Permanence and global attractivity of stage-structured predator-prey model with continuous harv
What environmental problems are we faced with
newspaper about him.
2) 所有的数字都要毫无例外地经过专家核实。 All the figures are to be checked by specialists without exception. 3) 我向你们保证我们遇到任何困难都不会退缩。
I can assure you that we will not shrink from any difficulty.
To be continued
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 8 Environmental Protection
2. Translation
Translate the following sentences into English. 1) 他热衷于收集报纸上关于他的任何消息。 He is keen on collecting whatever he can find in the
• pollution, acid rain, global warming, the destruction of forests and other wild habitats, the decline and extinction of thousands of species of animals and plants...
1. They see the mountains covered with snow. 2. He managed to get his room thoroughly cleaned.
Back to the Text
Examples
最新英美报刊选读_Unit 8 Environmental Protection
他对政府行政机构里的那个职位已经垂涎已久。
2023年12月英语六级阅读原文
2023年12月英语六级阅读原文原文标题：The Importance of Environmental Protection随着工业化和城市化的进程不断加快，环境问题已经成为全球性的焦点。
关于这一话题，许多人有不同的看法。
有一些人认为环境污染是制约人类社会发展的主要障碍之一，应当尽快加强环境保护。
而也有一些人对此持怀疑和否定态度，认为环境问题并不严重，环境污染对人类社会的发展不构成实质性的威胁，因此不必大惊小怪。
无论如何，我们都不能忽视环境问题的存在和严重性。
环境保护的重要性首先体现在生态系统的稳定和人类生存环境的改善。
生态系统是地球上的重要基础设施，不同的生物之间通过各种复杂的生态关系相互依存，形成生态系统的稳定性。
然而，由于人类活动过度开发和环境污染，使得原有的生态系统遭到破坏，生物多样性下降，一些濒临灭绝的物种濒临灭绝。
这对于人类生存环境产生了严重的影响。
加强环境保护，保持生态系统的稳定性，保护生物多样性是十分必要的。
环境保护对于人们的身体健康和身心健康是至关重要的。
环境污染直接危害人们的身体健康，长期暴露在污染环境中会导致各种慢性疾病的发生，甚至致癌。
而且，环境污染还会对人们的心理健康造成影响，长期生活在污染环境中会使人产生消极的情绪，降低人们的生活质量。
为了保护人们的身体健康和身心健康，必须加强环境保护，减少环境污染。
环境保护与可持续发展的理念相一致，是现代社会发展的必由之路。
可持续发展是指经济、社会和环境的协调发展，即在满足当前需求的前提下，能够保证子孙后代也能满足其需要。
如果环境得不到有效的保护，将严重威胁人类社会的可持续发展，甚至会导致资源过度消耗，生态平衡被打破，给子孙后代留下巨大的环境债务。
加强环境保护，推动可持续发展已成为全球热点问题。
环境保护对于人类社会的发展至关重要。
只有加强环境保护，才能保障生态系统的稳定和人类生存环境的改善，保护人们的身体健康和身心健康，推动可持续发展。
研究生英语高级教程unit7译文
参考译文如何应对全球流行病布莱恩•沃什[1]对于墨西哥城这样拥有两千万人口的熙熙攘攘的大都市而言，恢复生机的第一个标志不是公开的宗教仪式，也不是政治集会，而是交通拥堵，这很正常。
为应对甲型H1N1流感的爆发，墨西哥城实施了为期一周的停工停市，终于在五月五日这天重归繁华与喧闹。
猪流感的传播速度已经减缓，这使得墨西哥的政府官员燃起希望，觉得最糟糕的时刻已经过去了。
[2]国际卫生组织的官员也可以稍感放松了。
自从四月底首次出现新型流感病毒报告以来，他们一直处于高度紧张状态。
世界卫生组织和疾病预防控制中心的科学家发现在墨西哥以外鲜有严重或致死的甲型H1N1流感病例，另外也没有足够证据显示疾病会在多数国家持续传播。
[3]那么，世界范围内的关闭学校、边境检测和政府要员召开新闻发布会号召民众勤洗手是大惊小怪吗？很可惜，不是。
正如卫生组织的官员反复强调的，我们现在还处于甲型H1N1流感爆发的初期，而流感病毒的不可预测性是众所周知的。
目前，这种新型流感病毒似乎和普通季节性流感的危险性相差无几，但它可能会在明年冬天以更为致命的方式卷土重来——正如1918年那场造成灾难性后果的大流感一样。
[4]现实情况是，虽然美国和其他国家的卫生部门官员在应对甲型H1N1流感病毒方面进行的广泛合作值得赞扬，但H1N1病毒的出现还只是敲响一个警钟，并不是对我们意志和能力的真正考验。
哥伦比亚大学的美国国家灾难防御中心主任爱尔文•莱德纳尔博士指出：“我们应该把这种新型流感病毒的出现看作是警钟，而不是闹铃。
”[5]在甲型H1N1流感病毒面前，我们这个广泛联系的全球社会对新出现的疾病所显示出的无助暴露无遗。
乘飞机旅行和国际贸易往来使得新型病菌能在不到两周的时间内传播到二十几个国家。
当然，全球化有不利因素也有其优势。
正是全球化使我们能够建立起一个真正意义上的全球疾病监测系统。
全球性流行病的威胁提醒美国人必须对自己老朽过时的医疗卫生系统进行修正。
在传染病爆发的时候，每个人的处境都岌岌可危。
2025届高考英语一轮总复习选择性必修第四册Unit1ScienceFiction教师用书
UNIT 1 SCIENCE FICTION一、阅读词汇——在词块中明义1．science fiction科幻小说2．annual bonus年终红利3．a ridiculous rumour 荒谬的谣言4．a man of integrity一个诚恳正直的人5．with grace and dignity文静而庄重6．an absurd idea 一个荒唐的想法7．bus fares公交车车费8．excuse for inaction不实行措施的理由9．alien forces in the region 该地区的外国军队10．grip the rope 抓紧绳子11．be filled with hazy frost 充溢着朦胧的雾霭12．the maximum height 最高高度13．pay a huge salary付一大笔薪水14．fall backwards仰面摔倒15．fetch some books 拿来一些书二、表达词汇——在语境中活用(一)在括号内写出蓝体词汇在语境中的汉语意思1．Some of the studies show positive results, whereas others do not.(conj.然而)2．We go and do the weekly shopping every Thursday.(adj.每周的)3．The company wants to keep down labour costs.(n.劳动)4．Many people were not satisfied with the pace of change.(n.速度)(二)写出蓝体词汇的语境之义及拓展形式1．She made an appointment for her son to see the doctor.(n.预约)拓展：appoint v．任命；委任；支配→appointed adj.指定的；约定的2．His guilty expression confirmed my suspicions.(adj.内疚的)拓展：guilt n．内疚；懊悔；犯罪3．The population explodes to 40,000 during the tourist season.(vi.激增) 拓展：explosion n．爆炸；爆发；激增4．I dismissed the problem from my mind.(vt.消退)拓展：dismissal n．解雇；撤职5．He declared he would not run for a second term as president.(vt.宣称) 拓展：declaration n．申报(单)；宣布；公告6．From this you can calculate the total mass in the Galaxy.(vt.计算)拓展：calculation n．计算→calculator n．计算器7．We have a relationship infinitely superior to those of many of our friends.(adj.更好的)拓展：superiority n．优越感；优势；优越(性)8．I taught my daughter how to do division at the age of six.(n.除法)拓展：divide v．(使)分开9．They urged Congress to approve plans for their reform programme.(vt.力劝) 拓展：urgency n．紧迫；急事→urgent adj.紧急的；迫切的→urgently adv.迫切地；紧急地10．The survey used a random sample of two thousand people across the Midwest.(adj.随机的)拓展：randomly adv.随机；随意；未加支配地三、词块短语——在语境中辨义活用写出或选出加蓝部分在语境中的汉语意思1．The new product had been tested out before it was put on the market.检验2．The organization encourages members to meet on a regular basis as well as provides them with financial support.定期3．Although she is my teacher, Ms Wang and I are more like friends. 更像是4．Do you know what this product is? Or rather，what it does？更准确地说5．After his defeat, many of his supporters fell away.消逝6．Their opinion on the accident conflicted with ours.与……冲突或抵触7．This model of 5G mobile phone is far superior to any others.比……更好8．We have an urge to give advice immediately to make the person feel better and try to fix the problem.有剧烈的欲望9．Miss Smith is leaving to get married and Miss Jones will take over the class.A A．接手B．汲取C．呈现D．占据10．You can't expect everything to turn out as you wish.DA．关掉B．熄灭 C．在场D．结果是四、经典句式——在佳句背诵中品悟规则用法2.3.4.教材原句Night came as if a lamp was being turned out, and in another moment came the day.(as if引导方式状语从句)夜幕驾临了，仿佛一盏灯正在熄灭，转瞬间，白昼就来临了。
2022年广西英语b级考试真题试卷
2022年广西英语b级考试真题试卷2022 Guangxi English B Level Exam PaperPart I Listening Comprehension (30 points)Section ADirections: In this section, you will hear 10 short conversations. At the end of each conversation, a question will be asked about what was said. The conversations and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a conversation and the question about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the question you have heard.1. A. He plays basketball.B. He is going to the gym.C. He is cooking dinner.D. He is watching TV.2. A. It’s rainy.B. It’s sunny.C. It’s snowy.D. It’s windy.3. A. In a restaurant.B. In a library.C. In a classroom.D. In a hospital.4. A. She thinks it’s expensive.B. She thinks it’s cheap.C. She thinks it’s bo ring.D. She thinks it’s interesting.5. A. Go to the cinema.B. Go to the museum.C. Go shopping.D. Go to a concert.6. A. It’s Thursday.B. It’s Friday.C. It’s Saturday.D. It’s Sunday.7. A. The brown one.B. The red one.C. The blue one.D. The black one.8. A. He has a headache.B. He is thirsty.C. He is hungry.D. He is tired.9. A. She likes it.B. She doesn’t like it.C. She has never tried it.D. She thinks it’s boring.10. A. Reading a book.B. Watching a movie.C. Listening to music.D. Doing homework. Section BDirections: In this section, you will hear 3 short passages. At the end of each passage, you will hear some questions. The passages and the questions will be spoken only once. After you hear a passage and the questions about it, read the four possible answers on your paper, and decide which one is the best answer to the questions you have heard.Passage One11. A. By plane.B. By train.C. By bus.D. By ship.12. A. Two hours.B. Three hours.C. Four hours.D. Five hours.13. A. The man is going on holiday.B. The man is visiting his family.C. The man is on a business trip.D. The man is going to a meeting. Passage Two14. A. In a cafe.B. In a restaurant.C. In a supermarket.D. In a park.15. A. Tomorrow.B. Next week.C. Next month.D. Next year.16. A. Spaghetti.B. Pizza.C. Fish and chips.D. Fried chicken.Passage Three17. A. A doctor and a nurse.B. A teacher and a student.C. A father and a son.D. A mother and a daughter.18. A. To the park.B. To the zoo.C. To the museum.D. To the cinema.19. A. It’s too far.B. It’s too crowded.C. It’s too expensive.D. It’s too noisy.20. A. The man doesn’t like animals.B. The man is afraid of animals.C. The man prefers to stay at home.D. The man wants to go to the cinema. Part II Reading Comprehension (40 points) Section ADirections: In this section, there are 6 passages followed by questions or unfinished statements. For each of them, there are four choices marked A, B, C, and D. You should decide on the best choice and mark the corresponding letter on your answer sheet.Passage OneThe United Nations (UN)The United Nations is an international organization founded in 1945. It is currently made up of 193 Member States. The mission and work of the United Nations are guided by the purposes and principles contained in its founding Charter.The work of the United Nations reaches every corner of the globe. Although best known for peacekeeping, peacebuilding, conflict prevention, and humanitarian assistance, there are many other ways the United Nations and its System (specialized agencies, funds, and programs) affects our lives and makes the world a better place. The United Nations touches us all through such activities as: - Maintaining international peace and security; - Protecting human rights; Delivering humanitarian aid; Promoting sustainable development; - Upholding international law; and Coordinating efforts to combat terrorism.21. What is the United Nations mainly known for?A. Peacekeeping.B. Health services.C. Education programs.D. Cultural exchanges.22. How many Member States does the United Nations have?A. 150.B. 170.C. 190.D. 193.23. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way the United Nations touches our lives?A. Maintaining international peace and security.B. Delivering humanitarian aid.C. Providing health care services.D. Coordinating efforts to combat terrorism.Passage TwoPollutionPollution is the introduction of contaminants into the natural environment that cause adverse change. Pollution can take many forms, including air, water, and soil.Air pollution occurs when harmful or excessive quantities of substances – including gases, particulates, and biological molecules – are introduced into Earth's atmosphere. It may cause diseases, allergies, or death to humans; it may also cause harm to other living organisms such as animals and food crops, and may damage the natural or built environment.Water pollution involves the contamination of bodies of water such as rivers, lakes, oceans, and groundwater. Water pollution occurs when pollutants are discharged directly or indirectly into water bodies without adequate treatment to remove harmful compounds.Soil contamination is caused by the presence ofhuman-made chemicals or other alteration in the natural soil environment. It is typically caused by industrial activity, agricultural chemicals, or improper disposal of waste.24. What is pollution?A. The improvement of the natural environment.B. The prevention of contaminants in the air.C. The introduction of contaminants into the environment.D. The control of excessive quantities of substances.25. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a form of pollution?A. Air pollution.B. Water pollution.C. Soil contamination.D. Noise pollution.26. What causes soil contamination?A. Natural occurrences.B. Human-made chemicals.C. Animal waste.D. Excessive rainfall.Passage ThreeA Healthy LifestyleLiving a healthy lifestyle is essential for maintaining good health and preventing diseases. It involves eating a balanced diet,exercising regularly, getting enough sleep, managing stress, and avoiding harmful habits such as smoking and excessive drinking.Eating a balanced diet means consuming a variety of foods that provide essential nutrients for the body's daily needs. This includes fruits, vegetables, whole grains, lean proteins, and healthy fats. By eating a well-balanced diet, you can ensure that your body receives the necessary vitamins and minerals to function properly and maintain optimal health.Regular exercise is also important for staying healthy. Physical activity helps to strengthen the heart, muscles, and bones, improve circulation, and reduce the risk of chronic diseases such as heart disease, diabetes, and obesity. Aim for at least 30 minutes of moderate exercise every day to maintain a healthy weight and overall well-being.27. What is essential for maintaining good health and preventing diseases?A. Eating fast food.B. Exercising irregularly.C. Getting enough sleep.D. Smoking and excessive drinking.28. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a way to livea healthy lifestyle?A. Eating a balanced diet.B. Exercising regularly.C. Managing stress.D. Smoking and excessive drinking.29. How much exercise should you aim for every day?A. 15 minutes.B. 30 minutes.C. 45 minutes.D. 60 minutes.Section BDirections: Read the following passages carefully, and then answer the questions or complete the statements.Passage FourTeenagers and Social MediaIn today's digital age, social media has become an integral part of teenagers' lives. Platforms like Facebook, Instagram,Snapchat, and TikTok allow young people to connect with friends, share personal experiences, and discover new trends. While social media can have many positive effects on teens' social lives, it also has its drawbacks.One of the biggest concerns surrounding teenagers' use of social media is cyberbullying. Cyberbullying is the use of electronic communication to bully a person, typically by sending threatening or hurtful messages. Cyberbullying can have serious consequences on a teenager's mental health and self-esteem, leading to anxiety, depression, and even suicide in extreme cases.Another issue with social media is its impact on teenagers' self-image and body confidence. Many social media platforms promote unrealistic beauty standards, causing teenagers to compare themselves to edited and filtered images of influencers and celebrities. This can lead to low self-esteem, body dissatisfaction, and eating disorders among young people.30. What is one of the biggest concerns surrounding teenagers' use of social media?31. How can cyberbullying affect a teenager's mental health?32. What impact does social media have on teenagers'self-image and body confidence?Passage FiveGlobal WarmingGlobal warming is the long-term heating of Earth's climate system observed since the pre-industrial period (between 1850 and 1900) due to human activities, primarily fossil fuel burning, which increases greenhouse gas levels in the atmosphere.The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has warned that global warming poses a significant threat to the environment, causing extreme weather events, rising sea levels, melting glaciers, and disruptions to ecosystems. If left unaddressed, global warming could have devastating consequences on the planet and future generations.To address the impacts of global warming, countries around the world need to take urgent action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, transition to renewable energy sources, and implement sustainable practices. Individuals can also play a role in mitigating climate change by reducing their carbon footprint, recycling waste, planting trees, and advocating for environmental protection.33. What causes global warming?34. What are some of the consequences of global warming?35. How can countries address the impacts of global warming?Passage SixThe Benefits of Learning a Second LanguageLearning a second language has numerous benefits, both personally and professionally. Studies have shown that bilingual individuals have improved cognitive skills, such asproblem-solving, multitasking, and decision-making. Bilingualism also enhances memory, creativity, and mental flexibility, leading to better academic performance and career opportunities.In today's globalized world, proficiency in a second language is a valuable asset in the workplace. Multinational companies and organizations often seek employees who can communicate in multiple languages to expand their reach and interact with diverse international clients. Being bilingual can also boost your earning potential and open doors to job opportunities in various sectors.36. What benefits do bilingual individuals have in terms of cognitive skills?37. How can bilingualism enhance academic performance and career opportunities?38. Why is proficiency in a second language a valuable asset in the workplace?Part III Writing (30 points)Section AComprehension (10 points)Directions: Read the following text carefully and write an essay of at least 150 words in response to the questions below.Title: The Importance of EducationEducation plays a vital role in shaping individuals' lives and the future of society. It provides knowledge, skills, and opportunities for personal growth and development, enabling individuals to reach their full potential and contribute to the progress of their communities.Education is essential for acquiring the necessary skills and competencies to succeed in today's competitive world. It equips individuals with the tools they need to pursue their passions,achieve their goals, and lead fulfilling lives. Without education, people may be limited in their opportunities and unable to reach their aspirations.Furthermore, education promotes critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities. It encourages individuals to question the status quo, explore new ideas, and adapt to changing circumstances. By fostering a culture of lifelong learning and continuous improvement, education empowers individuals to face challenges, overcome obstacles, and make informed decisions.What is the significance of education in shaping individuals' lives and society?How does education equip individuals with the necessary skills and competencies to succeed in the world?How can education promote critical thinking, creativity, and problem-solving abilities in individuals?Section BCreative Writing (20 points)Directions: Write a composition of at least 200 words on ONE of the following topics:1. The Impact of Technology on Communication in the Digital Age2. The Benefits of Traveling Abroad and Experiencing Different Cultures3. The Importance of Environmental Conservation and Sustainable PracticesRemember to plan your composition before you start writing and to use appropriate language and structure.---This is a sample of a potential 2022 Guangxi English B Level Exam Paper. The questions and passages are designed to test listening comprehension, reading comprehension, and writing skills. The exam paper covers a range of topics, including social media, pollution, global warming, education, and the benefits of learning a second language. Students are required to listen to conversations and passages, read and answer questions based on the information provided, and write an essay in response to a given prompt.。
学术综合英语英语填空题翻译Unit6
学习资料收集于网络，仅供参考学习资料Uint6一、单词对应1. Innovation and hard work are the cornerstones of this company.创新和努力是这个公司的基石。
2. The children seemed to prosper under their grandpare nt’sca re.看起来，孩子们在他们的祖父母的照顾下茁壮成长。
3. Th e sweep of th e court’s decision could affect a ll carmanufacturers法院的决策将席卷整个汽车制造业。
席卷修改成波及（席卷程度太深）法院的决策将波及整个汽车制造业。
4. Some people seem to thrive on the pressure of working undera deadline.有些人似乎在工作最后期限的压力下成功。
有些人似乎喜欢在截至期限的压力下工作。
（thrive on 喜欢：从容应对尤指别人不喜欢或认为困难的事）5. Farmers have bounced back from difficult times in the 1980s. 农民们已经从二十世纪八十年代的困难时期恢复过来了。
6. According to economic projections, China wi ll overtake the USA in ten years.根据经济预测，中国将在十年内超过美国。
根据经济预测，中国将在十年内超过美国。
7. Th e pl anet cannot sustain more than 6 billion people. 这个星球不能维持这个星球不能维持606060亿多人生存。
亿多人生存。
亿多人生存。
8. He cou ld bar e ly disguise his scorn for her.他几乎无法掩饰对她的蔑视。
上海高考英语一模翻译各区试题集
奉贤区1. 如今人们越来越关注食品安全。
(concern)2. 我认为他不会轻易改变自己想法的。
(think)3. 我们高中生应该有远大的志向，不应该只满足于现状。
(satisfy)4. 外出旅游时，务必保护环境，凡事为他人着想。
(sure)5. 我们一致认为，每个人不管有没有天赋，只要对社会作出一定贡献，都是成功人士。
(view)普陀区1. 黄浦江隧道的建成极大地促进了浦东的发展。
(promote)2. 在西方国家，有心理问题去咨询心理医生是很普遍的。
(consult)3. 它是一种负责任的旅游，因为它认真地考虑到生态和文化。
(which, take… into consideration)4. 在场的大学生都希望演说者不要离题。
(confine himself to)5. 在整个公司里他的电脑技术比任何其他成员都好。
(superior to)长宁区1. 是你的努力而不是才智决定你的成功。
(determine)2. 在禁止吸烟的公共场所抽烟是不良行为。
(manners)3. 暗淡的灯光和柔和的音乐会营造出浪漫的气氛。
(be supposed)4. 昨晚听到他喜欢的足球队获胜的消息，他兴奋得彻夜未眠。
(too… to)5. 即使朝鲜半岛(Korean Peninsula)能实现和平，仍然有许多问题有待解决。
(come to)闵行区1. 祝你面试成功。
(Wish…)2. 这首诗太抽象，我不能完全理解。
(too… to…)3. 要保持身体健康，我们应该每天抽出一定的时间来锻炼。
(health)4. 不亲自参与，你无法知道这种游戏带来的乐趣。
(unless)5. 防火意识不容忽视，不然的话会对生命和财产造成不可估量的损失。
(neglect)虹口区1. 在寒冷的冬日喝杯热饮真是惬意。
(It)2. 高三学生在高考前都必须接受一次体检。
(require)3. 这些彩色果盆当时引起了我的注意，使我想起了快乐的童年。
高级翻译考试题目及答案
高级翻译考试题目及答案一、词汇翻译（每题2分，共20分）1. 请将下列中文词汇翻译成英文：- 一带一路- 人工智能- 可持续发展- 非物质文化遗产- 电子商务2. 请将下列英文词汇翻译成中文：- Artificial Intelligence- Sustainable Development- E-commerce- Non-material Cultural Heritage- Belt and Road Initiative二、句子翻译（每题5分，共30分）1. 随着全球化的深入发展，各国之间的联系日益紧密。
2. 技术创新是推动经济增长的关键因素。
3. 保护环境是每个公民的责任。
4. 教育公平是社会进步的基石。
5. 人工智能正在改变我们的生活和工作方式。
三、段落翻译（每题10分，共50分）1. 近年来，随着互联网技术的快速发展，网络直播已经成为了一种新兴的娱乐形式。
它不仅丰富了人们的日常生活，还为许多年轻人提供了展示才华的舞台。
2. 气候变化是全球面临的重大挑战之一。
为了应对这一挑战，各国政府必须采取有效措施，减少温室气体排放，并推动可再生能源的发展。
3. 在全球化的背景下，跨文化交流变得越来越重要。
了解不同文化之间的差异和相似之处，可以帮助我们更好地理解彼此，促进国际合作。
四、答案一、词汇翻译1. 一带一路 - Belt and Road Initiative- 人工智能 - Artificial Intelligence- 可持续发展 - Sustainable Development- 非物质文化遗产 - Non-material Cultural Heritage- 电子商务 - E-commerce2. Artificial Intelligence - 人工智能- Sustainable Development - 可持续发展- E-commerce - 电子商务- Non-material Cultural Heritage - 非物质文化遗产- Belt and Road Initiative - 一带一路二、句子翻译1. With the deepening development of globalization, the connections between countries are becoming increasingly close.2. Technological innovation is a key factor in driving economic growth.3. Protecting the environment is the responsibility of every citizen.4. Educational equity is the cornerstone of social progress.5. Artificial Intelligence is changing the way we live and work.三、段落翻译1. In recent years, with the rapid development of Internet technology, online live streaming has become an emerging form of entertainment. It not only enriches people's daily lives but also provides a stage for many young people to showcase their talents.2. Climate change is one of the major challenges faced by the world. To address this challenge, governments around the world must take effective measures to reduce greenhouse gas emissions and promote the development of renewable energy.3. Against the backdrop of globalization, cross-cultural communication has become increasingly important. Understanding the differences and similarities between different cultures can help us better understand each other and promote international cooperation.。
这些好一点的作文英语
1.The Power of Perseverance:This essay explores the importance of persistence in achieving ones goals.It uses historical examples of individuals who have overcome significant obstacles through sheer determination.2.The Impact of Technology on Society:This piece delves into the ways technology has transformed our lives,both positively and negatively.It discusses the benefits of technological advancements and the challenges they pose to society.3.The Art of Communication:This essay examines the various forms of communication and their effectiveness in different contexts.It also provides tips on how to improve ones communication skills.4.The Role of Education in Personal Development:This piece argues that education is crucial for personal growth and societal progress.It discusses the importance of a wellrounded education and its impact on critical thinking and problemsolving skills.5.The Environment:Our Responsibility:This essay highlights the importance of environmental conservation and the role each individual plays in protecting our planet.It offers practical ways to reduce ones carbon footprint and promote sustainability.6.The Influence of Culture on Identity:This piece examines how cultural background shapes an individuals identity and worldview.It discusses the significance of cultural diversity and the challenges of cultural integration.7.The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence:This essay discusses the ethical implications of AI, including issues of privacy,bias,and the potential for AI to replace human jobs.It calls for responsible development and use of AI technologies.8.The Importance of Mental Health:This piece emphasizes the significance of mental health and the need for greater awareness and support.It discusses the impact of mental health on personal wellbeing and productivity.9.The Role of Sports in Society:This essay explores the social,physical,and psychological benefits of sports.It also discusses the role of sports in fostering teamwork, discipline,and leadership skills.10.The Journey of SelfDiscovery:This piece is a reflective essay on the personal journey of selfdiscovery,highlighting the importance of introspection and selfawareness in personal growth and development.11.The Impact of Globalization on Local Cultures:This essay examines the effects of globalization on local cultures,discussing both the positive aspects of cultural exchange and the potential loss of cultural identity.12.The Future of Work:This piece speculates on the future of employment in the context of technological advancements and changing economic landscapes.It discusses potential job trends and the skills required for the workforce of tomorrow.13.The Significance of Volunteering:This essay highlights the benefits of volunteering for both the individual and the community.It encourages readers to engage in volunteer work to make a positive impact on society.14.The Role of Creativity in Problem Solving:This piece argues that creativity is a vital component in finding innovative solutions to complex problems.It provides examples of creative problemsolving in various fields.15.The Importance of Empathy in Leadership:This essay discusses the role of empathy in effective leadership,emphasizing the need for leaders to understand and connect with the needs and emotions of their team members.。
幼儿英语教育原则
The primary goal of early childhood English education should be to develop children's communication skills, including listening, speaking, reading, and writing. Activities that promote these skills should be emphasized.
Encourage cultural diversity
Teachers should aim to introduce children to different cultures through the content they teach and the examples they use. This helps to develop children's understanding of the world around them and their own place within it.
The principle of gradual progress
Interaction between teachers and children, as well as among children themselves, is crucial for effective learning. Encourage children to participate in pair work, group activities, and whole-class discussions to develop their communication skills and enhance their understanding of English.
中国科学家的秘密作文英语
As an AI,I will create a composition in English about The Secret of Chinese Scientists in the style of a French English teacher.Here is the content:In the heart of the Orient,where the Great Wall stretches across the land,a group of individuals has been quietly making waves in the world of science.These are the Chinese scientists,a community that has been shrouded in mystery and intrigue.Their secrets, however,are not hidden in the shadows but are revealed through their groundbreaking discoveries and relentless pursuit of knowledge.The Roots of Scientific AmbitionThe secret of Chinese scientists begins with their deeprooted cultural values.The Chinese have always placed a high premium on education and intellectual pursuits.This is evident in the ancient Confucian ideals that emphasize the importance of learning and selfimprovement.As a result,the Chinese scientific community is driven by a profound respect for knowledge and a desire to contribute to the collective good.The Spirit of InnovationChinese scientists are known for their innovative spirit.They are not content with merely following in the footsteps of their Western counterparts.Instead,they strive to blaze new trails in the field of science.This is evident in the numerous patents filed by Chinese researchers and the increasing number of scientific papers published in international journals.Collaboration and IntegrationAnother secret of Chinese scientists is their ability to collaborate and integrate with the global scientific community.They understand the importance of sharing knowledge and resources.This has led to numerous partnerships with foreign institutions and the establishment of joint research centers.Through these collaborations,Chinese scientists have been able to access cuttingedge technology and expertise,which has further fueled their scientific ambitions.Government Support and InvestmentThe Chinese government has been a key player in the success of its scientific community. It has provided substantial support and investment in research and development.This hasenabled Chinese scientists to access stateoftheart facilities and resources,which are essential for conducting advanced research.The governments commitment to science has also created a favorable environment for scientific exploration and innovation.The Future of Chinese ScienceAs Chinese scientists continue to unlock the secrets of the universe,they are also shaping the future of science.Their contributions to fields such as artificial intelligence, renewable energy,and biotechnology are already making a significant impact on the global stage.With their relentless pursuit of knowledge and their commitment to innovation,the Chinese scientific community is poised to make even greater strides in the years to come.In conclusion,the secret of Chinese scientists is not a hidden truth but an open testament to their dedication,innovation,and collaboration.As they continue to push the boundaries of human knowledge,they are not only contributing to the scientific community but also to the betterment of society as a whole.This composition is crafted to reflect the style of a French English teacher,focusing on the cultural and historical context of Chinese scientists,their innovative spirit, collaborative efforts,government support,and their potential impact on the future of science.。
大学英语四级仔细阅读专项强化真题试卷16(题后含答案及解析)
大学英语四级仔细阅读专项强化真题试卷16(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.The question of whether our government should promote science and technology or the liberal arts in higher education isn’t an either/or proposition(命题), although the current emphasis on preparing young Americans for STEM(science, technology, engineering, maths)-related fields can make it seem that way. The latest congressional report acknowledges the critical importance of technical training, but also asserts that the study of the humanities(人文学科)and social sciences must remain central components of America’s educational system at all levels. Both areas are critical to producing citizens who can participate effectively in our democratic society, become innovative(创新的)leaders, and benefit from the spiritual enrichment that the reflection on the great ideas of mankind over time provides. Parents and students who have invested heavily in higher education worry about graduates’job prospects as technological advances and changes in domestic and global markets transform professions in ways that reduce wages and cut jobs. Under these circumstances, it’s natural to look for what may appear to be the most “practical” way out of the problem; “Major in a subject designed to get you a job” seems the obvious answer to some, though this ignores the fact that many disciplines in the humanities characterized as “soft” often, in fact, lead to employment and success in the long run. Indeed, according to surveys, employers have expressed a preference for students who have received a broadly-based education that has taught them to write well, think critically, research creatively, and communicate easily. Moreover, students should be prepared not just for their first job, but for their 4th and 5th jobs, as there’s little reason to doubt that people entering the workforce today will be called upon to play many different roles over the course of their careers. The ones who will do the best in this new environment will be those whose educations have prepared them to be flexible. The ability to draw upon every available tool and insight—picked up from science, arts, and technology—to solve the problems of the future, and take advantage of the opportunities that present themselves, will be helpful to them and the United States.1．What does the latest congressional report suggest?A．STEM-related subjects help students find jobs in the information society.B．The humanities and STEM subjects should be given equal importance.C．The liberal arts in higher education help enrich students’ spiritual life.D．Higher education should be adjusted to the practical needs of society.正确答案：B解析：语义理解题。
英语四级作文佳句积累
英语四级作文佳句积累英文回答：Topic Sentences.In the multifaceted tapestry of human experience, the interplay between language and culture weaves an intricate bond, shaping our perspectives and worldview. As we delve into the nuanced depths of different languages, we unlock portals to distinct cultural landscapes and gain profound insights into their complexities.The pursuit of knowledge is not merely an accumulation of facts but an arduous and transformative journey that empowers us to transcend the confines of our limited existence. Through the relentless exploration of various fields of study, we cultivate intellectual curiosity, expand our horizons, and acquire a profound understanding of the world around us.The advent of technology has irrevocably altered the fabric of human society, presenting both unprecedented opportunities and formidable challenges. As we navigatethis rapidly evolving technological landscape, it is imperative to harness its potential for progress while mitigating its potential risks.Supporting Sentences.Language serves as a conduit through which cultural values, beliefs, and traditions are transmitted from generation to generation, shaping the collective identityof a people. By mastering a new language, we gain access to a treasure-trove of knowledge, customs, and perspectivesthat would otherwise remain inaccessible.The pursuit of knowledge transcends the narrowconfines of academia and extends to every aspect of human existence. By embracing a lifelong commitment to learning, we cultivate critical thinking skills, nurture our creativity, and foster a deep sense of personal fulfillment.Technology has unleashed an era of unprecedented connectivity, enabling us to transcend geographicalbarriers and forge global relationships. However, it is equally important to recognize the potential pitfalls of technology, such as the erosion of privacy, the spread of misinformation, and the addiction to digital devices.Concluding Sentences.As we navigate the complexities of the modern world,it is essential to recognize the profound power of language, knowledge, and technology. By embracing the interconnectedness of these elements, we can cultivate a more nuanced understanding of ourselves, our place in society, and the world we inhabit.The pursuit of language, knowledge, and technology is not a destination but a continuous journey of exploration, growth, and transformation. As we embrace the challengesand seize the opportunities that lie ahead, we sow theseeds for a brighter and more equitable future.中文回答：主题句。
大学英语作文年轻人的梦想
In contemporary society,the dreams of young people are as diverse as the individuals themselves.They reflect the aspirations,ambitions,and the societal influences that shape their lives.Here are some common dreams that resonate with the youth of today:cational Aspirations:Many young people dream of pursuing higher education to gain specialized knowledge and skills.They aspire to attend prestigious universities,both domestically and internationally,to broaden their horizons and enhance their career prospects.2.Career Success:A significant number of young individuals are driven by the desire to excel in their chosen careers.They envision themselves climbing the corporate ladder, becoming entrepreneurs,or achieving recognition in their respective fields.3.Financial Independence:The dream of financial independence is a common one among the youth.They aim to secure a stable income,save for the future,and enjoy a comfortable lifestyle without being burdened by debts.4.Travel and Exploration:With the world becoming more interconnected,many young people dream of traveling to different countries,experiencing diverse cultures,and broadening their understanding of the world.5.Social Impact:Some are motivated by the desire to make a difference in society.They aspire to work in nonprofit organizations,engage in social activism,or contribute to environmental conservation.6.Innovation and Creativity:The digital age has inspired many young people to dream of creating something new,whether its a tech startup,a piece of art,or a groundbreaking scientific discovery.7.Personal Fulfillment:Beyond professional success,many young individuals seek personal fulfillment through hobbies,relationships,and personal development.They dream of finding happiness,love,and a sense of purpose in life.8.Health and Wellness:In an era where health consciousness is on the rise,young people are increasingly dreaming of maintaining a healthy lifestyle,engaging in sports,and practicing mindfulness.9.Cultural and Artistic Pursuits:The arts have always been a source of inspiration for the young.Many dream of becoming musicians,writers,actors,or dancers,and contributingto the cultural landscape of their societies.10.Global Citizenship:With a growing awareness of global issues,some young people aspire to be global citizens,working towards international cooperation,peace,and understanding among nations.These dreams are not only personal but also reflect the collective hopes and challenges of the younger generation.As they navigate through life,their dreams evolve,and they strive to achieve them in an everchanging world.。
2022～2023考研考试题库及答案解析第139期
2022～2023考研考试题库及答案解析第139期一、阅读理解Passage 1In the early 20th century, the idea of “race” was widely accepted in many parts of the world People believed that different races had distinct characteristics and abilities, and that some races were superior to others This view was not only scientifically incorrect but also morally wrongToday, we know that the concept of race is a social construct rather than a biological fact Human beings are far more alike than we are different, and the variations we see among people are the result of a complex interplay of factors such as genetics, environment, and historyHowever, despite our growing understanding of the nature of race, racism still persists in many societies This is a serious problem that needs to be addressed We must educate people about the truth of race and work to eliminate the prejudices and discrimination that existQuestion 1: What was the common belief about race in the early 20th century?A Different races had similar characteristicsB The concept of race was a social constructC Some races were superior to othersD Human beings were very different from each otherAnswer: CExplanation: In the early 20th century, it was widely believed that some races were superior to others This is clearly stated in the passage Options A and B are incorrect as they go against the beliefs of that time Option D is also incorrect as the passage emphasizes that human beings are far more alike than differentQuestion 2: What do we know about the concept of race today?A It is a biological factB It is a social constructC It determines people's abilitiesD It is no longer relevantAnswer: BExplanation: Today, it is widely accepted that the concept of race is a social construct This is explicitly mentioned in the passage Option A is incorrect as it contradicts the current understanding Option C is also incorrect as race does not determine people's abilities Option D is extreme; while we understand that race is a social construct, it still has an impact on society and needs to be addressedPassage 2The development of technology has brought about significant changes in the way we communicate In the past, people relied on letters and facetofaceconversations to stay in touch Now, with the advent of the internet and mobile phones, communication has become instantaneous and globalHowever, this rapid development has also raised some concerns For example, the overuse of digital communication tools has led to a decline in facetoface interaction and a loss of certain social skills Additionally, the spread of misinformation and fake news through online platforms has become a major problemDespite these challenges, technology has undoubtedly made communication more convenient and accessible It has allowed us to connect with people from all over the world and share information quickly and easilyQuestion 3: How has communication changed with the development of technology?A It has become slower and more limitedB It has become instantaneous and globalC It has remained the sameD It has become more difficultAnswer: BExplanation: The passage clearly states that with the development of technology, communication has become instantaneous and global Options A, C, and D are all contrary to the information providedQuestion 4: What are some concerns raised by the development of technology in communication?A Increase in facetoface interactionB Better social skillsC Decline in facetoface interaction and spread of misinformationD None of the aboveAnswer: CExplanation: The passage mentions that the overuse of digital communication tools has led to a decline in facetoface interaction and the spread of misinformation and fake news as concerns Options A and B are incorrect as they are the opposite of the problems stated二、完型填空When we think of heroes, we often imagine largerthanlife figures who have achieved great feats But heroes come in all shapes and sizes Sometimes, they are the ordinary people who 1 extraordinary things in difficult situationsOne such hero is Mary During a 2 storm, the power went out in her neighborhood Instead of panicking, Mary organized a group of neighbors to help those who were elderly or 3 They collected food and blankets and made sure everyone was safe and comfortableAnother hero is Tom When he saw a car accident on the highway, he 4 stopped to help He called the emergency services and stayed with the injured until help arrivedThese are just a few examples of everyday heroes They show that anyone can be a hero by 5 and helping others in times of needQuestion 5:A doB didC doesD doneAnswer: BExplanation: The past tense “did” is needed here to match the past tense context of the story “Do” is present tense, “does” is present tense for the third person singular, and “done” is the past participleQuestion 6:A heavyB lightC strongD weakAnswer: AExplanation: A “heavy” storm is a common expression and makes the most sense in the context “Light” would imply a less severe storm “Strong” is not typically used to describe a storm “Weak” is the opposite of what is neededQuestion 7:A sickB healthyC richD poorAnswer: AExplanation: The context suggests that Mary helped those who were in need due to age or illness “Sick” is the most appropriate word “Healthy” is the opposite “Rich” and “poor” are not directly related to the situation describedQuestion 8:A immediatelyB slowlyC finallyD neverAnswer: AExplanation: “Immediately” shows that Tom acted quickly and without hesitation, which is in line with the heroic act “Slowly” would imply a d elay “Finally” indicates a conclusion after some time “Never” is the opposite of what is expected三、写作Write an essay on the topic ＂The Importance of Time Management in Graduate Studies"Time management is of paramount importance in graduate studies It is a skill that can make or break a student's successDuring graduate studies, students are often faced with a multitude of tasks and responsibilities They need to attend classes, conduct research, write papers, and perhaps even teach or assist with projects Without effective time management, it is easy to become overwhelmed and fall behindFor example, when conducting research, a student needs to allocate sufficient time for reading literature, collecting data, and analyzing results If they do not plan their time properly, they may end up spending too much time on one aspect and neglecting others This can lead to incomplete research and poor gradesEffective time management also helps to reduce stress When students have a clear schedule and know what they need to do and when, they feel more in control This can have a positive impact on their mental health and overall wellbeingIn addition, good time management allows students to have a better balance between their academic and personal lives They can still have time for hobbies, exercise, and spending time with friends and family This balance is crucial for maintaining a healthy lifestyle and avoiding burnoutTo manage time effectively, students can start by making a detailed schedule They should prioritize tasks based on their importance anddeadlines They can also use tools such as calendars and reminder apps to stay organizedIn conclusion, time management is an essential skill for graduate students It helps them stay on track, reduce stress, and achieve a better balance in life By mastering this skill, students can make the most of their graduate studies and set themselves up for success in the future。
与热情逐梦不言放弃有关的英语作文
Pursuing ones dreams with passion and never giving up is a theme that resonates deeply with many people.Heres an essay that encapsulates this sentiment:The Unyielding Pursuit of DreamsIn the vast expanse of human experience,there exists a force that propels individuals to transcend their limitations and reach for the stars.This force is none other than the passion for ones dreams.It is a flame that,once ignited,burns brightly and persistently, refusing to be extinguished by the winds of adversity.The Essence of PassionPassion is the lifeblood of ambition.It is the unwavering commitment to a cause or an idea that gives life meaning and purpose.When one is truly passionate about their dreams, they find the strength to persevere through the darkest of times.It is this passion that fuels the relentless pursuit of excellence,driving individuals to achieve what once seemed impossible.The Journey of PerseveranceThe path to realizing ones dreams is often fraught with obstacles and setbacks.It is a journey that requires resilience,courage,and an unyielding spirit.Those who are determined to see their dreams come to fruition understand that failure is not the end,but rather a stepping stone towards success.Each stumble is an opportunity to learn,to grow, and to come back stronger.The Power of PersistencePersistence is the key that unlocks the door to achievement.It is the quality that allows one to continue striving for their goals,even in the face of overwhelming odds.The history of human progress is filled with stories of individuals who,through sheer determination,have overcome insurmountable challenges to achieve greatness.Their stories serve as a testament to the power of persistence and the indomitable human spirit. The Role of SupportWhile the journey is often a solitary one,the support of others can be a crucial factor in achieving ones dreams.Friends,family,and mentors provide the encouragement andguidance needed to navigate the treacherous path of ambition.Their belief in ones abilities can be the catalyst that propels an individual to keep pushing forward,even when the going gets tough.The Reward of ResilienceThe ultimate reward for those who chase their dreams with passion and never give up is not just the realization of their goals,but the personal growth and selfdiscovery that comes with the journey.The resilience built through overcoming adversity,the lessons learned from failure,and the sense of accomplishment that comes from achieving ones dreams are priceless treasures that enrich the soul.ConclusionIn conclusion,the pursuit of dreams is a journey that demands passion,perseverance,and an unyielding spirit.It is a path that,while fraught with challenges,leads to personal growth and fulfillment.As we navigate this journey,let us remember the words of the great philosopher Ralph Waldo Emerson,who once said,What lies behind us and what lies before us are tiny matters compared to what lies within us.It is within us that we find the strength to pursue our dreams with unwavering commitment and to never give up,no matter the odds.This essay serves to inspire and motivate those who may be on the brink of giving up on their dreams,reminding them of the power of passion and persistence in the face of adversity.。
范式转移时期的国学研究谫论
本文二维码单篇扫描下载范式转移时期的国学研究谫论沈相辉(北京大学中文系ꎬ北京１００８７１)[收稿日期]２０１８－０３－２２[作者简介]沈相辉(１９９０－)ꎬ男ꎬ江西萍乡人ꎬ北京大学中文系博士研究生ꎮ[摘㊀要]㊀一时代有一时代之学术ꎬ范式转移时代ꎬ 革命 与 危机 并存ꎬ故新旧范式之间的矛盾乃至冲突在所难免ꎮ在国学研究中ꎬ无论国学所充当的角色是信仰还是知识ꎬ都必须以稳妥的态度对待ꎮ在当今中国人文学科面临着范式转移的同时ꎬ整个知识界面临着一个更大的范式转移ꎬ即自然科学逐渐凌驾于人文科学之上ꎮ在此背景下的国学研究ꎬ要有大文化观的视野ꎬ强调自我的主体地位ꎬ注重对国学精神的汲取而非外在形式的复古ꎬ学术研究与文化普及并行而非局限于学术ꎮ唯此ꎬ中国人文研究的再出发才更有实现的可能ꎮ[关键词]㊀国学㊀范式㊀信仰㊀知识㊀视野㊀方法[中图分类号]Ｇ１２２㊀㊀[文章编号]１００２－３０５４(２０１９)０３－００３５－１０[文献标识码]Ａ[ＤＯＩ]１０ １３２６２/ｊ ｂｊｓｓｈｋｘｙ ｂｊｓｈｋｘ １９０３０４㊀㊀库恩(ＴｈｏｍａｓＳ.ｋｕｈｎ)曾在其名著«科学革命的结构»中提出 范式 这一概念ꎬ他认为范式 就是一个科学共同体的成员所共有的东西 ꎬ[１](Ｐ１７６)所谓 共有的东西 ꎬ即指一个学术共同体成员共同遵循的信仰㊁价值㊁技术等的集合ꎮ 范式 概念的提出虽是建立在对自然科学史的研究之上ꎬ但对人文科学的研究也不无启发ꎮ以国学的核心经学为例ꎬ学界对«十三经注疏»的研究ꎬ传统的做法是将其视作儒家伦理道德的载体ꎬ藉此可以窥见圣人的微言大义ꎬ达到 内圣外王 的崇高境界ꎬ由此发展出绵延数千载的经学ꎮ清代以前的学者自不用说ꎬ即使是以考据学著称的早期乾嘉学者ꎬ他们对«十三经注疏»的研究也多是希望由小学而通经学ꎬ以此窥见圣人大义ꎮ然而ꎬ这种延续了上千年的经学观开始逐渐被新的研究范式所取代ꎮ一㊁信仰与知识㊀㊀早在２０世纪６０年代ꎬ周予同先生就曾做过一个重要的论断ꎬ经学时代已经结束ꎬ经学史的时代则刚刚到来ꎮ尽管后来有些学者对周先生这个观点不完全赞同ꎬ[２]但也并不否定其主体的合理性ꎮ就学术研究来说ꎬ如今的学界基本已无纯粹的经学研究ꎬ更多的是经学史的研究ꎬ这不得不说是学术范式的一大转变ꎮ但５３若仔细考察乾嘉学派内部ꎬ可以发现ꎬ经学文献研究范式早在乾嘉时期便开始表现出转移的倾向ꎮ这可从段玉裁与顾广圻等人在研究方法上的差异中看出ꎮ二者由于研究方法的差异而引起的矛盾ꎬ在为阮元编纂«十三经注疏校勘记»时开始凸显ꎬ后来二者就«礼记»学制问题而交恶则是这种矛盾的激化ꎮ以往学者讨论段㊁顾交恶的原因ꎬ虽都提到了二者校勘思想上的差异ꎬ[３]但鲜有注意到背后所代表的范式转移倾向ꎮ乔秀岩在其«古籍整理的存真标准»等文中却独到地指出了段玉裁与顾广圻㊁王引之等乾嘉学者的一个重要区别ꎮ乔氏说道:段玉裁在本质上是一个经学家ꎮ他非常尊崇«十三经»和«说文»ꎬ对«十三经»中的各种经书和«说文»进行综合性的研究ꎬ想要建立一个谐和完美的经学体系ꎮ他无凭无据地设想一个完美的经书体系ꎬ相信经书原来是完美无误ꎬ只是因为后人误解或者不理解ꎬ文本被篡改ꎬ所以要复原那最完美的经书体系ꎮ经过研究ꎬ他发现很多有关经书和古代寓言的规律ꎬ认为完美的经书应该符合这种规律ꎮ实际上ꎬ他发现的规律包含着较大的主观因素ꎬ而且历史形成的古代文献不可能处处符合一般性规律ꎮ我们应该理解ꎬ段玉裁是有理想的ꎮ他一辈子做了一个经学梦ꎬ想要编制一套理想经书ꎬ并为之倾注了毕生的精力ꎮ可惜年轻人很冷静ꎬ很清醒ꎬ王引之㊁顾千里(顾广圻字ꎬ笔者注)都不能共有段玉裁的梦想ꎮ[４](Ｐ１５)段玉裁研究经学文献ꎬ是心怀经学的梦想ꎻ而在王引之㊁顾广圻眼中ꎬ«十三经»也好ꎬ«说文»也罢ꎬ都只是文献而已ꎬ本身并不意味着经学的伦理道德ꎮ所以ꎬ王引之说 吾治经ꎬ于大道不敢承ꎬ独好小学 ꎮ[５](Ｐ１４７)他还说: 吾用小学校经ꎬ有所改ꎬ有所不改ꎮ 假借之法ꎬ由来久矣ꎬ其本字十八可求ꎬ十二不可求ꎬ必求本字以改假借字ꎬ则考文之圣之任也ꎬ吾不改ꎻ写官椠工误矣ꎬ吾疑之ꎬ且思而得之矣ꎬ但群书无佐证ꎬ吾惧来者之滋口也ꎬ吾又不改ꎮ [５](Ｐ１４８)王引之不轻易改字ꎬ与段玉裁将经书假借字作为校勘工作的重点相比ꎬ显然是两种不同的治学方法ꎮ段玉裁的外甥龚自珍评价王引之学术的归旨在于 用小学说经ꎬ用小学校经而已矣 ꎬ[５](Ｐ１４８)可谓一语中的ꎮ段氏的改字ꎬ在王引之看来只有圣人才能做到ꎬ其中颇有讽刺段氏之意ꎮ乔秀岩认为ꎬ王引之的一席话ꎬ 等于否定段玉裁一辈子汲汲追求的梦想 ꎮ[４](Ｐ１６)而顾广圻对待段玉裁经学梦想的态度ꎬ不仅不理解ꎬ甚至有些冷淡ꎬ近乎无情ꎮ顾氏«与段茂堂大令论周代学制第三书»结尾云:至于四通中有阁下代«学制备忘之记»作解ꎬ以贬孔㊁贬仆ꎬ而其实并非孔之旧解㊁仆之解者ꎬ不复详答ꎮ兼有一言奉告ꎬ自今以后ꎬ愿阁下于仆一切之说ꎬ仍日日移书相贬ꎬ傥贬之而当也ꎬ仆必立刻作答ꎬ以谢阁下之赐教而志吾过ꎬ贬之而皆若前三不解者耶ꎬ仆唯有不答而已ꎮ仆生平是曰是ꎬ非曰非ꎬ恐所答有不如阁下意ꎬ又将以为罪ꎬ何妨置之耶?幸勿仍以不答为罪而责其必答ꎮ承索拙记ꎬ昨聊刻以省同人转写之苦ꎬ非便欲遍送ꎬ故竟不再奉到ꎮ违晤匆匆ꎬ岁月如驶ꎬ诸惟自爱不宣ꎮ[６](Ｐ１１２－１１３)将段氏«经韵楼集»与顾氏«思适斋集»一比较即可知ꎬ段玉裁在看到顾氏这封信之后ꎬ确实仍继续 移书相贬 ꎬ而顾氏还真就未再回复段玉裁ꎮ而对于段玉裁索书之请ꎬ顾氏竟然以 非便欲遍送 相拒ꎬ细品其语ꎬ实有道不同不相为谋之意ꎮ段玉裁与王㊁顾等人对待经学的不同态度ꎬ正是导致他们在学术道６３北京社会科学㊀２０１９年第３期路上分道扬镳的根本所在ꎮ段玉裁与王㊁顾等后辈的不同ꎬ是其个人的特立独行呢ꎬ还是有所秉承呢?实际上ꎬ对清代经学史稍作查考就可发现ꎬ段氏的经学梦想是继承自他的老师戴震ꎮ段氏«戴东原集序»云: 先生之言曰: 六书㊁九数等事ꎬ如轿夫然ꎬ所以升轿中人也ꎮ以六书㊁九数等事尽我ꎬ是犹误认轿夫为轿中人也ꎮ 又尝与玉裁书曰: 仆生平著述之大ꎬ以«孟子字义疏证»为第一ꎬ所以正人心也ꎮ [７](Ｐ３４５９)他的«东原先生札册跋»亦云: 其言 非从事于字义㊁制度㊁名物ꎬ无由以通六经 之语ꎬ言 非知天理之外不外于人欲ꎬ则以意见误名之曰理而祸斯民ꎮ仆生平论述最大者为«孟子字义疏证»一书ꎬ此正人心之要 ꎮ [８](Ｐ１８０)今日言及戴震ꎬ多称赞其在小学及自然科学方面的成就ꎬ而不知在戴震本人看来ꎬ生平最为得意的著作当是«孟子字义疏证»ꎮ戴震所追求的是 正人心 的经学ꎬ而不是小学ꎮ«孟子字义疏证»虽名为 字义疏证 ꎬ实则是经学思想的研究ꎬ所以日本学者沟口雄三将戴震«孟子字义疏证»看作是清代前期新理观确立过程中的重要组成部分ꎮ[９](Ｐ２６７－２７８)戴震之外ꎬ如陈澧㊁[１０]许宗彦[１１]等学者都追求以小学而通经学ꎬ在他们看来ꎬ小学只是 轿夫 ꎬ是工具性的东西ꎬ经学才是 轿中人 ꎬ才是最终的目的ꎮ而这种由小学通经学的主张ꎬ到王引之㊁顾广圻这里便被放弃了ꎮ在王㊁顾等人看来ꎬ学者所应该做的ꎬ是辨别不同版本之间的差异(顾广圻)ꎬ帮助后人疏通文字字义(王引之)ꎬ对于具体的经学思想ꎬ则靠读者自己去体会ꎬ学者本身并不负有教化人心的责任ꎮ因此ꎬ王㊁顾等人自身并不曾要建构自己的经学思想体系ꎬ于他们而言ꎬ经学文献中的每一个字词ꎬ都只是知识点而已ꎬ并不比史部或子部文献中的字词来得神圣ꎮ当阮元将心怀经学梦想的段玉裁与为知识而知识的顾广圻召集起来编纂«十三经注疏校勘记»时ꎬ自然就会出现一些矛盾ꎮ笔者之前读«经韵楼集»中段玉裁«与顾千里书论学制备忘之记»七篇ꎬ及«与黄绍武书»等文章时ꎬ甚感奇怪ꎮ段玉裁如此德高望重之学者ꎬ何必与顾广圻一区区后生如此斗气?实在太有失长者风范了ꎮ且顾广圻回复完段玉裁第三封书信之后ꎬ就未再理睬段氏ꎬ段却继续移书相驳ꎬ这又何其尴尬ꎮ对于段氏的行为ꎬ不能仅仅只从校勘方法上的差异来解释ꎬ更不能谓其缺乏气度ꎬ而应从段玉裁的经学思想来解释ꎮ于段而言ꎬ学制问题不仅仅只是一个知识点的问题ꎬ更是事关他整个经学体系的建构问题ꎮ经学是段玉裁的梦想ꎬ是他的信仰ꎬ所以哪怕牺牲掉他长者的风范㊁学者的气度ꎬ他也要不惜一切地去捍卫这个信仰ꎮ而在顾广圻这里ꎬ学制问题仅仅只是一个知识点的问题ꎬ它本身并不具有价值观的高度ꎬ而且顾广圻本人也没有建构经学体系的企图ꎬ故而在他看来ꎬ段玉裁的行为无甚意义ꎮ或许在顾广圻心里还暗想ꎬ因为一个小小的学制问题而遭到段氏如此严苛的批评ꎬ又被时人冠以目无长者的恶名ꎬ自己何其的委屈ꎮ所以他在回段玉裁的信中说: 然则进退罪也ꎬ为阁下之朋友亦难矣哉! [６](Ｐ１０５)尽管段玉裁一度对顾广圻㊁王引之等后辈十分赏识ꎬ后者也一度对段玉裁执弟子之礼ꎮ但在如何对待经学文献上ꎬ段玉裁与顾㊁王等人之间却分歧甚大ꎮ这种相互的不理解ꎬ一旦发生正面交锋ꎬ便会出现如段㊁顾交恶这样的事件ꎮ归根结底ꎬ造成这种不理解的潜因ꎬ乃在于学术范式的不同ꎮ段所恪守的学术范式ꎬ是遥承汉儒的ꎬ主张由小学而通经学ꎻ顾㊁王所走的路ꎬ表面上虽仍推崇汉学ꎬ但骨子里已经放弃了汉儒对经义的追求ꎮ我们不妨将顾㊁王所表现出来的这种范式转移的倾向称之为经学文献研究的革命 ꎮ顾㊁王的 知识革命 ꎬ在段玉裁看来便是 信仰危机 ꎮ在 革命 与 危机 之间ꎬ不可避免地存在难以调７３范式转移时期的国学研究谫论和的矛盾ꎮ如何处理这些矛盾ꎬ无论是对于 革命 的一方ꎬ还是 危机 的一方ꎬ都具有重要的意义ꎮ今日学界对于 国学 一词的讨论颇多ꎬ强烈反对 国学 之名者有之ꎬ坚决主张 国学 者亦有之ꎮ歧说纷出ꎬ莫衷一是ꎮ甚者彼此攻讦ꎬ大有干戈之意ꎮ究其背后的深层原因ꎬ大抵即在信仰与知识二端ꎮ以国学为信仰者ꎬ必对国学怀有一种强烈之使命感ꎬ故其言论中常有一股情感ꎮ以国学为纯粹知识者ꎬ则更在乎其学理层面之知识ꎬ故对国学之讨论ꎬ常常理智多于情感ꎮ是以所说虽为一物ꎬ心中所求却不同ꎬ终究难以相互理解ꎮ轻则如王引之与段玉裁ꎬ虽道不同ꎬ然并无直接冲突ꎻ重则如顾广圻与段玉裁ꎬ互相攻讦而交恶ꎮ钱大昕«答西庄书»有云:学问乃千秋事ꎬ订讹规过ꎬ非以訾毁前人ꎬ实以嘉惠后学ꎮ但议论需平允ꎬ语气需谦和ꎬ 一事之失ꎬ无妨全体之善ꎬ不可效宋儒所云ꎬ一有差失ꎬ则余不足观 耳ꎮ[１２](Ｐ６０３－６０４)类似段玉裁与顾广圻之间这样的矛盾ꎬ在学术范式转移的时代ꎬ是在所难免的ꎮ矛盾或许难以解决ꎬ可未必需要像段㊁顾一样ꎬ由师友而发展为仇雠ꎮ若能如钱大昕所说ꎬ在学术问题上议论平允ꎬ语气谦和ꎬ则不同学术范式之间的矛盾或许可以缓和ꎬ从而实现平和的过渡ꎮ今日之国学研究所面临的即是一个学术范式转移的时代ꎬ在此时期内ꎬ机遇与挑战并存ꎮ以钱大昕所说态度去抓住机遇㊁迎接挑战ꎬ或许更能促进国学发展ꎮ二、视野与危机㊀㊀近几十年来ꎬ中国很多人文学者都感觉到各自所在学科内学术范式转移的倾向ꎮ同时ꎬ如果将视野拓展到整个知识世界ꎬ我们还能发现另一个更大的学术范式转移ꎬ那就是科学革命ꎮ在人文科学进入范式转移期时ꎬ自然科学更是一路高歌猛进ꎻ而尤其令人诧异的是ꎬ自然科学的势头远较人文科学猛烈ꎮ众所周知ꎬ欧洲的科学革命始于１７世纪ꎬ但自然科学之地位超过人文科学却经历了长达近３个世纪的努力ꎮ而中国的科学革命ꎬ就目前来看ꎬ其速度发展之快ꎬ远远超过了西方ꎮ自然科学迅猛的发展势头ꎬ无疑给人文科学造成了巨大的危机感ꎮ事实上ꎬ中国人文学科强调 科学 的研究方法ꎬ滥觞于新文化运动之中ꎮ１９１５年ꎬ陈独秀在«青年杂志»发表了著名的«敬告青年»一文ꎬ其第六节 科学的而非想象的 结尾云:国人而欲脱蒙昧时代ꎬ羞为浅化之民也ꎬ则急起直追ꎬ当以科学与人权并重ꎮ士不知科学ꎬ故袭阴阳家符瑞五行之说ꎬ惑世诬民ꎬ地气风水之谈ꎬ乞灵枯骨ꎮ农不知科学ꎬ故无择种去虫之术ꎮ工不知科学ꎬ故货弃于地ꎬ战斗生事之所需ꎬ一一仰给于异国ꎮ商不知科学ꎬ故惟识罔取近利ꎬ未来之胜算ꎬ无容心焉ꎮ医不知科学ꎬ既不解人身之构造ꎬ复不事药性之分析凡此无常识之思惟ꎬ无理由之信仰ꎬ欲根治之ꎬ厥维科学ꎮ夫以科学说明真理ꎬ事事求诸证实ꎬ较之想象武断之所为ꎬ其步度诚缓ꎬ然其步步皆踏实地ꎬ不若幻想突飞者之终无寸进也ꎮ宇宙间之事理无穷ꎬ科学领土内之膏腴待辟者ꎬ正自广阔ꎮ青年勉乎哉陈氏认为科学乃根治想象之不二法门ꎬ举凡士㊁农㊁工㊁商㊁医等行业ꎬ莫不需科学之良方以根治其弊病ꎮ随后陈氏在«新青年罪案之答辩书»中又说到: 要拥护那德先生ꎬ便不得不反对孔教㊁礼法㊁贞节㊁旧伦理㊁旧政８３北京社会科学㊀２０１９年第３期治ꎮ要拥护那赛先生ꎬ便不得不反对旧艺术㊁旧宗教ꎮ要拥护德先生又要拥护赛先生ꎬ便不得不反对国粹和旧文学ꎮ [１３](Ｐ２４２)陈氏拥护 德先生 与 赛先生 的主张ꎬ得到了胡适㊁李大钊等人的支持ꎮ以胡适为例ꎬ他在«新青年»第七卷第一号« 新思潮 的意义»一文中提出 评判的态度 这个概念ꎬ且以尼采重新估定一切价值 这句名言来加以阐释ꎮ在对待中国旧有的学术思想上ꎬ胡适主张分三个方面来 重估 ꎬ即反对盲从㊁反对调和㊁主张整理国故ꎮ三者之中ꎬ胡适认为只有 整理国故 算是一个 积极 的主张ꎮ而他整理国故方法的第三步ꎬ即 是要用科学的方法ꎬ作精确的考证ꎬ把古人的意义弄得明白清楚 ꎮ[１４](Ｐ１６２)结合陈㊁胡等人所处的时代背景来看ꎬ在当时大力提倡 科学 ꎬ既是政治上的需要ꎬ也有助于学术的进步ꎮ但何以当时提倡的是 科学 而不是其他呢?根本在于陈㊁胡等人受西方思想影响巨大ꎬ而当时西方的科学革命正如日中天ꎬ陈㊁胡所接触到的西方学术思想ꎬ本就已是自然科学主导下的思想ꎬ故陈㊁胡等人的主张自然也就会带有浓烈的 科学 色彩ꎮ新文化运动中兴起的科学思潮ꎬ具体表现在人文学科中便是胡适所主张的以科学方法整理国故ꎮ胡适的这一思想ꎬ后来在«国学季刊»的«发刊宣言»中得到了进一步完善ꎮ从学术史的角度来看ꎬ主张以科学的方法整理国故ꎬ在当时确实取得了非常巨大的成绩ꎮ目前学术界所出现的 民国热 ꎬ某种程度上也反映出民国时期所取得的学术成就对后世的巨大影响ꎮ但人文科学与自然科学虽有共同性ꎬ但亦各有特点ꎮ因此ꎬ将自然科学的研究方法引进人文科学的研究之中ꎬ虽然某种程度上可以有效促进人文科学的发展ꎬ但若不考虑人文学科本身的特殊性ꎬ则极易导致东施效颦的窘迫处境ꎮ以西方人文科学的发展作为参照来看ꎬ人文学科在引进自然科学的方法进行研究的初期ꎬ因为二者之间的不同所造成的矛盾并不突出ꎬ故而进步和成绩是主要的ꎻ但当人文科学发展到一定阶段之后ꎬ随着相关学术问题研究的深入ꎬ人文学科与自然学科之间的不同所造成的各种矛盾便逐渐凸显出来ꎮ在这种情况下ꎬ人文学科的研究ꎬ若再过分强调 科学 ꎬ往往会出现适得其反的结果ꎮ先举一个较为显著的例子ꎬ国际上知名的ＳＳＣＩ(ＳｏｃｉａｌＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＣｉｔａｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｅｘ)与Ａ＆ＨＣＩ(Ａｒｔｓ＆ＨｕｍａｎｉｔｉｅｓＣｉｔａｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｅｘ)ꎬ以及国内的北大核心㊁ＣＳＳＣＩ等人文社会科学评价体系ꎬ基本都是参照自然科学领域内的ＳＣＩ(ＳｃｉｅｎｃｅＣｉｔａｔｉｏｎＩｎｄｅｘ)㊁ＥＩ(ＥｎｇｉｎｅｅｒｉｎｇＩｎｄｅｘ)等评价体系建立起来的ꎮ这种量化评价体系表面上看十分 科学 ꎬ但近年来却引发各种弊端ꎬ因而遭到许多人文学者的批判ꎮ[１５]再以古代文学研究为例ꎬ王兆鹏等学者曾使用计量分析法来制定文学排行榜ꎬ并称 指标设置越多ꎬ越趋向于科学㊁合理 ꎮ[１６]尽管傅璇琮等部分学者认为 其研究结论是科学可信的 ꎬ[１７]但更多的人却是像陈尚君等学者一样深表质疑ꎮ[１８]无论是整个人文社科的评价体系ꎬ还是局部的古代文学研究ꎬ过度地强调 科学 ꎬ本身就是一种 迷信 ꎮ新中国成立后发布的«１９５６年至１９６７年科学技术发展远景规划»被认为是中国现代科学技术发展史上的一个重要里程碑ꎬ在«规划»的指导下ꎬ 向科学进军 成为当时各行各业的口号ꎬ连人文学科的研究也都强调自身的科学性ꎮ１９８８年ꎬ邓小平提出 科学技术是第一生产力 的口号ꎮ在这种时代大思潮之下ꎬ自然科学获得了突飞猛进的发展ꎮ自然科学的这种荣光ꎬ也为人文科学的研究者所向往ꎬ于是加快引进自然科学的研究方法来研究人文科学便成为当时人文学界的一大特色ꎮ随着改革开放的深入ꎬ西方各种新理论也如潮水一般涌入中国ꎮ需要指出的是ꎬ那时西方的科学革命早已成功完成了 逆袭 ꎬ凌驾于人文科学之上ꎻ西方的人文科学在引进自然科学的９３范式转移时期的国学研究谫论研究方法方面也经历了一个漫长的吸收㊁消化阶段ꎮ换言之ꎬ西方人文科学中所使用的自然科学的方法ꎬ经历了从全盘引进到区别引进的阶段ꎬ自有其融合㊁改造㊁吸收㊁消化的过程ꎮ当中国人文科学学者在引进这些方法时ꎬ因其本身并未经历类似西方人文科学那样的消化阶段ꎬ往往出现 水土不服 的情况ꎮ可以说ꎬ新中国成立以来的人文学科研究ꎬ在引进自然科学方法时既受到了国内 向科学进军 运动的影响ꎬ又受到了国外理论的冲击ꎮ在此情况下ꎬ人文学者既因恰逢其时而兴奋不已ꎬ又因应接不暇而倍感压力ꎮ随着科学主义的不断蔓延ꎬ中国人文科学大有式微之势ꎬ这可以从各时期大学生报考专业的情况中得到反映ꎮ自清末废除科举ꎬ实施学堂教育以来ꎬ虽然化学㊁物理等自然学科相继建立ꎬ但当时一般读书人大都瞧不上这些专业ꎮ即使在新中国成立后ꎬ大学招生最火热的专业仍旧是文史哲等人文科学方面的专业ꎬ像北大㊁清华㊁人大㊁南大等高校ꎬ只有分数排名靠前的学生才能被这些学校的文史哲专业所录取ꎮ但在改革开放后不久ꎬ文史哲专业的热度 很快降了下去ꎬ继之而起的是物理㊁化学等自然学科ꎮ所谓 学好数理化ꎬ走遍天下都不怕 ꎬ便是这种趋势的最显著反映ꎮ当人文学者雄心壮志地主张重写各自学科内的学术史时ꎬ自然科学的大军正开疆拓土ꎬ所向披靡ꎬ大有一统知识界之趋势ꎮ自然科学的强大气场ꎬ令许多人文学科也在有意无意之间模仿或者学习自然科学的方法ꎮ以文学为例ꎬ文艺学可谓模仿自然科学之排头兵ꎮ在很多文艺学的教材或专著中ꎬ常常可以发现许多借鉴自然科学而产生的新术语ꎮ比如近年来兴起的 生态美学 环境文学 等ꎬ就与生态学㊁环境学密切相关ꎮ这种借鉴是否成功ꎬ笔者不敢妄下雌黄ꎬ但从中所反映出来的自然科学的强势ꎬ却是显而易见的ꎮ再如语言学ꎬ被称为中国语言文学内最接近科学之学科ꎮ其是否接近科学姑且不论ꎬ单就以 科学 为标准来评价语言学这一现象ꎬ已足以反映自然科学对人文科学渗透之严重ꎮ以 科学 之标准评价人文科学ꎬ正如以欧洲中心论来评价中国一样ꎬ未判是非之前ꎬ已先有高低贵贱的 我执 ꎮ除了在学术研究领域内的 沦陷 ꎬ人文科学在大众文化普及上的不足也同样堪忧ꎮ早在２０世纪末期ꎬ美国资深出版家约翰 布洛克曼(ＪｏｈｎＢｒｏｃｋｍａｎ)就曾提出所谓的 第三种文化 ꎬ即科学知识的通俗化和普及化ꎮ西方科学的通俗化和普及化ꎬ竟然能于自然科学与人文科学之外自成一系统ꎬ足见自然科学强势之一斑ꎮ就中国而言ꎬ知识的通俗化和普及化市场ꎬ同样也彰显着自然科学的强劲势头ꎮ诸如«十万个为什么»«少儿百科全书»等儿童科普图书自不必说ꎬ即使是面向成人的文化普及ꎬ自然科学也比人文科学更为突出ꎮ无论是在各种纸媒还是电媒上ꎬ传播自然科学的节目或相关报导往往要多于人文科学ꎮ类似于«走进科学»«探索与发现»«科技之光»等科普节目ꎬ极为流行ꎮ相比之下ꎬ人文科学方面的大众普及节目却屈指可数ꎬ且质量不甚理想ꎮ即使像«百家讲坛»之类的国家级电视台制作的节目ꎬ也多不尽人意ꎻ更不用说冠以 探秘 秘闻 之噱头的其他节目了ꎮ概言之ꎬ从人文科学内部来看ꎬ各学科都面临着范式转移的契机ꎬ各学科内的学者(尤其是青年学者)也大都抱有重写学术史㊁开拓新范式的雄心壮志ꎬ这对于人文科学的发展ꎬ无疑是一个积极信号ꎮ但另一方面ꎬ从整个知识领域来看ꎬ２１世纪不仅是人文科学的范式转移时期ꎬ也是自然科学的范式转移时期ꎮ而且ꎬ西方的科学革命早在２０世纪已经完成了其范式转移的第一期工作ꎮ中国的科学革命ꎬ正在如火如荼地进行之中ꎬ而人文科学的发展ꎬ就目前情况来看ꎬ大有步西方人文科学后尘 引进自然科学研究方法 的倾向ꎮ其中有两点令人担忧:一是自然科学与人文科学０４北京社会科学㊀２０１９年第３期之间本有不同ꎬ引进自然科学的方法来研究人文科学ꎬ极易出现问题ꎻ二是中国人文科学发展的路径与西方人文科学也有不同ꎬ盲目引进西方人文科学的方法同样是一个非常危险的做法ꎮ三、态度与方法㊀㊀余英时曾在其«试论中国人文研究的再出发»一文中以２０世纪以来西方人文研究为例ꎬ指出西方人文研究的两个特点ꎬ即:第一ꎬ人文研究在西方文化㊁社会㊁政治㊁经济生活中逐渐退居次要的地位ꎬ代之而兴的则是自然科学ꎬ特别是从基本科学研究中衍生出来的科技ꎮ 第二ꎬ过去一个世纪中西方的人文研究大体都奉科学知识为典范ꎬ进行各种各样的效仿ꎮ[１９](Ｐ２８)余氏所说虽为西方人文研究的特点ꎬ但若结合新中国成立以来尤其是改革开放以来的中国人文研究状况ꎬ这两个特点又何尝不是中国人文研究所具有的呢?余氏有感于西方人文研究所面临的状况ꎬ试图以此为镜鉴ꎬ来反观中国人文科学的研究ꎮ他虽指出西方人文研究中所面临的上述问题ꎬ却不否认近百年来西方人文研究所取得的成绩ꎬ这主要有三个方面:一是人文研究的独立地位被加强而不是削弱ꎬ二是人文研究与科学领域有了密切的沟通ꎬ三是人文㊁社会科学中的思想冲突十分激烈ꎮ[１９](Ｐ２８－３０)也就是说ꎬ在自然科学表现出锐不可挡的发展势头之时ꎬ西方人文科学研究非但没有退步ꎬ反而在压力之下获得了新的发展ꎮ以此为参照ꎬ余氏梳理和考察了民国至今中国人文学术的发展历程ꎬ最后信心十足地指出中国人文研究正处于 摆脱西方中心取向㊁重新出发的时候 ꎮ他说道:如果我们真的希望对中国历史和文化传统取得比较客观的认识ꎬ首先必须视之为主体ꎬ然后再通过它的种种内在线索ꎬ进行深入的研究ꎮ但这决不是说ꎬ每一文明或文化都只能 自说自话 ꎬ不必与其他文明或文化互相比较参证ꎮ恰恰相反ꎬ今天中国人文研究更需要向外开放ꎮ在具体研究的过程中ꎬ对于同一或相类的事象在其他文明的表现方式知道得越多ꎬ自己的研究也愈能深入ꎮ[１９](Ｐ５０)余氏所说ꎬ甚有道理ꎬ尤其是其所强调的以自己为主体的观点ꎬ对于今日引进自然科学或其他西方人文科学方法的中国人文研究而言ꎬ有着极其重要的作用ꎮ但余氏此文多就宏观上的理论问题进行探讨ꎬ对于更为具体的方法则未进行深入详细的阐述ꎮ余氏提出的中国人文研究 再出发 的观点及其对待中西方文化的态度令人赞同ꎬ且多有启发ꎬ故在余氏文章的基础上提出几点拙见ꎬ权作续貂ꎮ第一ꎬ对于中国人文科学的研究而言ꎬ摆脱西方中心主义ꎬ视自己为主体ꎬ先要认清自己的主体是什么ꎮ自清末尤其是 五四 以来ꎬ中国传统的思想体系被逐渐打破甚至摧毁ꎬ而至今为止ꎬ新的思想体系似乎仍未完全建立起来ꎬ或仍未扎根下来ꎮ中国的思想领域ꎬ犹如一片山地ꎬ老木已伐ꎬ而新苗尚幼ꎮ在这种情况下ꎬ杂草丛生ꎬ毒蛇横行ꎬ亦是正常之事ꎻ若遇暴雨ꎬ出现山体滑坡㊁泥石流之类也不足为奇ꎮ有鉴于此ꎬ 植树造林 就显得尤为急迫ꎮ从农林学的角度而言ꎬ老树有根基ꎬ然枝叶已多腐朽ꎻ新苗有活力ꎬ而根基不稳ꎮ故而若能嫁接新品种于老树之上ꎬ似乎能实现强强结合的可能ꎮ表面看ꎬ这种方法似乎与洋务派之 中学为体ꎬ西学为用 之类的方法并无二致ꎮ其实ꎬ二者同中有异ꎬ以中为体ꎬ关键是这 中 为何物ꎮ有些学者主张以传统文化(即国学)为 中 ꎬ甚至强调以经１４范式转移时期的国学研究谫论。
Cultivating and Expanding International Perspectiv
Cultivating and ExpandingInternational Perspectiv IntroductionIn an increasingly globalized world, the cultivation of an international perspective among university students has become imperative. This perspective not only equips students with the ability to understand and appreciate diverse cultures but also prepares them for the challenges and opportunities of the global job market. This article aims to explore the significance of fostering international perspective among university students and suggest practical strategies to achieve this goal.The Importance of International PerspectiveThe importance of an international perspective cannot be overstated. Firstly, it helps students develop a broader understanding of the world, enabling them to appreciate and respect cultural differences. This, in turn, fosters a more inclusive and tolerant society. Secondly, an international perspective enhances students' employability. With global companies seeking talent that can adapt to diverse work cultures, having an international mindset can significantly boost a student's career prospects. Finally, an international perspective can foster innovation and creativity. By exposure to different perspectives and ways of thinking, students become more open to new ideas and solutions.Strategies for Cultivating International Perspective1. Encourage Global EngagementUniversities should promote global engagement among students by offering exchange programs, internships abroad, and study abroad opportunities. These experiences allow students to immerse themselves in different cultures, understand global issues, and develop cross-cultural communication skills.2. Incorporate International Content into CurriculaIncluding international content in course syllabuses is crucial. By introducing courses that focus on global issues, comparing perspectivesacross cultures, and analyzing international policies, universities can foster an international perspective among students.3. Foster MultilingualismLanguage is a key component of cultivating an international perspective. Universities should encourage students to learn foreign languages and provide resources for language acquisition. Multilingualism not only enhances communication skills but also broadens students' understanding of different cultures.4. Create an Inclusive Campus EnvironmentA campus environment that fosters inclusivity and respect for diversity is essential. Universities should promote cultural events, clubs, and organizations that celebrate diversity and provide opportunities for cross-cultural interactions. By fostering a sense of belonging among students from diverse backgrounds, universities can help cultivate an international perspective.ConclusionIn conclusion, the cultivation of an international perspective among university students is crucial in today's globalized world. By encouraging global engagement, incorporating international content into curricula, fostering multilingualism, and creating an inclusive campus environment, universities can effectively foster an international perspective among their students. This, in turn, will prepare students for the challenges and opportunities of the global job market and foster a more inclusive and tolerant society.。