英国文学史SH2011The_Flowering_of_English_Literature&Marlowe&Sonnet 18
英国文学史学生笔记,整理得很好
英国文学简史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureHistorical Background1.When does early and medieval period refer to?“Early” here means English literature in primitive and slavery society. “Medieval” means English literature in feudal England before the Renaissance.2. What main events happened during this period?Roman conquestEnglish conquestNorman conquestLiterature Achievements in old English period1.two groups of English poetry in Anglo-Saxon period. The first group was the pagan poetry represented by Beowulf, the second was the religious poetry represented by the works of Caedmon and Cynewulf.2. In the 8th century, Anglo-Saxon prose appeared. The famous prose writers of that period were Venerable Bede and Alfred the Great.Venerable Bede : is the first scholar and chronicler in England. The most important works : The Ecclesiastical History of the English People.Alfred the Great : started the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle.BeowulfI.Definition of epic:an extended narrative poem in elevated or dignified language, celebrating the feats of a legendary or traditional hero.II.Story of Beowulf : P3-4Questions :1.setting :2. characters:3.plotIII. Some important points“Beowulf” is a folk legend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. However it also reflected the features of the tribal society in Britain. Originally Beowulf, the great epic, was in oral form and it must be a collective creation.Beowulf in the epic is a legendary figure. In formal history you can not find a man named Beowulf.IV. Artistic features of “Beowulf’’1. Using alliterationDefinition of alliteration: Words beginning with the same consonants alliterate with each other within each line. Each line of verse may contain an indefinite number of words or syllables but generally has four stresses, with a pause between the second and the third stresses.Some examples on P42. ·Using metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideas. You may findsome examples on P5Literary Features of the Anglo-Saxon Period1) secular(非宗教的) poetry,non religious poems but with Christian coloring;2) created collectively and orally;3) based on history, legend or events of the time;4) for entertainment;5) unknown writers, written down by the monks in the 10th centuryLiterature achievement in Middle English Period1.Romance: ( for noble )2.Ballads: ( folk literature) (oral)( for English people)3. Poetry:1) William Langland (popular literature)2) Chaucer ( the founder of English literature)1.Romance:It is the most prevailing kind of literature in England on feudal period. It is a long composition, in verse or in prose. It describes the life and adventures of a noble hero. The central theme is loyalty to king and Lord. The code of manners and morals of a knight is Chivalry. The most important romance is king Arthur and his knights of the Round Table.2. Ballads:a.It is the most important form of English folk literature.b.It is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas with the second and fourthline rhymed.c.It is a literature of common people,( mainly the literature of the peasants)from them one is able to understand the outlook of the English common people in feudal society.d.It flourished in England in the 15th century.e.The most important ballads in England are Robin Hood .3. PoetryWilliam Langland:a. life:b. content:1.attack on the corruption of the rich and the wickedness of clergy2.the political situation of the time3.search for truth4. attack on the seven Deadly Sins:(pride, lechery (色欲），envy, wrath, Avarice, glutton, sloth)c. Social significance:1.a classic of popular literature2.kindled the toiling people’s sense of human dignity and equality before God3.arousing revolutionary sentimentd. artistic features:1.It is written in the form of a dream vision.2.It is an allegory which relates truth through symbolism. But in the main, it is a realistic picture of medieval England.3. The poem uses satire in his description of social abuses caused by the corruption4.The poem is written in alliteration.nguage style: lively speech of the countryside , blunt and unpolished words.Geoffrey ChaucerI. His lifeII. Literary career: 3 stagesIII. His works:a.Troilus and Criseydeb.The Canterbury TalesIV. His Contributions:♦I. His Life♦Born in a wine merchant’s family♦Trip to the continent on diplomatic missions,two of which took him to Italy♦Buried in Westminster Abbey, the poets’ corner♦Political background:relation with John of Gaunt♦II. Literary Career:♦French period:The Book of the Duchess♦Italian period: works adapted from the Italian: Troilus and Criseyde♦English period: The Canterbury TalesHe reached maturity and was free from dominant foreign influence.♦III. His works:♦The Book of the Dutchess 《公爵夫人之书》♦The House of Fame《声誉之堂》♦The Parliament of Fowls《百鸟议会》♦The Canterbury Tales《坎特伯雷故事集》♦Troilus and Criseyde 《特罗勒斯和克莱西》Troilus and Criseyde♦It is based on a poem by Boccaccio, his longest poem, written in the rhymed royal(君王体）(a seven-line stanza in iambic pentameter rhyming ababbcc.)The Canterbury Tales♦Questions :1. the organization of the book( the relationship between the general prologue and each tale)2.The main features of Chaucer’s narration3.The image of Wife of Bath♦Basic informationform: most of the tales are written in heroic coupletsetting: Tabard Inncharacters: types of literature: courtly romance, folk tale.,beast fable, story of travel and adventure, saint’s life, allegorical tale, sermon, alchemical account.Language: Middle English, vivid, exact, word- picturesLength: planned to be 120 stories. The General prologue,20 complete tales, 4 fragments, separate prologues to each tale with links, comments,quarrels ,etc. in between.Arrangement: linked through the host’s comments and prologue.two ways: the personality of the host affords a clear string of connection from the 1st to the last tale. There is an intimate connection between the tales and prologue.Typical characters: almost all medieval figures from different sides of life except noble and serfs.Character of the wife of Baththe owner of a cloth factory, light-hearted, merry,somewhat vulgar and talkative. a lengthy account of her feelings about marriage.♦The Canterbury Tales’ significancereflection of his times--- a panoramic view of his contemporary life; reflection of his humanist idea---- he exposed the evils of the church, the corruption of the upper class, praise man’s intellect and love; he affirms men and women’s right to pursue thei r happiness and oppose the dogma of asceticism preached by church.♦IV. Chaucer’s contributions:a.Forerunner of humanismb.The first realistic writerc.Father of English poetryd.Master of the English languagePart Two: The English RenaissanceHistorical BackgroundRenaissance and HumanismMain literary form:poetry Edmund Spencerdrama: most important William Shakespeareessay: (prose) Francis BaconThe English Renaissance1. Renaissance in Europea. It began in the 14th century in Italy.b. nature: a cultural and intellectual movementc. content: there arose a current for the study of Greek and Latin authors; ageneral dissatisfaction at the catholic and feudal ideas.d. two striking features: curiosity for classical literatureinterest in the activities of humanityII. Historical BackgroundThe establishment of Tudor Dynasty(1485-1603)Religious ReformationThe establishment of ProtestantismCommercial expansion abroadThe war with Spain(English bourgeoisie fought for existence and power)III. Renaissance and HumanismHumanisma.Nature: a literary and philosophical system of thought which attempt to placethe affairs of mankind at the center of its concerns.b.Origin: in Italyc.Source: based on a new reading of Greek and Roman literature, and anaffirmation of the importance of Platonic philosophy and reinterpretation of the writings of Aristotle.d.Idea: It took the life of man in the presence as a major interest.e.Humanism was one of the most important factors giving rise to theRenaissance. It is an attitude rather than a philosophy.The main traits of the Renaissance Literaturea. Its chief characteristic is the expression of secular values with man instead ofGod as the center of the universe.b. It emphasizes the dignity of man, affirms and eulogizes the value of man.c. It advocates the full expression of individualism and the fulfillment of one’sabilities against the despotic rule of the feudalism.d. It affirms the delight of eart hly achievement as well as men’s desire for happiness and pleasure.PoetryI.Two poets before the Elizabethan Age:Thomas Wyatt; Henry Howard , Earl of Surreya. sonnet: an exact form of poetry in 14 lines of iambic pentameter rhymed, introduced to England from Italy by Sir Thomas Wyatt and Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey.b. Surrey: the first English blank verse, the form of poetry to be later masterly handled by Shakespeare and Milton.Two poets before the Elizabethan Agec. the songs and sonnets by Wyatt and Surrey was the first anthology of English lyric poems.II.Two poets of the Elizabethan Age1. Philip Sidneya. life: well-known as a poet and critic of poetry. He is Spencer’s friend. Spencerwrote Shepherd’s Calendar to dedicate to him. He was a c ourtier, a scholarand soldier.b. his collection of love sonnets:Astrophel and Stellac. criticism:Apology for Poetry: represent the spirit of literary criticism of the Renaissance.2. Edmund Spencera. life : a minor noble family, good education, the Poet’s poet ,buried inWestminster Abbey.b. works:1) The Shepherds’ calendar2) Amorettia sequence of 88 sonnets, containing Spencer’s love poems to his future wife,Elizabeth Boyle.Question: what are most famous Sonnet sequences of the Elizabethan Age?3) Masterpiece : Faerie QueenPlanned in 12 books but only 6 finished.Content: In the epic each hero or heroine represents a virtue. In the course of their trials, they come to fully embody that virtue. The virtues areHoliness, Temperance, Chastity, Friendship, Justice, and Courtesy.Form: allegoryLanguage: has sweet melody and its lines are very musicalVerse form: “Spenserian Stanza”Spenserian Stanza: First eight lines are iambic pentameter and ninth has twomore syllables, rhyming ababbcbcc.theme: 1)nationalism 2) humanism 3) PuritanismInfluence: used by all the later poets, especially imitated by the romantic poets of the 19th century.( Byron, Shelley, Keats)Everything in the story has two levels — as part of the story and as part of the allegory, or symbolic meaning. This can be seen in Book I, which summarizes the whole poem. As a Romantic adventure, this is the story of the Redcrosse Knight and Lady Una searching for Una’s parents, who are trapped by a dragon. The knight kills the dragon and so wins the right to be the lady’s husband. As a spiritual allegory, this is the story of a soul’s encounter with the seven deadly sins, its separation from and reunion with the one faith, and its final salvation by divine grace.c. school-belong: like Lyly and Sidney, Spencer was a court poet.d. position: as a model of poetical art among the Renaissance English poets, the 1stto make English the natural music in poetry.ProseI. Biblea)Translation of Bible: the first complete English Bible was translated by JohnWycliffe(1324-1384), the morning star of the Reformation, and his followers.( from Latin to English)b)The authorized version of Bible: translated under the auspice of James I in1611 and so it was called the King James Bible. This version is simple and dignified in language.( modern English has been fixed and confirmed.)II.The greatest humanist: Thomas Morea.w as born in a middle-class family. humanist leader of the early 16th century,a scholar, master of Latin, witty talker, music lover, great thinker; once LordChancellor; beheaded on a false charge of treason.b.MasterpieceUtopia in 1516(in Latin) translated into English in 1551.Form: a conversation between More and a returned voyager.Comment :a. He is a far-sighted thinker, living on the eve of the bourgeois revolution.b. More was the first to see the relation between wealth and poverty and tobring up the ideal of communist society. He was one of the forerunner of modern socialist thought.Question:What is More’s Limitation?III.Bacon( the most important prose writer)Sir Francis Bacon was an English writer, philosopher and statesman and was educated in Cambridge. When he was fourteen, Bacon finished his education and went to Paris. In the French capital, he began to know humanism.In 1584, Francis Bacon was elected for the House of Commons and started his political career. Bacon advised for the union of England and Scotland and suggested ways to deal with Roman Catholics. For all these he had done, he was given the title of knight in 1603. By the time of James I, he was named as Lord Chancellor in 1618. In 1621, he was accused by Parliament and they said that he had accepted bribes. For this reason his political career ended.Drama:1. Three kinds of drama:a. the Miracle play: it is the root of English drama. It is based on Bible stories. Miracles were first performed in the church.b. the Morality play: It presents the conflict of good and evil with allegorical personages such as Mercy, Peace, Hate, Fally, etc.)( eg: Everyman)c. the Interlude: a short performance during the break.( eg: the play of the weather)2. Two influences on Elizabethan Drama1) influence from the classics. (Greek and Latin drama)2) influence from the popular drama.3. Gammer Gurton’s needle is the first English comedy, describing a quarrel over the loss of a needle.Gorboduc is the first English tragedy.The morality play Everyman at the end of 15th century makes the beginning of modern English drama.4. The London theatre and the audience5. playwrights:a. the university wits: they are Lily, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash, etc.The most influential is Marlowe. They had studied at the Universities of Oxford or Cambridge and then set up as professional writers, selling their learning and their “ wits” to the London public of playgoers and reading public as well.b. Marlowec. Shakespeared. Ben Jonsonb. MarloweWorks: (tragedies)Doctor Faustus( for knowledge)Tamburlaine ( based on a German Legend, ambition)Jew of Malta ( greed for wealth)Themes of his plays:scorn of orthodox creedspraise of individuality , freed from the restraints of medieval dogmas and law. Position and achievements:He was the predecessor of ShakespeareHe was the greatest pioneer of English drama.His two achievements: 1) He first made blank verse (unrhymed iambic drama),the principal instrument of English drama.2) He replaced the stilted heroes of drama in the past by men of vitality and passion. He created the Renaissance hero for English drama. ShakespeareLife :Four periods in play- writingHis comediesHis tragediesHistorical playsPoetical worksFeatures of Shakespeare’s dramaFour periods in play-writing1st period:Features:a) It’s Shakespeare’s early experimental period. It is marked by youthfulness and rich imagination.b) by extravagance of languagec) by the frequent use of rhymed couplets with blank versed) He looked down upon the world as a just one. Justice would eventually win in the end.e) Love, faith, work and duty were the four elements that made the world right.Works: P 582nd period:Features:a)He worked as a master in play writingb)It was a period of rapid growth and development of his artistic power.c)He had a keen insight into human nature, great power of expression andgenius for constructing a play.d)This period belongs to his best history plays.Works: P603rd period:features:a)The period of gloom and depressionb)He was concerned with deposit matters of human life.c)He grew in experience, in vision and in sympathyd)His belief and trust in mankind had been shattered.e)He produced his four greatest tragedies.Works: P624th period:features:a) a period of unrealistic compromise and fantasyb) a period of restored serenity and tolerant resignationc)He sounds again a note of calm and hope and serene wisdom.d)His latest plays including Tempest have happy endings.Works:P63His comediesShakespeare wrote his comedies in his early period. In these plays he portrayed the young people who had just freed themselves from the feudal fetters. He sang of their youth, their love and ideal of happiness. The heroes and heroines were sons and daughters of the Renaissance. They trust not in God or King but in themselves.Two groups of characters:Women characters:16 comedies together. His main comedies are: Merchant of Venice; AMidsummer Nigh t’s Dream; As you like it; Twelfth Night.His tragediesShakespeare’s great tragedies are associated with a period of gloom and sorrow in his life. During this period, England witnessed a general unrest, and social contradictions became very sharp. What ca used the writer’s personal sadness is unknown to us. It is generally attributed to the political misfortune of his friend and patron, Earl of Essex, who was killed by the Queen.Shakespeare wrote 11 tragedies. His main tragedies are: Hamlet; Othello; King Lear; Macbeth. All these plays express a profound dissatisfaction with life.They show the struggle and conflicts between good and evils, between justice and injustice. In these plays, the writer Shakespeare condemns the dark andevil society.Historical playsShakespeare’s historical plays are political plays. The principal idea of these plays is the necessity for national unity under one sovereign. At his time, this idea was anti-feudal in nature; and it summed up the general opinion of the rising bourgeo isie in Shakespeare’s own day. Among Shakespeare’s 10 historical plays, Henry IV and Henry V are two remarkable plays.Shakespeare’s poetical worksVenus and Adonis ; Lucrece are two long narrative poems.The bulk of Shakespeare's sonnets were written between 1593 and 1598. Each line of a sonnet is in iambic pentameter, and the rhyme scheme is abab cdcd efef gg. His 154 sonnets seem to fall into two series:One series are addressed to W. H, evidently a patron, and the other addressed to "dark lady" who played the poet false. For depth of sentiment, for mastery of diction, for perfection of finish, they are among the most excellent of Elizabethan poetry.Features of Shakespeare’s dramaa) progressive significance of his themeb) successful character portrayalc) master hand in constructing playsd) the ingenuity of his poetrye) mastery of English languageBen JonsonI.Introduction:Poet, critic, poet’s laureate; Successor of Shakespeare. He was the greatest writers of comedy after Shakespeare.II.His plays:1)His plays are written according to “ humors ”. Every character in hiscomedies personified a definite humor, so his characters are like caricature.2)His plays were not deep but had much surface energy.3)His masterpieces are Velpone and The AlchemistIII. His contribution:a) humorb) forerunner of classicismEnglish Literature in the seventeenth CenturyI .Social Backgroundthe English Revolution and the RestorationII. Literary characteristics:1. literature of the Revolution periodPuritan literature period is different from the literature of Elizabethan period in the following aspects:1) Elizabethan literature had a marked unity and the feeling of patriotism anddevotion to the Queen, but in the Revolution Period，all this was changed, the king became the open enemy of the people, and the country was divided by the struggle for political and religious liberty. So literature was as divided in spirit as were the struggling parties.2) Elizabethan literature was generally inspiring. It throbbed with youth andhope and vitality．Literature in the Puritan Age expressed age and sadness.Even its brightest hours were followed by gloom and pessimism.3) Elizabethan literature was intensely romantic．The romantic spirit sprangfrom the heart of youth．People believed all things, even the impossible．But in literature of the Puritan period, we cannot find any romantic ardor.2.The main literary form of the period was poetry．Among the poets, Milton was the greatest. Besides him, there were two other groups of poets, the Metaphysical Poets and the Cavalier Poets.3. Puritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during this period. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work, but with very little extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labor. Worldly pleasures were condemned as harmful. This was precisely the outlook needed by the bourgeoisie for the accumulation of capital.Though there were many clever men in England during the latter half of the seventeenth century, there were only two minds which possessed the imaginative faculty in a very eminent degree. One of these minds produced the Paradise Lost, the other The Pilgrim's ProgressJohn Bunyan(约翰·班扬)1.life:son of a tinker. After receiving his early education at the Bedford grammar school ,he followed his father’ s trade. Later, He joined a Baptist society and became a preacher. Soon he became active both in preaching and writing. After restoration, he was arrested and kept in prison for preaching. He was the chief puritan writer to participate in the struggle against the corrupt fedual-aristocratic regimes of charlies II and James II after John Milton.2.Works: Pilgrim’s Progress<<天路历程>>Bunyan’s most important work and one of the most popular books in the English languages, was written in the form of an allegory.Allegory(寓言)It loosely describes any writing in verse or prose that has a double meaning.This fictional literary narrative acts as an extended metaphor in which persons, abstract ideas, or events represent not only themselves on the literal level, but also stand for something else on the symbolic level. An allegorical reading usually involves moral or spiritual concepts that may be more significant than the actual, literal events described in a narrative.It is a prose narrative symbolically concerning the human soul’s pilgrimage through temptation and doubt to reach salvation.Other important allegorical works inclu de Spencer’s Faerie Queen and Swift’s Gulliver’s travels.Pilgrim’s ProgressI. life:Milton is the greatest writer of the seventeenth century. Mastering the ancient languages and literature : Greek, Latin；“ the lady of the Christ” “ spokesman of the Revolution”. Milton was sent to Christ’s college, Cambridge, where he acquired a good knowledge of Latin. He was famous for his personal beauty and strictness of his life and was nicknamed “ the lady of the Christ’s”.II. literary career:a) up to 1641( First period)He was greatly influenced by humanism and the spirit of Elizabethan Age. His important poem is Lycidas, a pastoral elegy on the death of a college mate. b) From 1641 to 1654( second period)He wrote no poems but political essays and pamphlets.Areopafitica called for freedom of press. (prose)“ Defence of the English people”“ Second Defence of the English people”Pamphlets on marriagec) From 1655 to 1671( third period)Paradise Lost ( masterpiece)Paradise RegainedSamson AgonistesIII. works:a. Paradise Lost:epic in 12 books, written in blank versesource: old Testamenttheme: a revolt against God’s authoritythe fall of men ; man’s disobedience and the loss of paradise; thepowers of man; craving for knowledgeimage: Satan1) the real hero of the poem2) He is a very firm revolt against God and makes man revolt against God3) Though defeated he won the respects of his angles.4) He is the spirit questioning the authority of God.b. Samson Agonistespoetical drama, modeled on the Greek tragedies, from the “ Book of Judges” in Old Testament”.Common between Samson and MiltonJohn MiltonIV. Features of Milton’s poetry:a. Milton is a great revolutionary poet of the 17th century. He was also anoutstanding political pamphleteer of the revolution period. He dedicated himself to the revolutionary cause. He made a strong influence on the laterEnglish poetry. Every progressive English poet since Milton has drawn inspiration from him.b. Milton is a great stylistHis poetry has a grand style. That is because he made a life-long study of classical and Biblical literature. His poetry is noted for sublimity of thought and majesty of expression.c. Milton is a great master of blank verse.He is the glorious pioneer to introduce blank verse into non-dramatic poetry. He has used it as the main tool in his masterpiece “ Paradise Lost”. His blank verse is rich in every poetic quality and never monotonous.d. Milton wrote the greatest epic in English literature. He made a strong influenceto later English poetry.V. Exercise:How do you understand these plots?1. God was surrounded by his angles, who never think of expressing anyopinions of their own.2. Satan and his followers freely discuss all issues in council. Why did Miltondesign the plots in such a way? Based on the text of Paradise Lost, how do you think Milton would justify his alterations of and additions to the Bible, given the fact that he was a devout Christian?Answer: It seems that Milton writes this epic to "justify the ways of God to men", but actually, it is not. God is depicted as a despot. This contradiction can be explained by the fact that Milton is a devout Christian, a Puritan, on one hand, and a fervent revolutionary, Republican, on the other. So we may say, that Milton's original purpose might be "to justify the ways of God to men", but it turns out to be an eloquent expression of the revolutionary spirit of the English bourgeois revolution, a call to resist tyranny and to continue the fight for freedom. Herein lies the significance of the work.3.Satan is the most well-developed character in Paradise Lost. Is he asympathetic character?Answer: One reason that Satan is easy to sympathize with is that he is much more like us than God or the Son are. As the embodiment of human errors, he is much easier for us to imagine and empathize with than an omniscient deity. Satan’s character and psychology are all very human, and his envy, pride, and despair are understandable given his situation. But Satan’s speeches, while undeniably moving, subtly display their own inconsistency and error.When Satan first sees Earth and Paradise in Book III, he is overcome with grief.His description of his situation is eloquent; his expression of pain is moving.Perhaps we pity Satan as he struggles to find his new identity while reflecting on his recent mistakes. Likewise, his feeling of despair resonates with feelings that all human beings undergo at some point. However, Satan’s despair becomes fuel for his ever-increasing evil, rather than the foundation for repentance. His anger and irrationality overcomes him, and he resolves to。
英国文学史测试题(全)汇编
英国文学史1.The statement “Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability”openwell-known essays by_________.Francis Bacon Samuel Johnson Alexander Pope Jonathan Swift[参考答案] Francis Bacon2.When he died, Chaucer was buried in __________ the Poet's Corner.Westminster Abbey Normandy Canterbury Southwark[参考答案] Westminster Abbey3.Among the great Middle English poets, Geoffrey Chaucer is known for hisproduction of .Piers Plowman Sir Gawain and the Green KnightConfessio Amantis The Canterbury Tales[参考答案] The Canterbury Tales4.The first mention of Robin Hood in literature is in Langland's _________.The Legend of Good Woman The Vison of Piers the PlowmanBoewulf Fables[参考答案] The Vison of Piers the Plowman5.Which literary genra does Sir Gawain and the Green Knight belong to?epic romance novel prose[参考答案] romance6.English literature at the Anglo-Norman Period was also a combination of ____ andSaxon elements.Latin Greek English French[参考答案] French7.In the 14th century, the two most important writers are_____ and ChaucerCaedmon Cynewulf Langland Shakespeare[参考答案] Langland8.Who is the monster half-human who had mingled thirty warriors in The Song ofBeowulf?Hrothgat Heorot Grendel Beowulf[参考答案] Grendel9.The most important work of_____is The Anglo-Saxon Chronicles,which is regardedas the best monument of the old English prose.Alfred the Great Caedmon Cynewulf Venerable Bede[参考答案] Alfred the Great10.The epic, The Song of Beowulf, represents the spirit of_____.monks romanticists sentimentalists pagan[参考答案] paganing line of11.The sentence “Shall I compare thee to a summer’s day ?” is the beginnone of Shakespeare’ｓ.comedies tragedies histories sonnets[参考答案] sonnets12.In his literary development, Chaucer was influenced by three literatures, which oneis not true?French literature Italian literature English literature German litereature [参考答案] German litereature13.Who is the "father of English poetry" and one of the greatest narrative poets ofEnglish?Geoffrey Chaucer Martin Luther William Langland John Gower [参考答案] Geoffrey Chaucer14.In the 15th century, there is only one important prose writer whose namen is_____.He wrote an important work called Le Morte d'Arthur.Thomas Marlory Langland Chaucer Adam Bede[参考答案] Thomas Marlory16.________'s Essays is t he first example of that genre in English literature, whichhas been highly esteemed.John Donne John Milton Francis Bacon Edmund Spenser[参考答案] Francis Bacon17.In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called ______.heroic couplet quatrain Spenserian stanza terza rima[参考答案] quatrain18.In the first part of Gulliver's Travels, Gulliver told his experience in _______.Lilliput Brobdingnag Houyhnhnm England[参考答案] Lilliput19. is the successful religious allegory in the English language .The Pilgrim’s Progress Grace Abounding to the Chief of Sinners The Life and Death of Mr. Badman The Holy War[参考答案] The Pilgrim’s Progress20.Crusoe is the hero in The life and Strange Surprising Adventures of RobinsonGrusoe, of York, Mariner (also known as Robinson Crusoe)by .Jonathan Swift Daniel Defoe George Eliot wrence[参考答案] Daniel Defoe21.Which of the following is NOT typical of metaphysical poetry best represented byJohn Donne's works?Common speech Conceit Argument Refined Language [参考答案] Common speech22.The lines"Death ,but not proud,though some have clled thee/Mighty andpowerful,for thou are not so" are found in_____.William Wordsworth's writings John Keat's writingsJohn Donne's writings Percy Bysshe Shelley's writings [参考答案] John Donne's writings23.The story of Paradise Lost is taken from _________.a legend Bible an epic a folklore[参考答案] Bible24.The 18th century witnessed a new literary form－the modern English novel, which,contrary to the medieval romance, gives a ______ presentation of life of thecommon people.romantic realistic prophetic idealistic[参考答案] realistic25.As a whole, ______is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms andsatires of all aspects in the then English and European life— socially, politically,religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally.Moll Flanders Gulliver’s TravelsPilgrim’s Progress The School for Scandal[参考答案] Gulliver’s Travels26.Jonathan Swift's"Gulliver's Travels" gives an unparalleled______depiction of thevices of his age.religious romantic satirical comic[参考答案] satirical27.The ture subject of John Donne's poem,“The Sun Rising,” is to ___.A..attack the sun as an unruly servantB..give compliments to the mistress and her power of beautyC.criticize the sun's intrusion into the lover's private lifeD.lecture the sun on where true royalty and riches lie[参考答案] give compliments to the mistress and her power of beauty28.In the first part of the novel Pride and prejudice, Mr. Darcy has a (n) ______ of theBennet family.high opinion great admiration low opinion erroneous view[我的答案] low opinion29.Which of the following is taken from John Keats’“Ode on a Grecian Urn”？A.“I fall upon the thorns of life! I bleed!” B.“They are both gone up to the church to pray.” C.“Earth has not anything to show more fair.” D.“Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.[我的答案] “Beauty is truth, truth beauty”.30."And where are they? And where art thou,/ My country? On thou voiceless shore/The heroic lay is tuneless now-/The heroic bossom beats no more!"(GeorgeGordon Byron, Don Juan) In the above stanaz, "art thou" literally means_________."art you" "are though" "art though" "are you"[我的答案] "are you"31.Romance, which uses narrative verse or prose to tell stories of _______ adventuresor other heroic deeds, is a popular literary form in the medieval period.Christian knightly Greek primitive[我的答案] knightly32.Which of the following descriptions of Gothic Novels is NOT correct?A.It predominated in the early eighteenth century.B.It was one phase of the Romantic movement.C.Its principal elements are violence, horror and the supernatural.D.Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho and Frankenstein are typical Gothicromance.[我的答案] It predominated in the early eighteenth century.33.“ Some books are to be tasted, others to be swallowed, and some few to be chewedand digested;”( Of Studies). Here Bacon compares reading to.walking eating drinking acting[我的答案] eating34.Daniel Defoe describes ______ as a typical English middle-class man of the18thcentury,the very prototype of the empire builder or the pioneer colonist.Robinson Crusoe Moll Flanders Gulliver Tom Jones[我的答案] Robinson Crusoe35. _______ compiled the A Dictionary of the English Language which became thefoundation of all the subsequent English dictionaries.Ben Jonson Samuel Johnson Alexander Pope John Dryden[我的答案] Samuel Johnson36.Donne’s famous analogy of parting lovers to a drawing compass affords a pr imeexample of .dramatic style exaggeration paradox conceit[我的答案] conceit37.Which of the following shows in a more implicit way that the poet was touched bythe song of the solitary reaper?I listened, motionless land still Will no one tell me what she sings ?I saw her singing at her work. The music in my heart I bore.[我的答案] I listened, motionless land still38.What is his name?”“Bingley.”“Is he married or single?”“Oh! Single, my dear,sure! A single man of large fortune; four or five thousand a year. What a fine thingfor our girls!”The above dialogue must be taken from_____________.Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice Emily Bronte’s Wuthering HeightsJohn Galsworthy’s The Forsyte Saga George Eliot’s Middlemarch[我的答案] Jane Austen’s Pride and Prejudice39.The English Renaissance period was an age of ______ .poetry and drama drama and novel novel and poetry romance and poetry[我的答案] poetry and drama40.The well-known soliloquy by Hamlet “To be , or not to be’ shows his_______.hatred for his uncle love for lifeinner- strife resolution of revenge[我的答案] inner- strifebooks are to be tasted, others to besaid:“Some41.In his essay“Of Studies,”Baconswallowed, and some few to be chewed and____________.”skimmed perfected imitated digested[我的答案] digested42.Beowulf, the oldest great long poem ever written in English, is composed in a formof .epics lyrics folk songs sagas[我的答案] epics43.”_______” is the cooperative work of William Wordsworth and Samuel Coleridge.Tintern Abbey The Rime of the Ancient MarinerLyrical Ballads Prelude[我的答案] Lyrical Ballads44.____ is central to Blake’s concern in his Songs of Innocence and Songs ofExperience.Politics Religion Childhood Manhood[我的答案] Childhood45.Shakespeare wrote ___________sonnets.125 154 245 138[我的答案] 15446.“ So long as men can breathe, or eyes can see, / So long lives this , and this gives life to thee.”(Shakespeare, Sonnets 18) What does “this” refer to ?Lover Time Summer Poetry[我的答案] Poetry47.Keats was born in the family of a ______________.landlord apothecary stable keeper doctor[我的答案] stable keeper48.In Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard, Thomas Gray compares the commonfolk with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the .chance love money material sources[我的答案] chance49.In ________, Shakespeare h as not only made a profound analysis of the socialcrisis in which the evils can be seen everywhere, but also criticized the bourgeois egoism.Hamlet Othello King Lear Macbeth[我的答案] King Lear50."Poetry is spontaneous"was put forward by _______.Robert Burns William Blake William Wordsworth Charles Lamb[我的答案] William Wordsworth51.William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following EXCEPT .A.the using of everyday language spoken by the common people.B.the expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelings.C.the humble and rustic life as subject matter.D.elegant wordings and inflated figures of speech.[我的答案] elegant wordings and inflated figures of speech.52.Portia,the heroine in "______"is one of Shakespeare's idealwomen-beautiful,prudent,cultured and capable of rising to an emergency."The Merchant of Venice" "As You Like It""King Lear""Twelfth Night"[我的答案] "The Merchant of Venice"53.The Petrarchan sonnet was first introduced into England by ______.Surrey Wyatt Sidney Shakespeare[我的答案] Wyatt54.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a poem written in the form of .ballad sonnet heroic couplet Spenserian stanza[我的答案] ballad55.The most significant idea of the Renaissance is________.humanism realism naturalism skepticism[我的答案] humanism56.What flourished in Elizabenthan age more than any other form of literature?novel drama essay poetry[我的答案] drama57.The phrase “to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and to seek salvationthrough constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils” may well sum up the implied meaning of ___.Gulliver's Travels The Rape of the LockRobinson Crusoe The pilgrim's Progress[我的答案] The pilgrim's Progress58.The________was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europein the 18th century.Romanticism Humanism Enlightenment Sentimentalism[我的答案] Enlightenment59.“Byronic hero”is a figure of the following traits EXCEPT ______.？being proud being rebelliousbeing of humble origin being mysterious[我的答案] being of humble originProgress is often regarded as a typical example60.John Bunyan’s Pilgrim’sof_________.allegory romance epic in prose fable[我的答案] allegory61.The Houyhnhnms depicted by Jonathan Swift in Gulliver's Travels are ___.A.horses that are endowed with reasonB.pigmies that are endowed with admirable qualitiesC.giants that are superior in wisdomD.hairy,wild, low and despicable creatures, who resemble human beings not only inappearance but also in some other ways.[我的答案] horses that are endowed with reason62._____ is the first important religious poet in English literature.Cynewulf Caedmon Shakepeare Adam Bede[我的答案] Caedmon63.Which of these is not a song written by Robert Burns?A Red, Red Rose Auld Lang Syne To a Mouse Spring and Fall[我的答案] Spring and Fall64.The Pilgrim's Progress by John Bunyan, is often saidn to be concerned with thesearch for _______.self-fulfilment spiritual salvation material wealth universal truth[我的答案] spiritual salvation65.The unquenchable spirit of Robinson Crusoe struggling to maintain a substantialexistence on a lonely island reflects .A.man’s desire to return to natureB.the author’s criticism of the colonizationC.the ideal of the rising bourgeoisieD.the aristocrats’ disillusionment of the harsh social reality[我的答案] the ideal of the rising bourgeoisie66.John Milton's greatest poetical work ______ is the only generally acknowledgedepic in English literarure since Beowulf.Areopagitica Paradise Lost Lycidas Samson Agonistes[我的答案] Paradise Lost67.Which of the following is NOT typical of metaphysical poetry best represented byJohn Donne’s works?Common speech. Conceit. Argument. Refined language.[我的答案] Common speech.68.Generally , the Renaissance r efers to the period between the 14th and mid-17thcenturies, its essence is .science philosophy arts humanism[我的答案] humanism69.“Make me thy lyre, even as the forest is…” (Ode to the West Wind )This showsShelly’s wish to be apropagator of revolutionary ideas singer enjoying great fameman who can wander freely heroic fighter in the forest[我的答案] propagator of revolutionary ideas70._______ is a typical feature of Swifts writings.Elegant style Bitter satire Casual narration Complicated sentence structure[参考答案] Bitter satire72.Gothic novels are mostly stories of , which take place in some haunted ordilapidated Middle Age castles .love and marriage sea adventures mystery and horror saints and martyrs[参考答案] mystery and horror73.Literature of Neoclassicism is different from that of Romanticism in that _______.A.the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while the lattersees literature as an expression of an individual’s feelings and experiencesB.the former is heavily religious but the latter secularC.the former is an intellectual movement the purpose of which is to arouse themiddle class for political rights while the latter is concerned with the personalcultivation.D.the former advocates the "return to nature" whereas the latter turns to the ancientGreek and Roman writers for its models[参考答案] the former celebrates reason, rationality, order and instruction while thelatter sees literature as an expression of an individual’s feelings and experiences 74.The most important representative work by Jonathan Swift is“___________________”．A Tale of a Tub The Battle of the BooksA Modest Proposal Gulliver’s Travels[参考答案] Gulliver’s Travels75._____was the first to introduce the sonnet into English literature .Thomas Wyatt William Shakespeare Henry Howard John Lyly[参考答案] Thomas Wyatt76.John Milton is a great poet in the _____________________ Period.Renaissance Neoclassical Romantic Realist[参考答案] Renaissance77.The sonnet“Death Be Not Proud”is written in the strict pattern. It reveals the poetbelief that .A.Shakespearean, death is only a sleep, after which we live eternallyB.Petrarchan, death is but momentary while happiness after death is eternal.C.Elizabethan, death is not as strong as people think he isD.Portuguese, death is like a long sleep that offers final peace for the soul[我的答案] Petrarchan, death is but momentary while happiness after death iseternal.78.“Let not Ambition mock their useful toil,/Their homely joys, and destinyobscure;/Nor Grandeur hear with a disdainful smile /The short and simple annals of the poor.”The above lines are taken fromA.Alexander Pope’s Essay on CriticismB.Coleridge’s “Kubla Khan” C.John Donne’s “The Sun Rising” D.Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard”[我的答案] Thomas Gray’s “Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard” 79.William Wordsworth asserts that poetry originates from?form thoughts emotion artistic devices[我的答案] emotion80. In English poetry, a four-line stanza is called ______.heroic couplet quatrain Spenserian stanza terza rima[我的答案] quatrain81._____ is the most common foot in English poetry.the anapest the trochee the iambic the dactyal[我的答案] the iambic82.Among the representatives o f the Enlightenment, who was the first to introducerationalism to England ?John Bunyan Daniel Defoe Alexander Pope Jonathan Swift[我的答案] Alexander Pope83.By making the truth-seeking pilgrims suffer at the hands of the people of VanityFair, John Bunyan intends to show the prevalent political and religious ______of his time.persecution improvement prosperity disillusionment[我的答案] persecution84.Which of the following words NOT appropriate to describe Mrs. Bennet, acharacter in Pride and Prejudice ？Beautiful Intelligent Snobbish Vulgar[我的答案] Intelligentthe quoted line comes from 85.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind?” ________.A.Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” B.Walt Whitman’ s Leaves of GrassC.John Milton’s Paradise LostD.John Keats’“ Ode on a Grecian Urn”[我的答案] Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind”86.It is generally regarded that Keats's most important and mature poems are in formof _________.Elegy ode epic sonnet[我的答案] ode87.“If Winter comes, can Spring be far behind!” is an epigrammatic line by __ J.Keats W.Blake W.Wordsworth P.B.Shelley[我的答案] P.B.Shelley88.The British bourgeois or middle class believed in the following notions EXCEPT______.self - esteem self - reliance self - restraint hard work[我的答案] self - esteem89.The_______was a progressive intellectual movement throughout Western Europein the 18th century.Romanticism Humanism Enlightenment Sentimentalism[我的答案] Enlightenmen。
英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)
英国文学史复习资料(三年级专业生期末考试必备)英国文学史资料British Writers and WorksI. Old English Literature & The Late Medieval Ages贝奥武夫:the national epic of the Anglo-SaxonsEpic:long narrative poems that record the adventures or heroic deeds of a hero enacted in vast landscapes. The style of epic is grand and elevated.e.g. Homer?s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:ing alliterationDefinition of alliteration: a rhetorical device, meaning some words in asentence begin with the same consonant sound（头韵）Some examples on P5ing metaphor and understatementDefinition of understatement: expressing something in a controlled way Understatement is a typical way for Englishmen to express their ideasGeoffery Chaucer 杰弗里?乔叟1340(?)~1400(首创“双韵体”，英国文学史上首先用伦敦方言写作。
约翰·德莱顿（John Dryden）称其为“英国诗歌之父”。
代表作《坎特伯雷故事集》。
)The father of English poetry.It is ____alone who, for the first time in English literature, presented to us a comprehensive (综合的，广泛的)realistic picture of the English society of his time and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life. ( A )A. Geoffrey ChaucerB. Matin LutherC. William LanglandD. John Gowerwriting style: wisdom, humor, humanity.① 坎特伯雷故事集：first time to use …heroic couplet?(双韵体) by middle English②特罗伊拉斯和克莱希德③ 声誉之宫Medieval Ages’ popular Literary form: Romance(传说故事)Famous three：King ArthurSir Gawain and the Green KnightBeowulfII The Renaissance PeriodA period of drama and poetry. The Elizabethan drama is the real mainstreamof the English Renaissance.Renaissance: the activity, spirit, or time of the great revival of art, literature, and learning in Europe beginning in the 14th century and extending to the 17th century, marking the transition from the medieval to the modern world.Three historical events of the Renaissance – rebirth or revival:1.new discoveries in geography and astrology2.the religious reformation and economic expansion3.rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek cultureThe most famous dramatists:Christopher MarloweWilliam ShakespeareBen Johnson.1.Edmund Spenser埃德蒙?斯宾塞1552~1599（后人称之为“诗人的诗人”。
英国文学简史Part Two The English Renaissance
Part Two The English Renaissance第二部分英国文艺复兴时期(14th century to 17th century)14世纪到17世纪I Background 背景1.It started in Italy and ended in England and Spain.起源于意大利，结束于英国和西班牙。
2.Meaning意义:(1)The Renaissance, which means “rebirth”or “revival’, is actually an intellectual movement with a thirsting curiosity for classical literature and the keen interest in the activities of humanity.文艺复兴意味着“复活”与“重生”，实际上是对古典文学与人文活动的热情。
(2)It aims to get rid of conservation in feudalist Europe and introducing new ideas that express the interests of the rising bourgeoisie.为了去除封建欧洲的特性，引进资产阶级的思想。
3.Essence of Renaissance文艺复兴的本质It is the reflection of the rise of bourgeoisie in the sphere of cultural life.资产阶级的上升在文化领域显示了其影响力，从而掀起了文艺复兴的学术运动。
II Chapter 1 Old England in Transition过渡时期的旧英格兰1.The Renaissance and Humanism文艺复兴和人文主义(1)The one is a thirsting curiosity for the classical literature. So the love of classics was but an expression of the general dissatisfaction at the Catholic and feudal ideas.一是对古典文学的渴望和好奇。
英国文学发展史一览
英国文学发展史一览英国文学发展史一览1.English Literature of Anglo-Saxon PeriodTime: about 7th centuryFeatures: verse literature （唱诗）two groups: pagan （非宗教性的）and religiousMain works:“Beowulf”poetry by Caedmon and Cynewulf2.English Literature of Middle CenturiesTime: mid 11th Century – 15th CenturyFeatures:1.influence of the Norman Conquest2.Main works and writers:3.the Romances （骑士文学）4.Chaucer’s “The Canterbury Tales”3.English Literature of RenaissanceTime: early 16th Century—mid 17th CenturyFeatures: the first glori ous period of English literary history, “ A nest of singing birds …” （百家争鸣，百花齐放）Main writers:1.Thomas More2.Edmund Spencer3.Francis Bacon4.Shakespeare4.English Literature during the Bourgeois RevolutionTime:1625—1688The English Bourgeois Revolution begins from 1642Features:Puritan age represented by John MiltonMain literary form: PoetryMain writers:John Milton 1608--16745.English Literature of the 18th CenturyFeatures:Also as the Enlightenment Movement Period （启蒙时期）It is divided into 3 stages:1.“Glorious revolution” to the end of 1730’s;2.The mature period (1740’s—1750’s);3.The last period covers the rest decades of the 18th century.Main authors:（小说家）Daniel Defoe，Jonathan Swift, Henry Fielding（诗人）Alexander Pope6.Romanticism in EnglandTime: 1798--1832Features:1.是英国文学史上诗歌最为繁盛的时期；2.分为消极和积极两组。
英国文学史SH2011 Geoffrey Chaucer
• 5When Zephyr also has with his sweet breath, • Filled again, in every holt and heath, • The tender shoots and leaves, and the young sun • His half-course in the sign of the Ram has run, • And many little birds make melody • 10 That sleep through all the night with open eye • (So Nature pricks them on to ramp and rage)
• The prologue is a splendid masterpiece of realistic portrayal, the first of its kind in the history of English literature.
Social Significance of the Work
• In his masterpiece The Canterbury Tales, Chaucer gives us a true-to-life picture of the society of his time. • Taking the stand of the bourgeois, he affirms men and opposes the dogma of asceticism [ə'setisizəm] 禁欲主义 preached by the church.
The prioress
The Wife of Bath
The Knight
英国文学史SH2011Part Two English transition & Thomas More
William Tyndale (1490-1536) and Hi1406-1437) and King James Bible
The Influence of King James Bible
As the monument of the English language and the English literature, it has had a great influence on both. About 93% of the 6000 words used in the Bible are the main words of native English. With the widespread influence of the Bible, the standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.
As everyone has his own value, moral, and ideal, a free expression of these will cause trouble. For the establishment or development of a nation, people need someone strong enough to control this expression. A centralized monarchy is a good thing for this. With Henry VII, England was ready for the unification of the 3 elements that are necessary for the establishment of a powerful nation.
英国文学史PART TWO---Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature
Chapter 3 The Flowering of English LiteratureAdela Class B Lanzhou UniversityI.The Flourishing of LiteratureII.Sidney and RaleighA.Sir Philip Sidney(1554-1586)-----a well-known poet and critic of poetryHis main works:1)Astrophel and Stella( love sonnets)爱星者和星星2)Apology for Poetry诗辩( according to Sidney, poetry has a superiorityover philosophy and history)n Plato’s “ Republic”:1, Idea理念；相2, Experienced world3, ArtB. Walter Raleigh(1552?-1618)--------another versatile man of action, thought and letters.His works:1)Discovery of Guiana ( literary history)2)History of the World3)His handful of lyricsIII.Edmund Spenser( 1552-1599)------- the Poet’s Poet of the period埃德蒙·斯宾塞（Edmund Spenser，1552－1599），英国文艺复兴时期伟大诗人，代表作有长篇史诗《仙后》、田园诗集《牧人月历》、组诗《情诗小唱十四行诗集》、《婚前曲》、《祝婚曲》等。
斯宾塞早在1569年就翻译过法国诗人杜倍雷的诗歌，并通过法文转译了意大利诗人彼特拉克的诗歌。
英国文学史名词解释
名词解释Old English: the language of Anglo and Saxon people during 5and 11th centuryEpic: A long narrative poem celebrating the great deeds of one or more legendary heroes. In a grand ceremonious style .The hero, usually protected by or even descended from gods, performs superhuman exploits in battle or in marvelous voyages, often saving or founding a nation.Romance:the most popular literary form in the Middle Ages in Europe; A tale (in verse or prose) that deals with knightly adventures or other heroic deeds or supernatural or amorous subjects, and usually emphasizes the chivalric love.Ballad:A folk song or orally transmitted poem telling in a direct and dramatic manner some popular story usually derived form a tragic incident in local history or legend.Ballad are normally composed in quatrains with alternating four-stress and three- stress lines ,the second and fourth lines rhyming.Couplet(双行体)a pair of rhyming verse lines of the same length. Chauser established the use of couplet in his Canterbury Tales, using rhymed iambic pentameters later known as heroic coupletThe Renaissance refers to the period between the 14th and 17th centuries.The rebirth of literature, art, and learning that progressively transformed European culture from the mid-14th century in Italy to the mid-17th century in England, strongly influenced by the rediscovery of classical Greek and Latin literature. The Renaissance is commonly held to mark the close of the middle Ages, and the beginning of the modern western world. The term normally refer to the combined intellectual and artistic transformation of the 15th 16th centuries, including the emergency of humanism, protestant individualism, Copernican astronomy, and the discovery of AmericaHumanism:it stands for devotion to human values represent in classical literature.it is the keynote or the dominate ideology during the Renaissance Sonnet：A lyric of fourteen lines usually in iambic pentameter. 1. Shakespearean sonnet: Also called English sonnet or Elizabethan Sonnet. It is structured of 3 quatrains and a final couplet with the rhyme scheme: abab cdcd efef gg2. Petrarchan Sonnet: Also called Italian sonnet. It contains an octave with the rhyme pattern abba abba and a sestet of various rhyme Patterns such as cdecde or cdcdcd.3. Spenserian sonnet: comprising 3 quatrains and a couplet in iambic pentameter with the rhyme scheme abab bcbc cdcd eeOde is a dignified and elaborately structured lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.Elegy Formal lyric poem lamenting the death of a friend or a public figure, or reflecting seriously on a solemn subject.Pastoral: a highly conventional mode of writing that celebrates the innocent life of shepherds or shepherdesses in poems, plays, and prose romance. Tragedies were concerned with the harshness and apparent injustice of life. They involved the trials and eventful death of a hero who was an important person and whose death led to the downfall of others.a. the central characters are always people of importance, like kings, queens, prince, general, nobles.b. a tragic hero often a flawed good man; often the hero’s fall from happiness was due to a weakness in his character, by some great error in his part.c. supernatural beings are often involved in the conflict of human beings, like gods, spirits, witches, ghosts.d. sadness is mixed with horror, murder, treachery, and blood-shedding.Catharsis or Cathartic effect of tragedies: Tragedies give an outlet for such emotions as greed, hatred, lust, fear and pity. The audience feel relieved or purged when they leave the theatre.Comedy deals with ordinary people in everyday situations, it deals with ordinary people in a humble style, usually beginning with misfortune and ending with joy. The purpose of comedy is chiefly to entertain people, but some have moral and corrective purposes, to ridicule and satirize human weaknesses.Comedy of humor according to the comedy of humor, each of characters in the play has some dominating passion or peculiar quality such as jealousy,greedy and comedy of humor mainly satires these humours demonstrated the characters in the play. Ben Jonson has been chefly known for his comedy of humors Soliloquy is the act of talking to oneself, whether silently or aloud. In drama it denotes the convention by which a character, alone on the stage, utters his or her thoughts aloud. Playwrights have used this device as a convenient way to convey information about a charact er’s motives and state of mind, or for purpose of exposition, and sometimes in order to guide the judgments and responses of the audience.Allegory: is a fictional narrative or artistic expression that conveys a symbolic meaning parallel to but distinct from and more important than the literary meaning.Dramatic irony involves the reader (or audience) knowing something about what's happening in the plot, about which the character(s) have no knowledge. Dramatic irony can be used in comedies and tragedies, and it works to engage the reader, as one is drawn into what is happening. The audience may sympathize with the character, who does not know the true situation. Or, the reader may see the character as blind or ignorant (as with Oedipus). The clues may be rather obvious, but the character may be unwilling to recognize the truth.The term“metaphysical”indicates a common poetic style, use of figurative language, and way of organizing the meditative process or the poetic argument.This term is now applied to a group of 17th century poets who, whether or not directly influenced by Done, employ similar poetic procedures and imagery, both in secular poetry( Cleveland, Marvell, Cowley) and in religious poetry(Herbert, Vaughan, Crashaw, and Traherne). The term was coined by John Dryden (1693): "He affects the metaphysicsMetaphysical ConceitIn general, the metaphysical conceit will use some sort of shocking or unusual comparison as the basis for the metaphor. When it works, a metaphysical conceit has a startling appropriateness that makes us look at something in an entirely new way. Draws upon a wide range of knowledge, mainly using highly intellectual analogies; its comparisons are elaborately rationalizedHeroic drama:A kind of tragedy or tragicomedy that came into vogue with the Restoration of the English monarchy in 1660. Influenced by French classical tragedy and its dramatic unities (time, place, action), it aimed at epic (heroic) grandeur, usually by means of bombast, exotic settings and lavish scenery. The noble hero would typically be caught in a conflict between love and patriotic duty, leading to emotional scenes presented in a manner close to opera. The leading English exponent of heroic drama was John Dryden: hid the conquest of Granada (1670-1) and Aureng-Zebe (1675) were both written in heroic couplets.the Enlightenment movementA general term applied to the movement of the intellectual liberation that developed in Western Europe from the late 17th century to the late 18th century( the age of reason)。
英国文学史SH2011 Part One Early & Medieval English Literature
宙斯：希腊神话中的主神，第三任神王，是奥林匹斯山的统治者。 克洛诺斯和瑞亚之子，掌管天界；以贪花好色著称，奥林匹斯的 许多神祇和许多希腊英雄都是他和不同女人生下的子女。他以雷 电为武器，维持着天地间的秩序，公牛和鹰是他的标志。他的兄 弟波塞冬和哈得斯分别掌管海洋和冥界；女神赫拉是宙斯的最后 一位妻子。 宙斯是克洛诺斯之子。克洛诺斯是时间的创力和破坏力的结 合体，他的父母是天神乌拉诺斯和地神盖亚，他的妻子是掌管岁 月流逝的女神瑞亚。瑞亚生了许多子女，但每个孩子一出生就被 克洛诺斯吃掉。当瑞亚生下宙斯时，她决心保护这个小生命。她 用布裹住一块石头谎称这是新生的婴儿，克洛诺斯将石头一口吞 下肚里。于是，宙斯躲过一劫，他被送到克洛诺斯的姐姐宁芙女 神那里抚养。 宙斯长大成人后知道了自己的身世，决心救出自己的同胞兄 弟。他娶聪慧女神墨提斯为妻，听从妻子的计谋，引诱父亲克洛 诺斯服下了催吐药，克洛诺斯服药后不断呕吐，把他腹中的子女 们都吐了出来。他们是波塞冬、哈迪斯、赫斯提亚、德墨忒尔。 为了酬谢他们的兄弟宙斯，他们同意把最具威力的武器雷电赠给 他。
the influence of Christianity upon language and culture
Chapter 2 Beowulf (page 3-5)
Beowulf was not written down until the end of the 9th century. It is England’s national epic and the world’s oldest poem in English language. It is a warlike, violent poem of 3183 lines. The story was partly-historical and partly-legendary and shows great skill in construction.
【精品】英国文学史各个时期中的文学流派Britishliteratureineachperiod
【关键字】精品British literature in each periodOld English and Middle EnglishOld English was referred to the period of the English language and English countries. The earliest form of literature was poetry which spread orally, and the main poet was bards. When Christianity spread to Britain, some poems were recorded. At this period the most important literature of the British national epic was Beowulf written with head blank.Old English period（1066～1500）From the Normans conquered England in 1066 to 1,500 years around London dialect became accepted modern English literature, forms of main was ballad, poetry and knight legend. In a few groups in the legend, the British knights of the subject was king Arthur and his knights adventure stories, including The Green Knight and Heroes of the Marshes which represented the highest achievement in medieval knight legends. A lot of excellent folk emerged, and the most representative was the folk singing for hero Robin Hood .The most important poet known as "the father of English poetry" was the Chaucer. The Canterbury tales which achieved high artistic accomplishment was his representative works. He created the double blank poetry. Five steps to raise grid was adopted by many British poet. Chaucer written with London dialect laid the foundation of the literary creation, and promoted the development of the English language and literature.During the Renaissance British literature developed in poetry, prose, and especially prosperity.The poetry, the new poetic forms like sonnets and black verse were introduced to Britain.Philip Sidney was a famous poet. He wrote many beautiful sonnets, also created one of the earliest poetry A Defence of Poetry. Edmund Spenser wrote The Fairy Queen with Spencer method. Shakespeare is not only a drama writer but also a great poet, besides two poems, two epic and 154 sonnets.English version of Authorized Version (A V) in 1611, not only made great religious significance, but also a great literary works, and made great influence on British language culture. It's simple, easy and clear prose style laid the traditional British prose. A famous philosopher and essayist Francis Bacon wrote his literary works Essays which Included 58 essays he published in each period.Drama represented the highest achievement of English literature during the Renaissance. Main dramatists were Christopher Marlowe and W. Shakespeare. British literature in the 17th centuryBritish society in the 17th century is one of the severe turbulence. Because of the autocratic monarchy and the bourgeoisie, the conflict between the civil war broke out in 1642, and resulted in the glorious revolution in 1688.The political struggle and the bourgeois revolution ideology were closely connected with the Puritan religious struggle. So this period of literature and art showed the development and growth of revolutionary ideas, and had a strong Puritan tendency. Two representatives were Milton and Bunyan. Milton's masterpiece Paradise Lost and Bunyan's masterpiece The Pilgrim's Progress were both based on The Bible.The Pilgrim's Progress was anallegory works, which used "Christian" to the heaven to present mankind pursuing the bright future.British literature in the 18th centuryThe 18th century produced a kind of progress trend-- the Enlightenment. During this period, the writers and thinkers advocated rational thought. They thought enlightenment education was the basic method of social transformation. Therefore the 18th century was called the "rational era". In the field of literature embodied in the eighteenth century was neoclassicism. Representative writers were A.Pope, R.Steele, and J.Addison.Britain's modern fictions and a plenty of influential novelists rose in the mid 18th. Pamela written by Samuel Richardson used the form of epistolary to describe the characters of the psychological activity, which greatly enriched the creation of novels. The Vicar of Wakefield written by Oliver Goldsmith was one of the famous sentiment novels in British literature. Laurence Sterne broke traditional narrative methods and created Tristram Shandy, so he was believed to be the forerunner of British modernist literature.Daniel Defoe was the first realist in British literature. His masterpiece was Robinson Crusoe.Swift was the famous novelist, who used sharp writing to expose hypocrisy and corruption of the society and the church. His masterpiece was Gullivers Travels. Henry Fielding is one of the most outstanding novelists, who contributed to the development of novel in theory and practice for the British. In his masterpiece Tom Jones, he created many lifelike characters and demonstrated the intricacies of the social contradictions.British literature in the 19th centuryThe 19th century British literature mainly included Pre-Romantic Period and the later period of the critical realism novels.Black and Burns belong to former romantic poets. Black’s masterpiece was Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience. Burns was a famous national poet of Scotland. He wrote a lot of poetries for friendship, love, praises and liberty. Among them A Red Red Rose was widespread.Romantic heyday began with William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge jointly issued Lyrical ballads to the death of George Eliot. The main literary achievements were poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, and Southey who have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets”, George Gordon Byron, Percy Bysshe Shelley and John Keats were eulogized as rich revolutionary ideals of freedom and liberty.In the 19th century Critical Realist writer who had deep sympathy to poor people described the British bourgeois society, and exposed and criticized the bourgeois society. Charles Dickens was Britain's most outstanding critical realist who was good at describing the bottom of people's life and thoughts, ideas, and works, while William Makepeace Thackeray was good at describing the upper society people. Critical realist female novelist and their representative works: Charlotte Bronte, Emily Bronte, Mrs. Gaskell, George Eliot.Thomas Hardy was a novelist and a poet, also one of the representatives of EnglishCritical realism. He said his work was "character and environment of the novel". His masterpiece was Tess of the D’Urbervill es.The 20th century modern writersThe crisis people towards western civilization and the consequences in the Second World War contributed to the formation of western modernist literature, mainly for “stream of consciousness”. Representative writers were Henry James and James Aloysius Joyce. Joyce’s novel Ulysses described the wretched spiritual life of the modern urban residents. Virginia Woolf’s To the Lighthouse used a skilled symbolism and stream of consciousness.此文档是由网络收集并进行重新排版整理.word可编辑版本！。
(完整word版)英国文学史及选读2-知识总结
以下为英国文学史第二册的知识点总结个别知识点会有错误或者遗漏请在复习的时候自主补充愿大家都能取得好成绩———VictoriaJPart V The Romantic PeriodThe romantic period began in 1798 the publication of Wordsworth and Coleridge’s <Lyrical Ballads>, and end in 1832 with Sir Walter Scott’s death. Wordsworth华兹华斯Coleridge 柯尔律治Southey 骚塞The Lake Poets1.William Wordsworth威廉•华兹华斯1770~1850Poet Laureate（桂冠诗人）a leader of the romantic movement in England.①Lyrical Ballads 《抒情歌谣集》(with Samuel Taylor Coleridge)It marked the beginning of the Romantic revival in England(1)This is a joint work of Wordsworth and his friend Coleridge.(2)The publication of Lyrical Ballads in 1798 marks the beginning of the RomanticMovement in England.(3)It begins with Coleridge’s long poem “The Rime of the Ancient Mariner”(“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)and ends with Wordsworth’s “Tintern Abbey”(“丁登寺”).(4)Many of the subjects of these poems deal with elements of nature such as birds,daffodils and simple rural folk.(5)The majority of poems in this collection were written by Wordsworth.The poems in Lyrical Ballads are characterized by a sympathy with the poor, simple peasants, a passionate love of nature and the simplicity and purity of the language.(6) Some of the best poems in the collection are:“Lines Written in Early Spring”(“早春诗行”),“The Rime of the Ancient Mariner” (“古舟子咏”; “老水手之行”)“Lines Composed A Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey” (“丁登寺”).②Lucy Poems 《露西组诗》③“I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud” “独自漫游似浮云”=“The Daffodils”“水仙”Theme: 1.Nature embodies human beings in their diverse circumstance. It is nature that give him “strength and knowledge full of peace”2. It is bliss to recall the beauty of nature in poet mind while he is in solitude.Comment: The poet is very cheerful with recalling the beautiful sights. In the poem on the beauty of nature, the reader is presented a vivid picture of lively and lovely daffodils(水仙) and poets philosophical ideas and mystical thoughts.④“The Solitary Reaper”“孤独的收割者”⑤The Prelude 《序曲》or Growth of a Poet’s Mind⑥The Excursion 《远足》《漫游》Wordsworth’s Principles of Poetry（feelings，commonplace things，the real language of man and deliberate simplicity，inner self, changed the ordinary speech of the language → return to nature.）2.George Gordon Byron乔治•戈登•拜伦1788~18241)Hours of Idleness 《闲暇时刻》《消闲时光》dealing with childish recollections andearly friendship, showing the influence of 18th century traditions。
英国文学史SH2011William Shakespeare
Reasons
of leaving hometown In his early manhood, apparently between 1586 and 1588, Shakespeare left Stratford to seek his fortune in London. As to the reasons why he left his hometown, there are two versions, one being that he had joined in poaching raids（偷猎） on the deerpark of Sir Thomas Lucy, a neighboring country gentleman, and found it desirable to get beyond the bounds of that gentleman's authority. Another version is that Shakespeare had been fascinated by the performances of traveling dramatic companies at Stratford.
The Second Period （1594-1601） Period of chronicle-history plays and happy comedies. 1. The chronicle-history plays begin (probably) with the subtile and fascinating, though not yet absolutely masterful study of contrasting characters in Richard II; continue through the two parts of Henry IV, where the realistic comedy action of Falstaff and his group makes history familiarly vivid; and end with the epic glorification of a typical English hero-king in Henry V.
英国文学史第一章知识点
英国文学史第一章知识点一.English literature:poetry诗歌、Novel小说、Drama戏剧and Essay散文。
a)中世纪：the English Medieval Age：the old English Literature 古英语时期the Middle English Literature 中古英语时期Anglo-Saxon ages 央格鲁-撒克逊时代给我们留下的古英语文学作品中，最重要的一部是《贝奥武甫》，别认为是英国的民族史诗。
The good specimens标本of pagan异教poetry 诗歌are Beowulf,the greatest of Germanic epics日耳曼史诗. 讲述主人公贝尔武甫斩妖除魔，与火龙搏斗的故事，具有神话传奇色彩。
national epic 民族史诗of the English people/of theAnglo-Saxons; Denmark story; alliteration 头韵体, A lot of metaphors 隐喻and understatements保守的陈述are used in the poem.Epic:long narrative poems叙事诗thatrecord the adventures orheroic deeds of a hero enacted制定in vast landscapes风景.The style of epic is grand宏伟的and elevated严肃的.e.g. Homer’s Iliad and OdysseyArtistic features:The epic presents an all-round picture of the tribal society史诗提出了一种全面的图像部落的社会。
.We can see the social conditions and customs of that period我们可以看到那个时期的社会条件和习俗。
05第6讲The_Flowering_of_English_Literature
Why Renaissance Took Place at the Time
In this new house of their own, everything should be new and of their own. Explanation for the surge of nationalism. Everyone had his own value, moral, and ideal. Everyone wanted to re-explain the classical works and spoke for his contemporaries. Everyone was free to express his own thought Everyone wanted to enlist more audience so as to exalt the influence of his ideas of the 3 elements
The nationalist feelings which had risen with the reign of Queen Elizabeth I awakened people's desire for knowledge about England's past history. P.38 What is this that prompted the nationalist feelings? Another kind of literature prevailing at the time was the large amount of books describing discoveries and adventures. P.39 Why was there so many books describing discoveries and adventures?
英国文学史
英国文学史Charlotte Bronte 24Charlotte’s works are all about the struggle of an individual consciousness towards self-realization, about some lonely and neglected young women with a fierce longing for love, understanding and a full, happy life. In her mind, man’s life is composed of perpetual battle between sin and virtue, good and evil. Besides, she is a writer of realism combined with romanticism. On one hand, she presents a vivid realistic picture of the English society by exposing the cruelty, hypocrisy and other evils of the upper classes, and by showing the misery and suffering of the poor. On the other hand, her writings are marked throughout by an intensity of vision and of passion.Idylls of the King 53Idyll is a short poem describing an incident of country life in terms of idealized innocence and contentment, or any such episode in a poem or prose work. The term is virtually synonymous with pastoral poem. The title of Tennyson’s Id ylls of the King, a sequence of Arthurian romance, bears little relation to the usual meaning.The Ring and the Book 64The publication of the Ring and the Book established Browning’s position as one of the greatest English poets.My Last Duchess 63Dramatic monologue is a kind of poem in which a single fictional or historical character other than the poet speaks to a silent “ audience” of one or more persons. Such poems reveal not the poet’s own thoughts but the mind of the impersonated character, whose personality is revealed unwittingly.It is in Browning’s hands that this poetic form reaches its maturity and perfection. “ Pippa Passes”, “ My Last Duchess,”The Bishuop Orders His Tomb”, “ The Ring and the Book”What does Wordsworth’s poem “ the Solitary Reaper” tell us about Romanticist?1To romanticists. Poetry i s an expression of an individual’s feelings and experiences no matter how fragmentary and momentary these feelings and experiences are.2 Romanticists take delight only in sound effect, the theme of a work is not their concern.3Romanticists are not patient people; they would leave before the revelation of the theme.4 Poetry should present the apparent and tangible.2. The Romantic period is an age of poetry. Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron and Keats are the major poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as _______.A. the poetic romanceB. the poetic movementC. the poetic revolutionD. the poetic reformation4. William Wordsworth, a romantic poet, advocated all the following except __________.the using of everyday language spoken by the common peoplethe expression of the spontaneous overflow of powerful feelingsthe humble and rustic life as subject matterelegant wording and inflated figures of speech3. Romanticism was in effect a revolt of the English ___________ against the neoclassical ________, which prevailed from the days of Pope to those of Johnson.Jane AustenShe is a neoclassicism advocator, regarded by many critics as one of the greatest of all novelists. She never married. Austen holds the ideals of the landlord class in politics, religion and moral principles; and her works show clearly her firm belief in the predominance of reason over passion, the sense of responsibility, good manners and clear-sighted judgment over the Romantic tendencies of emotion and individuality. She shows contemptuous feelings towards snobbery, stupidity, worldliness and vulgarity through subtle satire and irony. And in style, upholding those traditional ideas of order, reason, proportion and gracefulness in novel writing.Artistic features1. Jane Austen’s concern is about human beings in their personal relations, human beings with their families and neighbors. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men and women.2. She writes within a narrow sphere. The subject matter, the character range, the moral setting, physical setting and social setting, and plots are all restricted to the provincial or village life of the 18th-century England, all concerning three or four landed gentry families with the trivial incidents of their everyday life.3. Her novels are surprisingly realistic, with keen observation and penetrating analysis. She keeps the balance between fact and form as no other English novelist has ever done.4. Austen uses dialogues to reveal the personalities of her characters. The plots of her novels appear natural and unforced.Her characters are vividly portrayed and everyone comes alive.5. Her language, which is of typical neoclassicism, is simple, easy, naturally lucid and very economical. Pride and Prejudice Pride and Prejudice, originally drafted as “First Impression” in 1796, is the most delightful of her works. The title tells of a major concern of the novel: pride and prejudice. If to form good relationships is our main task in life, we must first have good judgement. Our first impressions, according to Jane Austen, are ususlly wrong, as is shown here by those of Elizabeth. In the process of judging others, Elizabeth finds out something about herself: her blindness, partiality, prejudice and absurdity. In time she discovers her own shortcomings. On the other hand, Darcy too learns about other people and himself. In the end false pride is humbled and prejudice dissolved.Three kinds of motivations:Marry for material wealth and social positionMarry just for beauty and passionmarry for true love with a consideration of the partner’s personal merit as well as his economical and social status It is wrong to marry just for money or for beauty, but it is also wrong to marry without it.。
英国文学史wordsworth
Theory of poetry
In 1798 he wrote a brief “advertisement” in which the young poet tried to instruct his readers to revise their fixed standards of judgment on how to find on how to find pleasure in poetry.
Four points
1.the theme is to be incidents and situations chosen from common life 普通生活里的事件和情景 2.the language used is to be a selection of language really used by men 人们真正用的语言 3.regarding the treatment of the theme, ordinary things are to be presented in an unusual way 4.the poet is to trace in the chosen incidents and situations the primary laws of human nature
Theory of poetry
“The principal object, then, which I proposed to myself in these poems was to choose incidents and situations from common life and to relate or describe them, throughout, as far as was possible, in a selection of language really used by men; and, at the same time, to throw over them a certain coloring of imagination, whereby ordinary things should be presented to the mind in an unusual way; and, further, and above all, to make these incidents and situations interesting by tracing in then, truly though not ostentatiously, the primary laws of our nature: chiefly as far as regards the manner in which we associate ideas in a state of excitement.”
英国文学史期末复习重点
英国文学史Part one: Early and Medieval English LiteratureChapter 1 The Making of England1. The early inhabitants in the island now we call England were Britons, a tribe of Gelts.2. In 55 B.C., Britain was invaded by Julius Caesar.The Roman occupation lasted for about 400 years.It was also during the Roman role that Christianity was introduced to Britain.And in 410 A.D., all the Roman troops went back to the continent and never returned.3. The English ConquestAt the same time Britain was invaded by swarms of pirates(海盗). They were three tribes from Northern Europe: the Angles, Saxons and Jutes.And by the 7th century these small kingdoms were combined into a United Kingdom called England, or, the land of Angles.And the three dialects spoken by them naturally grew into a single language calledAnglo-Saxon, or Old English.4. The Social Condition of the Anglo-SaxonTherefore, the Anglo-Saxon period witnessed a transition from tribal society to feudalism. 5. Anglo-Saxon Religious Belief and Its InfluenceThe Anglo-Saxons were Christianized in the seventh century.Chapter 2 Beowulf1. Anglo-Saxon PoetryBut there is one long poem of over 3,000 lines. It is Beowulf, the national epic of the English people. Grendel is a monster described in Beowulf.3. Analysis of Its ContentBeowulf is a folk lengend brought to England by Anglo-Saxons from their continental homes. It had been passed from mouth to mouth for hundreds of years before it was written down in the tenth century.4. Features of BeowulfThe most striking feature in its poetical form is the use of alliteration, metaphors and understatements.Chapter 3 Feudal England1) The Norman Conquest2. The Norman ConquestThe French-speaking Normans under Duke William came in 1066. After defeating the English at Hastings, William was crowned as King of England.The Norman Conquest marks the establishment of feudalism in England.3. The Influence of the Norman Conquest on the English LanguageBy the end of the fourteenth century, when Normans and English intermingled, English was once more the dominant speech in the country.3) The Romance1. The Content of the RomanceThe most prevailing kind of literature in feudal England was the romance.4. Malory’s Le Morte D’ArthurThe adventures of the Knights of the Round Table at Arthur’s courtChapter 5 The English Ballads2. The BalladsThe most important department of English folk literature is the ballad. A ballad is a story told in song, usually in 4-line stanzas, with the second and fourth lines rhymed.Of paramount importance are the ballads of Robin Hood.3. The Robin Hood BalladsChapter 6 Chaucer1. LifeGeoffrey Chaucer, the founder/father of English poetry.3. Troilus and CriseydeTroilus and Criseyde is Chaucer’s longest complete poem and his greatest artistic achievement.But the poet shows some sympathy for her, hitting that her fault springs from weakness rather than baseness of character.4. The Canterbury TalesThe Canterbury Tales is Chaucer’s masterpiece and one of the monumental works in English literature.6. His LanguageChaucer’s language, now called Middle English, is vivid and exact.Chaucer’s contribution to English poetry lies chiefly in the fact that he introduced from France the rhymed stanza of various types, especially the rhymed couplet of 5 accents in iambic meter (the “the heroic couplet”) to English poetry, instead of the old Anglo-Saxon alliterative verse.The spoken English of the time consisted of several dialects, and Chaucer did much in making dialect of London the standard for the modern English speech.Part Two: The English RenaissanceChapter 1 Old England in Transition1. The New MonarchyThe century and a half following the death of Chaucer was full of great changes.And Henry 7, taking advantage of this situation, founded the Tudor dynasty, a centralized monarchy of a totally new type, which met the needs of the rising bourgeoisie and so won its support.2. The ReformationProtestantismThe bloody religious persecution came to a stop after the church settlement of Queen Elizabeth.3. The English BibleWilliam TyndallThen appeared the Authorized Version, which was made in 1611 under the auspices of James I and so was sometimes called the King James Bible.The result is a monument of English language and English literature.The standard modern English has been fixed and confirmed.4. The Enclosure Movement5. The Commercial ExpansionChapter 2 More1. LifeThomas More2. UtopiaUtopia is More’s masterpiece, written in the form of a conversation between More and Hythlody, a returned voyager.The name “Utopia” comes from two Greek words meaning “no place”.3. Utopia, Book OneBook One of Utopia is a picture of contemporary England with forcible exposure of the poverty among the laboring classes.4. Utopia, Book TwoIn Book Two we have a sketch of an ideal commonwealth in some unknown ocean, where property is held in common and there is no poverty.Chapter 3 The Flowering of English Literature3. Edmund Spenser1) LifeThe Poet’s Poet of the period was Edmund Spenser.In 1579 he wrote The Shepher’s Calendar, a pastoral poem in twelve books, one for each month of the year.2) The Faerie Queene (masterpiece)Spenser’s greatest work, The Faerie Queene (published in 1589-1596), is a long poem planned in 12 books, of which he finished only 6.iambic feet Spenserian Stanza4. Francis Bacon (father/founder of English essay)the founder of English English materialist philosophyBacon is also famous for his Essays. When it included 58 essays.Bacon is the first English essayist.Chapter 4 Drama7. The PlaywrightsThere was a group of so-called “university wits” (Lyly, Peele, Marlowe, Greene, Lodge and Nash).Chapter 5 Marlowe1. LifeThe most gifted of the “university wits” was Christopher Marlowe.2. WorkMarlowe’s best includes three of his plays, Tamburlaine, The Jew of Malta and Doctor Faustus.3. Doctor FaustusMarl owe’s masterpiece is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus.5. Marlowe’s Literary AchievementMarlowe was the greatest of the pioneers of English drama.It is Marlowe who first made blank verse (rhymeless iambic pentameter) the principal instrument of English drama.Chapter 6 Shakespeare1. LifeWilliam Shakespeare was born on April 23, 1564, in Stratford-on-Avon.After his death, two of his above-mentioned fellow-actors, Herminge and Condell, collected and published Shakespeare’s plays in 1623. To this edition, which has been known as the First Folio.4. The Great ComediesA Midsummer Night’s Dream, The Merchant of Venice, As You Like It and Twelfth Night have been called Shakespeare’s “great comedies”.6. The Great TragediesShakespeare created his great tragedies, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear and Macbeth.7. Hamletthe son of the Renaissance9. The Poems1) Venus and Adonis2) The Rape of Lucrece3) Shakespeare’s Sonnets10. Features of Shakespeare’s DramaShakespeare and the Authorized Version of the English Bible are the two greatest treasuries of the English language.Shakespeare has been universally acknowledged to be the summit of the English Renaissance.Part Three: The Period of the English Bourgeois RevolutionChapter 1 The English Revolution and the Restoration5. The Bourgeois Dictatorship and the Restorationin 1688 Glorious Revolution6. The Religious Cloak of the English RevolutionPuritanism was the religious doctrine of the revolutionary bourgeoisie during the English Revolution. It preached thrift, sobriety, hard work and unceasing labour in whatever calling one happened to be, but with no extravagant enjoyment of the fruits of labour.Chapter 2 Milton1. Life and WorkParadise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.2. Paradise Lost1) Paradise LostParadise Lost is Milton’s masterpiece.blank verse.Chapter 3 Bunyan1. LifeThe Pilgrim’s Progress was published in 1678.2. The Pilgrim’s Progress1)The Pilgrim’s Progress is a religious allegory.Chapter 4 Metaphysical Poets and Cavalier Poetsa school of poets called “Metaphysical” by Samuel Johnson.by mysticism in content and fantasticality in formJohn Donne, the founder of the Metaphysical school of poetry.Chapter 6 Restoration Literature2. John DrydenThe most distinguished literary figure of the Restoration Period was John Dryden.Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the next century.Part Four: The Eighteenth CenturyChapter 1 The Enlightenment and Classicism in English Literature1. The Enlightenment and 18th Century England2) The Enlightenment in EuropeThe 18th century marked the beginning of an intellectual movement in Europe, known as the Enlightenment, which was, on the whole, an expression of struggle of the bourgeoisie against feudalism. The enlighteners fought against class inequality, stagnation, prejudices and other survivals of feudalism.3) The English EnlighternersThe representatives of the Enlightenment in English literature were Joseph Addison and Richard Steele, the essayists, and Alexander Pope, the poet.Chapter 2 Addison and Steele1. Steele and The TatlerRichard SreeleIn 1709, he started a paper, The Tatler, to enlighten, as well as to entertain, his fellow coffeehouse-goers.His appeal was made to “coffeehouses,” that is to say, to the middle classes, for whose enlightenment he stood up.“Issac Bickerstaff”2. Addison and The SpectatorThe general purpose is “to enliven morality with wit, and to temper wit with morality.”They ushered in the dawn of modern English novel.Chapter 3 Pope1. LifeAlexander Pope, the most important English poet in the first half of the 18th century.3. Workmanship and LimitationPope was an outstanding enlightener and the greatest English poet of the classical school in the first half of the 18th century.Pope is the most important representative of the English classical poery.But he lacker the lyrical gift.Chapter 4 Swift3. Bickersta f f Almanac (1708)Swift wrote his greatest work Gulliver’s Travels in Ireland.Chapter 5 Defoe and the Rise of the English Novel1. The Rise of the English Novelthe realistic novel: Defoe, Swift, Richardson and FieldingSwift’s world-famous novel Gulliver’s Travel sDefoe’s Robinson Crusoe (the forerunner of the English realistic novel)Richardson: Pamela, Clarissa and Sir Charles GrandisonFielding was the real founder of the realistic novel in England.The novel of this period … spoke the truth about life with an uncompromising courage.”The novelists of this period understood that “the job of a novelist was to tell the truth about life as he saw it.” (Ibid.) This explains the achievement of the English novel in the 18th century. 4. Robinson Crusoe1) Today Defoe is chiefly remembered as the author of Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece. Chapter 6 RichardsonSamuel RichardsonPamela was, in fact, the first English psycho-analytical novel.After Pamela, Richardson wrote two other novels: Clarissa Harlowe and Sir Charles Grandison.Clarissa is the best of Richardson’s novel.Chapter 7 Fielding (the father of English novel)1. LifeHis first novel Joseph Andrews was published in 1742.His Jonathan Wild appeared in 1743. It is a powerful political satire.In 1749, he finished his great novel Tom Jones.Amelia was his last novel. It is inferior to Tom Jones, but has merits of its own.3. Joseph Andrews4. Tom Jones1) The StoryFielding’s greatest work is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.6. Summary2) Fielding as the Founder of the English Realistic NovelAs a novelist, Fielding is very great. He is the founder of the English realistic novel and sets up the theory of realism in literary creation.He has been rightly called the “father of t he English novel.”Chapter 10 Johnson1. LifeSamuel Johnson, lexicographer, critic and poet.2. Johnson’s DictionaryIn 1755 his Dictionary was published.His Dictionary also marked the end of English writers’ reliance on the patronage of noblemen for support.Chapter 13 Sentimentalism and Pre-Romanticism in Poetry1. LifeThomas Gray2. Pre-RomanticismIn the latter half of the 18th century, a new literary movement arose in Europe, called the Romantic Revival.Pre-Romanticism was ushered in by Percy, Macpherson and Chatterton, and represented by Blake and Burns.Chapter 14 Blake1. LifeWilliam Blake2. Songs of Innocence and Songs of Experience4. Blake’s Position in English LiteratureFor these reasons, Blake is called a Pre-Romantic or a forerunner of the Romantic poetry of the 19th century.Chapter 15 Burns1. LifeHis Poems Chiefly in the Scottish Dialect were printed. (masterpiece)The Scots Musical Museum and Select Collection of Original Scottish Airs2. The Poetry of Burns1) Burns is remembered mainly for his songs written in the Scottish dialect on a variety of subjects.3. Features of Burns’ PoetryBurns is the national poet of Scotland.Part Five: Romanticism in EnglandChapter 1 The Romantic Periodthe Industrial Revolution the French RevolutionAmid these social conflicts romanticism arose as a new literary trend. It prevailed in England during the period 1798-1832.These were the elder generation of romanticists, sometimes called escapist romanticists, including Wordsworth, Coleridge and Southey, who have also been called the Lake Poets. Active romanticists represented by Byron, Shelley and Keats.The general feature of the works of the romanticists is a dissatisfaction with the bourgeois society, which finds expression in a revolt against or an escape from the prosaic, sordid daily life, the “prison of the actual” under capitalism.Poetry, of course, is the best medium to express all these sentiments.The only great novelist in this period was Walter Scott.Scott marked the transition from romanticism to the period of realism which followed it. Chapter 2 WordsworthColeridgeIn 1798 they jointly published the Lyrical Ballads.The publication of the Lyrical Ballads marked the break with the conventional poetical tradition of the 18th century, i.e., with classicism, and the beginning of Romantic revival in England.The Preface of the Lyrical Ballads served as the manifesto of the English Romantic Movement in poetry.Wordsworth, Colerid ge and Southey have often been mentioned as the “Lake Poets” because they lived in the Lake District in the northwestern part of England.His deep love for nature runs through such short lyrics as Lines Written in Early Spring, To the Cuckoo, I Wandered Lonely as a Cloud, My Heart Leaps Up, Intimations of Immortality and Lines Composed a Few Miles Above Tintern Abbey. The last is called his “lyrical hymn of thanks to nature”.Wordsworth’s poetry is distinguished by the simplicity and purity of his language. Chapter 3 Coleridge and Southey1. ColeridgeColeridge’s best poems, The Rime of the Ancient Mariner.Chapter 4 Byron1. LifeChilde Harold’s PilgrimageHe finished Childe Harold, wrote his masterpiece Don Juan.2. Childe Harold’s PilgrimageThis long poem contains four cantos. It is written in the Soenserian stanza.3. Don JuanByron remains one of the most popular English poets both at home and abroad.Chapter 5 Shelley4. Promethus UnboundShelley’s masterpiece is Promethus Unbound, a lyrical drama in 4 acts.6. Lyrics on Nature and LoveOde to the West WindChapter 6 Keats2. Long PoemsKeats wrote five long poems: Endymion, Isabella, The Eve of St. Agnes, Lamia and Hyperion.5) The unfinished long epic Hyperion has been regarded as Keat’s greatest achievement in poetry.3. Short Poems1) His leading principle is: “Beauty in truth, truth in beauty.”3) Ode to Autumn, Ode on Melancholy, Ode on a Grecian Urn and Ode to a Nightingale Chapter 10 Scott2. His Historical NovelsScott has been universally regarded as the founder and great master of the historical novel. According to the subjet-matter, the group on the history of Scotland, the group on English history and the group on the history of European countries.In fact, Scott’s literary career marks the transition from romanticism to realism in English literature of the 19th century.Part Six: English Critical RealismChapter 2 DickensCharles Dickens critical realismDickens: Pickwick Papers, American Notes, Martin Chuzzlewit and Oliver Twist4) Dickens has often been compared Shakespeare for creative force and range of invention. “He and Shakespeare are the two unique popular classics that England has given to the world, and they are alike in being remembered not for one masterpiece but for creative world.”David CopperfieldChapter 3 Thackeray2. Vanity Fair: A Novel Without a HeroVanity Fair is Thackeray’s masterpiece. characters: Amelia Sedley and Rebecca (Becky) SharpThackeray can be placed on the same level as Dickens, as one of the greatest critical realists of 19th-century Europe.Chapter 4 Some Women Novelists1. Jane Austen (1775-1817)She herself compared her work to a fine engraving made upon a little piece of ivory only two inches square.Jane Austen wrote 6 novels: Northanger Abbey, Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, Mansfield Park, Emma and Persuasion.2. The Bronte SistersCharlotte’s maiden attempt at prose writing, the novel Professor, was rejected by the publisher, but her next novel Jane Eyre, appearing in 1847, brought her fame and placed her in the ranks of the foremost English realistic writers. Emily’s novel Wuthering Heights appeared in 1847.Anne: Agnes Grey4. George EliotMary Ann Evansthree remarkable novels: Adam Bede, The Mill on the Floss and Silas Marner3) Silas Marner:Critical realism was the main current of English literature in the middle of the 19th century.Part Seven: Prose-Writers and Poets of the Mid and Late 19th Century Chapter 1 Carlylethe Victorian AgeChapter 3 Tennysonthe Victorian Age prose especially the novel1. Tennyson’s Life and CareerAlfred Tennyson, the most important poet of the Victorian Age.In the same year (1850) he was appointed poet laureate in succession to Wordsworth. Chapter 7 Literary Trends at the End of the Century1. NaturalismNaturalism is a literary trend prevailing in Europe, especially in France and Germany, in the second half of the 19th century.2. Neo-RomanticismStevenson was a representative of neo-romanticism in English literature.Treasure Island (masterpiece)3. AestheticismAestheticism began to prevail in Europe at the middle of the 19th century. The theory of “art for art’s sake” was first put forward by the French poet Theophile Gautier.The two most important representatives of aestheticists in English literature are Walter Pater and Oscar Wilde.2) Oscar Wilde dramatistLady Windermere’s Fan, 1893; A Woman of No Importance, 1894; An Ideal Husband and The Importance of Being Earnest, 1895The Importance of Being Earnest is his masterpiece in drama.Part Eight: Twentieth Century English Literature(Modernism)Chapter 2 English Novel of Early 20th Century3. Henry JamesHe is regarded as the forerunner of the “stream of consciousness” literature in the 20th century.Chapter 3 Hardy1. Life and WorkAmong his famous novels, Tess of the D’Urbervillies and Jude the Obscure.2. Tess of the D’Urbervilliescharacters: Tess, Alec D’Urbervillies and Angel ClareChapter 6 Bernard ShawChapter 8 Modernism in Poetry1. ImagismEzra PoundThe two most important English poets of the first half of 20th century are W. B. Yeats and T. S. Eliot.2. W. B. YeatsThe Wild Swans at Coole, Michael Robartes and the Dancer, The Tower and The Winding StairT. S. E liot has referred to Yeats as “the greatest poet of our age-certainly the greatest in this(i.e. English) language.”3. T. S. EliotThe Waste Land (1922) is dignifying the emergence of Modernism.T. S. Eliot was a leader of the modernist movement in English poetry and a great innovator of verse technique. He profoundly influenced 20th-century English poetry between World Wars 1 and 2.Chapter 9 The Psychological Fiction1. D. H. LawrenceSons and Lovers (1913), the first of Lawrence’s important novel s, is largely autobiographical.This shows the influence of Freud’s theory of psychoanalysis, especially that of the “Oedipus complex.”The Rainbow, Women in Love and Lady Chatterley’s Lover3. James JoyceUlysses (1922)June 16, 1904character: Leopold BloomJames Joyce was one of the most original novelists of the 20th century.His masterpiece Ulysses has been called “a modern prose epic”.His admirers have praised him as “second only to Shakespeare in his mastery of the English language.”4. Virginia Woolf“high-brows”the Bloomsbury GroupVirginia Wolf’s first two novels, The Voyage Out and Night and Day.Jacob’s Room, Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse and OrlandoPart Nine: Poets and Novelists Who Wrote both before and after the Second World War Chapter 5 E. M. ForsterEdward Morgan Forster the Bloomsbury Groupfour novels: Where Angels Fear to Tread, The Longest Journey, A Room with a View and Howards EndA Passage to India, published in 1924, is Forster’s masterpiece.In 1927, Forster published a book on the theory of fiction, Aspects of the Novel.Chapter 10 William GoldingWilliam Gerald GoldingHis first novel Lord of the FliesChapter 11 Doris LessingGolden Notebook。
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The Story
Gloriana, the queen of Fairyland, represents both glory and Queen Elizabeth I, in whose honor 12 knights, who represented the qualities of the chivalric virtues, engage in a series of adventures. The first six books are about the qualities of holiness, temperance, chastity ['tʃæstiti] 纯洁, friendship, justice, and courtesy.
A representative of the Renaissance in England, a well-known philosopher, scientist and essayist. He lays the foundation for modern science with his insistence on scientific way of thinking and fresh observation rather than authority as a basis for obtaining knowledge. His Essays is the first example of that genre in English literature, which has been recognized as an important landmark in the development of Englisnce
Imaginative powers of literary creation intellectual energy of literary creation
Poetry
Drama
essay
Spenser
Shakespeare
Bacon
The Elizabethan poets
Dragon
Red Cross Knight fights against the dragon
Francis Bacon (1561-1626)
Founder of English materialist philosophy and modern science in England, first English essayist. His intellectual ambition is characteristic of the spirit of the Renaissance.
Two levels of allegory
The long poem is a continued allegory, and the allegory has two levels. P.42 One level examines the moral, philosophical and religious values and is represented by the Red Cross Knight, who stands for all Christians. The second level is the particular, which focuses on the political, social, and religious conflicts in the then English society.
Life and career P.44-46
Born in the family of Sir Nicholas Bacon, Keeper of Privy Seal to Queen Elizabeth Educated in Cambridge at 12 Member of the House of Common at 23 Lord Chancellor and peer at 57 Died in aged disgrace at 60
Plan of the poem
Purpose: To fashion a gentleman or noble person in virtuous and gentle discipline The plan: 12 books, each one having a different hero distinguished for one of the private virtues Prince Arthur, he is to play a role in each of the 12 major adventures, searching for the Fairy Queen, whom he has fallen in love with through a love vision
The Elizabethan Age
[i,lizə'bi:θən]
Great development of national economy Expansion of foreign trade and markets Establishment of nationalistic consciousness Improvement of people's life Introduction of printing The bloody religious persecution came to a stop. The reforms were compatible with the monarchy and accepted by the English people. Age of dreams, adventures, unbounded enthusiasm Age of translation and literature
Major Works P.45-46
His works may be divided into three classes: the philosophical, the literary, and the professional works. The Advancement of Learning is a great tract on education. Novum Organum is a successful treatise written in Latin on methodology. (philosophical) Essays (58 essays 1597, 1612, 1625), The History of the Reign of Henry VII (1622) and his unfinished The New Atlantis. (literary) Maxims of Law and The Learned Reading upon the Statute of Uses (1642). (professional)
The English Renaissance
Chapter 3
The Flowering of English Literature
•Queen Elizabeth I
(1533-1603) (her reign: 1558-1603) 是都铎王朝的第五位也是最后一 位君主。她终身未嫁， 位君主 。 她终身未嫁 ，因被称为 童贞女王” “童贞女王 ” 。 她即位时不但成 功地保持了英格兰的统一， 功地保持了英格兰的统一， 而且 在经过近半个世纪的统治后， 在经过近半个世纪的统治后，使 英格兰成为欧洲最强大的国家之 一。 英格兰文化也在此期间达到 了一个顶峰， 了一个顶峰 ， 涌现出了诸如莎士 比亚、弗朗西斯·培根这样的著名 比亚、弗朗西斯 培根这样的著名 人物。 人物。 英国在北美的殖民地亦在 此期间开始确立。 此期间开始确立 。 在英国历史上 在位时被称为“伊丽莎白时期” 在位时被称为“ 伊丽莎白时期”， 亦称为“黄金时代” 亦称为“黄金时代”。
Henry Howard
['hauəd] (15171547), Earl of Surrey The first one to introduce sonnet into England and made first English attempts at blank pentameters, later handled by Shakespeare and Milton. P.39
Edmund Spenser (1552-1599)
Life and career
Born in a minor noble family, educated at Merchant Tailors' School and at Cambridge Fell in love and recorded his laments over the loss of Rosalind in his Shepherd's Calendar (1579) Established his reputation as an important poet with the publication of The Shepherd's Calendar P.41
Major Works
The Shepherd's Calendar (1579), 12 pastoral poems, one for each month of the year Epithalamion [,epiθə'leimiən]喜歌, 颂歌(1594), sonnet sequence and marriage ode to celebrate the successful love after culminating in marriage The Faerie Queene (1589-96), a long poem planned in 12 books dedicated to Queen Elizabeth, but he finished only 6. P.42