忆版）一，简答1、试论述凯恩斯消费函数的特征及缺陷。
2、Y 商品为正常品时，分别论述当X 为正常品，劣等品、吉分物品是收入效应和替代效应的分配作用3、试评价“做广告是完全竞争厂商使利润最大化的手段之一”4、试论述短期菲利普斯曲线与长期菲利普斯曲线的关系。
5、有人说“企业在长期生产中利润为零”，也有人说“企业在长期生产中及时利润为零也会继续进行生产”试评价上述说法。
6、试论述在固定汇率下和浮动汇率下ZF 货币政策和财政政策的有效性。
3/9【育明教育】中国考研考博专业课辅导第一品牌官方网站： 开设课程：【网络函授班】【精品小班】【高端一对一】【状元集训营】【定向保录】3考研政治每年平均分在4，50分，不是很高，政治取得高分除了靠记忆力还要有一定的技巧，今天我就考研政治中的一些答题技巧，来和同学们分享一下。
选择题分值为50分。
其中单选题16道，满分16分;多选题17道，满分34分。
选择题由于考查范围广，涉及的知识点零散，这种题型很需要考生对教材和大纲有系统而熟练的掌握。
南开大学经济学博士入学考试真题及答案
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（2） 不同点：逆向选择是由于在商品或劳务市场上，交易的双方往往对于交易的对象 具有不对称的信息而引发的效率损失问题，是一种隐蔽信息问题，而且往往是由 一种事前的信息不对称造成。（2 分） 道德风险则是指代理人在生产过程中可以做手脚，对它的行动它的委托人可能难 以了解，是一种隐蔽行动问题，而且往往是一种事后的信息不对称。（2 分）
注意: 请将答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效! 一、简述题（40 分）
1. 简述债务——通货紧缩理论。（8 分） 2. 在卢卡斯对经济计量政策评估的批判中，预期起什么作用？（8 分） 3. 简述短期和长期菲利普斯曲线不同的原因。（8 分） 4. 试述实际利率变动对消费的影响。（8 分） 5. 简释为什么银行危机经常处于短期经济波动的中心。（8 分） 二、计算与推导题（20 分）
1. 为了应对当前的经济危机，各国政府纷纷采取不同的政策鼓励个人消费。一种政策是增 加消费者的收入，另一种政策是直接向消费者发放等值的购物券。这两种政策哪种更为 有效，为什么？（7 分）
2. 目前我国政府正在酝酿取消养路费而改征燃油税。试分析这一税制改革将对我国私家车 拥有者的消费支出产生何种影响。（7 分）
（1） 政府征收的养路费属于征收的类似许可证的固定费率，对于所有私有车的拥有者 都一视同仁，属于强制消费部分，基本不具备税收调节消费的功能。（3 分）
（2） 而燃油税则根据私家车的拥有者消费燃油的数量进行征收，并且同浮动的燃油价 格间接挂钩，是一种较为有效的调节燃油消费行为的税收杠杆，有利于消费者形 成节约燃油的习惯和效果。（4 分）
π1 = ( p − c1)q1 = (120 − q1 − q2 − c1)q1
2014年南开大学900经济学基础(微、宏观)考研真题详解
2014 年南开大学 900 经济学基础（微、宏观）考研真题详解 一、简答题（每题 5 分，共 40 分） 1．请说明为什么外部性会导致资源的低效率。 答： 外部性是指单个消费者或生产者的经济行为对社会上其他人的福利产生的影响。 一 项经济活动存在外部经济时， 人们从该项活动中得到的私人利益会小于社会利益， 而存在外 部不经济时，人们从事该项活动所付出的私人成本又会小于社会成本，在这两种情况下，自 由竞争条件下的资源配置都会偏离帕累托最优。 令 VP 、 VS 和 C P 、 C S 分别代表某人从事某项经济活动所能获得的私人利益、社会利益、 私人成本和社会成本。 （1）当存在外部经济时，即有 VS VP ，但又有 VP CP VS ，则此人显然不会进行该活 动。这表明资源配置没有达到帕累托最优。因为从上述两个不等式可以得到：
图 1-3 吉芬物品的替代效应和收入效应 对吉芬物品来说，替代效应与价格成反方向变动，收入效应与价格成同方向变动，但收 入效应的作用大于替代效应的作用。所以，总效应与价格是同方向变动，相应的需求曲线就 呈现向右上方倾斜的特殊形状。 说明： 本答案是为了尽可能详细说明和介绍三种不同商品的替代效应和收入效应， 方便 大家理解。考试时，鉴于本题只有 5 分，因此大家画好图，简单几句说明下即可，不用答得 这么具体。 3．你认为花钱做广告宣传是完全竞争厂商获取最大利润的手段吗？请分析原因。 答：花钱做广告宣传不是完全竞争厂商获取更大利润的手段。分析如下： （1）在完全竞争市场条件下，每一个消费者和生产者都具有完全的信息，所以不需要 广告宣传。 （2）由于所有的厂商生产的产品是完全无差异的，所以，一般不会有一个厂商去为市 场上所有相同的产品做广告。 （3）在完全竞争市场条件下，每一个厂商所占的市场份额非常小，而所面临的又是无 数的消费者，这样一来，每一个厂商都认为在既定的市场价格下总可以卖出他的所有产品， 所以，也不需要做广告。 厂商花钱做广告宣传只会增加企业的额外成本， 即便增加产量， 也会使得企业本来利润 为零而出现亏损，因此花钱做广告宣传不是完全竞争厂商获取更大利润的手段。 4．有人说： “由于长期内经济利润为 0，厂商在完全竞争市场中没有利益驱动去生产产 品，但却有人认为在不盈利的情况下继续进行生产和销售。 ”请分析原因。 答：经济利润是指总收益与总成本的差值，总成本不仅包括显成本，也包括隐成本。长 期经济利润为了厂商继续生产的原因在于： （1）在完全市场上，在长期内，如果行业内的单个厂商可以获得经济利润，则会吸引其 他新的厂商参与到该行业的生产中来，行业中厂商的数目增加，整个行业的供给就会增加， 市场价格就会下降，一直下降到使单个厂商的经济利润消失为止；相反，如果行业内单个厂 商的生产是亏损的，行业内的部分厂商就会退出生产，行业内厂商的数目减少，整个行业供 给减少，市场价格就会上升，一直上升到使单个厂商的亏损消失为止。但是厂商只是没有获 得经济利润，
南开大学经济学历年考研真题完整非版(1995—2017年).
12 年的详见博客
南开大学 2011 年硕士研究生入学考试试题
学院：131 经济学院、160 经济与社会发展研究院、190 日本研究院 考试科目：894 经济学基础（微、宏观） 专业：世界经济、区域经济学、财政学、金融学、产业经济学、国际贸易学、 劳动经济学、统计学、数量经济学、*保险学、*物流学、*金融工程、*精算学
T=0.2Y
Md=2PY-8000r Ms=5H
H=240
其中，Y 为收入，Yd 为可支配收入，C 为消费，G 为政府支出，I 为投资，r 为利率，T 为税 收，Md 为货币需求，Ms 为货币供给，P 为价格，H 为高能货币。试求：
（1）IS 曲线方程式； （2）当 P=1 时，LM 的曲线方程式； （3）当 P=1 时，产品市场和货币市场同时均衡时的利率、收入、税收、消费和投资； （4）在（3）的情况下，政府是否满足其预算平衡？若不能满足，请问政府支出 G 应为多少 可实现其预算平衡？ （5）总需求曲线的方程式； 4.假设一个经济社会的产出、货币供给、通货膨胀和失业相互间的关系可由下列三个方程表 示： 总需求关系：gyt=gmt-πt 菲利普斯曲线：πt-πt-1=-(ut-4%) 奥肯定律：ut -ut-1=-0.4(gyt-3%) 其中，gyt，gmt，πt 和 ut 分别表示 t 时期的产出增长率、货币供给增长率、通货膨胀率和失 业率。 （1）请问该经济的自然失业率水平是多少？为什么？ （2）假设失业率维持在自然失业率水平，通胀率为 6%，请计算该经济的产出增长率和货币 供给增长率； （3）假设中央银行决定在两年时间内采用紧缩的货币政策，使通胀率从 6%降至 2%，但同时 这一政策会导致失业率短期内有所上升，假设这两年中失业率升至 6%，两年后失业率又回到其 自然水平，试求该经济的牺牲率。 三、论述题（每题 20 分） 1.促使个人与厂商做出最优选择的激励是经济学的一个基本问题。请回答关于激励的以下几 个问题： （1）市场经济是通过什么向个人和厂商提供激励的？ （2）只要个人不能完全承担或获得其行为的全部结果，就会产生激励问题，请你试举一例 说明； （3）你认为可以采取哪些方法解决激励问题？ （4）信息的不完全性会如何影响激励？如何解决这个问题？ 2.阐述分析中国转变经济发展方式与全球经济再平衡之间的关系。
2014年南开大学经济学考研资料历年真题考研资料参考书目
南开经院专业课120，我的一些经验和教训，并结合真题谈谈各本参考书得重要性与南开的试题风格下面谈谈我我的经验教训希望能对后来者有帮助教训：考场上审题要清楚（老生长谈了，但当你真一时不注意也许就会留下遗憾）我今年计算题第一题就审错了，漏了个条件，非劳动收入20元，结果就全错了。
最大的经验就是看书，看经典教材，做经典习题。
先说说南开的出题风格。
南开的试题难易适中，比北大复旦上财五道口等校容易很多很多。
大部分题还是属于基础题，看好教材就能应付了。
南开出题是以命题老师从题库抽题为主，每年只有最后一道题(即宏观论述题)是新编的，这样基本保证了试题难度与范围和公平性。
而题库就是南开的历年真题(不管多久远)，和一些教材的课后题和根据教材原文改编(但毕竟不是指定参考书，考这些书上的分数不会太多，而且考也是考这些教材上比较容易的和最经典的部分而已，这些教材包括范里安微观经济学现代观点，平狄克微观经济学，斯蒂格利茨经济学，曼昆宏观经济学，多恩布什宏观经济学，和平新乔微观经济学十八讲，再就是一些学校如北大复旦的考题，稍加变动或者原封不动的拿来考你。
下面说说南开参考书南开官方参考书：911经济学基础（微、宏观）（针对经济学院除西方经济学，政治经济学，经济史，经济思想史，人口资源环境经济学专业外的所有专业和经济与社会发展研究院所有专业和日本研究院世界经济专业）西方经济学（微观经济学）高鸿业主编中国人民大学出版社，2011年1月1日出版，第五版西方经济学（宏观经济学）高鸿业主编中国人民大学出版社，2011年1月1日出版，第五版经济学（上、下册）约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨、卡尔·E·沃尔什中国人民大学出版社，2010年7月23日出版，第四版912经济学基础（政经，微、宏观）(试卷含100分西经50分政经，针对经济学院西方经济学，政治经济学，经济史，经济思想西方经济学（微观经济学）高鸿业主编中国人民大学出版社，2011年1月1日出版，第五版西方经济学（宏观经济学）高鸿业主编中国人民大学出版社，2011年1月1日出版，第五版经济学（上、下约瑟夫·E·斯蒂格利茨、卡中国人民大学出版社，史，人口资源环境经济学五个专业) 册）尔·E·沃尔什2010年7月23日出版，第四版政治经济学逄锦聚等主编高等教育出版社，2009年5月出版，第四版首先就我看过的书，给出南开的真实参考书和给每本书评分参考书：高鸿业西方经济学（微观经济学）（必修）高鸿业西方经济学（宏观经济学）（必修）金圣才西方经济学（微观）考研真题与典型题详解（必修）金圣才西方经济学（宏观）考研真题与典型题详解（必修）曼昆宏观经济学（必修）以上为必修教材，所谓必修就是要认真看，多看几遍，而且要看的全，不是只看其中的一小部分或是某几块章节。
南开大学经济学博士入学试题
南开2009年经济学考博试题（回忆版）微观：1、当前经济和金融危机下，政府发钱和购物券哪个更能刺激经济。
2、政府决定停收养路费，改用燃油费，问对消费者支出结构有什么影响。
3、长期下，产量分配净尽。
4、两步收费和搭售的联系和区别5、道德风险和逆向选择的联系和区别计算题1、x1=1/(p1+p2), x2=1/(p1+p2)。
(x1,x2)是价格（p1,p2）时购买的，（y1,y2）是价格（q1,q2）时购买的，问这两次购买满足的条件；问这两个同时满足吗？(x1,x2) 和（y1,y2）有可能相同吗？2、产量领导和价格领导的计算题问答题1、根据福利经济学定理，分析竞争、效率和公平的关系2、公共物品的定义，特性，供给曲线推导，均衡时满足的条件宏观：1、债务和通货紧缩理论2、长短期菲利普斯曲线的区别和联系3、实际利率影响消费的过程4、为什么银行为成为经济危机的焦点5、计算题：1、新古典增长模型。
（金圣才考博书中的原题）。
证明工资、资本报酬等2. 根据恒久消费理论，政府的一次性减税对消费者的消费影响很小。
问答题：1、新凯恩斯和新古典主义的观点。
问当前经济危机中，应采取哪个学派的观点，理由是。
2、孟德尔弗莱明模型分析大国和小国时的区别和联系。
当前我国实行的宏观政策的局限性。
南开大学2006年博士入学考试（宏观经济学）一、简答题（40分）1、阐述比较绝对收入、相对收入以及持久收入理论对消费函数的解释？2、利用托宾的q理论解释合意的资本存量与实际的资本存量的差额的调整？3、用IS-LM-BP模型证明小国开放经济条件下，在资本流动性低的限制下，不宜采用弹性浮动汇率4、哈罗得-多马模型的黄金规则和最优增长路径二、计算题（20分）卢卡斯供给曲线：Y=C(P-P e)+Y*，Y*=4000，P=1.01，P e=1,Y=4200，C=20000,总需求曲线：Y=1101+2.88G+3.221M/P问：1、当产量在潜在产量时，并且公众的预期在近期内不变，G=750，M=600，这时的价格水平？2、当中央银行宣布M从600增加到620时的价格水平和产量？3、当中央银行宣布M从600增加到620，但是实际的M增长到670时，价格水平和产量？三、论述（40）1、改革以来，我国的贸易和FDI 都成为了经济增长的重要因素，但我国为了减少对国际市场的依赖，提出扩大内需的主张，请分析这种政策转变对国际宏观经济的影响，以及在政策调整中应当进行那些调整？2、比较盯住一篮子货币、盯住单一货币和浮动汇率的特点，给出你对我国人民币汇率实行盯住一篮子货币的看法？南开大学2006年博士入学考试（微观经济学）一、简答题（40分）1、目前我国各个省市都将汽车工业当作重点产业来发展，用经济学原理来分析这种发展对中国是否是最优的？2、有的学者认为中国有后发优势，有的学者认为由于经济发展存在着路径依赖问题，所以中国有后发劣势，你如何看待这个争论？为什么？3、收入差距过大是捆扰我国经济发展的问题，少数白领年薪100万，而普通工人月薪只有几百元，用经济原理分析这种现象，你如何看待这种差距？4、为了增加农民收入，很多地方采用了“公司+农户”的模式，学者认为这种模式使农民规避了市场风险，保证了农民收入，在假定契约可以有效执行的情况下，你是否同意这种观点？二、计算题（30分）1、市场有N 个相同效用函数的消费者，消费函数为U （Xi,Yi ）=V(Xi)+Yi,消费者收入为W ，求市场的X 商品的价格弹性以及X 对Y 的交叉价格弹性。
最新南开大学经济学院博士研究生入学考试题
南开大学2016年博士研究生入学考试试题学院: 131经济学院考试科目: 2811微观经济学(经济学院)专业:政治经济学、经济史、西方经济学、世界经济、人口、资源与环境经济学、区域经济学、财政学、金融学、产业经济学、国际贸易学、劳动经济学、数量经济学、★城市经济学一、(简答题,10分) 简述福利经济学第一定律及其成立的条件。
二、(简答题, 10分) 简述纳什均衡和瓦尔拉斯均衡的定义,说明两者之间的关系。
三、(简答题, 10分) 判断下面两个命题的正误,并解释你的结论:(1)如果一个垄断厂商实行一级歧视定价,其生产是Pareto最优的. (5分)(2)与标准的垄断均衡相比, 一级歧视定价均衡更有效率。
(5分)四、(计算题,10分)假定某厂商具有Leontief生产函数: 分别是要素1和2的投入量。
记两种要素的价格分别为ω1和ω2 。
请推导该厂商的成本函数。
五、(计算题, 15分)假定存在两种商品,它们的价格分别为p l和p2 ,消费者的收入为m,并且效用函数为U=x1x2。
请完成以下问题(1)消费者的间接效用函数是什么(5分)。
(2)请判断间接效用函数是否具有齐次性(5分),,(3)诺验证罗伊恒等式是否成立(5分)。
六、(计算題, 15分)假定市场上存在两个消费者A和B,他们之间可以对商品1和商品2进行交易,其中消费者A开始拥有1単位的商品2,而没有商品1,消费者B拥有1单位的商品1而没有商品2,他们的效用函数分别如下所示:请问:(1)瓦尔拉斯均衡是否存在?为什么? (5分)(2)如果存在瓦尔拉斯均衡,并假定商品1的价格为1,那么商品2的价格是多少?(5分)(3)市场出清时的产品分配情况? (5分)七、(论述题,15分)材料:从2012年7月1日起, ''全国除西藏和新疆以外的29个省(区、市)将实行居民阶梯电价,经历5月、6月的听证阶段, 目前各地陆续公布了最终的实施方案。
听证阶段关于“首档电量过低”、“家庭人口数量影响”以及“季节不同用电量浮动”等争议问题在多省的最终方案中都得以解決, 而阶梯电价的实施也将为我国其他资源品价格改革提供宝贵经验。
南开大学经济学历年考研真题完整非回忆版(1995—2012年)
南开大学经济学历年考研真题完整非回忆版（1995年-2012年）上传者： 南开大学2011年硕士研究生入学考试试题学院：131经济学院、160经济与社会发展研究院、190日本研究院考试科目：894经济学基础（微、宏观）专业：世界经济、区域经济学、财政学、金融学、产业经济学、国际贸易学、劳动经济学、统计学、数量经济学、*保险学、*物流学、*金融工程、*精算学注意：请将所有答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效一、简答（每题10分）1. 早在两百多年前，亚当斯密就曾断言：人们在追求私利的时候，会在一只“看不见的手”的指引下实现增进社会福利的目的。
当代西方经济学家将斯密的上述思想发展成为一个更加精致的原理：完全竞争的市场机制可以导致帕累托最优状态。
请简要解释完全竞争经济中的最优化行为为什么会导致帕累托最优？2. 请判断一下论断是否正确，并加以解释：“在长期内，为生产既定产量的产品，厂商总是在最优厂商规模的最低平均成本水平上进行生产”。
3. 如果已知每个消费者对私人物品与公共物品的需求曲线，请比较说明对一个经济体而言，私人物品与公共物品在定价上的区别。
消费者会愿意按照你所认为的公共物品的价格来进行支付吗？为什么？4. 是比较说明“凯恩斯主义极端”与“古典主义极端”两种情况的经济含义，以及在这两种情形下的财政政策与货币政策的有效性。
5. 货币冲击会对经济的实际产出在短期与长期内产生怎样的影响？请结合宏观经济学的不同流派理论进行比较分析。
二、计算（每题15分）1. 某消费者消费X和Y两种商品的效用函数为U=X2Y3，消费者收入M为100。
（1）求该消费者对X商品的需求函数；（2）若Y商品的价格为P Y=3，求当X商品的价格P X由2 变为1时产生的替代效应和收入效应。
2.一个行业有两家企业，这两家企业具有相同的成本函数C(q)=4q，其中q为企业的产量。
这个行业的反需求函数是P=100-2Q，其中P为价格，Q为行业的总产量。
2020年南开大学微观经济学考博真题博士生入学考试试题
问题：请应用微观经济学原理，对海底捞先涨价、后恢复价格并道歉的行为进行简要论述。
南开大学2020年博士研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：2811微观经济学（经济学院）
注意:请将所有答案写在答题纸上
， 为外生参数
2020年3月中旬以来，在国内基本上控制住新冠疫情传播的情复堂食服务后不久，全面提价，部分菜品涨价幅度最高达80%。海底捞涨价事件瞬间引发舆论热潮，资本市场也并未给出积极回应，海底捞股价较疫情前下跌了10%左右。
南开大学2014年博士研究生入学考试(经济学)真题
南开大学2014年博士研究生入学考试（经济学）真题《微观经济学》一、简答（10分）在凸偏好条件下，为什么预算约束满足显示偏好弱公理，用几何图形表示。
二、简答（10分）在垄断厂商条件下：（1）需求增加的影响。
（2）政府若对厂商的超额利润征收一定的比例所得税（10分）三、简答（10分）（1）要素K、L，价格r、w，要素的偏替代弹性是什么？（3分）（2）经济学含义是什么，几何含义是？（3分）（3）求柯布道格拉斯函数和的偏替代弹性。
（4分）四、计算题（15分），厂商1和厂商2，（1）在古诺均衡条件下，求均衡产量。
（2）若是Stackelberk均衡，厂商1是产量领先者，计算均衡产量。
（3）为什么在Stack均衡下，能比古诺均衡获得更大的利润。
（15分）五、两个商品生产函数，，，要素，社会效用函数，问：（1）一般均衡时，均衡产量，消费量，社会效用水平。
（2）若开放经济下，，问在生产技术状况未改变时，均衡消费数量，社会效用水平。
（3）若开放经济条件下，按（2）的价格，生产可以进行调整，求均衡产量，消费量，社会效用水平（15分）六、论述题（20分）外部性产生的效率损失及解决办法。
七、三个材料论述（20分）用经济学观点进行分析，如何发挥政府的作用。
材料很长，不记得了。
大致意思如下：（1）高速公路英国很发达，印度很落后。
（2）地方政府保护主义，新疆啤酒厂等。
（3）李斯特，落后工业国家需要贸易保护。
宏观经济学一、简答（10分）李嘉图等价二、简答（10分）宏观经济学中总需求曲线为什么向右下方倾斜三、简答（15分）什么是供给冲击？某学者坚持认为供给冲击…..，他会为宏观经济政策提供什么建议？为什么？四、一个经济系统中，其中，和是外来冲击，相互独立。
，分别为和，政府政策的目标是稳定产量y，假定价格P保持不变。
（15分）（1）如果政策将利率固定在常数上，问y的方差是多少？（2）如果政策将m固定在常数上，问y的方差是多少？（3）试比较上述两种策略，你认为政府会更偏好哪个策略，为什么？五、罗默书，课后题，关于南北经济、人均产出增长率的原题。
南开大学病理学2014年考博真题考博试卷
9. Mirror image cell 10. apoptosis 三、问答 1.肿瘤干细胞概念，主要特征肌生物学意义。 2.肝脏内发生占位性病变，分析可能为那些疾病，如何区分。 3.分析坏死和凋亡的组织形态学上鉴别。 4.患者胃窦部出现溃疡，如何从肉眼及形态学上鉴别良恶性。
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南开大学
2014 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：病理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、选择题 1.女，61 岁，右乳外上肿 2 月，质硬边界不清，乳痛。 肿瘤标志物 matrix metalloproteinase-9 及 cathepsin D 阳性，反映了肿瘤的什么 性质（） A. Angiogenesis B. Inbasiveness C.Differentiation D. Heterogenity E.Aneuploidy 2.急性链球菌感染后肾小球肾炎为（） A.弥漫性毛细血管内增生性肾小球肾炎 B.模性肾小球肾炎 C.轻微病变性肾小球肾炎 D.新月体性肾小球肾炎 E.模性增生性肾小球肾炎 3.细胞滋养体细胞可见于（） A.葡萄胎 B.绒毛膜癌 C.正常胎盘 D.子宫体癌 E.卵巢浆液性囊腺癌 4.肿瘤演进包括（） A.生长速度加快 B.浸润周围组织 C.远处转移 D.恶性转化 E.多中心生长 二、名词解释 1. Atypia 2. Carcinoma in situ 3. Pseudolobule 4. Crescentic glomerulonephritis 5. Leukemoid reaction 6. Tuberculoma 7. Borderline tumor 8. Bridging necrosis
南开大学经济学院博士入学考试试题
南开大学经济学院专业课试题微观经济学-2011一、简答题（8分×5）1、边际产品递减，边际报酬递减，是否存在边际产品递减规模报酬递增的情况3、公司长期实行无条件退货，在规定时间内，为什么追求利润最大化的公司会选择这样做5、一个农民，每天工作8小时，工厂给予其最低工资，成为工人后其劳动时间供给是多少二、计算题（10分×3）1、生产成本函数为C（W1，W2，Y）=Y（W1+W2），Wi为生产要素价格，Y为产量，求边际需求函数2、Stackelberg3、二手车市场，均衡价格三、论述题（15分×2）1、完全竞争下的帕累托最优条件，各种不完全竞争市场都有什么，其损失的经济效率有“换取”了什么？2、现在大城市道路拥挤，交通问题较大，针对这种情况提出一种或几种措施，并说明措施实施的可能性及效果。
一、简答题（8分×5）1、用消费价格指数CPI反映通货膨胀指标的优缺点2、用实际经济周期理论，诠释经济与就业的波动3、试述哈罗德—多玛模型，新古典增长模型（索洛--模型），内生增长模型的异同4、传统的政府债务观点与李嘉图的政府债务观点的区别，你认为哪种观点更符合实际，为什么？5、在浮动汇率制下IS-LM-BP下，分析一国采取贸易保护主义减少进口需求对总收入，利率、汇率、经常性项目盈余的影响二、计算题（15分×2）1、持久收入2、国民收入均衡，G=G′+1 对总产出的冲击三、论述题（15分×2）1、政府制定宏观经济政策可以规则实施与相机抉择2、我国2010年通货膨胀比较严重，超过3%的预期，2011年也不容乐观。
1）造成我国此次通货膨胀的国际和国内因素是什么2）我国政府采取哪些措施平抑通胀3）一、简答题（8分×5=40分）1、“凸技术”和“凸偏好”的经济含义。
2、非常态需求曲线和非常态供给曲线的举例并说明。
3、如下的支付矩阵，abcdefgh满足什么条件时，有占优策略均衡、重复剔除均衡、纯策略纳什均衡？4、试证明：拟线性效用函数下，外部效应的消费与产权分配无关。
2014年南开大学金融硕士(专业型)考研真题及答案解析 考研参考书
2014年南开大学金融硕士（专业型）考研真题及答案解析考研参考书南开大学2014年硕士研究生入学考试试题一、名词解释（5X6'=30'）1、货币供给内生性2、非存款负债3、加权平均资本成本4、信用利差5、特力芬难题6、证券市场线二、简答（8X10'=80'）1、简述古典学派关于实际因素决定利率的理论。
2、以美联储公开市场操作为例，简述公开市场操作的机理和特点。
3、简述商业银行资本筹集的主要渠道。
4、简述有效市场的主要内容和含义。
5、简述开放式基金和封闭式基金的区别。
6、从投资角度分析，经济周期与股价变动的关系。
7、简述显性存款保险制度对我国金融体系改革的影响。
8、你是如何理解我国A股市场上IPO溢价现象的？三、论述(20’X2=40')1、列出2013年九月份的一系列货币数据。
然后结合题中回答（1）广义货币供给和狭义货币供给的含义，以及我国货币供给的统计口径。
（8分）（2）说明上述货币数据中体现的货币供给变化的基本特点。
（4分）（3）结合上面数据说明货币乘数含义，并且利用货币供给理论推导货币乘数。
（8分）2、列出2013上半年钱荒时期国债和市场利率的一系列数据。
（1）上述数据中一年期同业拆借利率远远高于十年期的国债利率，这说明了利率期限结构的什么异象？（5分）（2）结合我国实际说明出现“钱荒”的原因。
（5分）（3）论述上述现象折射了我国金融领域和实体经济发展的什么问题。
（10分）【答案解析】一、名词解释（5X6'=30'）1、货币供给内生性【育明教育解析】：内生性货币供给的思想可追溯至早期的货币名目主义者詹姆斯斯图亚特。
他在1767年出版的《政治经济学原理的研究》一书中指出，一国经济活动水平使货币供给量与之相适应。
这一原理后来被亚当·斯密加以继承，又被银行学派加以发展。
马克思从劳动价值论出发，认为在金属货币时代是商品和黄金的内在价值决定了商品的价格，从而又同流通的商品量共同决定了社会的“必要货币量”，因此也持货币供给的内生性观点。
南开大学经济学2014年博士入学3811真题
南开大学2014年博士研究生入学考试试题 学 院：131经济学院考试科目：3801 宏观经济学专业：经济学院所有专业注意：请将答案写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效！一、简述题（35分）1．李嘉图等价的基本含义是什么？（10分）2. 什么是供给冲击？（5分）如果一个学者秉持经济波动全部源于供给冲击的观点，那么他在通过宏观政策调控经济的问题上可能的建议是什么？（5分）为什么？（5分）3. 宏观经济学的总需求曲线为什么向右下方倾斜？（10分）二、计算与推导题（25分）1. 假设某个经济系统由以下方程系统描述：IS ：y=c-i+⎺μisLM:m-⎺p=y-i+⎺μlm⎺μis 与⎺μlm 表示外来冲击，两者保持独立且E[⎺μis ]=E[⎺μlm ]=0；Var(⎺μis )与Var(⎺μlm )已知，分别是δ21和δ22，假设政府政策当局的目标是稳定产量y ，但是无法观察到y ，也无法观察到冲击项⎺μis 与⎺μlm 。
假定价格P 保持不变。
（1）若政策制定者将利率i 固定在常数⎺i 上，计算y 的方差。
（5分）（2）若政策制定者将货币供应量m 固定在常数⎺m 上，计算y 的方差。
（5分）（3）以上两种政策制定策略，哪种更符合政策当局的目标？请分析之。
（5分）2. 假设世界由北方(N)和南方（S ）两个地区构成，两个地区的生产函数为 ()()()()11,,a i i i Li Y t K t A t a Li i N S α−=−=⎡⎤⎣⎦资本积累的方程为()()i i i K t s Y t =，s i 为储蓄率。
北方研发新技术， ()()N LN N N A t Ba L A t =，南方模仿北方的技术，若()()N s A t A t >，()()()s Ls s N s A t a L A t A t μ=−⎡⎤⎣⎦ ，否则()0As t =。
南北的劳动力数量L s 和L N 为常数，B 和μ分别为北南地区不变的技术积累系数，a Ls 和a LN 分别为南方和北方用于技术进步的劳动力比重。
南开大学2014年考博英语真题
南开大学2014年考博英语真题Section ADirections: Read the following four passages. Answer the questions below each passage by choosing A, B，C or D. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (40 points，2 points each)Passage OneI recently conducted a survey to see what people thought and knew about Martin Luther King, Jr. I did this by bringing up the subject of MLK Day in casual conversations with people and gauging their reaction. (The sampling was 23 friends, colleagues, and strangers； 10 Black, 9 White, 3 Hispanic,1 Asian； 4 were between the ages 42 -35 and 19 were 34 -20. ) All knew King as the famous black civil rights leader who was killed, but few knew much more. The majority of people under 30— regardless of race—knew little more, in fact. How is it that Jill (black, 27, college educated) did not know that MLK was a Nobel Peace Prize recipient? Or that Tim (white, 31，college educated) was clueless about King’s nonviolent approach to civil rights activism?Darlene (black, 23) thought she should have the day off to sleep in. She had no idea the MLK day is really about doing something to inspire others.What is the point of having a day to mark the man if we do not understand the significance of his life? How is it that not only one of the greatest Americans, but one of the most influential humans in the history of our planet is not better known in this country? Had King been a football player or a musician, he may have registered better with the present generation. Martin Luther King, Jr. was more than just an inspirational black leader. His desire and ability to rise above his own failings and those of fellow humans uplifted us all—both those who were living at the time and those who have come after. Even if we do not know it, our world is a better place because of his light.Dr. King’s life was extinguished more than 30 years ago, but not his light. It is still here for each of us to carry, and to illuminate even brighter with our own unique creativity and contributions. Martin Luther King, Jr. was bom on January 15,1929 in Atlanta, Georgia. After graduating from Morehouse College and becoming a minister, he made his way to Montgomery, Alabama in 1954. This was an important decision for it was in the same city that, on December 1 of the following year, Rosa Parks refused to give up her bus seat to a white man. King was elected president of the Montgomery Improvement Association and led a boycott of Montgomery buses throughout 1956, which brought him national recognition.King’s legacy of non-violent activism was influenced by the teachings of Jesus and Gandhi. King reinforced and expanded his Biblical convictions during a visit to India in 1959, where he studied Gandhi’s methods of non-violent protests during the early 1960’s.A gifted orator, King ignited the world and a generation in the cause for American civil rights with his “I Have a Dream” speech on Aug 28 1963 to a crowd of 250 000 in Washington, D. C. “We must forever conduct our struggle on the high plane of dignity and discipline. We must not allow our creative protests to degenerate into physical violence. Again and again we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force” ...“I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident: that all men are created equal. ’’ ...“When we let freedom ring, when we let it ring from every village and every hamlet, from every state and every city, we will be able to speed up that day when all of God’s children, black men and white men, Jews and Gentiles, Protestants and Catholics, will be able to join hands and sing in the words of the old Negro spiritual, ‘ Free at last! Free at last! Thank God Almighty, we are free at last!，”Dr. King received the Nobel Peace Prize and was named Time magazine’s u Person of the Year” in 1964. In his Nobel Prize acceptance speech, he said, “ Non-violence is the answer to the crucial political and moral questions of our time: the need for man to overcome oppression and violence without resorting to oppression and violence. Man must evolve for all human conflicts a method which rejects revenge, aggression and retaliation. The foundation of such a method is love. ’’ King was one of the most extraordinary humans to ever grace our planet. He was a man who methate and hopeless with love and inspiration. He used non-violence to point out the obscenity of violence. Martin Luther King was gunned down at the Lorraine Motel in Memphis on April 4, 1968. Some call it irony. I choose to think of it as his final lesson to us.1. The Purpose of the author in writing the passage is to .A. condemn the terrorist action of Martin Luther King, Jr.，s assassinationB. honor Martin Luther King, Jr. since MLK Day is drawing nearC. criticize the present generations for their ignorance of Dr. KingD. highlight the significance of the beliefs and spirit of Dr. King2. “Had King been a football player or a musician, he may have registered better with the present generation. ’’ (Para. 4) can be best interpreted as “”.A. King is not remembered by the present generation as a football player or a musicianB. The present generation is ignorant of King who gave his life for the peoples of the worldC. If King had turned to music or sports he would have been more successfulD. It is meaningless to have a day to mark King since he is not famous enough3. According to Dr. King, what is the solution to major political and moral problems?A. Non-violence.B. Armed struggle.C. Violent activism.D. Believing in God.4. Which of the following statements about Martin Luther King, Jr. is true?A. His Nobel Prize acceptance speech was the famous “I Have a Dream” speech.B. He was the first one who adopted a non-violent approach in political struggle.C. He had a firm belief in God, which helped to form his non-violent activism.D. He was named 4< Person of the Year” because of his w I Have a Dreamv speech.5. The overall tone of the article can be best summarized as .A. emotionalB. furiousC. indifferentD. matter-of-factPassage TwoA few decades ago, it was still possible to leave home and go somewhere else: the architecture was different, the landscape was different, the language, lifestyle, dress, and values were different. That was a time when we could speak of cultural diversity. But with economic globalization, diversity is fast disappearing. The goal of the global economy is that all countries should be homogenized. When global hotel chains advertise to tourists that all their rooms in every city of the world are identical, they don’t mention that the cities are becoming identical too: cars, noise, smog, corporate high-rises, violence, fast food, McDonalds, Nikes, Levis, Barbie Dolls, American TV and film. What，s the point of leaving home?There are many causes for this dreary turn of events, but one is central: economic globalization and institutions like the World Bank and the WTO promote a specifickind of homogenizing development that frees the largest corporations in the world to invest and operate in every market, everywhere. For these agencies and corporation, diversity is not a primary value: efficiency is. Diversity is an enemy because it requires differentiated sales appeal. What corporations love is creating the same values，the same tastes, using the same advertising, selling the same products, and driving out small local competitors. Mass marketers prefer homogenized consumers. They also prefer places with low wages, cheap resources, and the least restrictive environmental and labor laws. The new rules of global trade are primarily set by the ultra-secretive World Trade Organization (WTO), which now rivals the International Monetary Fund (IMF) as the most powerful, yet undemocratic body in the world. Its rules are specifically designed to serve global corporate expansion and the homogenization process. They make it nearly impossible for nation-states to prevent certain harmful forms of corporate development, no matter what problems they bring. So we find that European bankers can dominate Third World economies ； Asian companies can cut down Canadian and Brazilian forests ；American corporations can dominate the whole world’s farmers and food supply ；Disney can homogenize consciousness and McDonalds can homogenize tastes, globally. Every country loses while global corporations win.Corporate invasions into diverse cultures often occur over vigorous protests by local governments and populations that try to protect local business, culture, health, food safety, and local livelihoods. Not everyone wants to become like everyone else. ( More than one million of India’s small farmers protested against the entry of industrial agriculture, specifically Cargill Corporation and Kentucky Fried Chicken. ) Millions of others have protested against the invasion and promotion of genetically engineered foods which are destroying local livelihoods and threatening public health. But whencountries try to slow down these corporate invasions—or create laws that protect local resources, or jobs, or health standards一they may find the laws challenged at the WTO as illegal restrictions against foreign investment. In fact, a recently proposed addition to the WTO would make it nearly impossible for any country to prevent imports of biotech food products—despite public concern over health aspects. Meanwhile, all places are starting to merge. In rural France, local cheese farms are sucked up by giant agribusiness. In England, small towns in the countryside have high-speed freeways and trucks jamming through them despite mass opposition. Rice paddies in Bali are turned into hotel resorts. Small farms in Japan become executive golf courses. Small businesses and retail shops everywhere, including the U. S. , are being driven under by untaxed e-commerce, which the WTO may soon codify. Nepalese villages have Sylvester Stallone on their billboards, Barbie in their stores, and Jay Leno on their TV sets.Every place is becoming everyplace else: monoculture. “Get there before it’sruined. ” Is this a familiar phrase? Is this a system you want?If globalization homogenizes cultures, its effect on Nature is just as bad. With every country pressured to open up its forests, minerals, water, and land to global corporations, the few pristine places are disappearing fast. So are the native people who live in them. So are the animals, plants and biota …the biodiversity of the planet. ( Brazil, for example, recently suspended its environmental laws, so that Amazon forests can be cut down faster to help the country pay off IMF debts.) Meanwhile, industrial forestry practices, like clear-cutting, produce landscapes so barren that it’s hard to know if it’s the Amazon or Oregon ； landscapes of tree stumps look alike wherever they are. This is monoculture too. Biodiversity is disappearing as fast as cultural diversity. Here’s the rationale for all this: By serving the needs of global business, everyone benefits. “A rising tide lifts all boats. ’’ Is this true? While CEO salaries for global corporations are rising —some make $ 50 - 500 million annually—worldwide, real wages for most people are falling. According to the U. N. , the gaps between rich and poor within countries and among countries, has grown because of the inequities of global trade. Even in the U. S. , the median wage of factory workers has fallen by 10% in the last two decades. And, England now advertises that its workers are the lowest paid in Europe. Low wages are suddenly virtuous. Apparently, the rising tide lifts mainly yachts.The global economy is designed to benefit the largest corporations in the world, who are getting rapidly larger and more dominant. Already some corporations are bigger in economic terms than most nation states. Mitsubishi is the 22nd largest economy in the world. General Motors is 26th. Ford is 31st. They are larger than Denmark, Thailand, Turkey, Norway, Greece, Chile, Brazil, New Zealand and dozens of others. What can we do? Dozens of good organizations are working on these issues. This year, most are focused on the World Trade Organization Ministerial Meeting in Seattle, Washington, two weeks from now. Most groups are demanding a halt to all WTO expansion and a full public reassessment of its activities.6. From the first paragraph，we know that .A. the author is describing both the good and bad impacts of economic globalizationB. globalization is reducing the differences between the rich and the poorC. the author is unhappy with the consequences of globalizationD. globalization is good for both the rich and the poor7. The main purpose of the author in writing this passage is .A. to discuss what’s good and what’s bad in economic globalizationB. to blame the WTO and other large global corporations for their wrongdoingsC. to justify his worries about the disappearance of cultural diversityD. to refute the rationale of globalization and show his objection to global monoculture8. According to the passage, which of the following is NOT true about a homogenized world?A. Every place will become exactly the same as every place else.B. Cultural diversity and biodiversity will not be ruined.C. People’s value orientation is sure to be identical gradually.D. People can buy the same goods and may have the same tastes.9. Who should be blamed for the Brazilian forests，being down?A. The International Monetary fund.B. The World Trade Organization.C. Large global corporations such as Mitsubishi.D. The Brazilian government.10. We can infer from the passage that vigorous protests occurred in India because •A. the Indians didn’t like the rules of the World Trade OrganizationB. global corporations promoted the sale of genetically engineered foods thereC. the international corporations have destroyed the local people’s livelihood and healthD. the Indians didn’t want to follow the new rules of global tradePassage ThreeUnless you lived through the Eisenhower era, it may be hard to imagine the impactof the on- screen sight of sneering high-school students challenging adults with switch-blades. But in 1950s America, killing was still seen as something rare and horrible, something done by soldiers in battle, by lawmen, by gangsters, or by the occasional psychopath. Homicides in movies, even those considered violent, were infrequent. Those films presented juvenile delinquency more as the thread of rebellion and disobedience than of outright violence.The idea of American teenagers as killers was beyond compression. The change in 1957 when a wave of teen-street-gang killing in New York City (22 in the first six months of the year) spurred the emergency deployment of six hundred Police Academy cadets in a war on teen street crime. Though teen violence soon lost its place in news headlines to other crises, it did not go away.Thirty-five years later America is in the grip of a violence epidemic that has transformed the country into one of the most dangerous nations on earth. The national homicide rate, corrected for population growth, increased almost exactly 100 percent from 1950 to 1990. In major cities the increase has been much higher. In Los Angeles County the 1953 homicide total was 82. In 1992, with a population almost doubled, the total was 2, 512一an increase of over 1, 000 percent. These are staggering increase by any measure, with the one-year toll for L. A. County exceeding the deaths in over fifteen years of conflict in Northern Ireland. Youth crime accounts for a disproportionate number of these killings. That’s more than twice the number recorded a decade earlier, reflecting the fact, according to FBI reports, that the number of youths who committed murder with guns was up 79 percent in one decade. Clearly something has gone horribly wrong. In looking for a root cause, one of the most obvious differences in the social and cultural fabric between post-World War II and pre-World War II America is the massive and pervasive exposure of American youth to television. Since the 1950s, behavioral scientists and medical researchers have been examining screen violence as a possible causative element in America’s spiraling violent crime rate. There is compelling evidence of a direct, demonstrable link. Homicide has become the second leading cause among African-American youth. In 1992 the US surgeon general cited violence as the leading cause of injury to women aged 15 to 44, and the US Centers for Disease Control consider violence a public health issue, to be treated as an epidemic.11. From the passage we can infer that .A. from the 1950s on high-school students have been a threat to the safety of adultsB. in the 1950s only some gun-men used gun as weaponsC. it was in the late 1950s that violence was frequentD. youth crime began in the 1950s12. Which of the following is not true?A. There were more than 22 killings of teenagers in New York, in 1957.B. The wave of teen murder urged policemen to take a quick action.C. Violence was so emergent that even six hundred students of Police Academy were turned to for help.D. Six hundred students of Police Academy were involved in the street crime.13. A major reason for youth crime increase is .A. population grows too muchB. young people are exposed too much to screen violenceC. violence is a public issueD. the economic background14. It is a fact, in 1992, that .A. population in Los Angeles was of 2, 512 peopleB. homicide totaled 352 in Los AngelesC. homicide rose up to 2, 512 in Los AngelesD. population in Los Angeles was over 1, 51215. The word “spiraling”（Para.5） is close in meaning to .A. movingB. changingC. risingD. fallingPassage FourMy mother raised me as best as she could, taking on odd jobs in the neighborhood for money. Still without a father to tell me how to act and what was expected of me, I felt lost. I wandered for years and got involved with tough guys on the East Side of New York. They would fight madly over adropped coin. They would steal to get what they wanted. I wanted to be like them.It was lucky for me that I left the city and entered a world of discipline, after following my mother’s advice. During three years of military service, I had time to rethink my life, and my thoughts often ran to my mother. I realized suddenly just how much of a heartache I must have been to her, how little I had noticed her suffering. When my father left this world, my mother was completely alone. To support us, my mother cleaned apartments and took in washing and ironing from the neighbors. And as she worked hard at this labor, she kept her head high. Each week she would bring a pile of books home from the library and read to us. My mother had wanted nothing more than for me to turn into an honest responsible man. But I had acted against her. Finally, almost too late I had the sense to feel shame. Ten years passed and I returned to the apartment on the East Side. I knew I wouldn’t fall back in with the wrong people, although I still wasn’t sure where I was heading. My mother, I could tell was worried about me. In my neighborhood, to become a police officer or a firefighter was a mark of significant social success and achievement. For me it was an opportunity for a real start in life. I wondered if I was up to it, but I knew that it was time to try. When I found myself in the big hall raising my hands to take the firefighter’s oath of office, my mother was sitting a few rows behind with a smile of relief. She knew that at last I was off on life’s road and moving steadily. Her smile said, “My job is finally done. ”16. From this story, we may guess that the East Side of New York must be a area.A. commercialB. richC. poorD. distant17. The author used to behave himself •A. oddlyB. toughlyC. remarkablyD. badly18. From the context, we understand that “odd jobs” in the first paragraph refer to jobsA. of cleaning, washing and ironingB. which are not regular or fixedC. which one can make extra money withD. with house work19. In the first sentence of the second paragraph, the author says “It was lucky for me that...”The lucky experience he talks about here is his experience of .A. the three years of military serviceB. leaving a world of disciplineC. leaving the city and his motherD. fighting with tough guys20. What is NOT true according to the passage?A. After her husband died, his mother did all available jobs to support the family.B. The author was surprised that he was accepted as a firefighter.C. The author finally realized that his mother always wanted him to be an honest and responsible man.D. In face of poverty, his mother never lowered her head. She bravely struggled on.Section B Replacing the Removed SentencesDirections: In the following text, some sentences have been removed. For Questions 21 - 25, choose the most suitable one from the list A - G to fit into each of the numbered blanks. There are two extra choices，which do not fit in any of the blanks. Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (10points, 2 points each) Honesty no longer seems to be the best policy with telling of lies becoming a common part of our daily lives. A new research by a psychologist has revealed that most people lie in everyday conversation when they are trying to appear likable and competent.21. “ People tell a considerable number of lies in everyday conversation. It wasa very surprising result. We didn’t expect lying to be such a part of daily conversation，’’ said Robert Feldman.The study also found that lies told by men and women differ in content, though not in quantity.22. “Women were more likely to lie to make the person they were talking to feel good, while men lied most often to make themselves look better，” Feldman noted.As part of the study, a group of 121 pairs of undergraduate students were recruited to participate. 23. Participants were unaware that the session was being videotaped. At the end of the session, the students were then asked to watch the video of them and identify any inaccuracies in what they had said during the conversation. They were encouraged to identify all lies, no matter how big or small.Feldman said the students who participated in the study were surprised at their own results. “When they were watching themselves on videotape, people found themselves lying much more than they thought they had，” Feldman said. The lies the students told varied considerably. 24. Others were more extreme，such as falsely claiming to be the star of a rock band. “It’s so easy to lie,” Feldman said. “We teach our children to be honest, but we also tell them it’s polite to pretendthey like a birthday gift they’ve been given. ”A. The results showed that men do not lie more than women or vice versa, but they lie in different ways.B. Kids get a very mixed message regarding the practical aspects of lying, and it has an impact on how they behave as adults.C. Some were relatively minor, such as agreeing with the person that they liked someone when they did not.D. They were told that the purpose of the study was to examine how people interact when they meet someone new.E. We are told it is a fact that both adults and children lie many times a day.F. The study, published in the Journal of Basic and Applied Social Psychology, found that 60 percent of people lied at least once during a 10-minute conversation and told an average of two to three lies.G. Anyway, the knowledge that we are all capable of lying makes it really hard to trust people when they tell you things.Part D VocabularyDirections: There are 40 incomplete sentences in this part. For each sentence there are four choices marked A, B, C and D. Choose the ONE that best completes the sentence. Then mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET. (20 points，0. 5 point each)25. Jack came to the party with a young woman, whom I to be his girl friend.A. pretendedB. supposedC. resumedD. granted26. I took someone else’s book mistake.A. inB. forC. withD. by27. Henry looked very much when he was caught cheating in the biology exam.A. discouragedB. embarrassedC. disappointedD. bewildered28. The problem has simply because you didn’t follow my instruction.A. raisedB. risenC. arisenD. aroused29. Recently the newspapers have reported several on the boundaries of Israel and Jordan.A. accidentsB. incidentsC. eventsD. happenings30. The actual cost of the building was much higher than our original •A. considerationB. judgmentC. estimateD. plan31. The building collapsed because its foundation was not strong enough to the weight of the building.A. idealizeB. subsideC. initiateD. sustain32.The torch was by a famous athlete at the opening of the sports meeting.A. deceivedB. ignitedC. implementedD. designated33.The bad and damp weather in the hot area would enable the plants to get quickly.A. decomposedB. denouncedC. detachedD. deduced34.Mary didn’t openly attack the plan, but her opposition was in her failure to say anything in support of it.A. explicitB. implicitC. internalD. immortal35.His heart with excitement as he was waiting for the reception by the leaders.A. flappedB. flourishedC. flushedD. fluttered36.The doctors are very much worried about the of the patient’s condition after operation.A. dispositionB. deliberationC. deterioration37.The discussion was so prolonged and exhausting that refreshments.A. at largeB. at easeC. at randomD. at intervals38.The company will to its agreement, no matter how costly the process may be.A. retainB. alterC. adhereD. abandon39.You are not allowed to take a second job your employer gives you permission.A. unlessB. so long asC. otherwiseD. whereas40.The manufacturer was forced to return the money to the consumers under of law.A. guidelineB. definitionC. constraintD. identity41.If you don’t want to talk to him，I’ll speak to him ,A. on your behalfB. on your accountC. for your part42.Difficult as it is, English study is in the long run to a learner in his or her career development.A. rewardingB. advantageousC. profitableD. earning43.Cosmic rays of various kinds come through the air from outer space，but enormous quantities of radiation from the sun are off.A. avoidedB. excludedC. separatedD. screened44.The famous inventor was awarded an doctorate by the university.A. honorableB. honoraryC. honoredD. honorific45.The senator agrees that his support of the action would his chances for reelection.A. obscureB. mystifyC. jeopardizeD. distinguish46.We can rely on William to carry out this mission, for his judgment is always •A. inexplicableB. healthyC. soundD. straight47.When she entered the room, the smell of her perfume immediately the room.A. distributedB. penetratedC. pervadedD. perished48.It goes without saying that people who refuse to with the law will be punished.A. complyB. concealC. consentD. abide49.Plastic bags are useful for holding many kinds of food, their cleanness，toughness， and low cost.A. in addition toB. by virtue ofC. as opposed to50.The book might well have had it been less expensive.A. worked outB. gone throughC. fitted in51.When there are not enough volunteers for the armed forces,D. for the sake of52.caught on the government additional men.A. revisesB. suspendsC. conscriptsD. encourages53.There are differences between theory and practice.A. legibleB. radicalC. medievalD. laden54.She once with another musician to compose a piece of pop music.A. mergedB. coincidedC. constitutedD. collaborated55.It took a lot of imagination to come up with such an plan.A. inherentB. ingeniousC. infectiousD. indulgent56.A man has to make for his old age by putting aside enough to live on when old.A. supplyB. assuranceC. provisionD. adjustment57.They had planned to go outing this weekend, but they finally had to it because of the rainy weather.A. cancelB. eliminateC. delayD. prolong58.Nobody knows what triggered the event, which a million cubic meters of water per second, obliterating the barrier between Britain and France.A. relievedB. releasedC. restoredD. retained。
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2. 下列因素分别对垄断厂商的产量和价格有什么影响？ （1）需求增加。（5 分） （2）政府对超额利润以一定的比例征收一种所得税。（5 分）
3. 给定两种要素 K、L，价格分别为 r、w。要素偏替代弹性的表达式是什 么？（3 分）其经济学含义、几何含义是什么？（3 分）柯布道格拉斯生产函 数 f(k,l)=kαlβ，CES 生产函数 f(k,l)=(kρ+1ρ)r/ρ 对应的要素偏替代弹性分别是多 少。（4 分）
2.假设两种商品的生产函数为 x = lx y = ly ，要素 l=lx+ly=400，社会效用 函数 u(x,y)=xy （1）求一般均衡解，包括两种商品的均衡产量，相对价格，社会效用水平。 （5 分） （2）假设封闭经济走向开放，开放后世界市场价格为 px/py=2/1，消费可以根 据新价格立即调整，但生产仍然维持初始格局，求该条件下的消费量和社会 效用水平。（5 分） （3）假设按照（2）中的开放价格，生产也跟进进行调整，求该条件下的生 产量、消费量和社会效用水平。（5 分）
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三、论述题（30 分） 1. 请论述外部性（Externality）存在条件下的效率损失及解决的办法。
2. 用经济学观点进行分析，如何发挥政府的作用。 （1）高速公路英国很发达，印度很落后。 （2）地方政府保护主义，新疆啤酒厂等。 （3）李斯特，落后工业国家需要贸易保护。
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南开大学 2014 年博士研究生入学考试试题
学 院：131 经济学院 考试科目：写在专用答题纸上，答在此试题上无效！
一、简述题（30 分） 1．请借助几何图形解释在凸偏好条件下，预算约束下的效用最大化行为必满 足显示偏好弱公理（WARP）。（10 分）