social welfare
我国社会福利制度介绍
路漫漫其悠远
2020/4/6
一、理论介绍 (掌握) （一）研究对象的界定
社会福利的界定：广义与狭义。 广义：主要指国家或社会为立法或政策范围内的全体公民普遍
提供旨在保证一定的生活水平和尽可能提高生活质量的社会服 务和措施。包括民政福利、职工福利和特殊福利等内容。 狭义:以“弱势群体”或社会边缘群体为对象或案主（client）， 以传统社会工作（照顾老弱病残等）为主要内容。
• 路漫漫其悠远
Titmuss对社会福利的三分法：
社会福利
财政福利fiscal welfare
职业福利occupational welfare
• 路漫漫其悠远
与相关概念关系
Social security 国内：social welfare<social security 国际：social welfare>social security Social policy：泛围较广 Social protection:主要针对贫困人口的绝对
贫困和弱势性，也包括当时非贫困人口在面对 意外打击或其他生命周期事件时而产生的需求 保障问题。如金融危机中脆弱群体的社会保护 。
• 路漫漫其悠远
(二)社会福利的价值理念：
1、社会需求和社会问题： (1)Need 福利意义上的需求\want心理学的欲望
\demand经济学的需求 客观法：规范性需求normative need，专家测定 主观法：感觉性需求felt need (2)社会问题：社会剥夺social deprivation 物质资源、心理和生理发展、人际交流技能、经济机
（2）reciprocity:福利是一种交换，如交社保费；长
期失业者被污名化stigmatization
社会工作专业英语的专业词汇（打印版）
●社会工作：social work●社会工作者：social worker●案主：client●个案社会工作：social case work●团体社会工作：social group/team work●社区社会工作：social community work●社会工作导论：The introduction of socialwork●社会工作实务：social work practice●做好事的人：do-gooders●社会福利：social welfare●人类行为的生态学模式：Ecologicalmodel of human behavior●人类行为的医学模式：Medical Model ofHuman Behavior●人格紊乱：personality disorders●客观事实：objective facts●主观感受：subjective feelings●问题觉醒：problem awareness●家庭暴力：domestic violence●老年人虐待elder abuse●遗弃：abandonment●忽视：neglect●吸毒：addiction disorders●社会学概论：Introduction to Sociololgy●社会问题：social issues●社会调查：social research●弱势群体：Vulnerable groups●/a disadvantaged minority●独身子女：the only child●单亲家庭：a single parent family农民工：migrant workers●社会排斥：social exclusion●社会融合：social integration●社会救助：social assistance●功能主义：functionalist perspective●镜中我：looking-glass self●机械团结:mechanical solidarity●越轨：delinquency●矫治：Correction●社会调查的理论与方法Theories &Methods for Social Investigation●社会调查方法Methods for SocialInvestigation●社会工作Social Work●社会统计分析与SYSTA T应用SocialStatistics Analysis & SYSTA T Application ●社会统计学Social Statistics●社会问题研究Research on SocialProblems●社会心理学Social Psychology●社会学概论Introduction to Sociololgy●社会学简论Brief Introduction toSociology●社会学理论专题Current Issues inTheories of Socilolgy●社会学问题研究Research on Problemsof Sociology●社会学研究方法Research Methods ofSociology●社会主义财政学Finance of Socialism●社会主义各国政，经体制讨论Discussionon Political & Economic Systems inSocialism●社会学Sociology●社会工作者Social worker●案主Client●社会问题Social problem●社会心理Social mental state●社会调查The society investigates●个案社会工作Social cases work●团体社会工作Social group work●社区社会工作social Community work ●社工导论The introdution of social work ●社会调查应用the application forsociety investigates●家庭暴力Domestic violence●失恋Disappoint in love●人在情境中Person in situation●弱势群体disadvantaged groups●社会保障social security●社会福利制度the social welfare system ●社会公德social morality●单亲家庭single parent family●独生子女the only child●失业率rate of unemployment●民工the imigrant worker●社会学概论Introduction to Sociology●社会工作概论Introduction to SocialWork●社会心理学Social Psychology●国外社会学学说Sociological Theories inthe West●社会调查与研究方法Social Survey &Research Method●社会统计与计算机应用Social Statisticsand Application of Computer●马克思主义社会学经典著作选读Selected Readings of Marxist-LeninistClassics●社会保障与社会福利Social Security &Social Welfare●当代社会学理论Modern SociologicalTheories●社会政策Social Policy●文化人类学Cultural Anthropology●中国社会思想史History of SocialTheories in China●人口社会学Sociology of Population●农村社会学Rural Sociology●城市社会学Urban Sociology●家庭社会学Sociology of Family●发展社会学Sociology of Development ●经济社会学Economic Sociology●组织社会学Sociology of Organization ●专业英语English for Sociology●社会学专题讲座Issues of Sociology●民俗学Folklore Studies●文化社会学Cultural Sociology●宗教社会学Sociology of Religion●教育社会学Sociology of Education●越轨与犯罪社会学Sociology ofDeviance & Crime●当代社会的生活文化Life Style inCurrent Society●西方社会思想史History of WesternSocial Thought●社会问题Social Problems●社会分层与社会流动SocialStratification & Mobility●科学社会学Sociology of Education●社会项目评估和统计指标StatisticalIndexes & uation of Social Projects●文化社会学Cultural Sociology●历史社会学Historical Sociology●政治社会学Political Sociology●法律社会学Sociology of Law●环境社会学Sociology of Environment●劳动社会学Sociology of Labor●公共关系Public Relations●团体工作Group Work●社区工作Community Work●社会工作实习Practice of Social Work●社会行政Social Administration●数据分析技术Statistical Package &Applications for the Social Sciences●贫困与发展Poverty and Development●社会性别研究Gender Studies●家庭社会工作Family Social Work●临床社会工作Clinical Social Work●社会立法Social lagislation●老年社会工作Gerontological SocialWork●青少年越轨与矫治Juvenile Delinquency& Correction●社区服务Community Services●心理咨询Psychological Counseling●整合社会工作实务Integrative SocialWork Practice●社会工作专业英语English for SocialWork●保险与信托Insurance and Entrustment●教学实习Teaching Practice●管理学Management Theory●Administration 行政●Basic assumptions and principles of ~ 行政的基本假定与原则●Collaboration in 行政工作的合并●In community organization 社区组织中的行政●●Interagency coopration 行政的重要性●Adolescents 青少年●Drug abuse and 吸毒与青少年community organization 社区组织community resources 社区资源confidentiality 保密consultation 咨询Day care centers 日间照料中心Family counseling 家庭辅导Fieldwork/n./野战工事, 野外工作, 实地调查Professional identification 专业认同Inner and outer forces paradigm 内外影响力范式Group work 小组工作Menber preparation for 小组工作中的成员准备Menber selection in 小组工作中的成员选择Methadone maintenance 美沙酮疗法Mezzo systems 中观系同Micro systems 微观系统Code of ethics 伦理守则Corrections andDiplomate exam 社会工作师资格考试Person-in-environment 人在环境中②I am a social worker, I have faith because I am here to help them help themselves and to help others help one another.我是一名社会工作者。
Social welfare in China 翻译讲解
11. China introduced the One-child
policy decades ago, and this has helped reduce the strain on the government resources and economy.
strain on sth 在某方面的压力 数十年前，中国实施了计划生育政策，
认为合适的其他方面。
14. Furthermore, for many of the
minority groups, there are some benefits available. The one-child policy in China also does not apply to these minority groups. There be + sth available 另外，少数民族有优惠政策，（同时要 提醒的是），他们那里可以不执行计划 生育政策。
人均收入不少于668元的人减少了290万人 或10%；那些人均收入不少于924元的人减 少了6.4万人或11.1%。
根据中国国务院扶贫办的统计数字，个人
9. Welfare reforms since the late 1990s
have included unemployment insurance, medical insurance, workers’ compensation insurance, maternity benefits, communal pension funds, individual pension accounts, universal health care, and a carbon tax.
6. Article 14 of the constitution
社会民生英文单词
社会民生英文单词全文共四篇示例，供读者参考第一篇示例：社会民生英文单词是指描述社会和民众日常生活的英文单词。
这些单词涵盖了各种方面，包括教育、医疗、就业、住房、食品安全等。
通过学习这些单词，我们可以更好地了解社会民生问题，提高我们的社会参与能力和解决问题的能力。
下面是一些常用的社会民生英文单词及其解释：第二篇示例：Social livelihood English vocabulary1. Welfare: Welfare refers to the well-being and support provided to individuals or groups in need, such as financial assistance, healthcare, or social services.第三篇示例：社会民生英文单词是指描述社会生活和民众日常生活的单词，涵盖了各种方面，如教育、医疗、住房、就业、交通、环境等。
这些单词在日常交流和书面表达中经常被使用，对于提高英语水平和加深对社会民生问题的了解是非常重要的。
下面是一些常用的社会民生英文单词：1. education - 教育2. healthcare - 医疗保健3. housing - 住房4. employment - 就业5. transportation - 交通6. environment - 环境7. welfare - 福利8. poverty - 贫困9. inequality - 不平等10. crime - 犯罪11. homelessness - 无家可归12. pollution - 污染13. discrimination - 歧视14. inflation - 通货膨胀15. recession - 经济衰退16. unemployment - 失业17. social security - 社会保障18. public services - 公共服务这些单词可以帮助我们更清晰地描述社会民生领域的问题和挑战，也可以用来讨论社会政策和改革。
What is Social work
What is Social work?什么是社会工作？Social work is the professional activity of help individuals, groups, or communities enhance or restore their capacity for social functioning and creating societal conditions favorable to this goal. Social work practice consists of the professional application of social work values, principles, and techniques to one or more of the following ends: Helping people obtain tangible services, Providing counseling and psychotherapy with individuals, families and groups, Helping communities or groups provide or improve social and health services, participating in relevant legislative processes.What is social welfare?什么是社会福利？Social welfare is a nation's system of programs, benefits, and services that help people meet those social, economic, educational, and health needs that are fundamental to the maintenance of society.Modern Social Work Theory现代社会工作理论1. Crisis Intervention：Naomi Golan危机干预2. Role Theory角色理论3. Humanist---- Humanistic groupworks人本主义4.Empowerment赋权理论The Phases Of Social Work Practice 社会工作实务的开展The phases of social work practice are:(1)preparing,(2)beginning,(3)exploring,(4)assessing,(5)contracting,(6)working ,(7)endingThe Social Work skills社会工作技巧SELF-AWARENESS AND SELF-UNDERSTANDING自我意识和自我了解VOICE AND SPEECH声音和讲话BODY LANGUAGE肢体语言。
社会福利金Social Welfare
社会福利金SocialWelfare没有收入，而且银行存款在1000元以下的每个人都能申请到这笔钱，单身人士可获每月500至700加元，三口之家可有1100至1300加元左右。
但请注意，新移民通常在头6个月内是不能领这笔钱的，因为理论上，各位来都要带一笔钱，而且这笔钱能维持6个月的生活失业金EmploymentInsurance（EI）如果加拿大居民（绿卡或者公民）在一年中连续工作了半年，因为失业、患病、生孩子或领养孩子而不能继续工作，通过全国性的就业保险计划便能获得此项临时收入。
现行政策规定，在过去一年中连续工作910小时，失业了即可领到这笔钱，通常是你原月薪的56%，可连续拿十个月。
申请补助须到加拿大**就业中心，也就是办理社会保险卡（SINCARD）的地方。
注意有几种情况你将拿不到失业金，一是由于你犯严重错误而被老板开除，二是由于你自动辞职。
医疗保健福利HealthcarePlan每年拨款约48亿加元于医疗保健福利上，平均每名加拿大人分享。
各省都提供价廉且优质的保健计划（曼省免费参加）。
除牙科和眼科外，病人看医生，不须支付诊金、化验费、住院和手术等费用，只须支付处方类药费。
如果你的家庭医生认为你需要住院，甚至手术，不论手术大小，一切费用全部由医疗保险计划负责。
在住院期间，病人的伙食、药费等都不用自己支付分文。
65岁以上的老人和领取社会救济的人，其处方药大部分为免费提供。
假期VocationOpportunity*加拿大**规定：全职雇员在工作一年后可获每年两周（十个工作日）有薪假期；连续工作五年后，可获每年三周有薪假期。
假期不得以薪金替代。
雇员不得因为怀孕而遭解雇。
此外，还可获得无薪产假，继续保有其退休金或医疗计划，并于产假结束后返回原工作岗位。
产假中，产妇可申请就业保险EI。
养老金（OAS）*加拿大人不论其资产或收入，均可获得高龄保障退休金。
OAS无须供款。
由于领取资格视乎若干居留年数规定，因此新移民并不能享有全数退休金。
英语作文社会福利
英语作文社会福利Social welfare is an important aspect of any modern society. It provides support and assistance to those in need, including the elderly, the disabled, and low-income families. Social welfare programs help to ensure that everyone has access to basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare.Many people rely on social welfare programs to make ends meet. For example, the elderly may receive assistance with medical expenses and home care services. Disabled individuals may receive financial support and access to specialized equipment. Low-income families may receive food stamps and housing assistance.Social welfare programs also play a crucial role in promoting equality and reducing poverty. By providing assistance to those in need, these programs help to level the playing field and ensure that everyone has the opportunity to lead a decent and fulfilling life. This canhave a positive impact on society as a whole, leading to greater social cohesion and stability.In addition to providing direct assistance to individuals, social welfare programs also contribute to the overall economy. By helping people meet their basic needs, these programs can reduce the strain on public services and healthcare systems. This can ultimately lead to cost savings for the government and taxpayers.However, social welfare programs are not without their challenges. Funding for these programs can be a contentious issue, with some arguing that they place an undue burden on taxpayers. There are also concerns about fraud and abuse within the system, as well as the potential for dependency on government assistance.Despite these challenges, social welfare programs remain a vital part of any society. They provide a safety net for those in need and help to promote a more just and equitable society. By continuing to support and invest inthese programs, we can work towards creating a society where everyone has the opportunity to thrive.。
社会福利 英语作文
社会福利英语作文Social welfare is an important aspect of modern society. It is designed to provide support and assistance to thosein need, including the elderly, disabled, and low-income individuals. This can come in the form of financial aid, healthcare benefits, and social services.Many people rely on social welfare programs to makeends meet and access necessary resources. Without these programs, they would struggle to afford basic necessities such as food, shelter, and medical care. Social welfare helps to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor, ensuring that everyone has access to the support they needto live a decent life.However, social welfare programs are often a topic of debate and controversy. Some argue that they create aculture of dependency, discouraging individuals fromseeking employment and becoming self-sufficient. Others believe that social welfare is necessary to provide asafety net for those who are unable to support themselves due to circumstances beyond their control.In recent years, there has been a growing push for welfare reform, with the aim of making programs more efficient and effective. This includes efforts to reduce fraud and abuse, streamline the application process, and encourage recipients to pursue education and employment opportunities.Despite the challenges and criticisms, social welfare remains a vital part of our society. It reflects our collective commitment to caring for the most vulnerable members of our community and ensuring that everyone has the opportunity to lead a dignified and fulfilling life. As we continue to navigate the complexities of social welfare, it is important to remember the profound impact it has on the lives of millions of people.。
社会福利英语作文
社会福利英语作文英文回答：Social welfare, or social protection, refers to a range of policies and programs designed to reduce poverty,protect vulnerable groups of society, and promote the well-being of all. It encompasses a wide spectrum of measures, including social insurance, social assistance, health care, education, housing, and labor market interventions.The primary goal of social welfare is to ensure thatall members of society have access to basic necessities and a reasonable standard of living. This includes providing financial support to those in need, protecting the elderly and disabled, and investing in education and healthcare to improve the overall health and well-being of the population.Social welfare programs can be funded through various means, such as taxation, government spending, and private contributions. The design and implementation of specificprograms vary significantly from country to country, reflecting diverse social, economic, and political contexts.中文回答：社会福利是指一系列旨在减少贫困、保护社会弱势群体和促进所有人福祉的政策和计划。
社会福利英语作文
社会福利英语作文Social Welfare。
Social welfare is a term used to describe a range of services and programs designed to help people who are in need. These services may include healthcare, housing, education, and financial assistance. The goal of social welfare is to provide a safety net for those who are unable to support themselves or their families.In many countries, social welfare is funded by the government. This funding comes from taxes paid by individuals and businesses. The government then uses this money to provide services and programs to those in need. Some countries also have non-governmental organizations (NGOs) that provide social welfare services.One of the most important social welfare programs is healthcare. In many countries, healthcare is provided by the government through a national health service. Thisservice provides free or low-cost healthcare to all citizens. This is important because healthcare can be very expensive, and many people cannot afford to pay for it on their own.Another important social welfare program is housing. In many countries, the government provides housing assistance to those who cannot afford to buy or rent a home. This may include subsidized housing or rent assistance. This is important because housing is a basic need, and without it, people may become homeless.Education is also an important social welfare program. In many countries, education is provided by the government through public schools. This provides access to education for all children, regardless of their family's income. This is important because education is essential for success in life.Financial assistance is another important social welfare program. This may include unemployment benefits, disability benefits, or food stamps. These programs provideassistance to those who are unable to support themselves due to unemployment, illness, or other factors.In conclusion, social welfare is an important aspect of modern society. It provides a safety net for those in need and helps to ensure that everyone has access to basic necessities such as healthcare, housing, education, and financial assistance. While social welfare programs may be expensive, they are essential for creating a fair and just society.。
社会福利的英语作文
社会福利的英语作文Social welfare is an important aspect of any modern society. It is the responsibility of the government to ensure that all citizens have access to basic necessities such as food, shelter, and healthcare. Without social welfare programs, many people would be left without the means to survive.One of the most important social welfare programs is the provision of healthcare. Access to affordable healthcare is essential for maintaining the well-being of the population. Without it, many people would be unable to receive the medical treatment they need, leading to unnecessary suffering and even death.Another crucial aspect of social welfare is the provision of financial assistance to those in need. This can take the form of unemployment benefits, disability payments, or welfare support for low-income families. Without this assistance, many people would be unable tosupport themselves or their families, leading to widespread poverty and hardship.In addition to healthcare and financial assistance, social welfare programs also include support for theelderly and disabled. This can take the form of retirement benefits, disability accommodations, and in-home care services. Without these programs, many vulnerable individuals would be left without the support they need to live with dignity and independence.Overall, social welfare programs play a crucial role in ensuring the well-being of all members of society. They provide essential support to those in need and help to create a more equitable and compassionate community. It is important for governments to continue investing in social welfare programs to ensure that no one is left behind.。
中考英语社会福利的公平性保障单选题40题
中考英语社会福利的公平性保障单选题40题1.There are different types of social welfare, such as medical care, education support and housing assistance. “medical care” in this sentence refers to _____.A.health servicescational resourcesC.housing facilitiesD.financial aid答案：A。
“medical care”意为医疗保健，即“health services”健康服务；B 选项“educational resources”是教育资源；C 选项“housing facilities”是住房设施；D 选项“financial aid”是财政援助。
2.Social welfare includes unemployment benefits, pension plans and child care services. “pension plans” are mainly for _____.A.the elderlyB.the unemployedC.childrenD.students答案：A。
“pension plans”养老金计划主要是为老年人“the elderly”准备的；B 选项“the unemployed”是失业者；C 选项“children”是儿童；D 选项“students”是学生。
3.One aspect of social welfare fairness is ensuring equal access to food stamps and housing vouchers. “housing vouchers” can be used toobtain _____.A.food itemsB.housing accommodationscational materialsD.health products答案：B。
中考英语社会福利的资源分配问题单选题40题
中考英语社会福利的资源分配问题单选题40题1.In a country with good social welfare,__________ is provided to those in need.A.assistanceB.advantageC.achievementD.agreement答案：A。
本题考查名词辨析。
“assistance”意为“帮助、援助”，在一个有良好社会福利的国家，会给有需要的人提供帮助。
“advantage”是“优势”；“achievement”是“成就”；“agreement”是“协议”，都不符合语境。
涉及的语法规则：名词在句子中作主语。
2.The government aims to ensure fair__________ of social welfare resources.A.distributionB.discussionC.discoveryD.decision答案：A。
“distribution”意为“分配”，政府的目标是确保社会福利资源的公平分配。
“discussion”是“讨论”；“discovery”是“发现”；“decision”是“决定”，都不符合题意。
涉及的语法规则：名词在句子中作宾语。
3.Social welfare programs provide__________ to the elderly anddisabled.A.attentionB.associationC.allowanceD.announcement答案：C。
“allowance”有“津贴、补助”之意，社会福利项目为老年人和残疾人提供津贴。
“attention”是“注意”；“association”是“协会”；“announcement”是“公告”，不符合语境。
涉及的语法规则：名词在句子中作宾语。
4.One of the important aspects of social welfare is the proper__________ of medical resources.A.allocationB.announcementC.attractionD.appointment答案：A。
社会福利的英文作文
社会福利的英文作文英文，Social welfare is a crucial aspect of any society, aiming to provide assistance and support to those in need.It encompasses various programs and services designed to promote the well-being of individuals and families, particularly those facing economic hardships or other challenges. In many countries, including my own, social welfare programs play a vital role in ensuring that basic needs are met and that people have access to essential services such as healthcare, education, and housing.One of the most significant benefits of social welfareis its ability to reduce poverty and inequality. Byproviding financial aid, food assistance, and other formsof support to low-income individuals and families, these programs help alleviate the immediate effects of povertyand create pathways to long-term economic stability. For example, in the United States, programs like Medicaid and the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP) have lifted millions of people out of poverty and prevented evenmore from falling into it.Moreover, social welfare programs contribute to social cohesion by fostering a sense of solidarity and mutual support within communities. When people know that they can rely on a safety net provided by the government or other organizations during times of need, they are more likely to feel secure and connected to their fellow citizens. This sense of solidarity is essential for maintaining a stable and harmonious society, as it helps reduce social tensions and promote a sense of shared responsibility for the well-being of all members of society.However, social welfare programs are not without their challenges and criticisms. One common concern is the issue of dependency, where individuals become reliant on government assistance and lose motivation to work or improve their circumstances. While this is a valid concern, it is essential to recognize that most people who rely on social welfare do so out of necessity rather than choice. For example, a single parent struggling to make ends meet while working multiple jobs may need assistance to affordchildcare or healthcare for their children.中文，社会福利是任何社会的重要组成部分，旨在为有需要的人提供帮助和支持。
发展社会事业 英语
发展社会事业英语以下是关于"发展社会事业"的10个英语短语及造句：1. Promote social welfare. 推进社会福利事业发展。
例句：Our government has been making efforts to promote social welfare and improve the lives of the citizens.2. Enhance social equality. 提高社会平等水平。
例句：To enhance social equality, we need to eliminate discrimination and ensure equal opportunities for all.3. Develop public services. 发展公共服务事业。
例句：The government is planning to invest more resources in developing public services such as healthcare and education.4. Improve social security. 改善社会保障体系。
例句：The new policy aims to improve social security and provide a safety net for people in need.5. Expand social insurance. 扩大社会保险覆盖范围。
例句：The government is working on expanding social insurance programs to provide better protection for the population.6. Strengthen social support. 加强社会救助力度。
例句：We need to strengthen social support systems to provide assistance for people facing difficulties.7. Invest in social infrastructure. 投资社会基础设施建设。
社会福利专业词汇social_welfare_terminology
Social Welfare Terminology社会福利词汇Social Security Payments社会福利补助金Abstudy土著人助学金the Age Pension养老金，老年抚恤金Bereavement Allowance丧偶短期津贴Carer Allowance照顾者津贴Carer Payment照顾者收入补贴Child Care Benefit托儿福利金Dependent’sAllowance受抚养人津贴Disability Pension残疾军人抚恤金Disability Support Pension残疾人福利金Double Orphan Pension父母双亡儿童抚养津贴Domiciliarynursingcarebenefit住家护理福利金Education Maintenance Allowance教育维持津贴Family Allowance家庭津贴Family Tax Benefit家庭税补助金Family Tax Benefit A家庭税补助金A项Family Tax Benefit B家庭税补助金B项Fares Allowance交通津贴Funeral Benefit丧葬抚恤金Handicapped Child’sAllowance残疾儿童津贴Living-away-from-home Allowance离家津贴Mature Age Allowance成年津贴Mature Age Partner Allowance成人配偶津贴Maternity Allowance产假津贴Mobility Allowance行动不便者津贴Mother’s/Guardian’sAllowance母亲/监护人津贴Multiple Births Allowance多胎生育津贴New start Allowance新开始津贴(一种失业津贴) Nursing Home Benefit护理院补贴Parenting Payment子女抚养补助金Partner Allowance配偶津贴Pharmaceutical Allowance药品津贴Rehabilitation Allowance康复津贴Rent assistance房租补贴Sickness Benefit疾病补贴Special Benefit特许福利金Supplementary Assistance额外补助Tuberculosis Allowance肺结核津贴Unemployment Benefit失业福利金/救济金War Pension退伍军人津贴/战争津贴Widow’sAllowance孀妇补助金Widow’sPension孀妇津贴Youth allowance青少年津贴Fringe Benefits & Other Services员工福利及其他服务a charity (group)慈善团体CommonwealthSeniorsHealthCard联邦老年保健卡a concession优惠free pharmaceuticals免费药物a health benefit card健康保健优惠卡a Health Care Card保健卡home help service家务协助服务income support收入补助meals-on-wheels上门送餐服务a Medicare card保健医疗卡Pensioner Concession Card (PCC)福利金领取者优惠卡a Senior’s card老年公民卡a telephone rental reduction电话租金优惠Government & Other Services政府及其他服务aged care assessment service老年照顾评估服务an aged people’s home养老院approved child care核准的托儿服务bulk billing全额报销收费a child care centre托儿中心a child minding service托儿服务counseling services咨询服务domiciliary services for the aged老人住家服务day care日托a drop-in centre（青少年）活动中心emergency call systems紧急呼叫系统emergency relief紧急救援funeral assistance丧葬协助mail re-direction邮件改寄服务marriage guidance婚姻指导a nursing home 养老院an opportunity shop,an “op-shop”二手货店rehabilitation services康复服务sheltered employment残疾人就业a sheltered workshop残疾人工厂subsidized housing福利房，救济房a support group支援团体a welfare agency社会福利机构awomen’s refuge妇女避难所Government & Other Agencies政府及其他机1构AdministrativeAppealsTribunal(AAT)行政上诉仲裁庭Alcoholics Anonymous戒酒者协会the Alzheimer’sAssociation老年痴呆症协会the Brotherhood of St Lawrence圣劳伦斯兄弟会Centrelink政府服务中心CentrelinkMulticulturalServices政府多元文化服务处the Child Support Agency子女抚养费代理机构the Commonwealth Ombudsman联邦行政调查专员署a Community Health Centre社区保健中心a Community Legal Centre社区法律中心complaints liaison officer投诉联络员the Council of the Ageing老龄化问题理事会the Department of Social Security社会福利部the Ethnic Communities Council民族社区理事会theFamilyAssistanceOffice-FAO家庭援助办事处gamblers Anonymous戒赌者互助会the Health Services Commissioner保健服务专员the Home Tutor Scheme上门辅导计划the Intellectual Disability Review Panel智障审查小组Legal Aid法律援助Lifeline生命热线Migrant Resource Centre移民信息中心Ministry of Community Welfare Services社区福利服务部NOOSR-theNationalOfficeofOverseasSkills Recognition海外技能评估识别办公室the Ombudsman调查专员a rape crisis centre强暴危机(求助)中心the Salvation Army救世军(慈善组织)a Senior Citizenship Club老年俱乐部Social Security Appeals Tribunal社会保障上诉仲裁庭Suicide Helpline自杀求助热线Peoplean appellant上诉人a beneficiary受益人a bi-lingual worker双语工作者the birth father生父the birth mother生母a blended family混合家庭a boarder寄宿者A broken home破碎(离异)家庭the custodial parent有监护权的家长a carer 照顾者a close relative，a near relative近亲a custodian监护人a de facto事实婚姻(同居关系)a de facto husband事实上的丈夫a de facto couple事实上的夫妻a de facto spouse事实上的配偶be in a de facto relationship 处于事实婚姻关系a dependent受抚养人a dependent child受抚养子女a dependent spouse需照料的配偶a deserted wife被丈夫遗弃的妻子a disadvantaged group贫困群体a field assessor现场评估员a field officer现场工作人员the hearing impaired听障人士homeless people无家可归的人a guardian监护人a homeowner屋主，房主a low income earner低收入者a marriage guidance counselor婚姻辅导员a member of staff职员your next-of-kin最近亲属the non-custodial parent非监护方家长a nominee受委托人a partner配偶partnered parents有配偶的父母a pensioner津贴领取者people with disabilities残疾人a quadriplegic四肢瘫痪者arecipient of…… …的接受者a relinquishing mother放弃养育子女权利的母亲a review officer复审员a school leaver中学毕业生a separated husband已跟妻子分居的丈夫the sight impaired视障人士a sole parent单身父亲/母亲A social welfare officer社会福利官员the socially disadvantaged下层社会的人a stepfather继父(be made) a ward of the state (经法院决定)指定监护人the unemployed失业者an unmarried mother未婚母亲2a widow寡妇a widower鳏夫AdministrativeAspects,Documents,Procedures etcan allowance津贴an appeal, appeal, lodge an appeal提出上诉approval, get approval, obtain approval获得批准an asset, assets资产an asset test资产评估the basic rate基本/最低费用a benefit福利a certified copy公证本Baptism certificate领洗证明a change of circumstances处境变化child maintenance/child support子女抚养a claim申请a claim form认领表，申请表compensation补偿金a concession for pensioners给领福利金者的优惠confidentiality, confidential机密性，保密的the cost of living生活开支、生活费data matching数据匹配the date of claim申领日the date of grant批准日the date of lodgment申请递交日期a direct deduction直接扣除documentary evidence文件证明each subsequent child每一位随后的子女eligibility资格be eligible合格的be eligible for﹢nounbe eligible to﹢verb符合……的条件be entitled to有权得到an entitlement应得金额an entitlement to得到……的权利an exemption (from)免除……failure to notify of a change ofcircumstances没有通知处境变化false or misleading information错误或误导信息a file number档案号financial hardship经济困难a fortnight , fortnightly每两周a free call免费电话a fringe benefit员工福利，额外福利a gross income税前总收入agroupcertificate/paymentsummary集体收入证明identification身份income disqualifying limit超过规定收入an income level收入水平income support收入补助an income statement收入证明an income test收入评估an incorrect payment错领福利金额an injunction禁制令an interim order临时指令an intervention order干预令an interview面试、面谈、采访a Justice of the Peace, a JP太平绅士a low income低收入a lump sum payment一次性付款maintenance, a maintenance payment抚养费a means test/an assets and income test资产及收入评估a medical certificate医生证明the minimum rate最低金额a mutual obligation共同责任计划an overpayment超付金额a part payment部分付款a part pension部分抚恤金partnered rate伴侣津贴pay maintenance支付抚养费PensionerConcessionCard-PCC养老金领取者优惠卡Pensioner Health Benefit Card养老金领取者保健优惠卡a permanent disability永久性残疾personal details个人资料a power of attorney授权书，委托书a rebate on property rates房地产市政税退款a referral转介，介绍a regulation规则，规定repay偿还residential status居住状况a review复审school leaving age可离校就业的法定年龄sign an agreement签协议a standard of living生活标准、生活水平a statutory declaration, a stat dec法定声明stop your payment终止付款be subject to受……支配take legal action采取法律行动a tax assessment notice税额评估通知3valid for six months有效期六个月verifiable documentation可核实文件worker’s compensation工伤赔偿Social Welfare社会福利access to children探视子女权adoption领养a behavior problem行为不端bereavement丧亲board膳食费board and lodgings食宿child abuse虐待儿童counseling and guidance咨询与辅导desertion遗弃detain, hold in custody拘留，拘禁a detention centre拘留中心a detention facility拘留所a divorce离婚a domestic argument家庭矛盾domestic violence家庭暴力emergency help紧急援助a family crisis家庭危机foster care寄养jail, prison监狱a helpline帮助热线home visits家访imprisonment关押，监禁be in jail, be in prison坐牢incest乱伦institutionalize收容进医院、教养所、养老院、孤儿院the Children’sCourt儿童法庭the Juvenile Court青少年法庭juvenile crime青少年犯罪a juvenile offender少年犯a marriage breakdown婚姻破裂a neglected child缺乏照顾的儿童a nursing home疗养院old age晚年a refuge避难所respite care暂息照顾a Restraining Order限制令a retirement village退休村a retirement home养老院a separation分居separated under one roof同室分居a social background report社会背景报告a support group支持小组supported accommodation带服务的住宿a welfare payment福利金wife bashing殴打妻子work release监外工作Employment就业the ACTU-the Australian Council of Trade Unions澳大利亚工会理事会annual leave年假an annual salary年薪apply for a job申请工作，求职an apprenticeship学徒arbitration仲裁an award, industrial award工资裁定协议a“blue collar”蓝领bridging training过渡/衔接培训a casual employee临时工casual work临时工，散工actualizationoftheworkforce劳动力转雇佣临时工制a closed shop只雇佣某一工会会员的工厂或商店collectivebargainin由工会代表受雇方集体的劳资谈判“compo” (澳口)工伤赔偿金conciliation调解a contract of employment雇佣合同a curriculum vitae, a CV履历，简历day shift日班a demarcation dispute分工纠纷disadvantage不利条件discrimination歧视dismissal解雇，免职the dole失业福利金，失业金early shift早班an employment agency就业服务机构equal employment opportunity平等的就业机会flexible working hours, “flexi time”弹性上班制full-time work，full-time employment全日制工作give notice通知industrial action行业行动an industrial award工资裁定协议an industrial dispute劳资纠纷industrial safety工业安全an injury受伤the job market就业市场job prospects工作前景4a job seeker寻工者job sharing工作分工a job vacancy职位空缺the labor market劳工市场laid off=stood down解雇a leave loading= a leave bonus年假奖金，休假附加薪酬a loading附加薪酬leave entitlement /leave pay休假薪酬long service leave长期服务休假maternity leave产假misconduct渎职net income净收入night shift夜班notice of dismissal解雇通知an occupation职业do odd jobs打零工off-the-job training脱产培训on-the-job training在职培训outsourcing外购outworker外包工overtime加班，加班费part-time work非全日制工作paternity leave育婴假a pay advice，a pay slip工资单penalty rates双倍（多倍）加班费permanent work固定工作personnel人员，人事a picket line罢工纠察线，警戒线pro rate按比例paid on a pro rate basis按比例支付productivity生产力a professional association, a professional body行业协会protective clothing防护服，安全罩a public holiday公共假日recognitionofoverseasqualifications海外资格认定quit辞职redundancy pay裁员费be made redundant被裁人员redundant labor过剩劳动力retrench裁减员工人数do seasonal work干季节性工作semi-skilled半熟练的semi-skilled work半技术性工作severance pay遣散费do shift work轮班工作a shop steward工会管事sick leave病假be on sick leave, take a “sickie”休病假a sickness payment病假津贴sign a workplace agreement签署工作场所协议skilled labor熟练技术工人staff全体职员a superannuation fund, a pension fund退休公积金a supervisor主管upgrade skills提高技能a trade技工工种learn a trade, acquire a trade, get a trade= do anapprenticeship获得某种技工的资格a union =a trade union工会a training option培训方案unskilled work低技术性工作a work related disability因公致残Centrelink Termsan access point咨询处actively look for job主动寻工an activity agreement寻工协议activity test寻工活动评估activity test requirements寻工活动评估要求an advance payment预支款项approved voluntary work获批准的志愿工作business plan development商业计划发展business skills商务技能case management个案管理career counseling职业辅导aCentrelinkCustomerServiceOffice顾客服务处a Centrelink home visit家访Centrelink Reference Number（CRN）客户参考号码community Support Program社区支援计划the employment market就业市场Employment National全国就业咨询服务an employment separation certificate离职证明fast access快速访问，快速存取fill out a job application填写求职申请fit for work身体状况适合工作gainful employment有收入工作Green Corps绿色计划Incapacity to work丧失工作能力5an identification card身份证Intensive Assistance强化援助计划a Job Club求职俱乐部a job history就业历史，工作简历Job Matching职业匹配Job Network就业网络Job Network Access使用就业网络job search activities寻工活动job search facilities寻工服务设施job search allowance寻工津贴job search training寻工技巧培训JPETprogram(Jobs,Placement,Education& Training)岗位、就业、教育与培训项目job skills职业技术jobseeker寻工者Literacy&NumeracyTraining读写和算术技能培训market research市场调研mentor support导师支持mutual obligation共同责任计划NEIS- New Enterprise Incentive Scheme新商业奖励计划not-for-profitcommunityorganization非盈利社区组织a pamphlet小册子a professional assessment专业评估recruit招聘,雇佣resume writing准备履历SED-SelfEmploymentDevelopment自雇人士发展计划self help facilities寻工设施自助服务suitable paid work适合的有偿工作a touch screen触摸屏a traineeship受训transfer to a different job调动工作an underpayment低于应付数额understate your income虚报收入volunteer insurance义工保险volunteer work志愿者工作work for the dole (寻工者)以劳动换福利Youth Service Unit青年服务组6。
Social-Welfare
➢ Speenhamland system (1795) help workers below minimum standard of living ➢ Poor Law Amendment of 1834
Social Welfare
What is poverty?
Absolute Poverty “What income is required by families of different sizes to provide the minimum of food, clothing (second-hand) and shelter needed for the maintenance of merely physical health”.
Standardizing the system of poor relief throughout Britain
➢ During the first half of the 20th, social welfare services and the social security schemes established. Founding of Modern Welfare
possible. (Asa Briggs)
Collective responsibility and individual responsibility
Who should pay for the system and who should benefit from it?
大学精品课件：social welfare
China’s Social WelfareThe Chinese government actively promotes the development of social welfare, raising funds through various channels to provide social welfare benefits for the elderly, orphans and the disabled.Social Welfare for the ElderlyI n accordance with the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Elderly People’s Rights and Interests,” the state and the society have adopted measures to improve conditions for such people’s livelihood, health and participation in social development. Governments at all levels include services for elderly people in their socio-economic development plans, gradually increase investments in services for elderly people, and encourage investment from all sectors of society, so as to enable such services to grow in coordination with socio-economic development. In recent years, thanks to the promotion of the socialization of social welfare undertakings, a social service system for elderly people has gradually taken shape, with state- and collective-run social welfare organizations for elderly people as the backbone, those sponsored by various social sectors as a new growth point, community welfare services for elderly people as support, and services for elderly people living at home as the basis. Today, there are 38,000 social welfare organizations of various kinds for elderly people, with 1.129 million beds, or 8.4 beds for every 1,000 people over the age of 60. In 2001, the state introduced the “Starlight Plan –National Community Welfare Service for Elderly People.” By June 2004, a total of 32,000 Starlight Homes for Elderly People had been built or rebuilt in urban and rural areas all over China, with a total investment of 13.49 billion yuan.Social Welfare for ChildrenAccording to relevant laws and regulations, such as the “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Minors” and the “Education Law of the People’s Republic of China,” the state provides comprehensive welfare for children, including education and planned immunization, and takes special care to ensure the livelihood, recovery and education of children with special difficulties, such as disabled children, orphans and abandoned babies, by providing welfare projects, facilities and services. Today, China has 192 special welfare institutions for children and 600 comprehensive welfare institutions with a children’s department, accommodating a total of 54,000 orphans and disabled children. There are also nearly 10,000 community services around China for orphans and disabled people, such as rehabilitation centers and training classes for mentally retarded children.The Chinese government has decided that, starting from 2004, it is going to carry out the “Tomorrow Plan –Operations and Rehabilitation for Disabled Orphans.” The plan will cover a three-year period and involve 600 million yuan in fund. Under the plan, each year 10,000 disabled orphans will receive operations and rehabilitation services. The aim is that by 2006 all the disabled orphans with surgical operation indications in all the social welfare institutions around China will have received effective operations and rehabilitation services.Social Welfare for Disabled PeopleThe “Law of the People’s Republic of China on the Protection of Disabled People” prom ulgated by the state provides legal guarantees for disabled people’s rehabilitation, (康复) education, employment, cultural life and social welfare. The government helps disabled people to get employment by running welfare enterprises, providing employment opportunities in a certain proportion, and supporting the self-employment of disabled people. Special care for disabled people is provided through such welfare measures as temporary aid, concentrated support and the running of accommodation institutions for disabled people. By the end of 2003, a total of over 4.03 million disabled people in urban areas around China were in employment, and 16.85 million disabled people in rural areas were engaged in productive labor;2.59 million impoverished （穷困的）disabled people enjoyed guarantees for their livelihood; 442,000 disabled people enjoyed concentrated support and the “five guarantees” (of food, clothing, medicare, housing and burial expenses) in various welfare institutions and homes for the aged; 2.46 million disabled people were receiving temporary aid, regular allowances and special allowances; and over 7.01 million impoverished disabled people were receiving assistance to solve their problem of basic food and clothing. In 2003, governments at all levels earmarked 1.5 billion yuan for services for the disabled, and raised nearly 100 million yuan for social welfare funds.German’s Social WelfareTHE DEVELOPMENT OF SOCIAL POLICY in Germany has followed a unique historical path. During a long process of growth and social experimentation, Germany combined a vigorous and highly competitive capitalist economy with a social welfare system that, with some exceptions, has provided its citizens cradle-to-grave security. The system's benefits are so extensive that by the 1990s annual total spending by the state, employers, and private households on health care, pensions, and other aspects of what Germans call the social safety net amounted to roughly DM1 trillion (for value of the deutsche mark--see Glossary) and accounted for about one-third of the country's gross national product (GNP--see Glossary). Unlike many of the world's advanced countries, however, Germany does not provide its citizens with health care, pensions, and other social welfare benefits through a centralized state-run system. Rather, it provides these benefits via a complex network of national agencies and a large number of independent regional and local entities--some public, some quasi-public, and many private and voluntary. Many of these structures date from the nineteenth century, and some from much earlier.The legislation that established the basis of this system dates from the 1880s and was passed by imperial Germany's parliament, the Reichstag, with the dual purpose of helping German workers meet life's vicissitudes （兴衰，浮沉）and thereby making them less susceptible （易受影响的）to socialism. This legislation set the main principles that have guided the development of social policy in Germany to the present day: membership in insurance programs is mandated by law; the administration of these programs is delegated （委派，放权）to nonstate bodies withrepresentatives of the insured and employers; entitlement to benefits is linked to past contributions rather than need; benefits and contributions are related to earnings; and financing is secured through wage taxes levied on （征收）the employer and the employee and, depending on the program, sometimes through additional state financing.These insurance programs were developed from the bottom up. They first covered elements of the working class and then extended coverage to ever broader segments of the population and incorporated additional risks. Over time, these programs came to provide a wide net of entitlements to those individuals having a steady work history.By international standards, the German welfare system is comprehensive and generous. However, not everyone benefits equally. In the mid-1990s, the so-called safety net was deficient for the lower-income strata and the unemployed. It was also inadequate for persons needing what Germans term "social aid," that is, assistance in times of hardship. In 1994, for example, 4.6 million persons needed social aid, a 100 percent increase since the 1980s. Germans who had been citizens of the former German Democratic Republic (GDR, or East Germany), which became part of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, or West Germany) in 1990, tend to be overrepresented in each of these groups.Women are more at a disadvantage than any other social group. This fact stems from the bias of German social insurance programs in favor of a male breadwinner model; most women receive social and health protection by virtue of their dependent status as spouse. Hence, despite the existence of a comprehensive interlocking social net, women face inequalities in accruing （自然增加）benefits in their own right because of periods spent rearing children or caring for an elderly parent. Divorced women also fare poorly because of the welfare system's provisions, as do widows, whose pensions are low.In addition to these problems or shortcomings, Germany's social welfare and health programs have had to contend with the unification of the former West Germany and East Germany in 1990. West Germany's approach to social insurance, health insurance, unemployment insurance (which did not exist in the former GDR), accident insurance, and social aid and assistance has been applied to East Germany. This fact has meant that the complex and heterogeneous（不同种类的）organizational and financial arrangements present in the former West Germany to deliver health and social services have had to be built up in the former East Germany, in many cases entirely from scratch.（从头开始）The need for this extension of social welfare programs follows logically from the former East Germany's transition to a free-market economy in which employment, health care, and social insurance benefits have always been highly contingent （视…而定的）upon each other. In the absence of an East German democratic tradition andattitudes supportive of the new institutions and, as well, of adequate private organizational resources and skilled manpower, Germany's attempt to integrate two entirely different systems of social protection, education, and health care purely by means of law, administrative provisions, and financial resources is bound to produce problems for years to come.In the mid-1990s, representatives of Germany's political parties, businesses, unions, and voluntary social services agencies continued to wage a vigorous debate over social policy. At issue is the role to be played by state and/or nongovernmental voluntary charitable agencies, churches, and other social service providers and how to find a politically acceptable mix of public and private institutions. Ever since the nineteenth century, especially during periods of economic and social crisis, there has been a recurrent demand to shift from insurance-based programs to a universal flat-rate and tax-financed program in order to secure a minimum income for all. However, there has never been sufficient political support for eliminating insurance-based programs. In the postwar period, business groups and the Christian Democratic Union (Christlich Demo-kratische Union--CDU), with the exception of the left wing within the CDU, tended to support the continued segmentation of the labor force into separate insurance-based programs for various occupational groups. In contrast, the labor unions and the Social Democratic Party of Germany (Sozialdemo-kratische Partei Deutschlands--SPD) tended to support unitary programs for the entire labor force.The great costs of unification have raised the possibility of ending the steady expansion of social welfare programs that had been going on for more than a century. The current conservative governing coalition （合并）has proposed reductions in benefits to finance unification. Other factors such as the increasingly competitive global economy and structural changes in the labor market have also raised questions about the continued affordability of German social policy. As a result, the government is increasingly listening to employers who insist that their share of employee benefit payments be reduced in order that German business remain competitive in a global economy.The integration of the two entirely different education systems that emerged after the 1945 division of the country has also raised many controversial issues. No consensus （一致通过）has emerged on whether Germany should adopt the unified school system found in the former East Germany or the heterogeneous three-tiered system of the former West Germany. Nor is there consensus on whether to increase the number of school years by one year for students in eastern Germany or to reduce the thirteen years of schooling in western Germany to twelve years. A greater uniformity within the country's education system is also needed because the plethora （过多，和plenty 联想记忆）of school tracks and the diversity of curricula and qualifying examinations might indeed endanger the mobility of students and teachers within Germany and within Europe in general.美国社会福利制度美国现行的社会安全制度包括：年老(退休)保险(OLD AGE INSURANCE)、医疗保险(MEDICAL INSURANCE)、残疾保险(DISABILITY INSURANCE、遗族（即死者家属）保险(SURVIVORS INSURANCE)、失业救济(UNEMPLOYMENT COMPENSATION)和公共救济与福利(PUBLIC ASSISTANCE AND WELFARE)六个主要项目，这些救济经费的来源主要是民众的捐税。
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The American Government provides the workers with a lot of budget which is used to provide employment and training service. What’s more, it is used as compensation to the unemployed people.
Generally speaking, all the states and federal governments work together to help the poor families especially those who have school-aged children. Furthermore, they set up all kinds of organizations for the old and the patients, and special schools for physically or mentally disabled children.
The current measure of welfare can date back to the social security act of 1935 and the amendments later. Today, this bill has applied to every citizen of America. Social Security number(社会安全号码)has become one of the most important ID cards.
The current Social Security System includes:
A: Old age insurance(年老保险/退休保险)
When people aged 65who has retired formally from his/her company who has attended the Social Security System can get the whole annuities. If he/she retires just aging 62, he/she can get just 80% of the annuities. What’s more, when the insured is dead, his /her survivor can get the annuity
which depends, of course.
B: Medical insurance(医疗保险)
You can live in hospital (or convalescent home), without any fees within 90 days except the convalescent fees if you have insured the medical insurance. It has a privilege for the old citizens (over 65) who just need to pay a little rate for the insurance. Moreover, there’s another measure took by the Federal Government and the State Government except Arizona which is to pay all the
f ees for the people who can’t afford it.
C: Disability insurance(残疾保险)
Workers can get the same pay with the retired if he/she can’t work for one year or even longer.
And if he/she is injured because of work, he/she can obtain the extra compensation whose insurance premium are paid by his/her employer. This insurance belongs to the States Government, and not within the reach of the Federal Government.
D: Survivor insurance (遗族保险)
When the worker passes away, the survivor can get the pension monthly which depends on the salary the worker got previously, and also on the number and age of his/her children.
E: Unemployment compensation(失业救济)
The unemployed can get compensation weekly before he/she finds a new job. It shouldn’t be over 39 weeks in principle. This measure is conduct by the State Government in terms of the Federal Government’s requirements. The amount of the compensation is different between States. Generally speaking, it won’t be over $100 a week.
F: Pubic assistance and welfare(公共救济)
Social Security Act allows the Federal Government to assist every State Government to care for the needy especially the poor family who has school age children. Meanwhile, the State Government must provide compensation for the patients who can’t afford the fees.
All the funds are come from the taxes of the public. Social Security Tax is paid by both employee and employer. The money is collected by the government using to set up all kinds of charities and funds.。