Wilfred Abraham On Statutory Adjudication
一种珍贵的品种英语作文
一种珍贵的品种英语作文I want to talk about a precious breed of dog called the Tibetan Mastiff. This breed is known for its large size, thick fur, and strong, muscular build. They are also known for their loyalty and protective nature, making them excellent guard dogs.The Tibetan Mastiff has a long history and is considered one of the oldest and most primitive breeds of dogs. They were originally bred by nomadic cultures of Tibet, China, Nepal, and India to protect sheep from predators such as wolves, leopards, and bears.One of the most striking features of the TibetanMastiff is its thick, double coat, which providesinsulation from the harsh Himalayan climate. This coat comes in a variety of colors, including black, brown, and blue-gray. The breed also has a distinctive mane around the neck and shoulders, giving them a majestic appearance.In recent years, the Tibetan Mastiff has gained popularity as a luxury pet in China, with some individuals selling for millions of dollars. This has led to concerns about overbreeding and the welfare of these dogs, as they require a lot of space, exercise, and socialization to be happy and healthy.Despite their high price tag, the Tibetan Mastiff is not a breed for everyone. They are independent, strong-willed, and can be aggressive towards strangers if not properly trained and socialized. Potential owners should do thorough research and consider their lifestyle and experience with large, powerful breeds before bringing a Tibetan Mastiff into their home.In conclusion, the Tibetan Mastiff is a precious and ancient breed with a rich history and unique characteristics. While they may not be suitable for everyone, those who appreciate their beauty, loyalty, and protective nature will find them to be a truly special and valuable companion.。
OxfordTextbookof...
Matthew Smallman-Raynor and Andrew Cliff,Atlas of Epidemic Britain:A Twentieth-Century Picture.Oxford,Oxford University Press,2012,xþ207pages,£125hardcover.This book,as its title implies,maps infectious disease data in the twentieth century,largely within England,Scotland,and Wales,but occasionally straying into a wider geographical area and into the twenty-first century.The focus is largely on infectious epidemics in humans.The authors make the slightly ambitious claim that this might be considered a continuation of Charles Creighton’s classic History of Epidemics in Britain(2vols.,Cambridge,1891e4).In the present work,after a slightly congested opening chapter(contain-ing a lot of the basic ideas and terminology),chapter2surveys epidemic mortality in the British Isles and Europe over the twen-tieth century,highlighting a threefold division into emerging diseases(e.g.,influenza,pneumonia,respiratory infections,polio-myelitis),retreating diseases(e.g.,anthrax,diphtheria,typhoid), and secularly varying emerging/retreating diseases(e.g.,malaria, brucellosis).Chapter3concentrates on the extinction of the‘old plagues’,specifically bubonic and pneumonic plague,malaria, smallpox,cholera and typhus fever in the period up to1945.The focus of the two chapters that follow is on common infections up to1945,specifically the four major epidemic in-fections of childhood(diphtheria,scarlet fever,measles,whooping cough)(chapter4),and influenza,typhoid,parathyroid,dysentery, and poliomyelitis(chapter5),emphasizing the importance of im-munization and public health measures such as closure of schools, and improvement in sewage treatment,in control of these in-fections.Chapter6deals with infections during the two world wars, in particular tuberculosis,meningococcal meningitis,sexually transmitted infections(syphilis,gonorrhoea),and viral hepatitis; curiously,despite large-scale rural e urban migration,there was no marked change in infectious disease rates anywhere.After1945Britain saw dramatic reductions in prevalence of many bacterial(chapter7)and viral(chapter8)infectious diseases as a result of mass immunization campaigns and wide availability of antibiotics and antiviral agents,both of which depended in turn very largely on the establishment of the UK National Health Service.Chapter9deals with the‘new plagues’of HIV/AIDS,Legionnaires’disease,new-variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease,methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus(MRSA),and a few others,including some old friends(e.g.,falciparum malaria).Chapter10is an oddity,detailing the work of research in general practice,through detailed examination of the work of four such general practitioners working in isolation,Drs Will Pickles,Edgar Hope-Simpson,Peter Higgins,and James Mackenzie,and the work of the Royal College of General Practitioners in organizing multi-practice studies,as exemplified in the Epidemic Observation Unit established by Dr G.I.Watson.This chapter discusses the valuable work of these individuals and groups in furthering understanding of the epidemiology,specifically the spatio e temporal dynamics,of influenza and other common infections.Afinal chapter(11)briefly brings us up to date,examining epidemics in the twenty-first century.Among the most significant of these was inspired by the measles e mumps e rubella vaccine scare that was generated by an article(subsequently withdrawn) supposedly demonstrating a link with autism[A.J.Wakefield et al., Lancet351(1998),637e641].There followed a predictable increase in cases of mumps and measles,only very recently brought under control.Arguably of more public health concern is the re-emergence of tuberculosis,rates of which in the UK are among the highest in western Europe,and particularly of the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains.This chapter also deals with certain animal epidemics,in particular the2001foot-and-mouth and bluetongue disease outbreaks,and related animal e human epi-demics,in particular the avian influenza(H5N1)epidemic of 2005e2007[M.D.de Jong et al.NEJM352(2005):686e691;G.J.Smith et al.,PNAS103(2006)16936e16941],although in a volume focused on Britain the authors cannot discuss this last epidemic with the necessary focus on the parallel spread in infected fowl in the Middle East and Asia.Would I recommend you to buy it?In chapter8and a few other places results of statistical analysis are presented and it is not clear whether these represent analysis of the authors,or some other publication.Unfortunately details of the particular modelsfitted are lacking.The predominant focus on epidemic events in Britain handicaps the treatment of certain topics,in particular those of chapter11.Despite these shortcomings,and the quite high price there is much that is commendable in the book.The book is handsomely illustrated,and clearly much care has gone into preparation of the graphs andfigures.I suspect many readers will find chapters7e9,11dealing with the post-1945period particu-larly interesting,but there is much of interest in other chapters, particularly chapter10.Each chapter comes with a conclusion highlighting links with succeeding chapters.This book would be very helpful for historians,geographers,epidemiologists,and physicians and others working in public health who want an overview of this important area.Mark P.Little Radiation Epidemiology Branch,National Cancer Institute,USA /10.1016/j.jhg.2014.05.004Andrew Cliff and Matthew Smallman-Raynor,Oxford Textbook of Infectious Disease Control:A Geographical Analysis from Medieval Quarantine to Global Eradication.Oxford,Oxford University Press, 2013,ixþ193pages,£85hardcover.This book,as its title implies,is concerned with measures for controlling spread of infectious disease epidemics,and its geographical focus and historical breadth make its content relevant to historical geographers.Chapter1deals with various historical examples,in particular the moderately sophisticated control mea-sures used in various city-states in Italy(also in Ragusa e modern day Dubrovnik)between the fourteenth and eighteenth centuries. These were largely based on quarantine and isolation,which for the unfortunate traveller to one of these places could mean confine-ment in one of the lazzaretti,an appalling and frequently lethal experience.A slight oddity is the introduction of the susceptible-infectious-recovered(SIR)model(R.M.Anderson and R.May,In-fectious Diseases of Humans:Dynamics and Control,Oxford:OUP (1991)),in a very non-technical way;the authors claim this pro-vides insights into the spread and control of epidemics:however why this should be the case is not made really clear here,although it is treated at somewhat greater length much later in the book,in chapter6.Chapter2deals with the issues of disease classification and surveillance.Modern disease classification starts with the work of William Farr and Marc d’Espine,following the International Sta-tistical Congress in Brussels in1853.Disease surveillance goes back to Roman times at least,but in its modern form began with the Bills of Mortality for London which appeared from1532and were annually published from1606.Mortality and morbidity counts became steadily more sophisticated,national and international in scope,culminating in the establishment of the World Health Or-ganization(WHO)in1948.The chapter documents the remarkableReviews/Journal of Historical Geography45(2014)120e141 130achievements of the disease monitoring and parallel immunization programs of the WHO,notably the eradication of smallpox and the near eradication of poliomyelitis.The critical need here is for rapidly updated morbidity registers,something easily achieved with the internet.Chapter3continues the theme of chapter1(which it should really have immediately followed,if not been amalgamated with), considering quarantine and isolation measures,predominantly in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries in the USA and UK.The effectiveness of these inherently geographical control measures has sadly been reduced by technological progress in transport and the consequently dramatically reduced journey times(which are now frequently shorter than the incubation times of most infections). The good news of technological progress,in the form of in-terruptions in transmission provided by vaccination,is the theme of chapter4.Both human data(smallpox,poliomyelitis,measles)and animal data(equine influenza)are covered in some detail;there is brief coverage of vaccination strategies,in particular the apparently successful trial of ring vaccination to eliminate equine influenza in Australia.Chapter5,entitled‘Eradication’,rather confusingly deals with a lot of the same material again,with specific focus on WHO global eradication campaigns.In particular,the largely successful WHO smallpox and poliomyelitis eradication campaigns are dealt with at some length,again.Failures in WHO eradication programmes with respect to malaria,yellow fever and yaws,are also discussed;the failures of the malarial eradication programme are treated at some length.Such failures may be a result of(i)a lack of biological or technical feasibility(yellow fever,yaws,malaria),(ii)lack of detailed economic analyses to justify or support the eradication effort(yellow fever,yaws)and(iii)lack of broad-based societal and political support(yellow fever,yaws,malaria)(B.Aylward et al.Am J Publ Health90(2000)1515e1520).The possibility of such a global eradication programme is discussed for measles.Thefinal chapter6is in some ways the most substantial chapter, and for me the most interesting one as it attempts a novel spatial approach to various modeling and public health issues.Starting out with the standard definition and implications of the basic repro-duction number R0,a fundamentally aspatial variable,the authors go on to consider a spatial analogue of this,in fulfilment of their aim in their subtitle of providing a geographical analysis.The authors apply both concepts to a variety of human datasets.They alsofit an SIR model(as loosely defined in chapter1,and unfortunately no more technical details are given here)and their Swash-Backwash model to a number of human datasets.Just how they do this is not explained here,although at least for the SIR model such details are given elsewhere(A.D.Cliff et al,Measles:An Historical Geography of a Major Human Viral Disease from Global Expansion to Local Retreat,1840e1990,Oxford,Blackwell(1993)).Would I recommend you to buy it?As noted above,there is considerable redundancy between chapters4and5,and arguably chapters1and3should have been combined also.Much of the material in this book(particularly chapters5and6)overlaps with a previous book by these and other authors(A.D.Cliff et al,Emergence and Re-Emergence:Infectious Diseases:A Geographical Analysis.New York,OUP(2009)).The lack of technical details in chapter6is also a major shortcoming.On the other hand the book itself is very handsome,with beautifully clear and well-chosen pictures and graphs that generally reinforce the points being made in the text. On the whole,however,rather than recommending this book, I would direct interested historical geographers to the authors’2009book.Mark P.Little Radiation Epidemiology Branch,National Cancer Institute,USA /10.1016/j.jhg.2014.05.003Nick Megoran and Sevara Sharapova(Eds),Central Asia in Interna-tional Relations:The Legacies of Halford Mackinder,London,Hurst, 2013,xviþ331pages,£45hardcover.Since their appearance in1904,the geopolitical ideas of Halford Mackinder in relation to Central Asia have attracted both admiring praise and dismissive criticism,influencing the larger academic and political debate over the future of that region.Mackinder’s vision of the Central Asian steppes as the‘pivot’or‘heartland’of the Eurasian landmass,destined to determine the world’s balance of power,has showed an impressive resilience andflexibility in international strategic discourses,inspiring the foreign policy of great powers like Germany and the United States throughout the twentieth century.The end of the Cold War in1991d and the sudden disin-tegration of the Communist bloc and emergence of new,fragile independent states in the former Soviet Union d again put Mack-inder’s vision at the centre of debates in international relations.In an attempt to understand the often confusing foreign policies of these emergent states,many geopolitical analysts and strategic experts have looked again at Mackinder’s original view of the Eurasian heartland,using this concept as a viable guideline for understanding the diplomatic or military actions of these Central Asian countries.The recent war in Afghanistan against Al-Qaida and the Taliban has reinforced such a tendency,providing further stimuli for the theoretical and practical adoption of Mackinder’s ideas in international politics.Mackinder’s ideas are,however,far more complex and problematic than is generally acknowledged, and their direct impact in Central Asia is also somewhat confused and contradictory,as is clearly shown by this excellent collection of interdisciplinary essays edited by Nick Megoran and Sevara Sharapova.Inspired by an international symposium held in Tashkent in 2004,the collection in fact encapsulates all the most recent scholarship on Mackinder’s geopolitical theories produced both in the West and in the former Soviet Union,providing a fresh and comprehensive overview of their persistent relevance to interna-tional affairs.The main intent of the editors,as is noted in the lengthy introduction to the volume,is to consider‘how useful the pivot/heartland thesis is in understanding contemporary Central Asia’and to discuss‘a number of other intellectual puzzles’about Mackinder’s geopolitical thought that have generally been over-looked by previous academic studies on the subject(p.4e5).Such questions include:How did Mackinder’s ideas travel to Central Asia in the post-Cold War era,influencing the foreign policy debates of local states like Uzbekistan and Tajikistan?What level of popularity do they enjoy in post-Soviet Russia,and to what extent are they revised or manipulated by nationalist intellectuals in support of a more aggressive defence of Russian strategic interests?Have Anglo-American strategists really learned the right lessons from Mack-inder,or have they instead downplayed some key aspects of his thought,committing their countries to aflawed political course in Central Asia?These are only some of the interesting questions addressed by the various contributors to the volume,and,although their individual responses are not always entirely convincing or satisfactory,their common critical approach to Mackinder’sReviews/Journal of Historical Geography45(2014)120e141131。
鸡驱学校高一英语课堂资料《NEWS REPORTS》
妨努州忍劲市鸡驱学校高一英语课堂资料<NEWSREPORTS>NEWS REPORTSAHarvard University named historian Drew Gilpin Faust as its first female president on Sunday, ending a lengthy and secretive search to find a successor (接任者)to Lawrence Summers.The seven-member Harvard Corporation elected Faust , a noted scholar on History of the American South and dean of Harvard’s Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study ,as the university’ 28th president .“This is a great day , and a historic day for Harvard,〞James R. Houghton, chairman of the presidential search committee, said in a statement. “Drew Faust is an inspiring and accomplished leader, a superb (一流的)scholar, a dedicated (献身的)teacher , and a wonderful human being.〞Her selection is noteworthy given the heated debates over Summers’ comments that genetic differences between the sexes might help explain the lack of women in top science jobs.Faust has been dean of Radcliffe since 2001, two years after the former women’s college was combined into the university as a research center with a mission to study gender issues.(性别问题)Some professors have quietly groused that the 371-year-old university is approaching a fifth president who is not a scientist . No scientist has had the top job since James Byrant Conant retired in 1953; its last four have come from the fields of classics, law, literature and economics.Faust is the first Harvard president who did not receive a degree from the university sinceCharles chauncy, a graduate of Cambridge University , who died in office in 1762. She attended the University of Pennsylvania.“ Teaching staff turned to her constantly,〞 said Sheldon Hackney, a former president of the university of Pennsylvania and historian who worked closely with Faust.〞 She’s very clear. She has a sense of humor, but she’s very strong-minded. You come to trust in her because she’s so solid.〞41. Which might be the best title for the passage?A. Harvard named its 1st female president.B. History of Harvard University changed.C. Debates on female equality ended.D. Drew Gilpin Faust , a famous woman historian.42. Which is NOT true about Drew Gilpin Faust?A. She is the 28th president of Harvard University.B. She is a famous scholar from the American South.C. She isn’t a a graduate from Harvard UniversityD. She is head of Radcliffe Institute for Advanced Study.43. Lawrene Summers held the view that _____.A. Women can’t achieve as much as men in managementB. Women can’t hold important positions in society.C. Women can match men in science jobsD. few women make top scientists due to genes.44.The underlined word “groused〞 in the 6th paragraph means _____A. approvedB. commentedC. complainedD. indicated45. This passage probably appears in a ____.A. biography.B. personal letterC. research paper.D. newspaper report.BPITTSBURGH—For mot people,snakes seem unpleasant or even threatening.But Howie Choset sees in their delicate movements a way to save lives.The 37-year-old Carnegie Mellon University professor has spent years developing snake-like robots he hopes will eventually slide through fallen buildings in search of victims trapped after natural disasters or other emergencies.Dan Kara is president of Robotics Trends,a Northboro,Mass-based company that publishes an online industry magazine and runs robotics trade shows.He said there are other snake-like robots being developed,mainly at universities,but didn’t know of one that could climb pipes.The Carnegie Mellon machines are designed to carry cameras and electronic sensors and can be controlled with a joystick(操纵杆).They move smoothly with the help of small electric motors, or servos,commonly used by hobbyists in model airplanes.Built from lightweight materials,the robots are about the size of a human arm or smaller.They can sense which way is up,but are only as good as their human operators,Choset added.Sam Stover,a search team manager with the Federal Emergency Management Agency based in Indiana,said snake-type robots would offer greater mobility than equipment currently available, such as cameras attached to extendable poles.“It just allows us to do something we’ve not been able to do before,〞Stover said.“We needed them yesterday.〞He said sniffer dogs are still the best search tool for rescue workers,but that they can only be used effectively when workers have access to damaged buildings.Stover, among the rescue workers who handled the aftermath(后果) of Hurricane Katrina, saidsnake robots would have helped rescuers search flooded houses in that disaster.Chosets aid the robots may not be ready for use for another five to ten years,depending on funding.72.Which institution is responsible for the development of Choset’s robots?A.Robotics Trends.B.Pittsburgh City Council.C.Carnegie Mellon University.D.Federal Emergency Management Agency.73.Choset believes that his invention__________.A.can be attached to an electronic armB.can be used by hobbyists in model airplanesC.can find victims more quickly than a sniffer dogD.can sense its way no better than its operators74.By saying“We needed them yesterday〞(Paragraph 7),Stover means that snake-like robots _________.A.could help handle the aftermath of Hurricane KatrinaB.would have been put to use in past rescue workC.helped rescuers search flooded houses yesterdayD.were in greater need yesterday than today75.What is the text mainly about?A.Snake-like robots used in industries.B.Snake-like robot is made to aid in rescues.C.The development of snake-like robots.D.The working principles of snake-like robots.。
英雄是什么 英语作文
A hero is a figure who stands out for their courage,selflessness,and extraordinary achievements.They are often seen as role models,inspiring others to strive for greatness and to act with integrity.Heres a detailed exploration of what a hero is in an English essay format:Title:The Essence of HeroismIntroduction:In the tapestry of human history,heroes have emerged as beacons of inspiration,guiding us through the darkest of times.They are not merely individuals with extraordinary abilities,but rather,they embody the virtues that define the best of humanity.The Definition of a Hero:A hero is defined by their actions rather than their status or position.They are individuals who,in the face of adversity,choose to act with bravery and selflessness.Heroes are not born they are made through their choices and the impact they have on the world around them.Characteristics of a Hero:1.Courage:Heroes are known for their courage in the face of danger or opposition.They are willing to confront challenges headon,even when the odds are against them.2.Selflessness:True heroes often put the needs of others before their own.They are driven by a desire to help and protect,rather than personal gain.3.Integrity:Heroes maintain a strong moral compass,acting with honesty and fairness even when it is difficult or unpopular.4.Resilience:Heroes demonstrate an ability to bounce back from setbacks and continue to pursue their goals with determination.5.Inspiration:Heroes inspire others through their actions,motivating people to strive for better and to make a positive impact on the world.Examples of Heroes:Historical Figures:Think of figures like Mahatma Gandhi,who fought for Indias independence through nonviolent means,or Martin Luther King Jr.,who led the civil rights movement in the United States.Everyday Heroes:Heroes are not exclusive to the pages of history.They can be found in our everyday lives,such as teachers who inspire students,healthcare workers who save lives,or even neighbors who help those in need.The Impact of Heroes:Heroes have a profound impact on society.They set examples for others to follow,pushing the boundaries of what is considered possible.Their stories are told and retold, becoming a source of inspiration and motivation for generations to come.The Role of Heroes in Society:Heroes play a crucial role in shaping societal values and norms.They challenge the status quo and encourage others to question and improve the world around them.Heroes remind us of our potential to make a difference,no matter how small or large the action. Conclusion:In conclusion,a hero is more than a person with exceptional abilities they are a symbol of the best aspects of human nature.Heroes inspire us to be better,to act with courage,and to make a positive impact on the world.As we navigate through life,let us remember the heroes who have come before us and strive to embody their virtues in our own lives. Reflection Questions:How do heroes inspire you to act?Can you think of a time when you or someone you know demonstrated heroic qualities? What qualities do you believe are essential for a person to be considered a hero?This essay provides a comprehensive look at the concept of a hero,exploring their characteristics,impact,and the importance of their role in society.It encourages readers to reflect on their own lives and the potential for heroism within each individual.。
曼德拉简介英语作文
曼德拉简介英语作文Nelson Mandela was a remarkable individual who left an indelible mark on the world. Born on July 18, 1918, in Mvezo, South Africa, he dedicated his life to the fight for racial equality and the dismantling of the oppressive apartheid system.Mandela's early life was shaped by the harsh realities of racial segregation and discrimination. He grew up in a small village, witnessing the daily struggles of his people and the systemic injustices they faced. This experience fueled his passion for social justice and his determination to bring about change.After completing his education, Mandela embarked on a journey that would make him a global icon. He joined the African National Congress (ANC) in 1944 and quickly rose through the ranks, becoming a prominent leader in the anti-apartheid movement. His unwavering commitment to nonviolent resistance and his ability to inspire others made him a formidable force against the oppressive regime.In 1944, Mandela co-founded the ANC Youth League, which played a crucial role in rejuvenating the ANC and giving it a more militant andradical edge. He was instrumental in organizing a series of protests, boycotts, and civil disobedience campaigns that challenged the apartheid system and brought global attention to the plight of South African blacks.Mandela's journey took a dramatic turn in 1944 when he was arrested and charged with high treason. This marked the beginning of a long and arduous struggle that would ultimately lead to his incarceration for 27 years. During his time in prison, Mandela remained steadfast in his beliefs, refusing to compromise his principles or give in to the demands of his captors.Despite the hardships he faced, Mandela never lost hope. He continued to inspire and mobilize the anti-apartheid movement from behind bars, becoming a symbol of resistance and a beacon of hope for millions around the world. His unwavering commitment to nonviolence and his ability to forgive his oppressors earned him the respect and admiration of people from all walks of life.In 1990, after decades of international pressure and the growing strength of the anti-apartheid movement, the apartheid regime finally relented and released Mandela from prison. This marked a pivotal moment in South African history, as Mandela emerged as the leader of the nation's transition to democracy.Mandela's subsequent election as the first black president of South Africa in 1994 was a historic moment that captured the world's attention. His inauguration ceremony was attended by dignitaries from around the globe, all of whom had been inspired by his courage, resilience, and vision for a just and equitable society.As president, Mandela worked tirelessly to heal the wounds of apartheid and to build a nation that was inclusive and representative of all its citizens. He established the Truth and Reconciliation Commission, which sought to address the atrocities of the past and to promote national healing and reconciliation. His commitment to social justice and his ability to forgive his former oppressors earned him the admiration of people around the world.Mandela's legacy extends far beyond his political achievements. He was a champion of human rights, a tireless advocate for the poor and marginalized, and a beacon of hope for those who struggled against oppression and injustice. His life and work have inspired generations of activists, leaders, and ordinary citizens to stand up for their rights and to fight for a more just and equitable world.Today, Nelson Mandela's name is synonymous with the struggle for freedom, equality, and human dignity. His life and legacy continue to inspire people around the world, and his teachings and values remain as relevant and powerful as ever. As we reflect on hisremarkable life and the profound impact he had on the world, we are reminded of the power of courage, resilience, and the unwavering pursuit of justice.。
梭罗
The End
Works (Selected)
A Plea for Captain John Brown, 1859 Cape Cod, 1865 A Yankee in Canada, 1866 Complete Works, 1929 (5 vols.) Collected Poems, 1943
Agenda
The Lake Poets Life Works Walden
The Lake Poets
a. William Wordsworth, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Robert Southey became known as the Lake Poets, because they lived in the lake district in the northwestern part of England. According to the critics, such as, Francis Jeffrey, Thomas De Quincey, the Lake Poets shared only friendship and brief periods of collaboration, not similar philosophies or poetic styles. b. Wordsworth used his imaginative powers to idealize nature, Coleridge explored the philosophical aspects of poetry. Southey's Romantic efforts centered on travel and adventure.
曼德拉英文简介
Mandela led many peaceful actions during 1950s. There are several main actions: 蔑视运动；召开南非人民代表大会， 通过“自由宪章”· · · · · · · · ·
Mandela was arrested in 1956.12.05 and indicted with treason.（叛国罪） The court found Mandela not guilty in 1961. Mandela began military actions in 1961.12.16. He visited several African countries in 1962.
• Mandela finished his duty of president in 1999.And he decided not to fight an election
Sport is an important part of his life. He loves boxing
Young Mandela
Mandela died of a long standing lung disease on Thursday at his Johannesburg home, at the age of 95 .
纳尔逊· 罗 利赫拉赫 拉·曼德拉born in South Africa in 1918.
Graduated from Witwatersrand University(威特沃特斯兰德大 学)and got LLB degree.(法学学士 学位)
In 1990.02.11, the government released Mandela because of the public opinion pressure.
英语泛读教程第二册(第三版)Unit4 Migratory Birds and Coffee
Para
.10: other indicators of the importantce of coffee plantations.
11: functions of shade trees in L. A and C. .12: main coffee producing and consuming areas. .13: the economical value of coffee.
•
可以将传统的咖啡种植园 看成经过改造的森林栖息 地。 传统的咖啡种植园可以看 成改进的森林栖息地。
•
20
(ll. 48-50) Evidence suggests that up-mountain and northward movements are timed to take advantage of the blossoming of plantation trees.
place of protection 避
难所
5.habitat栖息地 6.warbler刺嘴莺 7.redstart
agronomy 农学；农艺学；农业管理
16.permanent永久的 17.avifauna
红尾鸲
8.woodcreeper 旋木雀
（一个地区或国家的）鸟
类
Para Para
(ll. 4-5) A greater number is found in other agricultural habitats, and exceeded only in undisturbed tropical forests.
•
在农业栖息地，发现的鸟 类数目更大，只有未受侵 扰的热带森林才会超过这 个数目。
马蒂斯的一生英文
Henri Matisse was a French modernist artist,and one of the founders and prominent representative of Fauvism.He was also a famous sculptor, print-maker.His sample reels (works)are famous for their bright, bold colors.Matisse was born on December 31,1869 in France. His father is a businessman,and his mother was a painter of ceramic factory.He spent his childhood in Wehrman Dewa.In 1889,he went to Paris to study law following his father’s will after graduating from high school.After completion of his studies,He returned to Sheng·kangdan where is near his hometown.He was a clerk at a law firm.If it was not an accident,he may be a lawyer forever.But when he was 21 years old,he was admitted to hospital suffering from appendicitis.Matisse was particularly bored in the hospital.In order to kill the boring time,his mother sent him a box of paints,a set of brushes and a self painting manual. In the process of painting,Matisse is the first time to feel freedom, peace, and ter, he persuaded his father and gave up his job at a law firm.He begin to learned to paint.He studied paint at the Julian college preparatory course,and his teacher was William adaofu·bugeluomen.In 1892, Matisse entered the Academy of fine arts.He studied in the Symbolist painter Gustave Moreau studio.Under the encouragement of the Moreau, he studied the Louvre's collection of paintings carefully, copied the master works of art without interruption.In the streets of Paris to paint, he explored his own artistic road.Moreau’s subjectivity o n the color of painting is discussed ,which has a great influence on Matisse.Moreau said to Matisse "In art, your method is more simple, you feel better.”This sentence has successfully guided the Matisse painting style,made he use simple lines and vibrant colors of everything created his concept.And made life-influence on him.In 1896 and 1897, Matisse visited the Australian painter John Peter Russell on the island Belle Île off the coast of Brittany. Russell introduced him to Impressionism and to the work of van Gogh, who had been a friend of Russell but was completely unknown at the time. Matisse's style changed completely. He later said "Russell was my teacher, and Russell explained colour theory to me."In 1896 Matisse exhibited five paintings in the salon of the SociétéNationale des Beaux-Arts, two of which were purchased by the state.In 1896 ,his four paintings were on show in the National Union of fine arts Salon and had success.In 1898, when Matisse 29 year old he married, his wife is a gentle and virtuous woman, painter aspiration have made gap tries to sculptures and painting works.In 1899 ,Matisse landscapes paintings, portraits, still life painting are entirely different from before .His teacher Moreau was very surprised because his paints are bright, simple.In 1905,Matisse led the the fauvism into the people's field of vision. In that salon he displayed "open windows" and a portrait of Mrs. Matisse, entitled " woman with the hat"."Open windows "may be the first example of a fully developed theme. All his life,he had preference for the subject.It is only a small part of the wall, the windows accounted for a large area.The window is open to the outside world, and a flower potis placed on the balcony." woman with the hat" is Matisse’s early paints of the fauvism and the most representative paints of the fauvism,which caused a great sensation.In that salon,A critic named Louis V osseler was very surprised when he saw Matisse paints.In the middle of the room,There is a statue called Donatello's statue . Some critics exclaimed "Donatello was surrounded by wild beasts" .This is a joke, so that a new genre in the history of Western Art -- the Fauvism.During 1903and 1906 is the period of the Fauvism .During that time there had many opponents, and they didn't agree with Fauvism views.Matisse was also strongly attacked.Fortunately, there are a few collectors bought his works,Matisse became very wealthy.After 1906, Matisse created a lot of distinctive paintings.His personal exhibitions in Paris, New York, Moscow, London, Stockholm, Berlin, and other cities.He also took many opportunities to travel to Europe, North Africa and so on,so that he can gained more artistic inspiration.He became one of the most active painter in the international art world at that time.The dance creation in 1909-1910, when Matisse was working,he put the mondel to the shores of the Mediterranean , he thinks this piece with the Mediterranean to his feelings of happiness are closely linked, painting a background of blue, meaning the midsummer August Southern blue sky, a large green reminiscent of emerald green, characters of vermilion is a symbol of health in the Mediterranean brown body. In the wild and unrestrained on the screen, the dancer seems to be a rough and primitive strong rhythm control, they held hands round into a circle, twisting the body and limbs crazy crazy dancing.During the reign of 1910-1913, Matisse visited Spain and Morocco, the creation of the most colorful landscape painting in his life, showing the love of sunshine and exotic.During this period, he began to explore the Cubism.Famous works have《德希姆的静物的变体画》《摩洛哥人》and so on.Matisse's cubist paintings never appear the image reduced to fragments. He trained himself through these works to the object geometry, how to avoid excessive decoration.《钢琴课》is the most characteristic and successful works of cubism.Under the premise of not changing the viewpoint, Matisse made a big chunk of bright colors in an abstract arrangement. To achieve both rich decorative, but also has the effect of depth of space. After the end of the first World War, Matisse drew a lot of figure paintings.Either of these paintings have a strong sense of style, or to line performance, very beautiful and moving, the performance of the Matisse art purification and pure. Fauvism as there is a momentum of Postmodernism, 1908 after it disappeared. But for Matisse, it does not mean he Fauvism style formation, but only a beginning. Cubist Braque later became master, Rouault was invited to participate in their exhibition German Expressionism, he became the modern art of the few great religious painter.The majority of Fauvism painter later artistic career, becomes mediocrity and obscurity. They Fauvism burst of creativity during the flash is gradually extinguished. After Fauvism, Matisse continued his exploration. Up until 1920, he used a variety of techniques to create a free space for a new kind of painting, but also experienced a brief period of Cubism. The famous "Red Harmony" (1911) as compared with his early impressionist works "table" seems to show once again the revolutionary changes occurring Matisse's painting. He abandoned the traditional perspective, the relationship with color and arabesque hints to create the illusion of a new space, creating a exotic, mysterious strange new realm.After the 1920s, Matisse expanded the creative field, he accomplished in sculpture, prints, murals, illustration is equally demonstrated extraordinary gifts and talents.In 1930s, his art reached its peak, he was pushed counterparts of the century's most prestigious art masters. Modesty, refined Matisse, painting of great wealth and fame have no ambition in life, but also the character with the same period another giant painting Picasso different. During World War II, they have participated in the resistance movement against the German fascists and joined the French Communist Party, participated in political activities in progress, but Matisse in his art does not have any expression, not the painting as a weapon. He believe in the theory of the Greek philosopher Plato, "the United States is giving people pleasure," and so forth in his autobiography personal lifelong pursuit: "I hope the art is a balanced, peaceful and pure art, I avoid touching cause distress or suffocation themes, works of art should be like an easy chair, as people get peace of mind and comfort. "After 1930 a new vigor and bolder simplification appeared in his work. American art collector Albert C. Barnes convinced him to produce a large mural for the Barnes Foundation, The Dance II, which was completed in 1932; the Foundation owns several dozen other Matisse paintings. This move toward simplification and a foreshadowing of the cutout technique are also evident in his painting Large Reclining Nude . Matisse worked on this painting over a period of several months and documented the progress with a series of 22 photographs which he sent to Etta Cone. Matisse is the worthy fauvism leader.But the "fauvism " period is only Matisse art a brief period of career .Matisse's unique style is mainly formed after the period of"fauvism " .Matisse thought of the art has two kinds of methods, one is copy, another is the artistically perform.He advocated the latter., he said”I am looking for the most important thing is perform, I cannot distinguish my feelings for life and the method of show my feelings."Matisse always doing the experimental explorations in his whole life, pursue a kind of pure original childlike on colour.He learned many plane performance method from oriental art .In the process of learning the Oriental art, his view that pursue the dynamic, mightily perform and free , gradually developed into the pursuit of a sense of balance, purity and peace. He evaluated his work said”my work as a kind of comfort, as a stabilizer, or like a suitable chair, they can eliminate his fatigue."Matisse considered no matter what kind of colour can create theeffect of moving, and he also believes that the color selsct should be based on see, feel, and a variety of experience.In order to study the human body,Matisse began to engrave. All his life he wrote about 70 pieces of sculpture, Creating characters with clay is good for him to compress the solid form into a two-dimensional plane to achieve the integral effect. The representative works in this period is slave. The slave posture makes someone remind of Roddan's walking man. Here seems to give a person a kind of warning, Matisse's sculpture is the transition from traditional to modern.Matisse is enthusiastic about sculpture art as he uses the full,pure color in the painting.Matisse have been suffering from a disease when he old enough, but still insists on the creation of paper-cut art, or lying in bed or sitting in a wheelchair, absorbed from the pre colored paper cut out a variety of image, work is still full of bold, perfect and optimistic spirit, let a person very easily think of Fauvism Era he on the formal beauty of love and dedication. In 1907 Fauvism experienced a crisis, facing the partners one abandon Fauvism purpose to, Matisse but the firm belief, and in later adhered faithfully in the artistic career of nearly half a century, becoming the only person to keep a lifetime Fauvism and. November 3, 1954, Matisse died in the years of living in nice, at the age of 85.。
Two_Words_to_Avoid
• muffle: to make a sound quieter and less easy to hear; to wrap someone or something in thick clothing, cloth, etc. so that they are warm. • muffle oneself up well • eg. 她知道怎样把自己围裹妥当。 She knows how to muffle herself up well.
Sigmund Freud, one of the crucial authors and thinkers of the 20th century, was born in Moravia [mə'reivjə]in 1856, and taken to Vienna as a child by his Jewish father and mother. Only a few professions were open to Jews in 19thcentury Vienna, one of them being medicine. Freud consequently received a medical degree in 1881, and then wrote on hysteria. He would become the founder of modern psychoanalysis, among his many other achievements. Freud died in England in 1939, after being ransomed from the Gastapo subsequent to the Nazi takeover in Austria. It is now exactly 150 years since his birth and twothirdsof a century since his death, an d there is still no general agreement on the nature of his achievement. Yet 20th-century literature truly begins with Freud.
关于金刚狼的英语作文
Wolverine,a character from the Marvel Comics universe,is one of the most iconic and enduring figures in the world of comic books.With his distinct appearance, incredible abilities,and complex personality,Wolverine has captured the hearts of fans for decades.Origin and BackgroundWolverine,whose real name is James Howlett,was born in Canada in the late19th century.He is a mutant with animallike senses,enhanced physical capabilities,a regenerative healing factor,and retractable bone claws coated with the indestructible metal adamantium.His past is shrouded in mystery,with hints of a troubled and violent history that has shaped his character.Character TraitsWolverine is known for his fierce independence,quick temper,and nononsense attitude. Despite his rough exterior,he possesses a strong sense of justice and loyalty to his friends. His gruff demeanor often hides a deep emotional depth and a capacity for love and compassion,which is evident in his relationships with other characters such as Jean Grey and Rogue.Abilities and PowersWolverines most notable power is his healing factor,which allows him to recover from virtually any injury at an accelerated rate.This ability,combined with his adamantium claws,makes him a formidable opponent in combat.His heightened senses,agility,and strength are also key components of his fighting prowess.Role in the XMenAs a member of the XMen,Wolverine plays a crucial role in the teams adventures.His experience and skills often make him a leader in battles against various threats,from other mutants to powerful villains.His relationship with the XMen,particularly Professor X,showcases his growth from a lone wolf to a valued member of a family.Popularity and Cultural ImpactWolverines popularity has transcended the pages of comic books,with successful appearances in animated series,video games,and blockbuster films.Hugh Jackmans portrayal of Wolverine in the XMen film series has further cemented the characters place in popular culture,bringing his story to life for a new generation of fans.Evolution Over TimeThroughout the years,Wolverines character has evolved,exploring different aspects of his past and present.Storylines such as Old Man Logan and Wolverine:Origin havedelved into his history and the consequences of his actions,adding layers to his character and making him more relatable to readers.ConclusionWolverine stands as a testament to the power of storytelling and character development in comic books.His enduring appeal lies in his complexity,his resilience,and his ability to connect with readers on an emotional level.As a symbol of struggle and redemption, Wolverine continues to inspire fans around the world with his unwavering spirit and indomitable will.。
alexander fleming英语介绍
alexander fleming英语介绍Alexander Fleming (1881-1955) was a Scottish scientist who is widely regarded as one of the founders of modern antibiotics. His discovery of penicillin in 1928 revolutionized the field of medicine and saved countless lives.Fleming was born in Ayrshire, Scotland, and studied medicine at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School in London. After completing his medical degree, he served as a surgeon in the British Army during World War I. In 1928, while working in his laboratory at St. Mary's Hospital, Fleming noticed that a culture of the bacteria Staphylococcus aureus had been contaminated by a mold. He observed that the mold was inhibiting the growth of the bacteria, and he realized that the mold might have potential as an antibiotic.Fleming named the substance he had discovered "penicillin," and he published his findings in the scientific journal "The Lancet" in 1929. However, his discovery initially received little attention from the scientific community, and it was not until the 1940s that the potential of penicillin as a therapeutic agent was fully realized.Fleming's contribution to the field of medicine was recognized with numerous awards and honors, including the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1945. He continued to work as a researcher and scientist until his death in 1955.In summary, Alexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin changed the course of medicine and saved countless lives. His work has had a profound impact on the treatment of infectious diseases and has paved the way for the development of many other antibiotics.。
英语演讲稿《如果历史是一群喵》读后感
英语演讲稿《如果历史是一群喵》读后感全文共3篇示例，供读者参考篇1If History Were a Bunch of Meows: A Student's Reaction EssayLast week, our history class had the pleasure of welcoming a guest speaker who delivered a truly unique and engaging speech titled "If History Were a Bunch of Meows." As someone who loves cats and has a deep fascination with history, I was immediately intrigued by the premise. Little did I know, this speech would take me on a whimsical journey, challenging my perception of historical narratives and leaving me with a newfound appreciation for the power of imagination and metaphor.The speaker, a renowned historian and self-proclaimed "cat whisperer," began by acknowledging the inherent dryness and complexity of historical texts. They argued that while facts and dates are crucial, they often fail to capture the essence of human experiences and emotions that shape historical events. This is where the concept of "meows" came into play – a delightfulmetaphor for the untold stories, whispers, and nuances that often get lost in the grand narratives of history.With a mischievous smile, the speaker invited us to imagine the world's most famous historical figures as cats, each with their own distinct personalities, quirks, and meows. Suddenly, the seemingly distant and larger-than-life figures became relatable and humanized, their actions and decisions taking on a new level of depth and complexity.For instance, the speaker portrayed Julius Caesar as a regal and confident tabby, his meows echoing the ambition and strategic brilliance that propelled him to the heights of power in ancient Rome. Yet, beneath his outward bravado, we could almost hear the faint meows of insecurity and paranoia that ultimately led to his downfall at the hands of his closest allies. In this way, the speaker breathed life into a figure often reduced to a one-dimensional conqueror, revealing the complex interplay of strengths, weaknesses, and human frailties that shaped his篇2If History Were a Bunch of Meows: A Student's ReflectionsAs I sat in the auditorium eagerly awaiting the start of Mr. Thompson's speech "If History Were a Bunch of Meows", I hadno idea what an utterly bizarre yet brilliant experience I was in for. When the eccentric historian took the stage in a cat-eared headband and furry paw gloves, I knew we were in for a wildly unconventional journey through the annals of time. And Mr. Thompson did not disappoint!Right off the bat, he posed a seemingly absurd premise: imagine that instead of being documented by scholars and scribes, the entire chronicle of human civilization was recorded by generations of meows from cats observing all the major events. I must admit, I was highly skeptical of where this weird metaphor was headed. But as Mr. Thompson launched into his feline-flavored retellings of history, I was utterly transfixed.The American Revolution, explained through the mewlings of Paul Revere's pet cat who tagged along on his midnight ride? Sheer genius! The cat's frantic yowling to warn of the British invasion suddenly made so much sense. As did the confused meows upon encountering the bizarre human ritual of the Boston Tea Party. I've read dull textbook accounts of 1776 hundreds of times, but never before had the extraordinary nature of those events been conveyed so vividly.From there, Mr. Thompson's delightfully unhingedcat's-eye-view took us on a sojourn through countless other erasand episodes. The meowing misadventures of a Russian feline stowaway on the space race rockets. The pitiful mews of a French cat repeatedly booted from the bloody boulevards of its nation's many revolutions and civil wars. And perhaps most hilarious of all, the baffled yowling of an Egyptian cat frantically trying to mimic the inexplicable hieroglyphics being etched into pyramids and tombs by its human companions.With each riotous reinterpretation, I found myself seeing familiar events from thrillingly fresh angles. So much of our understanding of history is hopelessly clouded by human bias, subjectivity, and cultural blind spots. But a cat's limited intellectual capacity, coupled with its complete indifference to human affairs, allowed Mr. Thompson to distill major moments into their purest, most visceral essences. By stripping away the layered narratives and perspectives we usually associate with the past, everything was reduced to bewildered animals simply trying to make sense of the bizarre antics unfolding around them.As the speech built towards its crescendo, Mr. Thompson slowly pulled the absurdist rug out from under us. He revealed that while the cat concept was an amusing framing device, he didn't actually believe the historical record was a bunch ofmeows. His goal was simply to shake us from our complacent consumption of traditional historicism and its ingrained prejudices. By repackaging famous events as surreal feline fables, he wanted us to question the accepted ways of looking at the world and work harder to see beyond our own innate blind spots.In the end, "If History Were a Bunch of Meows" wasn't just uproariously entertaining, it was an urgent clarion call to be more self-aware consumers and curators of knowledge. We should always be hunting for overlooked perspectives and lenses that could recontextualize the agreed-upon "truths" we inherit about the forces that shape our collective reality. To truly understand where we've been and where we're going, we need a constant infusion of new vantage points to counterbalance the inertia of established academic and cultural conventions. Even if those vantage points initially seem as ludicrous as pondering Cleopatra's cat.As I stumbled out of the auditorium, my mind was whirling with new appreciation for just how limited and myopic our standard interpretations of history often are. I suddenly feltself-conscious about how much I took for granted when passively absorbing the orthodox historical narratives fed to methrough school curricula, university lectures, and authoritative tomes. There was so much nuance, counterpoint, and alternative context being washed out or flattened into sterile, one-note accounts of what happened and why.I knew then that I could no longer complacently accept History with a capital "H" as an immutable sequence of established facts and subjective analyses to be memorized and regurgitated. Instead, I needed to start voraciously seeking out new voices, new entryways, and new counter-narratives that could reshape my understanding from the ground up. Even perspectives as seemingly unhinged as "the historical cat record" now felt potentially illuminating rather than simply wildly tangential.Who knew that one deliriously feline-centric speech could so fundamentally reorient the way I approach and internalize our shared cultural backstory? By embracing such a weird, whimsical framing, Mr. Thompson freed me from the invisible boundaries and rote processes that too often constrain how we conceptualize the forces of the past. He gave me a newfound determination to Question everything, assume nothing, and hunt for blank spaces on the maps of recorded history just waiting to be recolored and revised.So in the end, despite its frivolous trappings, "If History Were a Bunch of Meows" turned out to be one of the most profoundly impactful educational experiences of my life so far. It was a wake-up call to stop sleepwalking through the motions of learning about major events, figures, and eras through the limited, homogenized prism of academic authority. True wisdom only comes when we start challenging the incomplete, angled versions of the past that have been passed down to us like scripture.With its bonkers yet brilliant premise about cat chroniclers, Mr. Thompson's speech was the bucket of ice water I needed splashed in my face. Now when I dive back into the deep pool of historical analysis, I know I must always be a vigorous swimmer actively seeking out new currents and perspectives. Complacently letting myself be carried along by the strongest tides is no longer an option. Because if I've learned anything, it's that history is never just one narrative stream to go with the flow on. It's an endless, multi-directional ocean of overlapping, contradictory waves we need to navigate using every possible vessel and vantage point we can find.So bring on more unexpected viewpoints and lenses as strange as historical cat-alogy! After this deliciously insane,dizzying experience, I am now perhaps overly open-minded to interpreting the past through seemingly ludicrous new frameworks. Because as I've seen firsthand, even the most unassuming and absurd of conceptual furry catsuits just might contain startling new revelations and truths when it comes to fully grasping the epic, fractured, feline-tinged chronicle of human existence.篇3If History Were a Group of Meows: A Student's ReflectionI must admit, when I first saw the title of Samantha's speech "If History Were a Group of Meows" on the roster for our English class presentations, I wasn't quite sure what to expect. However, as Samantha took the stage and launched into her unique perspective on revisiting major historical events through the lens of cats, I found myself utterly captivated and eager to hear more.From the very beginning, Samantha cleverly used the quirks and personalities we associate with our feline friends to breathe new life into renowned moments in time. Her depiction of the Renaissance as a "clowder" of cats stretching lazily in the warm Italian sun before being roused by the genius of Meowchelangelo's paintings was both humorous and strangelyinsightful. I found myself picturing the great Renaissance artists as aloof yet brilliant cats, moving at their own unhurried pace yet creating masterpieces that would endure for centuries.As the speech continued to traverse the corridors of history, Samantha's imaginative use of cat analogy and behavior became increasingly layered and nuanced. The American Revolution, she postulated, was sparked by a small but feisty group of "alley cats" growing weary of the overbearing demeanor of their British "housecat" neighbors. This simple comparison unlocked for me a new level of understanding surrounding the spirit of defiance and self-determination that fueled the colonists' desire for independence.However, her interpretation of World War II as a massive clash between "territorial toms" was where Samantha's speech reached its metaphorical apex. She deftly wove accounts of the war's pivotal battles and figures together with feline mannerisms – painting vivid imagery of the Allied "tabbies" and "calicos" prowling cautiously around the aggressive German "tomcat" while forming strategic alliances. Winston Churchill became the gruff but respected "alpha" of the British "clowder," his defiant meows rallying the disheartened troops. This extended comparison was not only riotously funny but also profound in itsability to simplify the complex geopolitical dynamics of the era into territorial disputes between brawny male cats. Suddenly, the reasons for the war and its key events seemed to make more sense through this feline filter.Yet as fantastic as these allegorical sections were, for me the true genius of Samantha's speech resided in the deeper themes she eloquently explored through her offbeat framing device. At its core, her central thesis posed the idea that many of humanity's most significant accomplishments and failures have fundamentally been driven by the same basic needs, instincts and behavioral patterns we observe in cats. Much like felines vigorously defending their territory or seeking to expand their domain, she argued, so too have groups of humans continually struggled for resources, power and ideological supremacy at immense cost.But at the same time, she highlighted how both cats and humans have demonstrated remarkable capacity for innovation, creativity and building prosperous communal societies when those primal urges are kept in check. Perhaps most profoundly, Samantha pondered whether the innate sense of curiosity and "friskiness" that endears cats to so many owners could also hold the key to solving humanity's impulses for conflict – if weapproached our differences and frontiers with more playful inquisitiveness rather than hostile competition.On a personal level, I greatly appreciated how Samantha's quirky perspective allowed her to frankly discuss very serious issues like war, oppression and mortality with wisdom and pathos, yet never crossing the line into being preachy or maudlin. Her conversational delivery and deft deployment of humor acted as a perfect counterbalance to the historical weight of her subject matter. The speech flowed seamlessly between silly Cat Pun gags (my personal favorite was her referring to trench warfare as "litter-box tactics") and eloquent, thought-provoking analysis.I can say without hyperbole that Samantha's "If History Werea Group of Meows" was one of the most original and impactful speeches I've had the pleasure of experiencing during my academic career so far. Her wildly creative use of an extended cat analogy to deconstruct major historical events and reassess the fundamental human forces that shaped them was insightful, hilarious and profound in equal measure. Weeks later, I still find myself pondering her fascinating hypothesis about the commonalities between cat and human nature. While the speech may have been framed as a fun thought experiment, the deeperkernels of wisdom and empathetic perspective it imparted have undoubtedly made me a more inquisitive and open-minded student of history.In essence, Samantha took a subject I've studied for years through the driest of textbooks and Academic lectures, and breathed a vibrant sense of new life, energy and alternative perspective into it. By employing an array of clever Cat humor and metaphor as her framing device, she inspired me to rethink my own perception and analysis of the broad historical forces and figures at play. No longer are they just dry names, dates and events encased in scholarly analytical frameworks – they are now lively characters with understandable feline motivations, be they territorial, curious, aloof or aggressively defensive. History, much like the cats Samantha used to embody it, is no longer a static, immutable artifact, but a dynamic continuum driven by identifiable patterns of instinct and behavior that have ebbed and flowed across the centuries.Most importantly, Samantha's speech imparted the vital lesson that through intellectual playfulness and centering our "curiosity" over hostility, we as a global society of humans can perhaps better learn from the failures and successes of our shared history. If we approach the world and its challenges withthe endearing blend of wonderment, cleverness and self-assured individualism embodied by our feline friends, perhaps we can elevate ourselves clear of the primal habits of conflict and resource-hoarding that have plagued us since our "clowder" first roamed the savannas.While initially giving a speech with such an outlandish premise may seem an ill-fit for analyzing weighty academic subject matter, through her artful balance of humor, pathos and scintillating turns of phrase, Samantha showed our class the power of creative reframing to spark intellectual engagement. By seeing the cyclical patterns of human history mapped onto something as humble and universally recognizable as cats' behaviors, I found myself newly enlightened and inspired to query deeper into the core cultural, economic and social factors underlying the events that shaped civilization. Truly, Samantha has opened my eyes to the value of questioning conventional academic constructs and has gifted me a renewed sense of curiosity and playful attentiveness towards the subject of history.Who could have predicted that the most imaginative and perspective-altering examination of humanity's shared journey would come in the form of a light-hearted speech centered around cats? Yet that is precisely the magic of high level rhetoricand intellectual inquiry – the ability to transform the seemingly absurd into profoundly insightful revelation. For providing me a masterclass in exactly this transfiguring skill, I will forever be indebted to Samantha and her delightfully feline interpretation of our collective historical "clowder."。
alexander fleming英语介绍
alexander fleming英语介绍Alexander Fleming: An IntroductionAlexander Fleming, a pioneer in the field of medical science, is widely known for his discovery of penicillin, a groundbreaking antibiotic that revolutionized the world of medicine. Born on August 6, 1881, in Lochfield, Scotland, Fleming grew up to make significant contributions to the field of bacteriology and earned his place in history as one of the greatest scientists of all time. This article will delve into the life, work, and legacy of Alexander Fleming.Early Years and EducationAlexander Fleming was born into a farming family to Hugh Fleming and Grace Stirling Morton. His upbringing in the countryside cultivated a strong work ethic and a deep fascination with nature. At the age of 13, he moved to London to live with his older brother and pursue his education.Fleming's academic journey led him to attend the Royal Polytechnic Institution, where he studied biology, physics, and chemistry. His passion for research and experimentation flourished during this time, and he graduated with distinction in 1902. Fleming's thirst for knowledge prompted him to further his studies at St. Mary's Hospital Medical School, where he eventually obtained a Bachelor of Medicine degree.Groundbreaking Discovery of PenicillinIn 1928, Alexander Fleming stumbled upon one of his most notable discoveries entirely by accident. While working at St. Mary's Hospital,Fleming noticed that a petri dish containing Staphylococcus bacteria had been contaminated with mold. Surprisingly, the mold inhibited the growth of the bacteria and created a clear zone around it.Intrigued by this phenomenon, Fleming isolated the mold and identified it as a strain of the Penicillium genus. He named the substance produced by the mold "penicillin" and conducted further experiments to determine its potential medical applications. Fleming's research revealed that penicillin possessed remarkable antibacterial properties, capable of eliminating various harmful bacteria without causing significant harm to the human body.Impact on Medicine and LegacyAlexander Fleming's discovery of penicillin was a game-changer in the medical field. Prior to this breakthrough, bacterial infections posed significant challenges and often led to fatalities. Penicillin transformed the treatment of infectious diseases, saving countless lives and providing an effective weapon against bacterial infections.Fleming's incredible contribution earned him recognition and accolades throughout his career. In 1945, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for his discovery of penicillin. His work spearheaded the development of antibiotics, revolutionizing modern medicine and opening doors to new research and advancements in healthcare.Beyond his scientific achievements, Alexander Fleming's humility and dedication to serving humanity left an indelible mark on the world. He strongly believed in the responsible use of antibiotics and warned against the risks of antibiotic resistance. Fleming's advocacy for responsible antibiotic usage continues to resonate with healthcare professionals worldwide.ConclusionAlexander Fleming's life and work continue to inspire generations of scientists and medical professionals. His accidental discovery of penicillin reshaped the field of medicine and saved countless lives. Fleming's relentless pursuit of scientific knowledge and his unwavering commitment to public health have left an enduring legacy. Today, his contributions serve as a constant reminder of the power of curiosity, research, and the potential for scientific breakthroughs to shape the future of healthcare.。
曼德拉英文简介
纳尔逊· 罗 利赫拉赫 拉·曼德拉 Nelson Rolihlahla Mandela
He was born in South Africa in 1918.
Graduated from Witwatersrand University(威特沃特斯兰德大 学)and got LLB degree.(法学学士 学位)
In 1962,Mandela was arrested and sentenced to five years in prison with hard labor. In 1964,Mndela was sentenced to life imprisonment(终生监禁).
Mandela’s room
Mandela led many peaceful actions during 1950s. There are several main actions: 蔑视运动；召开南非人民代表大会， 通过“自由宪章”· · · · · · · · ·
Mandela was arrested in 1956.12.05 and indicted with treason.（叛国罪） The court found Mandela not guilty in 1961. Mandela began military actions in 1961.12.16. He visited several African countries in 1962.
In 1944 he founded the ANC Youth League (非国大青年联盟)
• The new government carried out apartheid（种族 隔离政策）in 1948.
亨利菲尔丁
Brief Introduction about the author
In 1752 he returned to political writing as publisher of the periodical The Covent Garden Journal. However, illness forced him to relinquish his post as magistrate in 1753.
Achievement in English novel
Fielding adopted “ the third-person
narration,” in which the author
b“ecthoimnkess
the the
“thoaullg-hknt”owoifnagllGhoids.”
He
His language is easy, unlabored （自然的， 流利的）and familiar, but extremely vivid and vigorous. His sentences are always distinguished by logic and rhythm, and his structure carefully planned towards an inevitable ending. His works are also noted for lively, dramatic dialogues and other theatrical devices such as suspense, coincidence and unexpectedness.
Achievement in English novel
菲尔丁被认作是“英国小说之父”，因为他对现代 小说形式建立的贡献。他是在理论和实践上第一个 开始的十八世纪的所有小说家，特别是写了“散文 体喜剧史诗”，给了现代小说以结构和方式。在他 之前，小说相关的故事理查德逊的《帕梅拉》为代 表的书信形式（一系列的信件），或者是或者是通 过主要人物的讲述，例如笛福的《鲁宾逊漂流记》 的传奇式流浪冒险的形式。但是菲尔丁采纳“第三 人称叙述“，在这里面作者变为“无所不知的神” 。他所有的人物都思考思想，因此他能够不仅展现 他们外部的行为，而且也展现他们头脑的内部作品 。在他的故事中，他试图保持古典作品的史诗形式 ，但是同时对像他的现实展现。他的语言是容易的 ，流利的和熟悉的，但是极度灵活和有力的。他的 句子是以罗技和韵律为标记，他的结构仔细地指向 必然的结尾。他的作品也是以灵活的，戏剧的对话 和其他的例如悬念，一致而出乎意外。
美国文学欣赏ToaWaterfowl
by William Cullen Bryant
Youth and Education
• Bryant was born on November 3, 1794,He was the second son of Peter Bryant, a doctor and later a state legislator, and Sarah Snell. His maternal ancestry traces back to passengers on the Mayflower; his father's, to colonists who arrived about a dozen years later. Bryant and his family moved to a new home when he was two years old. The William Cullen Bryant Homestead, his boyhood home, is now a museum. After just two years at Williams College, he studied law in Worthington and Bridgewater in Massachusetts, and he was admitted to the bar in 1815. He then began practicing law in nearby Plainfield, walking the seven miles from Cummington every day. On one of these walks, in December 1815, he noticed a single bird flying on the horizon; the sight moved him enough to write "To a Waterfl style on the whole • Lyric and thoughtful • Serious and dignified • Blank verse without rhyme
历史文化相关作文英语初中
In the realm of history and culture, the essence of human civilization is deeply rooted in the rich tapestry of diverse traditions and historical events that have shaped our world. As a middle school student, delving into the past can be both enlightening and inspiring. Here are some key aspects to consider when writing an essay on history and culture:1. Historical Events: Choose a significant event that has had a profound impact on the world or your country. For example, the American Revolution, the fall of the Berlin Wall, or the invention of the printing press.2. Cultural Traditions: Explore the customs, festivals, and rituals that are unique to a particular culture. Discuss their origins, significance, and how they are celebrated today.3. Historical Figures: Write about influential individuals who have contributed to the development of society, science, art, or politics. For instance, figures like Abraham Lincoln, Leonardo da Vinci, or Mahatma Gandhi.4. Cultural Heritage: Discuss the importance of preserving cultural heritage sites, such as the Great Wall of China, the Pyramids of Egypt, or the ancient city of Petra.5. Language and Literature: Reflect on the role of language in shaping culture and the impact of literature on society. Consider the works of Shakespeare, the poetry of Rumi, or the narratives of Chinese folklore.6. Art and Architecture: Analyze the significance of art and architecture in reflecting the values and aesthetics of a culture. Look at the Renaissance paintings, the sculptures of the Sistine Chapel, or the intricate designs of Islamic art.7. Music and Dance: Explore the role of music and dance in cultural expression. Discuss the blues in African American history, the significance of flamenco in Spanish culture, or the traditional dances of Native American tribes.8. Religion and Philosophy: Examine the influence of religious beliefs and philosophical ideas on the development of societies. Discuss the teachings of Buddha, the principles of Confucianism, or the impact of the Enlightenment on Western thought.9. Technological Advancements: Write about how historical inventions and discoveries have shaped our world. Consider the wheel, the steam engine, or the internet.10. Cultural Exchange: Discuss the importance of cultural exchange in fosteringunderstanding and cooperation among different societies. Reflect on the Silk Road, the Age of Exploration, or modernday globalization.When writing your essay, remember to:Research: Gather accurate and relevant information about your chosen topic.Organize: Structure your essay with a clear introduction, body, and conclusion.Analyze: Provide insights and interpretations rather than just stating facts.Cite: Use quotes or references to support your arguments.Revise: Edit your work for clarity, coherence, and correctness in grammar and spelling. By engaging with history and culture, you not only learn about the past but also gain a deeper understanding of the present and the potential for the future.。
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Experience in the United Kingdom
• The majority parties in dispute in the United Kingdom appear to be main Contractor and sub-contractor and followed by main contractor and employer.
Experience in United Kingdom
• In this respect, it is to be noted that Malaysia has followed Singapore and New South Wales in only permitting the referral of a pure payment dispute to adjudication. • Disputes to be referred to adjudication should be limited to payment dispute as otherwise adjudication will have a mirror effect of arbitration.
used beyond its original intended range. The range intended was for low value, simple payment disputes. In other words, the intention was to use it quite close to the historic manifestation of adjudication as a set-off related dispute resolution mechanism. It is being used for high value cases including final accounts, professional negligence and complex contractual disputes problems. One downside to this extended range is that the stakes are higher and the fall out between the disputing parties more pronounced.”
Experience in United Kingdom
• In a recent paper published for the Construction, Building and Real Estate Research Conference (COBRA) 2013, it was stated that: “The literature has established that adjudication is being
New South Wales, Australia
Victoria, Australia New Zealand Singapore
Malaysia
Construction Industry Payment and Adjudication Act 2012
Experience in the United Kingdom
Experience in United Kingdom
• However, the kind of disputes which are dealt with by adjudication in the UK has changed from being simple payment issues to disputes concerning large sums of money and complex legal questions.
Experience in United Kingdom
• The table on growth rate adjudication referrals in UK seems to suggest that adjudication referrals started to decline from year 2008. This may be due to the economic recession and as such parties may not have funds to pursue their claims.
Introduction
• Statutory Adjudication was introduced to protect the cash flow in the construction industry which is significant because of the relatively long duration of projects and the large contract sum involved.
Experience in United Kingdom
• It is also to be noted that the success of adjudication in the UK has been contributed by the use of a specialist court, the Technology and Construction Court (TCC), which promptly enforces adjudicators’ decisions with its own special procedure. • It terms of courts approach in enforcement, adjudication’s decision will generally be enforced unless vitiated by some material failure to comply with natural justice and jurisdiction issue. See Carillion Construction Ltd v Devonport Royal Dockyard Ltd [2006] BLR 15
Experience in United Kingdom
Growth rate in adjudication referrals in the UK
*Published by the Adjudicating Reporting Centre of the Glasgow Caledonian UniversityAdjudication Report 12, October 2012 at /ebe/businessservices/adjudicationreports/
Experience in the United Kingdom
Parties in dispute as at October 2012
*Published by the Adjudicating Reporting Centre of the Glasgow Caledonian University- Adjudication Report 12, October 2012 at /ebe/businessservices/adjudicationreports/
KUHENDRAN THANAPALASINGAM
PARTNER, ZULRAFIQUE & PARTNERS
CLiC 2014 : Construction Law International Conference -Statutory Adjudication
Wilfred Abraham ZUL RAFIQUE & Partners 19th September 2014
• 1st country to introduce statutory adjudication which is provided for in Part II of the Housing Grants Regeneration and Construction Act 1996 (the HGRCA). • The HGRCA was later amended in Part 8 of the Local Democracy, Economic Development and Construction Act 2009 (the LDEDCA) which came into effect on 1st October 2011, the aim being to iron out some of the issues that have arisen pursuant to the HGCRA.
• And also because arbitration was taking too long and becoming too expensive.
Introduction
• It is about getting paid on time and in the amounts rightfully due. • The adjudicator’s decision is only meant to be interim in nature and will finally be resolved at arbitration or litigation.
Experience in United Kingdom
• Overall, although presently adjudication is on the decline in the UK, it appears that statutory adjudication has been successfully used in the UK and it is still considered generally to be a low cost and effective dispute resolution.