lecture8_8306399

Unconscious Processing Sensory input Attention to important or novel information
External Events
外界事件
Sensory memory
感觉记忆
Encoding
Working (short-term) memory
Sensory Memory
Percent Recognized
80 60 40 20 0.15 0.30 0.50 1.00
Time (Seconds)
Sensory Memories
Iconic 图像记忆 0.5 sec. long Echoic 余音记忆 3-4 sec. long
Memory processes are information Processing (信息加工过程)
Sensory Memory (感觉记忆 感觉记忆)
Sperling (1960)
R G T F M Q L Z S
50 ms (1/20 second)
Whole Recall: R T M Z (44% recall) Selective recall: F M Q (100% recall) Delayed selective recall: F _ _ (1 second, 33% recall)
Retrieval cues (recall vs. recognition, context effect, statedependent memory, Déjà Vu ), priming
Why we forget?
Encoding failure Storage decay Retrieval failure (提取 失败 ): Tip-of-the-tongue (TOT). Interference(干扰). Motivated forgetting (动机性遗忘).
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Rehearsal
Ebbinghaus studied rehearsal by using nonsense syllables (无意 义 音节 ): TUV YOF
Hermann Ebbinghaus (1850-1909)
Rehearsal (复述)
Maintenance vs. Elaborative Rehearsal (维持复述 vs. 详尽复述)
Why forget (遗忘)? Encoding failure (编码失败) Storage decay (存储消退)
Storage Decay (存储消退)
Ebbinghaus forgetting curve.
温故而知新
Long-Term Memory
Capacity: Essentially unlimited capacity store. Duration: many years, even life long. Format: how is information stored in long-term memory? Memories are held in a web of associations.
Source Amnesia (源头 遗忘 症)
Source Amnesia (misattribution in source monitoring 来源性错误归因): Attributing an event to the wrong source that we experienced, heard, read, or imagined (misattribution).
average speed estimate
42 40 38 36 34 32 30
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A week later they were asked: Was there any broken glass?
50 Broken Glass? (%) 40 30 20 10 0 Group A (hit) Verb Group B (Smashed into) 14 32
Semantic encoding 语义编码: by meaning
(Self-reference effect)
Acoustic encoding 听觉编码: by sound Visual encoding 视觉编码: by images
Imagery (表象, mental pictures) aid in semantic encoding
工作(短 记忆 工作 短时)记忆
Encoding
Retrieving
Long-term memory
长时记忆
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How We Encode
Automatic encoding (自动编码): effortless, unconscious, resource-efficient Space, time, frequency Effortful encoding (注意性编码): require attention and mental effort, conscious processing, rehearsal, resource-demanding. Learning novel information and new skills
Encoding
编码
(get information in)
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
Storage
储存
(retain information)
Retrieval
提取
(get information out)
Unconscious Processing Sensory input Attention to important or novel information
Encoding
编码
(get information in)
Storage
储存
(retain information)
Retrieval
提取
(get information out)
Unconscious Processing Sensory input Attention to important or novel information
External Events
外界事件
Sensory memory
感觉记忆
Encoding
Working (short-term) memory
工作(短 记忆 工作 短时)记忆
Encoding
Retrieving
Long-term memory
长时记忆
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Working Memory工作记忆 工作记忆 工作
Retroactive Interference (倒摄干扰)
Sleep prevents retroactive interference. Therefore, it leads to better recall.
Memory Construction (记忆建构)
While tapping our memories, we filter or fill in missing pieces of information to make our recall more coherent. Misinformation Effect (错误 信息 效应 ): Incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event.
Misinformation and Imagination Effects (错误 信息和想象效应)
(Elizabeth Loftus et al., 1974, 1978)
Group A: How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other? Group B: How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?
External Events
外界事件
Sensory memory
感觉记忆
Encoding
Working (short-term) memory
工作(短 记忆 工作 短时)记忆
Encoding
Retrieving
Long-term memory
长时记忆
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What We Encode
Deep vs. Shallow processing (深层次vs. 浅层次加工)
Working Memory
The capacity of the working memory may be increased by “chunking.” Chunking (组块化组织) : Organize items into a familiar, meaningful, manageable unit. Categorization (分组)and Hierarchy (层级化组 织): organize items into categories and subcategories.
Hippocampus (海马)
Hippocampus – a neural center in the limbic system that processes explicit memories (外显记忆).
Two Main Memory Systems
Explicit Memory (外显记忆) refers to facts and experiences that one can consciously know and declare. Implicit memory (内隐记忆) involves learning an action while the individual does not know or declare what she knows.