Chapter 5 Ecosysytem Ecology

Fundamentals of Ecology 2005
1.The Scope of Ecology 2.The Ecosystem 3.Energy in Ecological systems 4.Biogeochemical Cycles 5.Limiting and Regulatory Factors 6.Population Ecology

Ecological Efficiencies(生态效率)

The assimilation efficiency（同化效率）

The growth efficiency（生长效率）
Ecological Efficiencies

The consumption efficiency（消费效率）

Primary Production




The Efficiency of Primary Production 1. The light use efficiency (LUE) LUE= Pg / PAR 2. The growth efficiency(GE) GE= Pn / Pg
Food Chain

Types of Food Chain 1.The grazing food chain(捕食食物链) 2.The detrital food chain(碎屑食物链) 3.The parasitic food chain(寄生食物链)
Function of Ecosystem
1. Trophic levels 2. Ecological efficiencies

Trophic levels
Trophic level is the organisms with the same way to obtain the similar food. All species in the same link of a food train are called as a trophic level.
1. 2. 3. 4.

Material Production in Ecosystem Material Cycle in Ecosystem Energy Flow in Ecosystem Information Transfer in Ecosystem
Functional Analysis of Ecosystem
The primary production is a process of autotroph (organisms) to manufactures its own food from inorganic constituents through the use of energy obtained from light (photoautotrophic) or other energy sources (chemoautotrophic).


Concepts
1. Primary production (初级生产或第一性生产) and
primary productivity(初级生产力)；

2. Secondary production (次级生产或第二性生产) and secondary productivity (次级生产力)
Primary Production


1. The General Characteristics of Structure Three subsystem:
producers, consumers, decomposers

2. The Functional Structure Food chain and food web
Secondary Prodution




Energy balance of an animal: C=A+FU A=P+R P=C–FU–R
C—consumption ，A—assimilation，FU—failed use (excretion), R—respiration, P—production；
RCHNH2COOH+H2O→RCH2OH+CO2+NH3
Decomposition of Organisms

1. Types of Organisms Soil animals and Soil microorganisms 2. Effects of Organisms Degradation of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, etc.
7.Ecosystem Development 8.Ecosystem Development ndscape Ecology 10.Regional Ecology: Major Ecosystem Types and Biomes 11.Global Ecology 12.Statistical Thinking for Students of Ecology
It is impossible to transfer heat from the low temperature objects to the high, without causing other changes, due to entropy(熵).
Components of Ecosysytem


1. The biotic components
Producers, consumers, decomposers
2. The abiotic components water, light, nutrients, gases, etc.

Structure of Ecosystem
Based on the law of energy conservation, then ΔU＝Q－A
ΔU —internal energy, Q —heat transfer from environment, A —the work of energy to environment


2. The second law of thermodynamics
Photosynthesis: Pg = Pn + R Photosynthetic Active Radiation: PAR

Primary Production



Influence Factors Light, temperature, water, CO2, soil nutrient, etc. 1. Terrestrial ecosystem Temperature is the limiting factor. 2. Aquatic ecosystem Light is the limiting factor.

Ecological Efficiencies(生态效率)
Index of energy in ecosystem 1. ingestion(摄取量, I) 2. assimilation （同化量, A） 3. respiration （呼吸量, R） 4. production （生产量, P）


Concept

A.G.Tansley（1871-1955）put forward the concept of ecosystem in 1935. E. P. Odum(1913-2002) developed the theory and practice of ecosystem.
(2) Organisms (3) Environment

Mineralisation of Organic Nitrogen
Ammonification（氨化作用） 1. Protein degradation(降解) protein amino acids


2. Deamination of amino acids

The utilization efficiency(利用效率)
Lindman Efficiency（林德曼效率）

Lindman efficiency（林德曼效率,Le）:

Lindman efficiency was called as the Law of ten percent.
Material Production in Ecosystem
Concept

The ecosystem is a stationary entity of abiotic and biotic components (Lieth,1998). E.P. Odum (1971): Living organisms and their nonliving (abiotic) environment are inseparably interrelated and interact on each other. Any unit that includes all of the organisms in a given area interacting with the physical environment so that a flow of energy leads to clearly defined trophic structure, biotic diversity, and material cycles within the system is an ecological system or ecosystem.
Chapter 5 Ecosysytem Ecology