英美文学难句解释
英美文学名词解释Z
英美文学名词解释Z英美文学名词解释1. Epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.Epic:Epic is a narrative poem on the grand scale and in majestic style concerning the exploits and adventures of a superhuman hero (or heroes) engaged in a quest or some serious endeavor. Among noted epics are Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, old English Beowulf and Milton’s Paradise Lost.史诗：讲述英雄事迹并反映出这些英雄事迹的社会价值观的长篇叙事诗。
在成为之前，很多史诗都来自于口头传统并通过歌唱和背诵流传。
2. Allegory（寓言）: The word derives from the Greek allegoria. It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose, in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative. Probably the most famous allegory in English literature is Joh n Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul’s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.3. Sonnet(十四行诗)A sonnet is a fourteen-line poem in iambic pentameter with a carefully patterned rhyme scheme.It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>S hakespeare’s so nnets are well-known. The famous poets are Shakespeare, Sidney, Daniel, Spenser and so on.4. Humanism(人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.In Greek and Roman civilization, man is the measure of all things. Contrary to the medieval philosophy, the humanists believed that it was justified to praise human nature and that human beings are glorious creatures capable of development in the direction of perfection. The world was theirs not to dislike but to question, explore and enjoy. Thus, by emphasizing the value of human beings and the important of the present life, the emphasized that man not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but have the ability to perfect themselves and create wonders.5. The angel in the house（屋中天使）The Angel in the House is a narrative poem by Coventry Patmore, first published in 1854 and expanded until 1862. Although largely ignored upon publication, it becameenormously popular during the later 19th century and its influence continued well into the twentieth. The poem was an idealized account of Patmore's courtship of his first wife, Emily, whom he believed to be the perfect woman. Angel in the house are usually immensely sympathetic, immensely charming, utterly unselfish.6. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt and evil society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies. The conflict is usually one of rebellious individuals against outworn social systems and convention. Such a hero appears first in Childe Harold’s pilgrimage and then further developed in later works such as Manfred and Don Juan.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”The Byronic hero is an idealized but flawed character exemplified in the life and writings of Lord Byron, characterized by his ex-lover Lady Caroline Lamb as being "mad, bad, and dangerous to know".[1] The Byronic hero first appears in Byron's semi-autobiographical epic narrative poem Childe Harold's Pilgrimage (1812-18).7. Gothic novel(哥特式小说)Gothic novel is a type of romance very popular late in the 18th century and at the beginning of the 19th century.2> Gothic novel emphasizes things which are grotesque, violent, mysterious, supernatural, desolate and horrifying.3> Gothic,originall y in the sense of “medi, not classical”. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, Gothic novel has exerted a great influence over the writers of the Romantic period.Gothic Fiction: Gothic Fiction means a style of writing popular in the late 18th century which produced stories set in lonely frightening places. Gothic Fiction invariably exploits ghosts and monsters and setting such as castles, dungeons and graveyards, which imparts a suitably sinister and terrifying atmosphere. The Gothic Fiction have opened up to later fictions the dark, irrational side of human nature —the savage egoism, the perverse impulses, and the nightmarish terror that lie beneath the controlled and ordered surface of the conscious mind. Gothic Fiction has exerted significant influence on the literature of later generations. The first Gothic Fiction is Horace Walpole’s The Castle of Otranto.8. Naturalism(自然主义)Naturalism is a literary movement related to and sometimes described as an extreme form of realism but which may be more appropriately considered as a parallel to philosophic Naturalism.2) as a more deliberate kind of realism Naturalism usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment. In Naturalism a more documentary-like approach is in evidence, with a great stress on how environment and heredity shape people. 3) As a literary movement, Naturalism was initiated in France. 4) Naturalist fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations into unexplored concerns of modern society. One of those significant works of naturalism is Theodore Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.9. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and hisElegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.10. Metaphysical poets(玄学派诗人）It is the name given to a diverse group of 17th century English poets whose work is notable for its ingenious use of intellectual and theological concepts in surprising conceits, strange paradoxes and far-fetched imagery. The leading Metaphysical poet was John Donne, whose colloquial, argumentative abruptness of rhythm and tone distinguishes his style from the conventions of Elizabethan love lyrics.Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure; irregular meter, colloquial language, elaborate imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas. 玄学诗：约翰?多恩的诗或17世纪其他诗人写的相同风格的诗。
100句难句(英文长难句)讲解
1. Typical of the grassland dwellers of the continent is the American antelope, or pronghorn.1.美洲羚羊，或称叉角羚，是该大陆典型的草原动物。
2. Of the millions who saw Haley's comet in 1986, how many people will live long enough to see it return in the twenty-first century.2. 1986年看见哈雷慧星的千百万人当中，有多少人能够长寿到足以目睹它在二十一世纪的回归呢？3. Anthropologists have discovered that fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise are universally reflected in facial expressions.3.人类学家们已经发现，恐惧，快乐，悲伤和惊奇都会行之于色，这在全人类是共通的。
4. Because of its irritating effect on humans, the use of phenol as a general antiseptic has been largely discontinued.4.由于苯酚对人体带有刺激性作用，它基本上已不再被当作常用的防腐剂了。
5. In group to remain in existence, a profit-making organization must, in the long run, produce something consumers consider useful or desirable.5.任何盈利组织若要生存，最终都必须生产出消费者可用或需要的产品。
6. The greater the population there is in a locality, the greater the need there is for water, transportation, and disposal of refuse.6.一个地方的人口越多，其对水，交通和垃圾处理的需求就会越大。
英美文学重点名词解释
local colorism is an unique variation of American literary realism. Generally, the works by local colorism are concerned with the life of a small region or province. This kind of fiction depicts the characters from a specific setting or of an era, which are marked by its customs, dialects, landscape, or other peculiarities that have escaped standardizing cultural influence. Tasks of local colorism is to wirte or present local characters of their regions in truthful depicton distinguished from others, usually a very small part of the world. local colorism concerned themselves with presenting and interpreting the local character of their regions. they tended to idealize and glorify, but they never forget to keep an eye on the truthful color of local life. Their truthful depiction of the common people in their commonplace lives added strength to the fight for realism. Mark Twain's the Adventures of Huckleberry Finn is the most representive oneuncertainty:1. distorted time2.the characters' uncertainty about Godot'scoming3.changeable about everything4.uncertainty of Godot5.uncertainty of other characters6.uncertainty about the play's theme the only certain thing-----waiting1. the Lost GeneraionThe term of "lost generation" was first used by GertrudeStern(1874--1946), one of the leaders of this group. It include the young English and American expatriates as well as men and women caught in the First World War and cut off from the old values and yet unable to come to terms with the new era when civilization had gone mad. It means this generation had lost the beautiful sense of the calm idylic past. Stein's comment suggests the ambiguous and pointless lives of expatriates as they aimlessly wandered about the continent, drinking, making love, and traveling from place to place and from party to party. These activities seem to justify their search for new meaings to replace the old ones. Yet in fact, being cut off from their past, disillusioned in reality, and without a meaningful future to fall on, they were lost in disillusionment and existential voids. They indulged in hedonism in order to make their lives less unberable.2. the Beat GenerationThe beat genertion is a literary school which emerged after the Second World War. In the 1950s, there was a widespread discontent among thepostwar generation, whose voice was one of protest against all the mainstream culture that America represented, including sex, religion and American value system. It reveals spiritual pain and despair resulted from American industrilization and modern civilization.3. Confessional Poetry/SchoolConfessional poetry is the poetry of the personal or "I". This style of writing emerged in the late 1950s and early 1960s and is associated with poets such as Robert Lowell, Sylvia Plath and Anne Sexton. Lowell's book Life Studies was a highly personal account of his life and familial ties, and had a significant impact on American poety. Plath and Sexton were both students of Lowell and noted that his work influenced their own writing. The confessional poetry of the mid-twentieth centruy dealt with subject matter that previously had not been open discussed in Amercian poetry. Private experiences with and feelings about death, trauma, depression and relationships were adressed in this type of poetry, often in an autobiographical manner.4. Black HumorAs a genre, black humor is valued in America in the 1960s. Everyone would have a good laugh if they care to read the book through. The laughter is ,however, inevitably followed by the acute awareness that it is based on the suffering and misfortunes of their fellow creature. This is what meant by black humor. The features of black humor are as follows: 1) tragic content is reflected in the form of comedy. 2) it aims at exposing people's oppression by the absurd soceity.( it reveals absurdity and darkness of society.) 3) its characters are anti-heroic 4)its narrative technique is non-logical。
(完整版)英美文学名词解释最全版
01. Humanism(人文主义)1>Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance(文艺复兴)1>The word “Renaissance”means “rebirth”, it meant the reintroduction into western Europe of the full cultural heritage of Greece and Rome.2>the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and reformation.3> the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry(玄学派诗歌)1>Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne.2>with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry.3>the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassical periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech.4>the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classicism(古典主义)Classicism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art of ancient Greece and Rome. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment(启蒙运动)1>Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th century.2> the movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3>its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4>it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education.5>famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift. etc.06.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1>In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works.2>this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3> they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present ,with death and graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism(浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to England.2>It was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead, romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience. 4> The English romantic period is an age of poetry which prevailed in England from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero(拜伦式英雄)1>Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin.2> with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.3> Byron’s chief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1>Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.2> It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social issues.3> Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to reality.4> Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）1>The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier, the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter Pater.2> aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life.3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished style.4> This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.12.The Victorian period(维多利亚时期)1>In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the mass.2> although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and injustice.3>their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and strong criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the society.4> Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism(现代主义)1>Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement , which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th century.2> modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical case.3> the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and architecture.4> in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and fruitful.5>as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. fresh ways of looki ng at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments in form and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness(意识流)(or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to describe an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they do a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
英美文学赏析名词解释
1.A novel is a highly stylized prose account of fictional reality in the form of story with profundity for the purpose of changing the reader’s mind by the aid of the reader’s active involvement while providing entertainment and superior truth of life.2.Character is an invented personality to resemble but never to equal a real person in life. Characters refer to people, animals, things, etc. in a literary work presented as people.3.A plot is a particular arrangement of happenings in a novel that is aimed at revealing their causal relationships or at conveying the novelist’s ideas.4.The theme of a novel is its controlling idea or its central insight about human beings and life.5.Epistolary novel is a novel which consists of the letters the characters write to each other.6.Roman a Clef is a novel with a key, and the key is usually a famous figure or, in some cases, the author.7.Nonfictional novel is a novel that depicts real events with techniques of fiction.8.Anagnorisis refers to the recognition by the tragic hero of some truth about his or her identity or actions that accompanies the reversal of the situation in the plot, the peripeteia.9.Catharsis refers to the the purging of the emotions of pity and fear that are aroused in the viewer of a tragedy.10.Hamartia refers to the "tragic flaw" of the hero such as "sin," "error," "trespass,“and "missing the mark".11.A ballad refers to a short simple narrative poem often relating a dramatic event (folk and literary).12.A narrative poem is one that mainly tells a relatively complete story.13.A sonnet is a lyric invariably of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.1）Petrarchan Sonnet: Italian sonnet; Named after Francesco Petrarch (1304-1374), the Italian poet; Introduced into English poetry in the early 16th century by Sir Thomas Wyatt; Structure: an octave with the rhyme pattern abbaabba and a sestet of various rhyme patterns such as cdecde, cdcdcd or cde edc.; Octave: projecting and developing a subject in the octave; sestet: executing a turn2）Shakespearean Sonnet: Elizabethan sonnet; English sonnet; Developed first by Henry Howard (1517-1547) ; Structure: 3 quatrains and a terminal couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme pattern abab cdcd efef gg; 1st quatrain: introducing an idea; 2nd quatrain: complicating it; 3rd quatrain: complicating it still further; final epigrammatic couplet: resolving the whole thing3）Spenserian Sonnet: a variant on the English Sonnet; Named after the 16th Century poet Edmund Spenser; Structure: 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd ee.14.Rhyme refers to the repetition of the stressed vowel sound and all succeeding sounds.15.Rhythm is communicated by the arrangement of stressed and unstressed syllables16.Image refers to the element in a poem that sparks off the senses, the representation of sense experience through language。
英美文学名词解释复习要点 (1)
英国文学名词解释1. epicAn epic is a long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. The earlier ones concern the history and legends of a country or a region and include stories and information from many anonymous sources. These were oral or folk epics of which some were later written down. The epics of the ancient Greek poet Homer’s Iliad and Odyssey, and Beowulf, written in old English and found in the late 10th century, are good examples. Later epics were deliberately composed by one author and written down. The ancient Roman Virgil is regarded as the first composer of such epics.2. sonnetA Sonnet is a lyric poem comprising 14 rhyming lines of equal length: iambic pentameters in English, alexandrines in French, hendecasyllables in Italian. The rhyme schemes of the sonnet follow two basic patterns. The Italian sonnet (also called the Petrarchan sonnet after the most influential of the Italian sonneteers) comprisesan 8-line 'octave' of two quatrains, rhymed abbaabba, followed by a 6-line 'sestet' usually rhymed cdecde or cdcdcd. The English sonnet (also called the Shakespearean sonnet after its foremost practitioner) comprises three quatrains and a final couplet, rhyming ababcdcdefefgg. Originating in Italy, the sonnet was established by Petrarch in the 14th century as a major form of love poetry, and came to be adopted in Spain, France and England in the 16th century and in Germany in the 17th. The standard subject-matter of early sonnets was the torments of sexual love (usually within a courtly love convention), but in the 17th century John Donne extended the sonnet's scope to religion, while Millton extended it to politics.3. Stream of consciousnessStream of consciousness is one of the modern literary techniques. It is the style of writing that attempts to imitate the natural flow of a character’s thoughts, feelings, reflections, memories, and mental images as the character experiences them. It was first used in 1922 by the Irish novelist James Joyce. Those novels broke through the bounds of time and space, and depictedvividly and skillfully the unconscious activity of the mind fast changing and flowing incessantly, particularly the hesitant, misted, distracted and illusory psychology people had when they faced reality. The modern American writer William Faulkner successfully advanced this technique. In his stories, action and plots were less important than the reactions and inner musings of the narrators. Time sequences were often dislocated. The reader feels himself to be a participant in the stories, rather than an observer. A high degree of emotion can be achieved by this technique.4. Lake PoetsWordsworth, Coleridge and Southey were also called the Lake Poets, because they lived and knew one another in the last few years of the 18th century in the district of the great lakes in Northwestern England, and shared a community of literary and social outlook in their work. All three of them had radical inclinations in their youth but later turned conservative.4. Morality playThe Morality plays or Moralities sprang up in England in the 15th century alongside of the Mystery andMiracle plays. They are different in that the morality play doesn’t tell stories from the Bible nor about the lives of the saints, but is a dramatized allegory in which abstract virtues and vices such as Mercy, Conscience and Shame, appear in personified form, in order to illustrate moral or religious doctrines.。
英美文学术语解释
1. Allegory: A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning.2. Alliteration: The repetition of the initial consonant sounds in poetry.3. Antithesis: (a figure of speech) The balancing of two contrasting ideas, words phrases, or sentences. An antithesis is often expressed in a balanced sentence, that is, a sentence in which identical or similar grammatical structure is used to express contrasting ideas.5. Apostrophe顿呼法: A figure of speech in which an absent or a dead person, an abstract quality, or something nonhuman is addressed directly.6. Assonance: The repetition of similar vowel sounds, especially in poetry. Assonance is often employed to please the ear or emphasize certain sounds.7. Atmosphere: The prevailing mood or feeling of a literary work. Atmosphere is often developed, at least in part, through descriptions of setting. Such descriptions help to create an emotional climate for the writers to establish the reader’s expectations and attitudes.8. Blank verse: Verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter.9. Character: Characters are the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work. Forst divides characters into two types: flat character, which is presented without much individualizing detail; and round character, which is complex in temperament气质and motivation动机and is represented with subtle particularity.10. Characterization: the means by which a writer reveals that personality.11. Comedy: i n general, a literary work that ends happily with a healthy, amicable armistice between the protagonist and society.12. Conceit: A kind of metaphor that makes a comparison between two startlingly different things.13. Conflict: A struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem. Usually the events of the story are all related to the conflict, and the conflict is resolved in some way by the story’s end.14. Dramatic monologue: A kind of narrative poem in which one character speaks to one or more listeners whose replies are not given in the poem. The occasion is usually a crucial one in the speaker’s personality as well as the incident that is the subject of the poem.15. Elegy: A poem of mourning, usually over the death of an individual. An elegy is a type of lyric poem, usually formal in language and structure, and solemn or even melancholy in tone.16. Enlightenment: With the advent of the 18th century, in England, as in other European countries, there sprang into life a public movement known as the Enlightenment. The Enlightenment on the whole, was an expression of struggle of the then progressive class of bourgeois against feudalism. The social inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism. They attempted to place all branches of science at the service of mankind by connecting them with the actual deeds and requirements of the people. 17. Epic: A long narrative poem telling about the deeds of a great hero and reflecting the values of the society from which it originated. Many epics were drawn from an oral tradition and were transmitted by song and recitation before they were written down.18. Essay: A piece of prose writing, usually short, that deals with a subject in a limited way and expresses a particular point or view. An essay may be serious or humorous, tightly organized or rambling, restrained or emotional. The two general classifications of essay are the informal essay and the formal essay. An informal essay is usually brief and is written as if the writer is talking informally to the reader about some topic, using a conversational style and a personal or humorous tone. By contrast, a formal essay is tightly organized, dignified in style, and serious in tone.20 Figure of speech: A word or an expression that is not meant to be interpreted in a literal sense. The most common kinds of figures of speech—simile, metaphor, personification, and metonymy—involve a comparison between unlike things.21. Foot: It is a rhythmic unit, a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.22. Free Verse: Verse that has either no metrical pattern or an irregular pattern.23. Iambic pentameter: A poetic line consisting of five verse feet, with each foot an iamb—that is, an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Iambic pentameter is the most common verse line in English poetry.25. Image: We usually think with words, many of our thoughts come to us as pictures or imagined sensations in our mind. Such imagined pictures or sensations are called images.26. Imagery: Words or phrases that create pictures, or images, in the reader’s mind. Images can appeal to other senses as well: touch, taste, smell, and hearing.27. Kenning代称: In Old English poetry, an elaborate phrase that describes persons, things, or events in a metaphorical and indirect way.28. Lyric: A poem, usually a short one, that expresses a speaker’s personal thoughts or feelings. The elegy, ode(颂诗), and sonnet are all forms of the lyric.29. Metaphor: A figure of speech that makes a comparison between two things that are basically dissimilar. Unlike simile, a metaphor does not use a connective word such as like, as, or resembles in making the comparison.30. Metaphysical poetry: The poetry of John Donne and other 17th century poets who wrote in a similar style. Metaphysical poetry is characterized by verbal wit and excess, ingenious structure, irregular meter, colloquial[kə'ləukwiəl] language(通俗语), elaborates imagery, and a drawing together of dissimilar ideas.31. Meter音步: A generally regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in poetry.32. Metonymy: A figure of speech in which something very closely associated with a thing is used to stand for or suggest the thing itself.33. Multiple Point of View: It is one of the literary techniques William Faulkner used, which shows within the same story how the characters reacted differently to the same person or the same situation. 多角度叙述法：威廉•福克纳经常使用的写作技巧之一，它展现了在同一个故事中人物是如何对同一个人或同一种情境做出不同的反应。
英美文学常用术语及解释
英美文学常用术语及解释下面是店铺整理的一些英美文学常用术语及解释，希望对大家有帮助。
01. Allegory(寓言)Allegory is a story told to explain or teach something. Especially a long and complicated story with an underlying meaning different from the surface meaning of the story itself.2>allegorical novels use extended metaphors to convey moral meanings or attack certain social evils. characters in these novels often stand for different values such as virtue and vice.3>Bunyan’s Pilgrim’s Progress, Melville’s Moby Dick are such examples.02. Alliteration(头韵)Alliteration means a repetition of the initial sounds of several words in a line or group.2>alliteration is a traditional poetic device in English literature.3>Robert Frost’s Acq uainted with the Night is a case in point:” I have stood still and stopped the sound of feet”03. Ballad(民谣)Ballad is a story in poetic from to be sung or recited. in more exact literary terminology, a ballad is a narrative poem consisting of quatrains of iambic tetrameter alternating with iambic trimester.(抑扬格四音步与抑扬格三音步诗行交替出现的四行叙事诗)2>.ballads were passed down from generation to generation.3>Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.04. epic(史诗)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actionsof goods and heroes.2>Epic poems are not merely entertaining stories of legendary or historical heroes; they summarize and express the nature or ideals of an entire nation at a significant or crucial period of its history.3>Beowulf is the greatest national Epic of the Anglo-Saxons.05. Lay(短叙事诗)It is a short poem, usually a romantic narrative, intended to be sung or recited by a minstrel.06. Romance(传奇)Romance is a popular literary form in the medic England.2>it sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.3>chivalry is the spirit of the romance.07. Alexandrine(亚历山大诗行)The name is derived from the fact that certain 12th and 13th century French poems on Alexander the Great were written in this meter.2>it is an iambic line of six feet, which is the French heroic verse.08. Blank Verse(无韵诗或素体广义地说)Blank verse is unrhymed poetry. Typically in iambic pentameter, and as such, the dominant verse forms of English dramatic and narrative poetry since the mid-16th century.09. Comedy(喜剧)Comedy is a light form of drama that aims primarily to amuse and that ends happily. Since it strives to provoke smile and laughter, both wit and humor are utilized. In general, the comic effect arises from recognition of some incongruity of speech, action, or character revelation, with intricate plot.10. Essay(随笔)The term refers to literary composition devoted to the presentation of the writer’s own ideas on a topic and generally addressing a particular aspect of the subject. Often brief in scope and informal in style, the essay differs from such fomal forms as the thesis, dissertation or treatise.11. Euphuistic style(绮丽体)Its principle characteristics are the excessive use of antithesis, which is pursued regardless of sense, and emphasized by alliteration and other devices; and of allusions to historical and mythological personages and to natural history drawn from such writers as Plutarch(普卢塔克), Pliny(普林尼), and Erasmus(伊拉兹马斯).2>it is the peculiar style of Euphues(优浮绮斯)12. History Plays(历史剧)History plays aim to present some historical age or character, and may be either a comedy or a tragedy. They almost tell stories about the nobles, the true people in history, but not ordinary people. the principle idea of Shakespeare’s history plays is the necessity for national unity under a mighty and just sovereign.13. Masques or Masks(假面剧)Masques (or Masks) refer to the dramatic entertainments involving dances and disguises, in which the spectacular and musical elements predominated over plot and character. As they were usually performed at court, often at very great expense, many have political overtones.14. Morality plays(道德剧)A kind of medic and early Renaissance drama that presents the conflict between the good and evil through allegorical characters. The characters tend to be personified abstractions of vices and virtues, which can be named as Mercy. Conscience, etc. unlike a mystery or a miracle play, morality play does notnecessarily use Biblical or strictly religious material because it takes place internally and psychologically in every human being.15.Sonnet(十四行诗)It is a lyric poem of 14 lines with a formal or recited and characterized by its presentation of a dramatic or exciting episode in simple narrative form.2>it is one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in Europe.3>Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known.16. Spenserian Stanza(斯宾塞诗节)Spenserian Stanza is the creation of Edmund spenser.2>it refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter(五音步抑扬格) and the last line in iambic hexameter(六音步抑扬格),rhyming ababbcbcc. 3>Spenser’s the Faerie Queen was written in this kind of stanza.17. Stanza(诗节)Stanza is a group of lines of poetry, usually four or more, arranged according to a fixed plan.2>the stanza is the unit of structure in a poem and poets do not vary the unit within a poem.18. Three Unities(三一原则)Three rules of 16th and 17th century Italian and French drama, broadly adapted from Aristotle’s Poetics<诗学>:2>the unity of time, which limits a play to a single day; the unity of place, which limits a play’s setting in a single location; and the unity of action, which limits a play to a single story line.19. Tragedy(悲剧)In general, a literary work in which the protagonist meets an unhappy or disastrous end. Unlike comedy, tragedy depicts the actions of a central character who is usually dignified or heroic.20.Conceit(奇特比喻)Conceit is a far-fetched simile or metaphor, a literary conceit occurs when the speaker compares two highly dissimilar things.2>conceit is extensively employed in John Donne’s poetry.21.Metar(格律)The word”meter” is derived from the Greek word”metron” meaning”measure”.2>in English when applied to poetry, it refers to the regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.3>the analysis of the meter is called scansion(格律分析)22. University Wits(大学才子)University Wits refer to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan Age who graduated from either oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later became famous poets and playwrights. They were called” University Wits”23.Foreshadowing(预兆)Foreshadowing, the use of hints or clues in a novel or drama to suggest what will happen next. Writers use Foreshadowing to create interest and to build suspense.method used to build suspense by providing hints of what is to come.24. Soliloquy(独白)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud..2>the line“to be, or no t to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Shakespeare’s Hamlet.25.Narrative Poem(叙述诗)Narrative Poem refers to a poem that tells a story in verse,2>three traditional types of narrative poems include ballads,epics, metrical romances.3>it may consist of a series of incidents, as John Milton’s paradise lost.26.Robin Hood(罗宾.豪)Robin hood is a legendary hero of a series of English ballads, some of which date from at least the 14th century.2>the character of Robin Hood is many-sided. Strong, brave and intelligent, he is at the same time tender-hearted and affectionate.3>the dominant key in his character is his hatred for the cruel oppression and his love for the poor and downtrodden.4>another feature of Robin’s view is his reverence for the king, Robin Hood was a people’s hero.27. Beowulf(贝奥武甫)Beowulf, a typical example of old English poetry, is regarded as the greatest national epic of t he Anglo-Saxons. 2>the epic describes the exploits of a Scandinavian hero, Beowulf, in fighting against the monster Grendel, his revengeful nother, and a fire-breathing dragon in his declining years. While fight against the dragon, Beowulf was mortally wounded, however, he killed the dragon at the cost of his life, Beowulf is shown not only as a glorious hero but also as a protector of the people.28. Baroque(巴罗克式风格)This is originally a term of abuse applied to 17th century Italian art and that of other countries. It is characterized by the unclassical use of classical forms, in a literary context; it is loosely used to describe highly ornamented verse or prose, abounding in extravagant conceits.这原本是用来指17世纪的意大利艺术和其他国家艺术滥用的一个术语.这种风格主要是指对古典形式的非古典运用.在文学领域,这种风格松散地用来指十分雕饰的,大量运用奇思妙想的诗歌或散文.29. Cavalier poets(骑士派诗人)A name given to supporters of Charles I in the civil war. These poets were not a formal group, but all influenced by Ben Jonson and like him paid little attention to the sonnet. Their lyrics are distinguished by short lines, precise but idiomatic diction, and an urbane and graceful wit.30. Elegy(挽歌)Elegy has typically been used to refer to reflective poems that lament the loss of something or someone, and characterized by their metrical form.31. Restoration Comedy(复辟时期喜剧)Restoration Comedy, also the comedy of manners, developed upon the reopening of the theatres after the re-establishment of monarchy with the return of Charles II.. Its predominant tone was witty, bawdy, cynical, and amoral. Standard characters include fops, bawds, scheming valets, country squires, and sexually voracious young widows and older women. The principle theme is sexual intrigue, either for its own sake or for money.复辟时期的喜剧,又称社会习俗讽刺喜剧,是在查理二世君主复辟后剧院重新开业的基础上发展起来的,其主要的基调是诙谐,淫秽,挖苦和非道德.标准的角色包括花花公子,鸨母,诡计多端的仆人,乡绅,性欲旺盛的年轻寡妇和老女人.主要的主题是奸情,有的是为了性,有的是为了钱.。
英美文学 重点名词解释
Alliteration is the repetition of a speech sound in a sequence of nearby words. The term is usually applied only to consonants, and only when the recurrent sound begins a word or a stressed syllable within a word. In old English alliteration is the principle organizing device of the verse line.Romance.Romance is a long composition, sometimes in verse, sometimes in prose, describing the life and adventure of a noble hero..Romance was characteristic of the early feudal age, as it reflected he spirit of chivalry..The content of romance was usually about love, chivalry, and religion.Soliloquy:Soliloquy is a dramatic speech delivered by one character speaking aloud while under the impression of being alone.The soliloquist thus reveals his inner thoughts and feelings to the audience. It is also known as interior monologue.SonnetA sonnet is a short song in the original meaning of the word. Later it became a poem of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter with various rhyming schemes.Metaphysical poetry玄学派诗歌多恩是玄学派诗歌(Metaphysical poetry)的创始人和主要代表人物。
英语翻译中的长难句结构分析（3）
76. Certainly people do not seem less interested in success and itssignsnow than formerly. Summer homes,European travel, BMWs--the locations, placenames and name brands may change, butsuch items do not seem less in demandtoday than a decade or two years ago.[参考译⽂]当然，⼈们现在对成功及其各种标志的兴趣似乎并不亚于先前。
消夏别墅、欧陆旅⾏、宝马车--地点、地名以及品牌或许会有变化，但这类事物在今天被⼈渴求的程度也似乎不会亚于⼀⼆⼗年前。
77. Instead, we are treated to fine hypocritical spectacles, which nowmorethan ever seem in ample supply: thecritic of American materialism with aSouthampton summer home; the publisherof radical books who takes his meals inthree-star restaurants; the journalistadvocating participatory democracy inall phases of life, whose own childrenare enrolled in private schools.[参考译⽂]相反，我们被款待看到这样⼀些虚伪的壮观景象，他们似乎⽐以前的任何时候都更供应充⾜：美国式物质主义的批判者却拥有位于南安普顿的避暑⼭庄：激进书籍的出版商却在三餐厅享⽤⼀⽇三餐；倡导在⼈⽣各个阶段的参与民主制的记者，他的⼦⼥却就读于私⽴学校。
考研英美文学名词解释
英美文学名词解释Terms in English and American Literature1. Aestheticism/the Aestheticism Movement （唯美主义）A European phenomenon during the middle of the 19 th century that had its chief headquarters in France. This movement was introduced to late Victorian England mainly Walter Pater as a reaction against the materialism and commercialism of an industrialized society. It was also a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality 's sake, or art for money 's sake. The major tenets of this movement include the belief in the autonomy of a work of art, the emphasis on craft and artistry--the theory of “art for art 's sake”. The most outstanding Victorian representatives of this movement included Oscar Wilde.2. Allegory （寓言）A tale in verse or prose in which characters, actions, or settings represent abstract ideas or moral qualities. An allegory is a story with two meanings, a literal meaning and a symbolic meaning. 寓言：用诗歌或散文讲的故事，在这个故事中人物、事件或背景往往代表抽象的概念或道德品质。
英美文学名词解释汉语版
英美文学名词解释汉语版
1. 小说 (Novel): 是一种长篇的虚构故事，通常以人物形象和情节为主要构成要素。
2. 散文 (Prose): 是一种以自由的、非诗歌形式的文学作品，通常有较为正式的句子结构和逻辑表达方式。
3. 诗歌 (Poetry): 是一种以押韵、节奏和音乐性为特点的文学形式，通常用比喻、象征和意象来表达作者的情感和观点。
4. 戏剧 (Drama): 是一种能够在舞台上演出的文学形式，通常包括对话、角色互动和舞台指导。
5. 悲剧 (Tragedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常描绘了主角在命运和自身缺陷之间的斗争，并以悲惨结局告终。
6. 喜剧 (Comedy): 是一种戏剧类型，通常以幽默和滑稽情节为特点，旨在给观众带来愉快和欢笑。
7. 叙事诗 (Epic poem): 是一种长篇叙事诗歌，从古代传统英雄故事中派生而来，通常讲述了一个英雄或重大事件的史诗式叙事。
8. 短篇小说 (Short story): 是一种长度较短的虚构故事，通常聚焦于一个具体的事件或角色，呈现出作者的观点或主题。
9. 传记 (Biography): 是一种通过详细描述一个人的生平和事迹来记录他们的生活和成就的文学作品。
10. 自传 (Autobiography): 是一种以作者自己的经历和回忆为基础写成的传记，通常描绘了作者的成长经历和个人观点。
英语阅读理解中的长句与难句解析
英语阅读理解中的长句与难句解析在英语学习中，阅读理解是一个重要的环节，而其中长句与难句的理解往往是学生们面临的挑战。
长句和难句结构复杂、词汇丰富，需要我们运用一定的技巧和方法来准确解析，从而把握其含义。
长句通常是指包含多个从句、短语或者修饰成分的句子。
它们的出现是为了更精确、更丰富地表达思想，但也给读者的理解带来了一定的困难。
比如：“The book that I bought yesterday, which was recommended by my friend, is very interesting and informative” 这个句子中包含了一个定语从句“that I bought yesterday” 和一个非限定性定语从句“which was recommended by my friend” ，使得句子长度增加，理解起来颇具难度。
难句则可能是由于词汇生僻、语法结构特殊、逻辑关系隐晦等原因造成的。
例如：“Notwithstanding the complexity of the issue, a solution was eventually found thr ough collaborative efforts” 其中“Notwithstanding” 这个词较为生僻，可能会给理解带来障碍。
那么，如何解析这些长句和难句呢？首先，我们要学会划分句子结构。
找到句子的主干，即主语、谓语和宾语，这是理解句子的关键。
对于上面提到的第一个例子，其主干是“The book is very interesting and informative” ，明确了这一点，再去理解其他的修饰成分就会容易许多。
其次，要善于识别各种从句和短语。
定语从句、状语从句、宾语从句等在长句中十分常见。
比如，“When he arrived at the station, the train had already left” 这是一个时间状语从句，我们要明白“When he arrivedat the station” 是对整个句子动作发生时间的描述。
英美文学术语解释
英美文学术语解释1、Narrative poem叙事诗A narrative poem tells a story in verse. It includes ballads;epics and metrical romances.2、Lyric poem 抒情诗A lyric poem expresses the observations and feelings of a single speaker.3、Ode 颂词The ode is a lyric poem of some length that honors an individual, a thing,or a trait dealing with a lofty theme in a dignified manner. For example: Ode to The West Wind4、Sonnet 十四行诗A sonnet is a fourteen-line lyric poem with a single theme.Sonnets vary but are usually written in iambic pentameter,following one of two traditional patterns.5、Blank Verse 素体诗Blank verse is poetry written in unrhymed iambic pentameter lines.6、Free Verse 自由诗Free verse is poetry not written in a regular rhythmical pattern or meter.7、Pictorialism 图画诗Pictorialism is an important poetic device characterized by efforts to achieve striking visual effects.8、小说分类FictionFiction is prose writing about imaginary characters and events including novels and short stories.9、长篇小说NovelA fictional prose narrative of considerable length,dealing especially with human experience through a usually connected sequence of event,typically having a plot.10、传奇LegendA legend is a widely told story about the past.11、神话MythA myth is a fictional tale originally with religious significance,which explains the actions of gods or heroes.12、哥特式小说GothicGothic is a term used to describe literary works that make extensive use of primitive,medieval,wild,mysterious,or supernatural elements.13、现实主义小说RealismRealism is the presentation in art of details from actual life.14、意识流小说Stream of ConsciousnessStream of consciousness is a narrative technique that presents thoughts as if they were coming directly from a character’s mind.。
英美文学作品中复杂状语成分的翻译技巧
英美文学作品中复杂状语成分的翻译技巧英美文学作品中复杂状语成分的翻译技巧摘要：英美文学作品阅读与欣赏一直都是比较难的工作，原因之一就是原著里常常取用太多状语从句。
如利用汉语复句来翻译这些复杂的状语成分将大大降低读者的阅读难度。
本文拟就英美文学作品中几种常见、尤其是较复杂的状语成分提供一些译例，并略加探讨。
关键词：英美文学作品复杂状语成分翻译技巧一、前言无论在叙事说理还是写情绘景的文学作品中，汉语的复句都使用较多。
这种句子很适宜用来翻译英语句子中通过介词、连词、关系代词、关系副词、分词短语等连接作用的词语，以形成较复杂的修饰关系和包孕关系，使译出的句子既通顺、合乎汉语习惯，又忠实于原文。
臂力论文网本文将探讨利用汉语复句来翻译此类较复杂的状语从句，以期对文学爱好者快速理解英文原著提供帮助。
二、翻译实例解析（一）处理较复杂的时间状语We rowed by my computation about three leagues，till we were able to work no longer，①bEing already spent with labor while we were in the ship.②（Gulliver’s Travels）据我估计，我们大约划出了三里格远，就再也划不动了①，因为我们在船上时②，就已经筋疲力尽了。
译句中的①，在原文是时间状语从句，在译文中我们利用了关联词“就”，承前省去主语“我们”，构成汉语表示顺承关系的分句。
虽然将原句中主句与从句的关系变成了并列关系，但未改变其意。
倘若按原结构翻译成“据我估计，我们划了大约三里格，直到我们再也划不动为止”，显然表意很好。
译句中的②，本来是包含在原句中用分词短语表示的原因状语之内，译文按汉语的叙事习惯，将状语提前，放在“因为”之后，与后面“就……筋疲力尽了”合成一个分句，与前面表承接关系的两个分句共同构成一个先果后因的因果复句。
难 句 分 析
难句分析一．分割结构1. We live in a time when, more than ever before in history, people are moving about.2. Evening had now come, the last of Adolf Hitler's life.3. Several neighbors hope to find safety in the only bomb shelter on their streetwhen an announcement comes over the radio that enemy missiles are approaching.4. Moreover, technology includes techniques, or ways to do things, as well as themachines that may or may not be necessary to apply them.5. But not as mixed up as another student in my economic class who came there directfrom a physics laboratory.6. Th e willingness to recognize the value of these newer “unscientific” ways o f doing science may be another instance of the human ability to adapt and survive, of which we spoke earlier.7. The tour races of France and Italy, held each year, cover more than 2,000 miles.8. While I was waiting to enter university, I saw advertised in a local newspaper ateaching post at a school in a suburb of London about ten miles from where I lived.9. Practitioners explicitly interpret what they observe, and often categorize theirdata after the data collection process is complete and from the perspectives of the people they were observing.10.The second aspect is the application by all members of society from thegovernment official to the ordinary citizen, of the special methods of thought and action that scientists use in their work.11.The process of careful observation, perception of a pattern in the phenomenaobserved, followed by exploitation of this knowledge, has largely inspired the area of human activity known as “science”12.I launched into a variation of the speech I had made for years, about howexcessive tax rates can take away the incentive to produce, and how cutting taxes can generate growth.13.I plan to see her soon in England, though not, she reminded me, again at 10 DowningStreet.14. Even his critics say the Ames test -- his simple, inexpensive laboratory procedurethat helps determine whether a substance might cause cancer — is a remarkableachievement.15.Recalls Donald Barr Chidsey in On and Off the Wagon: “Lawbreaking(违法)proved to be not painful, not even uncomfortable, but, in a mild(柔和的)and perfectly safe way, exhilarating.”16.The cessation of the employment of extraordinary means to prolong the lifeof the body when there is irrefutable evidence that biological deat h is imminent is the decision of the patient and/or her immediate family.二．并列平行结构1. There are races on foot, in vehicles of all kinds, and on horses.2. Everyone should know where the nearest fire alarm box is located and whereexits, fire escapes, and fire doors are.3. I wanted her to know that my heart was with her, and that I thoughtEngland owed her a great debt and was going to miss her.4. Keeping your head, instead of crowding and pushing to get to an exit, maymake the difference between life and death when fire breaks out.5. The way space is used to enable the individual to achieve privacy, to buildhomes or to design cities is culturally influenced.6. Then I recall wanting the book again and looking about for it, but not findingit and wondering where it was.7. And neither friends nor family can convince phobic people that most animalsare harmless, that thousands of travelers fly safely every day, and millions of people ride safely in elevators several times each day.8. Millions of people travel about the country by rail, by bus, or by automobile,or drive to and from their places of work and their homes.9. Here we have a little child, without knowledge or experience; there agrown-up person with fully developed mental powers.10.In whatever company, they may find persons and conversations more or lesspleasing. At whatever table, they may find meat and drink of better or worse taste, dishes better or worse prepared.11.I remember being vaguely annoyed when the gunman pulled me from the carby the hair. I remember the walk to the house... I remember the fear and anger in the gunman's voice.12.For those small groups, there are relay races in running and swimming insummer, and relay in skiing in winter.13. We need to know the importance of big, mature trees, because living spacefor most of man's fellow creatures on this planet is figured not only in square measure of surface but also in cubic volume above the earth.14.But we remember with far greater pain that we did not see that beautywhen it flowered, that we failed to respond with love when it was tendered.15.We know that this is so, but all too often we recognize this truth only in ourbackward glance when we remember what it was and then suddenly realize that it is no more.16. The intentional termination of life of one human being by another-- mercykilling -- is contrary to that for which the medical profession stands and is contrary to the policy of the American Medical Association.17.This is not an easy lesson to learn, es pecially when we are young and thinkthat the world is ours to command, that whatever we desire with the full force of our passionate being can, nay (不), will, be ours.18. Human beings have distinguished themselves from other animals, and indoing so ensured their survival, by the ability to observe and understand their environment and then either to adapt to that environment or tocontrol and adapt it to their own needs.19. It is the leading language of medicine and space technology, ofinternational business and advertising, of radio, television and film.20.And the limited investments that are made in training workers are alsomuch more narrowly focused on the specific skills necessary to do the next job rather than on the basic background skills that make it possible to absorb new technologies.21.As Dr. Samuel Johnson said in a different era about ladies preaching, thesurprising thing about computers is not that they are less well than a man, but that they think at all.22. A happy smile spread over his broad, priest-like face, and he assured methat they had some so large, so splendid, so tender, that it was a marvel.23.Many of them shared with us their tremendous need to be informed, to bekept up-to-date on their medical condition and to be told when the end was near.24.Second, we have tried to isolate some of the key factors that governservice quality, and offer examples of organizations that manage service well and of some that manage it poorly.25.Though Jim Thorpe has brought great glory to his nation, though thousandsof people cheered him upon his return to the United States and attended banquets and a New York parade in his honor he was not a citizen.26.Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill donot want to know that truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, ordeteriorate faster, perhaps even commit suicide.27. It is not only his enormous numbers that take up room; more so, it is all thestructures he builds to house himself and his machines, to make possible his transportation and communication, to offer him rest and recreation.28. The great challenge in chemistry is the development of a coherentexplanation of the complex behaviour of materials, why they appear as they do, what gives them their enduring properties, and how interactions among different substances can bring about the formation of new substances and the destruction of old ones.29. First, by attempting to present data and argue for an interpretation,scientists have to spell out clearly what the data are, what the explanation is, and what the reasons are for believing the explanation.rmation systems affect the scope and quality of health care, makesocial services more equitable, enhance personal comfort, provide a greater measure of safety and mobility, and extend the variety of leisure forms at one' s disposal.31.A book, for the purpose of tiffs discussion, is a written or printed messageof considerable length, meant for public circulation and recorded onmaterials that are light yet durable enough to afford comparatively easy portability.32. It was mostly he who talked and he seemed afraid to stop for fear she' dask him to leave her by herself.33.It is probably true, as many believe, that Holmes was modeled after Dr.Joseph Bell of Edinburgh, but there is also no doubt that in a very real sense Holmes was Sir Arthur Conan Doyle himself.三．同位语结构1. We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.2. The first great idea is electronics, the technology that enables acooperative global exchange of information, lectures and courses.3. Here then is the first pole (极点) of life's paradoxical(矛盾的) demands onus; never too busy for the wonder and the awe of life.4. To begin with a familiar type of situation, a patient who is dying of incurablecancer of the throat is in terrible pai n, which can no longer besatisfactorily alleviated (缓解).5. Pamela Doviak, an expert in the highly classified field of silencing nuclearsubmarines, has listed a series of discrimination complaints against the Navy because she is not permitted to go on sea trials to see her efforts at work.6. This special liking for mathematics and science is partly explained by thefact that Asian-American students who began their educations abroad arrived in the U. S with a solid grounding in mathematics but little or n o knowledge of English.7. Both explanations for academic success worry Asian-Americans because offears that they feed a typical racial image.8. President Coolidge's statement “the business of America is business”, stillpoints to an important truth today- that business institution have more prestige (声望) in American society than any other kind of organization, including the government.9. The fact that this idea leads to such results as deciding life or death onirrelevant ground is another good reason w hy the doctrine (学说)should be rejected(抵制)。
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难句解释China’s Growth Poses Opportunity and Risk1. Japan has effectively run out of low-wage workers for its industries, and quickly brought much of its economy up to and in some cases beyond Western technological standards.日本在工业方面实际上已无低工资的工人可用了，它已快速地将其经济的相当部分提升到，并在某些方面超越了西方的技术标准。
2. But while the danger poses by Japan to other economies over the last decade has taken on the numbing form of economic stagnation and political lassitude, China poses the risk of fast , fast sharp shocks.但是正当日本在过去十年中对其他经济体构成的威胁呈现出经济迟滞、政治上无所作为的麻木状态时，中国的威胁却是迅猛而又令人惊心的。
3. Its transition from a planned economy to a form of capitalism seems to make it especially susceptible to economic booms and busts, and Chinese officials have begun worrying that an unsustainable bubble is developing.它由计划经济向某种形式的资本主义的转变似乎使之特别容易受到经济荣衰的影响；中国的官员开始担忧，不可持续的泡沫正在形成。
4. China‟s strengths are indeed impressive. Its wage advantage is much greater than Japan‟s was a decade or two ago, China has the diplomatic muscle to resist trade and currency concessions that might undermine its competitive edge.中国的力量确实令人印象深刻。
它在工资方面的优势要比一二十年前日本在这方面的优势大得多。
中国还有强大的外交力量以阻止贸易与货币方面的退让，这种退让有可能损害其竞争优势。
5. For all these reasons,the Chinese trade surplus with the United States has soared, quintupling in the last decade to $124 billion in 2003.由于这些原因，中国对美国的贸易顺差得以飞速增长，在过去十年中增加了五倍，于2003年达到了1240亿美元。
6.Wearing a blue company baseball hat and a blue company-issued shirt, she works 8 to 11 hoursa day stuffing power cords, remote controls and other DVD accessories into plastic bags.她带着公司的蓝色棒球帽，穿着公司发的蓝衬衣，一天工作八到十一个小时，将电源线，摇控器及其他DVD配件塞进一个个塑料袋中。
7. 5. The biggest question lingering over China is how vulnerable it remains to acute setbacks____ a banking failure, an inflationary spiral, even a temporary bust.一个一直以来让中国挥之不去的最大问题是，它对于急剧的挫折仍是如何脆弱，诸如银行破产、螺旋式通货膨胀，那怕是短暂的经济衰退等。
After three decades of spectacular growth, China passed Japan in the second quarter to become the world’s second-largest economy behind the United States, according to government figures released early Monday.根据早在周一政府公布的数字，经过30年的惊人的增长之后，中国已于第二季度超过了日本，成为了仅次于美国的世界上的第二大经济体。
China is already a major driver of global growth.中国已是全球增长的主要推动力。
Economists say that China’s economy is too heavily dependent on exports and investment and that it needs to encourage greater domestic consumption—something China has struggled to do.经济学家说，中国的经济对出国与投资的依赖太强，它需要进一步刺激国内的消费，而这正是中国一直以来竭力在做的一件事。
Best Graduate Schools1. A rollicking children‟s tune blares as students enter LIS406___ a graduate-level library science course at the University of Illinois-Urbana-Champaign.在欢快的儿童乐曲的喧闹声中，学生们进入了LIS406的课堂，这是伊利诺伊大学Urbana-Champaign分校的一门研究生级别的图书馆学课程。
2.The classroom is a virtual one, with students logging in from bedrooms and offices all over the globe.这间教室是虚拟的。
学生们是从全球各地的寝室、办公室上网来到这里的。
3.In just the past year, remote enrollment has more than tripled,, to 4,441, at the University of Maryland University College, one of the most established distance-ed providers.就在去年，马里兰州大学大学学院的远程教育招生人数就增加了三倍多，达到了4441人。
该校是最有建树的远程教育的提供单位之一。
4. This trend has given rise to an older pool of graduate students: Today, more than half are over age 30, and nearly one quarter are over 40.这一趋势带来了一批年龄较大的研究生。
如今，一半以上的研究生年龄在30岁以上，将近四分之一年龄超过了40岁。
5. I had always wanted a master‟s degree, but it’s hard to suspend a career and a family for it, especially when the closest school of public health is four hours away.我一直想要一个硕士学位，但是为了学位而中断事业，并暂时置家庭于不顾却是困难的。
特别是当最近的一所公共健康专业的研究生院距离我所在的地方也有四个小时的车程的时候更是如此。
6. She says the discussions between student and professor, and among peers, were more rigorous than those she experienced in the two on-campus master‟s programs she previously attended. “We needed to cite references for everything we said [in E-mail postings],” explained Behrend.她说，学生与教授之间，以及同辈人之间的讨论都要比她以前在校园里经历的两个硕士学位课程的讨论严谨得多。
“我们不管说什么，都要交待出处【以电子邮件发帖子的形式】”Behrenc 解释说。
7，Education requires a relationship between people because it‟s a process of identity formation, validation, encouragement, emulation, and inspiration. This only happens face to face.教育需要人际关系，因为它是一个形成个性，被人认可，相互鼓励，相互竞争，并从彼此身上获取灵感的过程。
而这只有面对面时才可能发生，补充读物：8.Once targeted at older, working adults, distance learning has moved into the education mainstream at stunning speed over the past couple of years, as technology allows ever-richer, more-interactive learning experiences online----- and as college costs continue to rise and classrooms are packed to capacity.随着技术的发展令比以往任何时候更为丰富，更多互动的网上学习体验成为可能，随着大学学费的持续上涨以及教室设计容量的饱和，曾经面向年龄较大，在职成年人的远程教育，在过去几年中以一种令人震惊的速度进入了教育的主流。