Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic

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苏格兰围术期预防的抗菌药物使用

Evidence
KEY TO EVIDENCE STATEMENTS AND GRADES OF RECOMMENDATIONS
LEVELS OF EVIDENCE 1++ 1+ 12++ 2+ 23 4 High quality meta-analyses, systematic reviews of RCTs, or RCTs with a very low risk of bias Well conducted meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a low risk of bias Meta-analyses, systematic reviews, or RCTs with a high risk of bias High quality systematic reviews of case control or cohort studies High quality case control or cohort studies with a very low risk of confounding or bias and a high probability that the relationship is causal Well conducted case control or cohort studies with a low risk of confounding or bias and a moderate probability that the relationship is causal Case control or cohort studies with a high risk of confounding or bias and a significant risk that the relationship is not causal Non-analytic studies, eg case reports, case series Expert opinion

美国应对细菌耐药国家行动计划

NAT IONA L AC T ION PL A N FOR COM BAT I NG A N T IBIOT IC-R ESISTA N TBAC TER I AM A R C H2015Table of ContentsExecutive Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4Goals1 .Slow the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria and Prevent the Spread of ResistantInfections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .112 .Strengthen National One-Health Surveillance Efforts to Combat Resistance . . . . .243 .Advance Development and Use of Rapid and Innovative Diagnostic Tests forIdentification and Characterization of Resistant Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . . . .364 .Accelerate Basic and Applied Research and Development for New Antibiotics,Other Therapeutics, and Vaccines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .405 .Improve International Collaboration and Capacities for Antibiotic-resistancePrevention, Surveillance, Control, and Antibiotic Research and Development . . . . .49 Tables1 .National Targets for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria . . . . . . . . . . .62 .Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .93 .Antibiotic-Resistant Threats in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60 Appendix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .60Executive SummaryAntibiotics have been a critical public health tool since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, saving the lives of millions of people around the world . Today, however, the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria is reversing the miracles of the past eighty years, with drug choices for the treatment of many bacterial infections becoming increasingly limited, expensive, and, in some cases, nonexistent . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that drug-resistant bacteria cause two million illnesses and approximately 23,000 deaths each year in the United States alone .The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria provides a roadmap to guide the Nation in rising to this challenge . Developed in response to Executive Order 13676: Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria—issued by President Barack Obama on September 18, 2014—the National Action Plan outlines steps for implementing the National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and addressing the policy recommendations of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST) . Although its primary purpose is to guide activities by the U .S .Government, the National Action Plan is also designed to guide action by public health, healthcare, and veterinary partners in a common effort to address urgent and serious drug-resistant threats that affect people in the U .S .and around the world . Implementation of the National Action Plan will also support World Health Assembly resolution 67 .25 (Antimicrobial Resistance), which urges countries to take urgent action at the national, regional, and local levels to combat resistance .The goals of the National Action Plan include:1. Slow the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria and Prevent the Spread of Resistant Infections .2. Strengthen National One-Health Surveillance Efforts to Combat Resistance .3. Advance Development and Use of Rapid and Innovative Diagnostic Tests for Identification andCharacterization of Resistant Bacteria .4. Accelerate Basic and Applied Research and Development for New Antibiotics, OtherTherapeutics, and Vaccines .5. Improve International Collaboration and Capacities for Antibiotic-resistance Prevention,Surveillance, Control, and Antibiotic Research and Development .By 2020, implementation of the National Action Plan will lead to major reductions in the incidence of urgent and serious threats, including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Clostridium difficile (see Table 1) . The National Action Plan will also result in improved antibiotic stewardship in healthcare settings, prevention of the spread of drug-resistant threats, elimination of the use of medically-important antibiotics for growth promotion in food animals, and expanded surveillance for drug-resistant bacteria in humans and animals .Other significant outcomes include creation of a regional public health laboratory network, establishment of a specimen repository and sequence database that can be accessed by industrial and academic research-ers, development of new diagnostic tests through a national challenge, and development of two or moreNAT I ONAL ACT I ON P LAN FOR COMBAT I NG ANT I BI OT I C-RESISTANT BACT ERIA antibiotic drug candidates or non-traditional therapeutics for treatment of human disease . In addition, the effort to combat resistant bacteria will become an international priority for global health security . Progress towards achieving these outcomes will be monitored by the U .S .Government Task Force that developed the National Action Plan. The Task Force, which is co-chaired by the Secretaries of Defense, Agriculture, and Health and Human Services, includes representatives from the Departments of State, Justice, Veterans Affairs, and Homeland Security, as well as the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Agency for International Development, the Office of Management and Budget, the Domestic Policy Council, the National Security Council, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the National Science Foundation . Additionally, the Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, created by Executive Order 13676, will provide advice, information, and recommendations to the Secretary of Health and Human Services regarding the National Action Plan’s programs and policies and their impact on the threat .Implementation of the objectives and activities in the National Action Plan requires sustained, coordi-nated, and complementary efforts of individuals and groups around the world, including healthcare providers, healthcare leaders, veterinarians, agriculture industry leaders, manufacturers, policymakers, and patients . All of us who depend on antibiotics must join in a common effort to detect, stop, and prevent the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria .IntroductionVision: The United States will work domestically and internationally to prevent, detect, and control illness and death related to infections caused by antibiotic-resistant bacteria byimplementing measures to mitigate the emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistance and ensuring the continued availability of therapeutics for the treatment of bacterial infections. Antibiotics have been a critical public health tool since the discovery of penicillin in 1928, saving the lives of millions of people around the world . Today, however, the emergence of drug resistance in bacteria is reversing the gains of the past eighty years, with many important drug choices for the treatment of bacterial infections becoming increasingly limited, expensive, and, in some cases, nonexistent . The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that each year at least two million illnesses and 23,000 deaths are caused by drug-resistant bacteria in the United States alone .The loss of antibiotics that kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria means that we can no longer take for granted quick and reliable treatment of rare or common bacterial infections, including bacterial pneu-monias, foodborne illnesses, and healthcare-associated infections . As more strains of bacteria become resistant to an ever larger number of antibiotics, we will also lose the benefits of a range of modern medi-cal procedures—from hip replacements to organ transplants—whose safety depends on our ability to treat bacterial infections that may arise as post-surgical complications . Moreover, antibiotic-resistance also threatens animal health, agriculture, and the economy .The National Action Plan for Combating Antibiotic-resistant Bacteria provides a roadmap to guide the Nation in rising to this challenge . The National Action Plan outlines steps for implementing the National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria and addressing the policy recommendations of the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology . Although its primary purpose is to guide activities by the U .S .Government, the National Action Plan is also designed to guide action by public health, healthcare, and veterinary partners in a common effort to address urgent and serious drug-resistant threats (Table 3) that affect people in the U .S .and around the world .Goals of the National Action PlanThe National Action Plan—informed by the guiding principles in Table 2—is organized around five goals for collaborative action by the U .S .Government, in partnership with foreign governments, individuals, and organizations aiming to strengthen healthcare, public health, veterinary medicine, agriculture, food safety, and research and manufacturing . Aggressive action will move the nation towards major reductions in the incidence of urgent and serious drug-resistant threats (Table 3), including carbapenem-resistant Enterobacteriaceae (CRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), and Clostridium difficile.•Misuse and over-use of antibiotics in healthcare and food production continue to hasten the development of bacterial drug resistance, leading to loss of efficacy of existing antibiotics .•Detecting and controlling antibiotic-resistance requires the adoption of a “One-Health” approach to disease surveillance that recognizes that resistance can arise in humans, animals, and the environment .•Implementation of evidence-based infection control practices can prevent the spread of resistant pathogens .•Interventions are necessary to accelerate private sector investment in the development of therapeutics to treat bacterial infections because current private sector interest in antibiotic development is limited .•Researchers can use innovations and new technologies—including whole genome sequencing, metagenomics, and bioinformatic approaches—to develop next-generation tools to strengthen human and animal health, including:−Point-of-need diagnostic tests to distinguish rapidly between bacterial and viral infections as well as identify bacterial drug susceptibilities;−New antibiotics and other therapies that provide much needed treatment options for those infected with resistant bacterial strains; and−Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that requires international attention and collaboration, because bacteria do not recognize borders .1. The TB activities identified in the NAP are included as they represent critical near-term public health activities that will support progress to reduce the burden of drug-resistant TB in the U .S . Additional domestic and global activitiesto address drug-resistant TB will be provided in a companion action plan specific to TB and will be submitted to the President no later than September, 2015 . The companion action plan will build on recommendations of the Federal TB Task Force (http://www .cdc .gov/mmwr/pdf/rr/rr5803 .pdf) as well the work of the interagency USG TB working group . Those goals include:GOAL 1: Slow the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria and Prevent the Spread of Resistant Infections. Judicious use of antibiotics in healthcare and agricultural settings is essentialto slow the emergence of resistance and extend the useful lifetime of effective antibiotics .Antibiotics are a precious resource, and preserving their usefulness will require cooperationand engagement by healthcare providers, healthcare leaders, pharmaceutical companies,veterinarians, the agricultural industry, and patients . Goal 1 activities include the optimaluse of vaccines to prevent infections, implementation of healthcare policies and antibioticstewardship programs that improve patient outcomes, and efforts to minimize the develop-ment of resistance by ensuring that each patient receives the right antibiotic at the right timeat the right dose for the right duration. Prevention of resistance also requires rapid detectionand control of outbreaks and regional efforts to control transmission across community andhealthcare settings .GOAL 2: Strengthen National One-Health Surveillance Efforts to Combat Resistance. Improved detection and control of drug-resistant organisms will be achieved through an integrated,“One-Health” approach that includes the enhancement and integration of data from surveil-lance systems that monitor human pathogens—including the National Healthcare SafetyNetwork (NHSN), the Emerging Infections Program (EIP), and the National AntimicrobialResistance Monitoring System (NARMS)—with data from surveillance systems that monitoranimal pathogens—including the National Animal Health Monitoring System (NAHMS),the National Animal Health Laboratory Network (NAHLN), and the Veterinary LaboratoryInvestigation and Response Network (Vet-LIRN) . Goal 2 activities include creation of aregional public health laboratory network that provides a standardized platform for resistancetesting and advanced capacity for genetic characterization of bacteria (e .g ., through wholegenome sequencing) . Goal 2 activities will also enhance monitoring of antibiotic sales, usage,resistance, and management practices at multiple points along in the food-production chain,from farms to processing plants to supermarkets .GOAL 3: Advance Development and Use of Rapid and Innovative Diagnostic Tests for Identification and Characterization of Resistant Bacteria. Improved diagnostics fordetection of resistant bacteria and characterization of resistance patterns will help healthcareproviders make optimal treatment decisions and assist public health officials in taking actionto prevent and control disease . Improved diagnostics will also help decrease unnecessaryor inappropriate use of antibiotics . Goal 3 activities will accelerate the development of newdiagnostics and expand their availability and use to improve treatment, enhance infectioncontrol, and achieve faster response to infections and outbreaks caused by resistant bacteriain hospitals and in the community .GOAL 4: Accelerate Basic and Applied Research and Development for New Antibiotics, Other Therapeutics, and Vaccines. Despite the urgent need for new antibiotics, the number ofproducts in the drug-development pipeline is small and commercial interest remains limited .The advancement of drug development—as well as non-traditional therapeutics and vac-cines—will require intensified efforts to boost scientific research, attract private investment,and facilitate clinical trials of new drug candidates . Goal 4 activities will help accomplish theseobjectives by supporting basic and applied research, providing researchers with scientificservices (e .g ., specimens, sequence data, and regulatory guidance), and fostering public-private partnerships that strengthen the clinical trials infrastructure and reduce the risks,uncertainty, and obstacles faced by companies who are developing new antibiotics and/orother therapeutics and vaccines that can impact the use of antibiotics and the developmentof resistance .GOAL 5: Improve International Collaboration and Capacities for Antibiotic-resistance Prevention, Surveillance, Control, and Antibiotic Research and Development. Antibioticresistance is a worldwide problem that cannot be addressed by one nation in isolation . Goal5 activities include working with foreign ministries of health and agriculture, the World HealthOrganization (WHO), the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the World Organizationfor Animal Health (OIE), and other multinational organizations to enhance global capacity todetect, analyze, and report antibiotic use and resistance, create incentives for the develop-ment of therapeutics and diagnostics, and strengthen global efforts to prevent and controlthe emergence and spread of antibiotic-resistance . To advance these objectives, U .S .agencieswill support development of a WHO Global Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance, enhanceinternational collaborations including cooperation under the European Union-United StatesTrans-Atlantic Task Force on Antimicrobial Resistance (TATFAR), and mobilize global healthresources through the Global Health Security Agenda .Development of the National Action PlanThe National Action Plan was developed in response to Executive Order 13676: Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria (Appendix 2), which was issued by President Barack Obama on September 18, 2014 in conjunction with the National Strategy for Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria.The Executive Order calls for a U .S .Government Task Force to create a five-year action plan that lays out steps and milestones for achieving the Strategy’s goals and objectives (Table 2) and addressing the PCAST recommendations . The Task Force, which is co-chaired by the Secretaries of Defense, Agriculture, and Health and Human Services, includes representatives from the Department of State, the Department of Justice, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Homeland Security, the Environmental Protection Agency, the United States Agency for International Development, the Office of Management and Budget, the Domestic Policy Council, the National Security Council staff, the Office of Science and Technology Policy, and the National Science Foundation .Development of the National Action Plan also supports World Health Assembly (WHA) resolution 67 .25 (Antimicrobial Resistance), which was endorsed in May 2014 and urges countries to develop and finance national plans and strategies and take urgent action at the national, regional, and local levels to combat resistance . The resolution urges WHA Member States to develop practical and feasible approaches to, among other actions, extend the lifespan of drugs, strengthen pharmaceutical management systems and laboratory infrastructure, develop effective surveillance systems, and encourage the development of new diagnostics, drugs, and treatment options .These recommendations are intended to inform the policy development process, and are not intended as a budget document . The commitment of resources to support these activities will be determined through the usual Executive Branch budget processes . Implementation of some of the actions in this report will require additional resources and these resources could be new or redirected from lower-priority Agency activities .Monitoring and EvaluationThe Task Force created under Executive Order 13676 is charged with providing the President with annual updates on Federal Government actions to combat antibiotic resistance, including progress made in implementing the National Action Plan, plans for addressing obstacles and challenges, and recommenda-tions for new or modified actions . The Presidential Advisory Council on Combating Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria will provide advice, information, and recommendations to the Secretary of Health and Human Services regarding the programs and policies developed in the National Action Plan .Partnerships and ImplementationImplementation of the National Action Plan will require the sustained, coordinated, and complemen-tary efforts of individuals and groups around the world, including public and private sector partners, healthcare providers, healthcare leaders, veterinarians, agriculture industry leaders, manufacturers, policymakers, and patients . All of us who depend on antibiotics must join in a common effort to detect, stop, and prevent the emergence and spread of resistant bacteria .NAT I ONAL ACT I ON P LAN FOR COMBAT I NG ANT I BI OT I C-RESISTANT BACT ERIAGOAL 1. Slow the Emergence of Resistant Bacteria and Prevent the Spread of Resistant InfectionsJudicious use of antibiotics in healthcare and agricultural settings is essential to slow the emergence of resistance and extend the useful lifetime of effective antibiotics . Antibiotics are a precious resource, and preserving their usefulness will require cooperation and engagement by healthcare providers, healthcare leaders, pharmaceutical companies, veterinarians, the agricultural industry, and patients . Effective dissemination of information to the public is critical . Prevention of resistance also requires rapid detection and control of infections and outbreaks (see also Goal 2) and regional efforts to control transmission across community and healthcare settings .Goal 1 includes activities to foster antibiotic stewardship by improving prescribing practices across all healthcare settings, prevent the spread of drug-resistant threats in healthcare facilities and communities, and reduce and eventually eliminate the use of medically-important antibiotics for growth promotion in animals .By 2020, significant outcomes of Goal 1 will include:•Establishment of antibiotic stewardship programs in all acute care hospitals and improved antibiotic stewardship across all healthcare settings .•Reduction of inappropriate antibiotic use by 50% in outpatient settings and by 20% in inpatient settings .•Establishment of State Antibiotic Resistance (AR) Prevention (Protect) Programs in all 50 states to monitor regionally important multidrug resistant organisms and provide feedback and technical assistance to healthcare facilities .Actions taken to achieve Goal 1 will fulfill:• Executive Order 13676, Sections 5 and 7:−Improved Antibiotic Stewardship−Preventing and Responding to Infections and Outbreaks with Antibiotic-Resistant Organisms• Provisions in PCAST Recommendations #2, #6, and #7:−Effective Surveillance & Response for Antibiotic-resistance−Improving Stewardship of Existing Antibiotics in Health Care−Limit the Use of Antibiotics in Animal Agriculture•Elimination of the use of medically-important antibiotics for growth promotion in food-pro-ducing animals .•Requirement of veterinary oversight for use of medically-important antibiotics in the feed or water of food-producing animals .1.1 Implement public health programs and reporting policies that advanceantibiotic resistance prevention and foster antibiotic stewardship inhealthcare settings and the community.Perhaps the single most important action to slow the development and spread of antibiotic-resistant infections is to change the way antibiotics are used . Antibiotics are overprescribed in both human and animal settings, which makes everyone less safe . Investments in this area will be used to develop education and outreach programs to clarify and strengthen responsible, appropriate use of antibiotics in humans and animals . Efforts in this area will help greatly in slowing down the spread of resistant bacteria . This commitment to always use antibiotics appropriately and safely—to use the right antibiotic at the right time at the right dose for the right duration—is known as antibiotic stewardship.Sub-Objective 1.1.1A: Strengthen antibiotic stewardship in inpatient, outpatient, and long-term care settings by expanding existing programs, developing new ones, and monitoring progress and efficacy .The establishment and expansion of antibiotic stewardship programs will improve patient outcomes and minimize the development of resistance by ensuring judicious use of antibiotics .Milestones for provision of educational materials to enhance antibiotic stewardship in outpatient settings are provided under Sub-Objective 1 .1 .1B .MilestonesWithin one year:•The Departments of Health and Human Services (HHS), Defense (DOD), and Veterans Affairs (VA) will review existing regulations and propose new ones, as needed, requiring hospitals, ambulatory surgery centers, dialysis facilities, and other inpatient facilities to implement robust antibiotic stewardship programs that align with the CDC Core Elements. HHS, DOD, and VA will also work together to optimize standardization of stewardship programs and activities, including monitoring activities and reporting criteria .•The National Healthcare Safety Network (NHSN) will begin tracking the number of healthcare facilities with stewardship policies and programs in place .•DOD will establish a multidisciplinary group, under the purview of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Health Affairs, to support and coordinate stewardship activities across DOD .Within three years:•All hospitals that participate in Medicare and Medicaid programs must comply with Conditions of Participation (COP) . The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (CMS) will issue new COPs or revise current COP Interpretive Guidelines to advance compliance with recommendations in CDC’s Core Elements of Hospital Antibiotic Stewardship Programs. HHS, DOD, and VA will also implement policies that:−Encourage implementation of antibiotic stewardship programs as a condition for receiving Federal grants for health care delivery (e .g ., in community healthcare centers) .−Require health facilities operated by the U .S . Government to develop and implement antibiotic stewardship programs and participate in NHSN reporting (see Objective 2 .2) .•All acute care hospitals governed by the CMS COP will implement antibiotic stewardship pro-grams . CMS will expand COP requirements to apply to long-term acute care hospitals, other post-acute facilities, ambulatory surgery centers, and dialysis centers .•CMS will revise existing Interpretive Guidelines (IGs), as needed, to include antimicrobial steward-ship improvements . For example, IGs on Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement for hospitals may incorporate antibiotic-stewardship performance measures developed by the CDC, the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ), or other professional organizations .•Training webinars for CMS surveyors will be updated to include information on antibiotic utilization in nursing homes, in accordance with existing IGs in the Infection Control Nursing Home regulations .•CDC, CMS, AHRQ, and other partners will issue guidance on antibiotic stewardship and best practices for ambulatory surgery centers, dialysis centers, nursing homes and other long-term care facilities, doctors’ offices and other outpatient settings, pharmacies, emergency depart-ments, and medical departments at correctional facilities .•At least 25 States, the District of Columbia, and Puerto Rico will establish or enhance antibiotic stewardship activities in inpatient healthcare delivery settings, in accordance with the CDC Core Elements . CDC will support these efforts via State AR Prevention (Protect) Programs for Healthcare (“AR Protect Programs”; see also Sub-Objective 1 .1 .2) .Within five years:•DOD will support antibiotic stewardship programs and interventions critical for maintaining quality health care throughout the Military Healthcare System (MHS) .•CDC will work with select hospital systems to expand antibiotic use reporting and steward-ship implementation, and will partner with nursing organizations to develop and implement stewardship programs and interventions in a set of nursing homes .•All states will establish or enhance antibiotic stewardship activities in healthcare delivery settings .Sub-Objective 1.1.1B: Strengthen educational programs that inform physicians, veterinari-ans, members of the agricultural industry, and the public about good antibiotic stewardship .Educational programs that promote good antibiotic stewardship in healthcare settings include:•Get Smart: Know When Antibiotics Work . Many antibiotics prescribed in doctors’ offices, clinics, and other outpatient settings are not needed . This program focuses on appropriate antibiotic prescribing and use for common illnesses in children and adults .•Get Smart for Healthcare. Many patients in hospitals, nursing homes, and other healthcare facili-ties receive antibiotics to fight infections, but these drugs are often prescribed incorrectly . This program helps clinicians prescribe the right drugs for the right patients at the right doses and times . The United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), CDC, and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) will also continue to work with partners in the agriculture industry to advance appropriate use of antibiotics in food animals and promote collaborations among partners in medicine, veterinary medicine, and public health .Additional milestones for provision of educational materials to enhance antibiotic stewardship in agri-cultural settings are provided under Sub-Objectives 1 .2 .3 and 1 .3 .1 .MilestonesWithin one year:•CDC and VA will apply lessons learned from the CDC and VA pilot project to provide clinicians with support for making prescribing decisions based on judicious use of antibiotics and will submit a manuscript for publication describing initial research findings from this effort . Within three years:•CDC will support public health departments in establishing statewide programs for antibiotic stewardship and appropriate antibiotic use . These programs will identify healthcare facilities with high antibiotic-prescribing rates and use lessons learned from the CDC and VA pilot project (see above) and other best practices to improve antibiotic prescribing in these facilities . The success of these efforts will be assessed by measuring changes in prescribing rates and in clini-cians’ understanding of antibiotic stewardship activities and programs .•CDC will provide technical assistance to Federal facilities (e .g ., those operated by DOD, the VA, and the Indian Health Service) and other large health systems in scaling up implementation and assessment of interventions to improve outpatient antibiotic prescribing, extending effective interventions to long-term care settings, and ensuring long-term sustainability of antibiotic stewardship efforts .•DOD will initiate the planning and approval process to modify clinical decision-support interven-tions in DOD facilities in targeted regions .•CDC, CMS, and partners will propose expanded quality measures for antibiotic prescribing .。

小学上册第6次英语第4单元暑期作业

小学上册英语第4单元暑期作业英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The cake is _______ (delicious) and sweet.2.I enjoy visiting ________ (亲戚) during the holidays.3.In which direction does the sun rise?A. NorthB. SouthC. EastD. WestC4.What do you call a drawing made using a pencil?A. PaintingB. SketchC. SculptureD. IllustrationB5.I enjoy listening to ________ (音乐) in my free time.6. A __________ is known for its long ears and strong legs.7.She helps her mom in the ___. (kitchen)8. A ______ is a type of fungus that can grow on trees.9.My sister is a great __________. (歌手)10.The study of Earth's geology is essential for understanding ______.11.What do you wear on your feet?A. HatB. ShoesC. GlovesD. Scarf12. Fire of London happened in ________ (1666). The Grea13.What is the name of the dog in "The Wizard of Oz"?A. TotoB. SnoopyC. PlutoD. BrianA14.Plants can grow in both _______ and dry conditions.15.The __________ was the first civilization in Mesopotamia.16.What do we call a person who studies paleontology?A. PaleontologistB. ArchaeologistC. GeologistD. Anthropologist17.My uncle is a fantastic ____ (chef).18.What do we call the leader of a country?A. PresidentB. KingC. MayorD. GovernorA19.How many wheels does a bicycle have?A. 2B. 3C. 4D. 5A20.What is the name of the famous bear from the jungle?A. BalooB. PaddingtonC. YogiD. WinnieA21.Pressure can affect the ________ of gases.22.__________ (微量元素) are necessary for health in small amounts.23. A chemical reaction can be fast or ______.24._____ (herbal) teas are soothing.25.I have a _____ (new/old) bicycle.26.The parakeet enjoys playing with ________________ (其他鸟).27.What do we call a doctor who takes care of teeth?A. PhysicianB. DentistC. ChiropractorD. SurgeonB28.What is the opposite of big?A. SmallB. LargeC. HugeD. Tall29.We have a ______ (丰富的) curriculum that includes arts and sciences.30.The _____ shows the positions of planets in the sky.31.The Earth's crust can vary in composition depending on the ______.32.He plays ______ (soccer) every Saturday.33.River flows northward through _____ (埃及). The Nile34.The reaction between an acid and a metal produces ______.35.What is the name of the famous American author known for "The Grapes of Wrath"?A. John SteinbeckB. Ernest HemingwayC. F. Scott FitzgeraldD. Mark TwainA36. A ______ is a method for analyzing substances.37. A _______ is a solution that has reached its maximum solute concentration.38.The first recorded civilization was the ______ (美索不达米亚).39.The boy has a new ________.40. A _______ provides food and shelter for animals.41.The bear catches fish in the ____.42.The _____ (小羊) bleats softly as it grazes in the field. 小羊在田野里吃草时轻声叫唤。

传染性支气管疫苗IB4-91株英文说明书

Nobilis IB 4-91 Data SheetPresentationLive, freeze-dried virus vaccine containing Infectious Bronchitis virus strain 4-91 plus stabilisers and traces of gentamicin. Each dose contains IB virus strain 4-91³3.6 log10 EID50**EID50 = 50% Embryo Infective Dose: the titre required to infect 50% of the embryos inoculated with the virus.UsesActive immunisation of chickens to reduce the respiratory signs of Infectious Bronchitis caused by the variant strain of IB 4-91.Dosage and administrationAt least 3.6 log10 EID50 (1 dose) per animal by either spray vaccination, drinking water or intranasal/ocular administration. Where the number of chickens is between the standard dosages, the next higher dosage should be used.Spray methodThe vaccine should preferably be dissolved in distilled water or alternatively in cool, clean water. The appropriate number of vials should be opened under water. The volume of water for reconstitution should be sufficient to ensure an even distribution when sprayed onto the chickens. This will vary according to the age of the chickens being vaccinated and the management system, but 250 to 400 ml of water per 1000 doses is suggested. The vaccine suspension should be spread evenly over the correct number of chickens, at a distance of 30–40 cm using a coarse spray, preferably when the chickens are sitting together in dim light. The spray apparatus should be free from sediments, corrosion and traces of disinfectants (and ideally should be used for vaccination purposes only).Drinking waterThe vials should be opened under water. Use cool, clean water to dissolve the vaccine. For administration of the vaccine, as a general rule, dissolve 1000 doses in one litre per age in days up to a maximum volume of 20 litres per 1000 doses. For heavy breeds, or in hot weather, the quantity of water may be increased up to 40 litres per 1000 doses. By adding approximately 2 grams of skimmed milk powder or 20 ml liquid skimmed milk per litre of water the virus retains its activity longer. Ensure that all the vaccine suspension is consumed within 1-2 hours. The vaccine should be given in the early morning as this is the main period of water intake or during the cool period on a hot day. Feed should be available when vaccinating. Water should be withheld before vaccination to make the chickens thirsty. The length of time of water deprivation is strongly dependent on climatological circumstances. Water withholding should be kept as short as possible with a minimum of half an hour. A sufficient number of water containers to provide adequate drinking space is essential. These should be clean and free from traces of detergents and disinfectants. Turn on mains water when all the vaccine water has been consumed.Intranasal/ocular administrationDissolve the vaccine in physiological saline solution or sterile distilled water (usually 30 ml per 1000 doses, 75 ml per 2500 doses) and administer by means of a standardized dropper. One drop should be applied onto one nostril or one eye. Ensure that the nasal drop is inhaled before freeing the bird.Intranasal/ocular administration or coarse spray gives the best response and these should be the methods of choice, especially when vaccinating young chickens.Vaccination programmeThe veterinary surgeon should determine the optimum vaccination schedule according to the local situation.GuidelinesBroilersThe vaccine can be administered to 1-day-old chicks and older chickens by coarse spray or by intranasal/ocular administration. The vaccine can be administered to 7-day and older chickens by drinking water. For prolonged immunity, chickens should be re-vaccinated every 6 weeks after the initial administration.Future layers and breedersThe vaccine can be administered to future layers and breeders from three weeks of age onwards via intranasal/ocular route, coarse spray or drinking water.Other informationSince the stability of IBV in suspension may be low due to sensitivity to high temperatures and impurities, water used for the freeze-dried vaccine should be cool and of good quality. By adding skimmed milk to the drinking water the vaccine virus retains its activity longer. Only skimmed milk should be used, since fat in whole milk may block the automatic drinking systems as well as reduce vaccine virus efficacy.The vaccine should be used within 2 hours after reconstitution and should not be stored.Do not mix or administer with other products.Only healthy chickens should be vaccinated.Nobilis IB 4-91 is intended to protect chickens against respiratory signs of disease caused by IBV variant strain 4-91 only and should not be used as a replacement for other IBV vaccines. Chickens should be vaccinated against other prevalent IBV serotypes (e.g. Massachusetts) according to the local IB vaccination programme.The product should only be used after it has been established that IBV variant strain 4-91 is epidemiologically relevant in the area. Care should be taken to avoid the introduction of the variant strain into an area where it is not present.Contra-indications, warnings, etcNobilis IB 4-91 given at day-old can adversely affect the efficacy of Turkey Rhinotracheitis (TRT) vaccine given within 7 days, therefore this vaccination scheme is contra-indicated.Future layers and breeders should not be vaccinated before 3 weeks of age.The vaccine virus may spread from vaccinates to non-vaccinated chickens and appropriate care should be taken to separate vaccinates from non-vaccinates. Care should be taken to avoid spread of a vaccine virus from vaccinates to pheasants.Vaccination with Nobilis IB 4-91 may induce mild respiratory signs, which may persist for a few days, depending on the health and condition of the chickens.Operator warnings1.Wash and disinfect hands after use.2.When spraying the vaccine, to avoid hay-fever like reaction in some individuals, well fitting respirator masks, and eye protection, to the appropriate currentBritish/European standard, must be worn by the operator and staff.Withdrawal periodZero days.For animal treatment only. Keep out of the reach of children.Pharmaceutical precautionsStore between +2° and +8°C. Do not freeze. Protect from light.Vaccine medicated water should be used immediately and not be stored.Dispose of waste material by boiling, incineration or immersion in an appropriate disinfectant approved for use by the competent authorities.Legal categoryPOM.Further informationA good immune response is reliant on the reaction of an immunogenic agent and a fully competent immune system. Immunogenicity of the vaccine antigen will be reduced by poor storage or inappropriate administration. Immunocompetence of the animal may be compromised by a variety of factors including poor health, nutritional status, genetic factors, concurrent drug therapy and stress. Under certain conditions, for example extreme disease pressure and variant challenge, fully immune chickens may succumb to disease. Therefore, successful vaccination may not be synonymous with full protection in the face of a disease challenge.Marketing authorisation numbersEU2/98/006/001 10 ml bottle containing 1000 dosesEU2/98/006/002 10 ml bottle containing 2500 dosesEU2/98/006/003 10 ml bottle containing 5000 dosesEU2/98/006/005 10 bottles of 10 ml containing 1000 dosesEU2/98/006/006 10 bottles of 10 ml containing 2500 dosesEU2/98/006/007 10 bottles of 10 ml containing 5000 doses。

世界卫生组织儿童标准处方集

WHO Model Formulary for ChildrenBased on the Second Model List of Essential Medicines for Children 2009世界卫生组织儿童标准处方集基于2009年儿童基本用药的第二个标准目录WHO Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data:WHO model formulary for children 2010.Based on the second model list of essential medicines for children 2009.1.Essential drugs.2.Formularies.3.Pharmaceutical preparations.4.Child.5.Drug utilization. I.World Health Organization.ISBN 978 92 4 159932 0 (NLM classification: QV 55)世界卫生组织实验室出版数据目录：世界卫生组织儿童标准处方集基于2009年儿童基本用药的第二个标准处方集1．基本药物 2.处方一览表 3.药品制备 4儿童 5.药物ISBN 978 92 4 159932 0 (美国国立医学图书馆分类：QV55)World Health Organization 2010All rights reserved. Publications of the World Health Organization can be obtained fromWHO Press, World Health Organization, 20 Avenue Appia, 1211 Geneva 27, Switzerland (tel.: +41 22 791 3264; fax: +41 22 791 4857; e-mail: ******************). Requests for permission to reproduce or translate WHO publications – whether for sale or for noncommercial distribution – should be addressed to WHO Press, at the aboveaddress(fax:+41227914806;e-mail:*******************).世界卫生组织2010版权所有。

高考英语最新热点时文阅读：世卫组织：人工甜味剂无助于减肥,长期摄入或增加健康风险(含练习题)

Artificial sweeteners not recommended for weight loss, says WHO 世卫组织：人工甜味剂无助于减肥，长期摄入或增加健康风险英文新闻：Artificial sweeteners not recommended for weight loss, says WHOOn Monday, the World Health Organization released new guidelines warning the public not to use non-sugar sweeteners for weight loss, revealing that it may actually do more harm to the body than good.New findings showed that artificial sweeteners — like aspartame, a sugar substitute found in Diet Coke — don't do much to reduce your waistline. In fact, long-term use of these fake sugars could even potentially increase the risk for Type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease and mortality in adults, the WHO said.The WHO advised that the new recommendations encompassed "all synthetic and naturally occurring or modified non-nutritive sweeteners that are not classified as sugars found in manufactured foods and beverages, or sold on their own to be added to foods and beverages by consumers." However, it does not apply to artificial sweeteners that are found in hygiene products, like toothpastes, skin creams or medications.重点词汇1. mortality英 [mɔːˈtæləti] 美 [mɔːrˈtæləti]n. 死亡率2. synthetic英 [sɪnˈθetɪk] 美 [sɪnˈθetɪk]adj. 合成的，人造的中文新闻：世卫组织：人工甜味剂无助于减肥，长期摄入或增加健康风险5月15日，世界卫生组织最新发布的一份指南提醒公众，不要借助非糖甜味剂减肥，这一表态意味着非糖甜味剂对身体健康或弊大于利。

2020年职称英语考试卫生类A级阅读判断巩固练习题17

2020年职称英语考试卫生类A级阅读判断巩固练习题17Promising Results from Cancer StudyA new experimental vaccine (疫苗) has shown promising results in the fight against lung cancer. In a small Texas-based study, a vaccine developed by scientists at Baylor University Medical Centre in Dallas, USA, cured lung cancer in some patients and slowed the progress of the disease in others.Researchers have reported encouraging findings from this small study. Forty-three patients suffering from lung cancer were involved in these trials. Ten of these patients were in the early stages and thirty-three in the advanced stages of the disease. They were injected with the vaccine every two weeks for three months, and were carefully monitored for three years. In three of the patients in the advanced stages of cancer, the disease disappeared and in the others, it did not spread for five to twenty-four months. However, no great difference was seen in the patients in the early stages of the illness.This new vaccine uses the patients own immune system. It is made specifically for each patient and is injected into the arm or leg. It stimulates the body's immune system, which then recognizes that the cancer cells are harmful, and attacks and destroys them.The vaccine could be effective against other forms of cancer, it offers great hope for the treatment of cancer ingeneral, although further studies are needed before such treatment can be widely used.练习：16 The vaccine cured all the participants in the trial.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned17 Over forty people participated in the study.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned18 Patients in the early stages of the disease recovered more quickly in the trial.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned19 All the patients were from Dallas.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned20 Every patient was injected with the same vaccine.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned21 The vaccine activates the immune system.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned22 The vaccine may be useful for treating other cancers.A. RightB. WrongC. Not mentioned答案解析：16 B 文章第二段提到有三位晚期癌症患者的疾病消失，而其他人的癌细胞持续5 ~ 24个月没有扩散，但早期癌症患者没有什么疗效。

小学上册第6次英语第1单元寒假试卷

小学上册英语第1单元寒假试卷英语试题一、综合题(本题有100小题，每小题1分，共100分.每小题不选、错误，均不给分)1.The tree provides shade and _______ (这棵树提供阴凉和_______).2.The raccoon is known for its _________. (聪明)3.She is ___ (reading/writing) a poem.4.Which vehicle runs on tracks?A. CarB. BusC. TrainD. BicycleC5.My teacher is a ______. She loves to inspire creativity.6.Which shape has three sides?A. SquareB. TriangleC. CircleD. RectangleB7.The _____ (cantaloupe) is a sweet melon.8.I can ___ (see/hear) you.9.What is the name of the famous composer known for "The Nutcracker"?A. Johann StraussB. Igor StravinskyC. Pyotr Ilyich TchaikovskyD. Ludwig van BeethovenC10.The flowers are _______ (美丽的).11.What kind of animal is a parrot?A. MammalB. ReptileC. BirdD. Fish12. A ________ (草坪) is nice for playing games.13.Chemical reactions can be classified as ______ or exothermic.14.I enjoy learning about different ______ (语言) and cultures. It helps me understand the world better.15.The sunset is ______ and beautiful. (colorful)16.I have a pet __________ at home.17.What do you call a baby cat?A. PuppyB. KittenC. CubD. ChickB18.The reaction of baking soda and vinegar produces ______.19.The chemical formula for water is _____.20.They are ___ the game. (winning)21.__________ (反应动力学) examines the speed and mechanisms of reactions.22.What do you call a large area of flat land?A. MountainB. ValleyC. PlainD. HillC23.Which part of the plant is usually green and makes food?A. RootB. StemC. LeafD. FlowerC24.My sister loves to ________.25.What is the currency used in the UK?A. DollarB. EuroC. PoundD. Yen26.The __________ (英国宪法) is based on many documents.27.I feed my puppy with ________.28.What do we call a scientist who studies rocks and minerals?A. GeologistB. BiologistC. ChemistD. Environmentalist29. A mixture of two or more elements can create a new ______.30.What do you call a large body of freshwater flowing toward the sea?A. LakeB. RiverC. StreamD. CreekB31. A ______ is a large area of elevated land.32.The chemical formula for chromium trioxide is _______.33.I saw a _____ (兔子) nibbling on a carrot.34.The weather is ___ (warm) today.35.The ancient Greeks believed in the power of _____.36.What do we call the study of matter and its interactions?A. ChemistryB. PhysicsC. BiologyD. GeologyA37.I like to make ______ for my friends' birthdays.38. A _______ is a method of separating components based on their boiling points.39.I ________ to play games.40.We should always _____ (尊重) nature and its resources.41.What is the name of the famous bear in "The Jungle Book"?A. BalooB. BagheeraC. Shere KhanD. KaaA42.The _______ (Arab Spring) was a series of protests in the Arab world.43.There are five _____ (flowers) in the garden.44.The eagle flies high in the ______ (天空).45.An interesting place I have visited is __________, and I liked it because__________.46.What do you call a baby swan?A. CygnetB. DucklingC. GoslingD. FlapperA47. A snail can sleep for ______ (几个月).48.My sister enjoys __________ (参加) workshops.49.The ______ of a flower can sometimes determine its fragrance. (花的结构有时会决定它的香气。

2022年考研考博-考博英语-全国医学统考考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷(带答案)第21期

2022年考研考博-考博英语-全国医学统考考试全真模拟易错、难点剖析B卷（带答案）一.综合题(共15题)1.单选题As a nurse, Dorothy is a natural healer who is endowed with compassion and has a variety of modalities to benefit her patients of all ages.问题1选项A.braveryB.expertiseC.proficiencyD.sympathy【答案】D【解析】【选项释义】A. bravery 勇敢B. expertise 专门知识；专门技术C. proficiency 精通；熟练D. sympathy 同情；慰问【答案】D【考查点】名词辨析。

【解题思路】由本句句意可知作为一名护士，所应该有的是同情心以及专业的知识，而从前半句中的“natural healer（天生的治疗师）”可知天生所拥有的是同情心，所以D选项“同情，慰问”符合题意。

划线单词compassion“同情”。

【干扰项排除】A选项bravery勇敢，与护士治疗病人无关，不符合句意；B选项expertise专门知识；专门技术，因为说的是天生的治疗师，因此应该是天生所具有的品格，专门知识是后天所拥有的；C选项proficiency精通；熟练，这也是后天才具备的，不符合句意。

【句意】作为一名护士，多萝西是一个天生的治疗师，她被赋予了同情心，有各种各样的方式来帮助她的所有年龄的病人。

2.单选题Many problems that we face, such as depression, compulsive and addictive behaviors, and anxiety, result from human inherent desire to seek pleasure.问题1选项A.consecutiveB.excessiveC.obsessiveD.possessive【答案】C【解析】【选项释义】A. consecutive 连贯的；连续不断的B. excessive 过多的C. obsessive 强迫性的；着迷的D. possessive 占有的；所有的【答案】C【考查点】形容词辨析。

Pre-FilledSyringe

PACKAGE LEAFLET: INFORMATION FOR THE USERInfluenza vaccine (split virion, inactivated)Suspension for injection, pre-filled syringeRead all of this leaflet carefully before you or your child are vaccinated because it contains important information for you.•Keep this leaflet. You may need to read it again.•If you have any further questions, ask your doctor, pharmacist or nurse.•This vaccine has been prescribed for you or your child only. Do not pass it on to others.•If you get any side effects, talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. See section 4.What is in this leaflet:1. What Influenza vaccine is and what it is used for2. What you need to know before you or your child use Influenza vaccine3. How to use Influenza vaccine4. Possible side effects5. How to store Influenza vaccine6. Contents of the pack and other information1. WHAT INFLUENZA VACCINE IS AND WHAT IT IS USED FORInfluenza vaccine is a vaccine. This vaccine helps to protect you or your child against influenza (flu), particularly in people who run a high risk of associated complications.Influenza vaccine is indicated in adults and children from 5 years of age.The use of Influenza vaccine should be based on official recommendations.When a person is given the vaccine Influenza vaccine, the immune system (the body’s natural defence system) will produce its own protection (antibodies) against the disease. None of the ingredients in the vaccine can cause flu.Flu is a disease that can spread rapidly and is caused by different types of strains that can change every year. Therefore, this is why you or your child might need to be vaccinated every year. The greatest risk of catching flu is during the cold months between October and March. If you or your child were not vaccinated in the autumn, it is still sensible to be vaccinated up until the spring since you or your child run the risk of catching flu until then. Your doctor will be able to recommend the best time to be vaccinated.Influenza vaccine will protect you or your child against the three strains of virus contained in the vaccine from about 2-3 weeks after the injection.The incubation period for flu is a few days, so if you or your child are exposed to flu immediately before or after your vaccination, you or your child could still develop the illness.The vaccine will not protect you or your child against the common cold, even though some of the symptoms are similar to flu.2. WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE YOU OR YOUR CHILD USE INFLUENZAVACCINETo make sure that Influenza vaccine is suitable for you or your child, it is important to tell your doctor or pharmacist if any of the points below apply to you or your child. If there is anything you do not understand, ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain.Do not use Influenza vaccine−If you or your child are allergic to:•the active substances, or•to any of the other ingredients of this medicine (listed in section 6), or•any component that may be present in small amounts, such as eggs (ovalbumin or chickenproteins) or the antibiotics neomycin or polymyxin.−If you or your child have an illness with a high temperature or acute infection, the vaccination shall be postponed until after you or your child have recovered.Warnings and precautionsTalk to your doctor before using Influenza vaccine if you or your child have a poor immune response (immunodeficiency or taking medicines affecting the immune system).Your doctor will decide if you or your child should receive the vaccine.If, for any reason, you or your child have a blood test within a few days following a flu vaccination, please tell your doctor. This is because false positive blood test results have been observed in a few patients who had recently been vaccinated.As with all vaccines, Influenza vaccine may not fully protect all persons who are vaccinated.Other medicines and Influenza vaccine−Tell your doctor or pharmacist if you or your child are taking, have recently taken or might take any other vaccines or any other medicines.−Influenza vaccine can be given at the same time as other vaccines by using separate limbs. It should be noted that the side effects may be stronger.−The immunological response may decrease in case of immunosuppressant treatment, such as corticosteroids, cytotoxic drugs or radiotherapy.Pregnancy, breast-feeding and fertilityIf you are pregnant, think you may be pregnant or are planning to have a baby, ask your doctor or pharmacist for advice before taking this medicine. Your doctor or pharmacist will be able to decide if you should receive Influenza vaccine.Flu vaccines can be used in all stages of pregnancy. Larger datasets on safety are available for the second and third trimester, compared with the first trimester; however, data from worldwide use of flu vaccines do not indicate that the vaccine would have harmful effects on the pregnancy or the baby.Influenza vaccine may be used during breast-feeding.Driving and using machinesInfluenza vaccine has no or negligible influence on the ability to drive or use machines.Influenza vaccine contains ovalbumin, potassium and sodium.Influenza vaccine does not contain more than 1 µg ovalbumin per dose (0.5 ml).This medicine contains less than 1 mmol potassium (39 mg) per dose, i.e. essentially “potassium free”.This medicine contains less than 1 mmol sodium (23 mg) per dose, i.e. essentially “sodium free”.3. HOW TO USE INFLUENZA VACCINEDosageAdults receive one 0.5 ml dose.Use in childrenChildren from 5 years and older receive one 0.5 ml dose.If your child is younger than 9 years of age and has not previously been vaccinated against flu, a second dose should be given after at least 4 weeks.Method and/or route(s) of administrationYour doctor will administer the recommended dose of the vaccine as an injection into the muscle or deep under the skin.If you have any further questions on the use of this product, ask your doctor or pharmacist.4. POSSIBLE SIDE EFFECTSLike all medicines, this medicine can cause side effects, although not everybody gets them.During clinical trials, the following side effects have been observed. Their frequencies have been estimated as Common: affects 1 to 10 users in 100.•headache•sweating•muscular pain (myalgia), joint pain (arthralgia)•fever, generally feeling unwell (malaise), shivering, fatigue•local reactions: redness, swelling, pain, bruising (ecchymosis), hardness (induration) around the area where the vaccine is injectedThese reactions usually disappear within 1 - 2 days without treatment.Next to the above common side effects, the following side effects occurred after the vaccine came onto the market:•allergic reactions (which may occur immediately):-leading to medical emergency with a failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequateblood flow to the different organs (shock) in rare cases,-swelling most apparent in the head and neck, including the face, lips, tongue, throat or anyother part of the body (angioedema) in very rare cases.•skin reactions that may spread throughout the body including itchiness of the skin (pruritus,urticaria), rash•blood vessel inflammation which may result in skin rashes (vasculitis) and temporary kidney problems•pain situated on the nerve route (neuralgia), anomalies in the perception of touch, pain, heat and cold (paraesthesia), fits (convulsions) associated with fever, neurological disorders that mayresult in stiff neck, confusion, numbness, pain and weakness of the limbs, loss of balance, loss of reflexes, paralysis of part or all the body (encephalomyelitis, neuritis, Guillain-BarréSyndrome)•temporary reduction in the number of certain types of particles in the blood called platelets; a low number of these can result in excessive bruising or bleeding (thrombocytopenia); temporary swelling of the glands in the neck, armpit or groin (transient lymphadenopathy) •large injection site swelling (sometimes reported as cellulitis)•influenza-like illnessReporting of side effectsIf you get any side effects, talk to your doctor, pharmacist or nurse. This includes any possible side effects not listed in this leaflet. You can also report side effects directly (see details below). By reporting side effects you can help provide more information on the safety of this medicine.United KingdomYellow Card SchemeTel: Freephone 0808 100 3352Website: /yellowcard5. HOW TO STORE INFLUENZA VACCINEKeep this medicine out of the sight and reach of children.Do not use Influenza vaccine after the expiry date which is stated on the carton after EXP.The expiry date refers to the last day of that month.Store in a refrigerator (2°C to 8°C). Do not freeze.Keep the syringe in the outer carton in order to protect from light.Medicines should not be disposed of via wastewater or household waste. Ask your pharmacist how to dispose of medicines no longer required. These measures will help to protect the environment.6. Contents of the pack and other informationWhat Influenza vaccine contains:The active substance is influenza virus* (inactivated with β-Propiolactone, split) of the following strains:A/California/7/2009 (H1N1) pdm09 - like strain (A/California/7/2009,15 micrograms HA** NYMC X-181)15 micrograms HA**A/Hong Kong/4801/2014 (H3N2) - like strain (A/Hong Kong/4801/2014,NYMC X-263B)B/Brisbane/60/2008 – like strain (B/Brisbane/60/2008, wild type) 15 micrograms HA** per 0.5 ml dose.* propagated in fertilised hens' eggs from healthy chicken flocks** haemagglutininThis vaccine complies with the WHO (World Health Organization) recommendations (Northern Hemisphere) and EU decision for the 2016/2017 season.The other ingredients are:Sodium chloride, anhydrous disodium phosphate, sodium dihydrogen phosphate dihydrate, potassium chloride, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, calcium chloride and water for injections.What Influenza vaccine looks like and contents of the packInfluenza vaccine is 0.5 ml suspension for injection presented in a pre-filled syringe with plunger stopper (chlorobutyl rubber) with or without attached needle in pack sizes of 1 or 10, respectively.The suspension is a clear to slightly opaque liquid with some sediment that resuspends upon shaking.Marketing Authorisation Holder and ManufacturerSeqirus GmbH, Emil-von-Behring-Strasse 76, 35041 Marburg, GermanyDistributor:Pfizer Limited, Sandwich, Kent CT13 9NJ, UKThis medicinal product is authorised in the Member States of the EEA under the following names:Afluria®Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Luxembourg, Norway, Portugal, Romania, Spain, Sweden, The NetherlandsEnzira®Ireland, United KingdomInfluenza Vaccine (split virion, inactivated) Ph. EurUnited KingdomThis leaflet was last revised in 07/2016Ref: gxEZ 13_0-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------The following information is intended for medical or healthcare professionals onlyPrecaution:Paediatric populationDuring the 2010 Southern Hemisphere influenza season, there was an unexpected increase in reports of fever and febrile convulsions in children aged less than 5 years following seasonal influenza vaccination with this product. Febrile convulsions were reported uncommonly (i.e. reporting frequency estimated to be in the range ≥1/1000 to < 1/100)*.An increased number of reports of fever was also reported in the age group 5 to less than 9 years. Therefore in this age group a decision to vaccinate with Influenza vaccine should be based on careful consideration of potential benefits and risks in the individual.On the basis of the increased risk of febrile convulsions in children less than 5 years of age, the vaccine indication has been restricted to use in adults and children from 5 years of age only.(*estimated from epidemiological investigations)Instructions for use and handling•As with all injectable vaccines, appropriate medical treatment and supervision should always be readily available in case of an anaphylactic event following administration of the vaccine. •The vaccine should be allowed to reach room temperature before use. Shake before use. The vaccine should appear as a homogenous clear to slightly opaque liquid suspension with somesediment that resuspends upon shaking. The vaccine must be inspected visually prior toadministration and should not be used if there is any variation of physical appearance. •Influenza vaccine is presented as a single use syringe and any unused product or waste material should be disposed of in accordance with local requirements.•This vaccine is not to be injected directly into any blood vessel.(See also section 3. How to use Influenza vaccine)。

疫苗的作用例子英文作文

疫苗的作用例子英文作文英文回答：Vaccines are an essential part of modern medicine, and they have saved countless lives. They work by stimulating the body's immune system to produce antibodies against a specific pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria. This means that if the body is ever exposed to the real pathogen, it will be able to quickly fight it off and prevent illness.There are many different types of vaccines, and each one is designed to protect against a specific disease. Some of the most common vaccines include:Measles, mumps, and rubella (MMR) vaccine。

Polio vaccine。

Tetanus vaccine。

Diphtheria vaccine。

Whooping cough vaccine。

Hepatitis B vaccine。

Flu vaccine。

Pneumonia vaccine。

Vaccines are safe and effective, and they are one of the best ways to protect yourself from serious diseases. If you are not up-to-date on your vaccinations, talk to your doctor about getting caught up.Here are some specific examples of how vaccines have saved lives:In the early 1900s, diphtheria was a leading cause of death among children. Today, thanks to the diphtheria vaccine, diphtheria is very rare in the United States.In the 1950s, polio was a common and devastating disease. Today, thanks to the polio vaccine, polio has been eliminated from the United States.In the 1970s, measles was a common childhood illness. Today, thanks to the MMR vaccine, measles is rare in the United States.These are just a few examples of the many lives that have been saved by vaccines. Vaccines are one of the most important public health tools we have, and they are essential for protecting our health and well-being.中文回答：疫苗是现代医学不可或缺的一部分，已经挽救了无数生命。

疫苗相关英文作文

疫苗相关英文作文Vaccines are essential for preventing the spread of infectious diseases. They work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies, which can then recognize and fight off the virus or bacteria if the body is exposed to it in the future.Some people are hesitant to get vaccinated due to concerns about potential side effects. However, the vast majority of side effects from vaccines are mild and temporary, such as soreness at the injection site or a low-grade fever. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks of these minor side effects.Herd immunity is an important concept in vaccination. When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated against a disease, it helps protect those who are unable to be vaccinated, such as infants or individuals with certain medical conditions. This is crucial for preventing outbreaks of infectious diseases.Vaccines have been one of the most successful public health interventions in history. They have led to the eradication of smallpox and the near-elimination of diseases like polio and measles in many parts of the world. Vaccines have saved countless lives and prevented immeasurable suffering.It's important for individuals to stay up to date with their vaccinations, as immunity can wane over time. By keeping vaccinations current, individuals can help protect themselves and others from preventable diseases. Additionally, getting vaccinated can also help reduce the burden on healthcare systems by preventing outbreaks and reducing the need for medical care related to vaccine-preventable diseases.。

预防大于治疗英文作文

预防大于治疗英文作文英文回答：Prevention is better than cure. It is an age-old adage that has stood the test of time. In the realm of healthcare, preventive measures have proven to be far more effective, cost-efficient, and humane than waiting for a disease to manifest and then treating it.There are countless examples that illustrate the wisdom of this adage. Take the case of vaccination. Vaccines are preventive measures that stimulate the immune system to produce antibodies against specific diseases. By doing so, they protect individuals from contracting those diseases or significantly reducing their severity. Mass vaccination campaigns have led to the eradication of several deadly diseases, such as smallpox, polio, and measles.Another example is regular check-ups. Early detectionof health problems can make a world of difference intreatment outcomes. Regular check-ups allow healthcare professionals to identify and address potential health issues before they become serious. By catching diseases at an early stage, we can often prevent them from progressing or causing severe complications.Furthermore, preventive measures often involvelifestyle changes that promote overall well-being. Eating a healthy diet, exercising regularly, and getting enough sleep strengthen our immune system, reduce our risk of chronic diseases, and improve our quality of life. By investing in our health through preventive measures, we can reap the rewards of a longer, healthier, and morefulfilling life.In contrast, waiting for a disease to develop before seeking treatment can have dire consequences. Treatment options may be limited, invasive, or expensive. The disease may progress to an advanced stage, causing irreversible damage or even death. Moreover, the emotional and financial toll of treating a major illness can be overwhelming.It is important to note that prevention is not always possible. Some diseases are unavoidable due to genetic factors or other circumstances beyond our control. However, for the vast majority of health conditions, preventive measures can significantly reduce our risk of developing them or mitigate their severity.In conclusion, the adage "prevention is better than cure" holds true in the realm of healthcare. By embracing preventive measures, we can empower ourselves to live healthier, longer, and more fulfilling lives. It is an investment in our future well-being that pays dividends every day.中文回答：预防胜于治疗。

高考英语时事热点话题阅读：热点15 疫苗的研发与疫苗的安全(学生版+解析版)

高考英语时事热点话题阅读热点15 疫苗的研发与疫苗的安全一、阅读理解1A single dose(剂量) of an experimental vaccine(疫苗) can protect mice against the Zika(寨卡) virus, raising renewed hope of a vaccine for humans, say scientists. The US team say the results, published in Nature, are “striking” and should encourage research efforts.Tests in humans could begin in months. But even if these go well, a licensed vaccine for widespread use to protect those at most risk—such as pregnant women—would still be years away, experts advise. Zika has been spreading across Central and South America and, most recently, Africa. More than 60 countries and territories now have continuing transmission(传播) of the disease, which is carried by mosquitoes. The virus causes serious birth damages during pregnancy and has been declared a global public health emergency.Now, developing a vaccine for pregnant women to protect their unborn babies is an international research priority(优先事项). US scientists from the Walter Reed Army Institute of Research, the Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School tested two types of Zika vaccine in mice —one based on bits of genetic(基因的) code from the virus and another that is an inactive (and therefore harmless) copy of Zika. Both worked well, protecting every mouse that was immunised against the virus. In comparison, all of the mice not given the vaccine caught Zika after they were exposed to it.Researchers say they will push ahead with developing the needed virus vaccine. There are many existing vaccines for other disease that use this type of technology, while there are relatively few DNA-based vaccines. Of course, future tests will need to check the vaccine is safe and effective in humans, as well as how long the immunity might last.1. If the tests in humans go smoothly, ________.A. a vaccine for use in the laboratory will be still be years away.B. pregnant women in Africa will be the first to benefit from the vaccine.C. a licensed vaccine will still not be accessible in a short term.D. The Zika virus will cause less serious birth defects during pregnancy in months.2. Which of the following statements is NOT true?A. many countries are actively involved in the research of the Zika vaccine.B. US scientists have tested more than two types of Zika vaccine in mice.C. None of the mice given the vaccine caught Zika.D. It is still unknown whether the vaccine is safe and effective.3. Which can be the best title for the passage?A. Zika vaccine works very well in miceB. Zika vaccine still has a long way to goC. International researches into Zika have paid offD. More attention has been paid to Zika vaccine2Flu vaccines (疫苗) work by arming the immune system with an enhanced ability to recognize and fight off the flu virus.Vaccines introduce proteins found on the surface of fu viruses，causing the immune system to produce antibodies that are ready to react when the virus attack.However, flu viruses change frequently and can differ with time and from region to region.Even though current vaccines that people get annually produce antibody responses, these antibodies don‘t cross-protect. If thereis a new flu strain (流感病毒毒株) not found in that year’s vaccine, the antibodies that we generated last year won’t be able to protect us. So the pandemic(大流行) happens.On the other hand, if the vaccine matches the virus strain, the immune system will produce antibodies and kill the flu virus.Luckily, in a study published in Cell Reports Medicine,scientists at the University of Wisconsin-Madisondescribe a T-cell-based vaccine strategy that is effective against multiple strains of flu virus. The experimental vaccine, given through the nose, delivered long-lasting protection in the lungs of mice by using T-cels, which are special white blood cells that quickly remove viral invaders through an immune response.The research suggests a potential strategy for developing a universal flu vaccine, "so y ou don’t have to make a new vaccine every year," explains Marulalsiddappa Suresh, a professor in the School of Veterinary Medicinewho led the research. The current flu vaccine has a serious weakness. Because each vaccine is only designed to resist one kind of virus strain. Once the virus changes, it could lead to a wide outbreak of flu.By using T-cell immunity against multiple strains,it may be possible to develop a vaccine that is effective against a number of circulating flu viruses. In particular,the new approach calls into action tissue-residentmemory T-cells, or TRM cells，which live in the airways and lining of lung epithelial (表膜的) cells and fightinvading viruses. Like highly-trained soldiers，TRM cells serve as front line defense against infection. This undoubtedlygives a totally new way to fight the flu virus.4. Why do flu pandemics break out occasionally even if vaccines are given?A. Because vaccines lose their expected effects.B. Because the flu strains reproduce very quickly.C. Because the strains have resistance to vaccines.D. Because vaccines don't work against new strains.5. What do you know about T-cells from the third paragraph?A. They are in charge of generating viruses.B. They can protect white blood cells very well.C. They kill viral invaders automatically.D. They can generate white blood cells.6. What positive effect does the research strategy have on fighting against flu?A. It will fundamentally stop the formation of new cold viruses.B. It will cut off the ability of the flu virus to spread.C. It points out the direction of developing a universal flu vaccine.D. It enables humans to get rid of the common cold completely.7. What is the best title for the text?A. New Vaccine Strategy to Provide Protection Against FluB. New Immune System Intended for Fighting the FluC. New "Vaccine Based on T-cells Successfully Kills the Flu VirusD. Serious Weakness of the Current Flu Vaccine Found3Early data from Israel suggests Covid-19 infection rates began to decrease among a group of vaccine (疫苗) recipients two weeks after they received the first shot of Pfizer Inc. and BioNTech SE's vaccine, offering important insights to other countries as they roll out their own campaigns.The small country —whose roughly nine million population is about the size of New York City's —has vaccinated nearly a fourth of its population in just under a month,the first country to hit that mark as it fights an upsurge (激增) in new infections. Israel's largest health-care provider, Clalit Health Services, compared test positivity rates among 200,000 people over 60 who received the vaccine with 200,000 that didn't. Until day 14,there was little difference between the two groups. But after that, the data showed a 33% fall in infection rates among those who had already been vaccinated compared with those who hadn't. Clalit noted that the number of people infected was statistically significant, but said it wouldn't release final numbers until its study is published.Pfizer says people must receive both doses of the vaccine for it to be fully effective. In Pfizer's trials, the vaccine was shown to take about 12 days before it started to protect people. The Clalit study suggests that the first dose could reduce infections among those vaccinated as early as two weeks after injection.Israel, like many other countries, has given priority to those over 60 in the first stage of its vaccination drive,making the group the best fit for study. Nearly three out of four people in this age group have received the first dose of the vaccine since Israel's campaign began on Dec.20.Israel has committed to providing Pfizer with real-time data about their vaccine,from effectiveness to side effects,which Israeli officials said helped it obtain early supply from the vaccine maker. Separately,Israel's Health Ministry published data about side effects from the vaccine, saying they were similar in frequency and character to other vaccinations given to its people.8. What does the underlined part "hit that mark" refer to?A. Winning the intense battle against Covid-19.B. Getting most Israelis vaccinated in the shortest time.C. Vaccinating one quarter of Israelis in less than one month.D. Ensuring 25% of Israelis are given both doses of the vaccine.9. What does Clalit think of the number of newly infected people in Israel?A. It has been perfectly satisfactory.B. It should be released to the public.C. It will play a decisive role in further study.D. It is of great importance in terms of statistics.10. Pfizer agrees to put Israel on its priority list on condition that________.A. Israel provides timely feedbackB. Israel vaccinates its seniors firstC. Israel reports side effects regularlyD. Israel publishes its data as instructed11. What can be a suitable title for the text?A. The Pfizer Vaccine Proves SafeB. Old People Get Vaccinated in IsraelC. Data Suggests Vaccine EffectiveD. Israel Succeeds in Fighting Covid-194The vaccine (疫苗) news continues to seem very encouraging. Britain started its mass vaccination effort and the U.S. isn’t far behind.But there is still one dark cloud hanging over the vaccines that many people don’t yet understand.The vaccines will be much less effective at preventing death and illness in 2021 if they are introduced into a population where the coronavirus is still severe—as is now the case in the U.S.A vaccine is like a fire hose (消防龙头). A vaccine that’s 95 percent effective, as Moderna’s and Pfizer’s versions appear to be, is a powerful fire hose. But the size of a fire is still a bigger determinant of how much destruction occurs.At the current level of infection in the U.S. (about 200,000 confirmed new infections per day), a vaccine that is 95 percent effective—distributed at the expected pace—would still leave a terrible toll (伤亡人数) in the six months after it was introduced. Almost 10 million or so Americans would catch the virus, and more than 160,000 would die.This is far worse than the toll in a different situation where the vaccine was only 50 percent effective but the U.S. had reduced the infection rate to its level in early September (about 35,000 new daily cases). In that case, the death toll in the next six months would be kept to about 60,000.It’s worth pausing for a moment on this comparison. If the U.S. had maintaine d its infection rate from September and Moderna and Pfizer had announced this fall that their vaccines were only 50 percent effective, a lot of people would have panicked.But the reality we have is actually worse.How could this be? No vaccine can get rid of a pandemic immediately, just as .no fire hose can put out a forest fire. While the vaccine is being distributed, the virus continues to do damage.There is one positive way to look at this: Measures that reduce the virus’s spread—like mask-wearing, social distancing and rapid-result testing—can still have great consequences. They can save more than 100,000 lives in coming months.12. How does the author mainly present his argument?A. By giving definitions.B. By categorizing facts.C. By drawing comparisons.D. By appealing to emotions.13. Which does the author think is a better way to save lives?A. Improving the effectiveness of the vaccines.B. Producing a greater variety of vaccines.C. Looking at the situation in a positive way.D. Wearing masks and practicing social distancing.14. What does paragraph 6 tell us?A. The vaccines are less effective than expected.B. The US have controlled the spread of the coronavirus.C. The death toll in the next six months will be about 60,000.D. Fewer people will die if the infection rate is lower.15. What can we infer from the text?A. The vaccine is the hope of wiping out the pandemic.B. The public are optimistic about the effects of the vaccine.C. The public are concerned about the high infection rate.D. The distribution of vaccine will end the pandemic quickly.5A vaccine (疫苗) that protects against one of the main common cold viruses has been shown to be safe and effective in a clinical trial and could be available by 2024.Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) spreads so easily that more than 90 percent of people have experienced their first infection (感染) by the age of 2. It usually causes cold-like symptoms but can lead to severe illness in young children and older people. All around the world, about 60,000 children under the age of 5 and 14,000 people over the age of 65 die each year after developing the virus.Developing vaccines against RSV and other respiratory viruses has been difficult because the respiratory tract (呼吸道) is a surface exposed directly to the outside world, says Kirsten Spann at the Queensland University of Technology in Australia.“It’s harder for antiviral antibodies (抗病毒抗体) in the blood to reach viruses in the respiratory tract, or evenknow they are there, because there is some physical separation,” she says.In recent years, however, there has been rapid progress in finding new ways to improve immunity against respiratory viruses.Several RSV vaccines are being tested in clinical trials, including one made by German company Bavarian Nordic. Its vaccine is designed to build immunity against RSV by exposing me body to five small fragments of the virus.In a clinical trial involving 420 adults aged 55 and older, a single injection (注射) of the vaccine in the upper arm increased the levels of RSV-fighting antibodies inside the nose by three times and caused no serious side effects.This immune response lasted for six months ---- enough to cover a winter cold season ---- and was restored with a booster shot at 12 months.The results are promising, but more research is needed to see if the immune response is strong enough to prevent RSV infections, says Spann.Bavarian Nordic is now planning a bigger clinical trial of its RSV vaccine that is scheduled to begin in 2021 and will involve more than 12,000 adults. If the results are positive, the company hopes to make the vaccine available by 2024. The firm plans to offer the vaccine to children too, but not until it has passed clinical trials involving people in this age range16. What do we know about RSV?A. It is the deadliest cold virus.B. It is a newly discovered virus.C. It takes thousands of lives every year.D. It mainly puts older adults’ lives at risk-17. Which word can best describe the development of RSV vaccines?A. Creative.B. Dangerous.C. Interesting.D. Challenging.18. What was one feature of the RSV vaccine developed by Bavarian Nordic?A. It had no human subjects.B. It had no serious side effects.C. The immune response lasted for 12 months.D. The immune response could prevent RSV infections.19. What does Bavarian Nordic plan to do in 2021?A. Continue its clinical trial.B. Offer its RSV vaccines to children.C. Put its RSV vaccines on the market.D. Follow the 420 adults in its early clinical trial.6A history of vaccinationEBOLA, a deadly virus, has become one of the world’s biggest problems this summer. Since last December, it has killed over 1,200 people, most of them in West Africa.Scientists all over the world are acting to stop the “monster”. They are developing medicines, but more importantly, they are experimenting with vaccines to prevent people from getting infected in the first place.That change happened largely because of the British doctor and scientist Edward Jenner, the pioneer of smallpox vaccination. Vaccination has always been a powerful shield against diseases. The names of those diseases used to be frightening household names, but now they are all but forgotten.Jenner was born in England in 1749. In his time, smallpox was one of the greatest killers of the period, especially among children. But Jenner noticed that milkmaids seldom caught smallpox.What was the secret? Jenner had a brave guess: Cows sometimes caught “cowpox”, a disease similar to smallpox but much less dangerous. The p us from the cow’s body got onto the milkmaids’ hands and protected them from smallpox.In 1796 Jenner carried out an experiment on an 8-year-old boy, the son of his gardener. He first made some scratches on the boy’s arm, and then rubbed the pus into them. Later, when the boy was exposed to the smallpox virus, he wasn’t infected.Jenner’s theory was proven: a less dangerous virus makes your body learn to destroy it. Your body can then more easily destroy any similar viruses that it later meets.However, man y people couldn’t accept his idea at the time. To them, it was disgusting to put material from a diseased animal into someone’s body.An opponent drew a cartoon in 1802 in which people who were vaccinated began to gro w cow’s heads.But the obvious effects of vaccination won out, and vaccination soon became widespread.The terms “vaccine” and “vaccination” came from variolae vaccinae, which Jenner used to call “cowpox”. To honor Jenner, people are now using the terms for inoculation against any disease.So, when will Jenner’s legacy save people from Ebola?It won’t take long, according to the World Health Organization. It is expecting to consider the emergency use of Ebola vaccines by the end of 2014.20. What does the article mainly talk about?A. How vaccinations protect us from dangerous diseases.B. The common efforts of scientists to find a cure for Ebola.C. How the first vaccine and vaccinations came about.D. Edward Jenner’s fight against smallpox.21. From the text we can conclude that Jenner ______.A. cured people after they had smallpoxB. interviewed many milkmaids before he tested his theoryC. found that the smallpox vaccine worked better on children than adultsD. came up with a theory based on observation and his knowledge of diseases22. What could be inferred from the article?A. Jenner’s smallpox vaccine could be used to fight against Ebola.B. Smallpox vaccination was not widely accepted by the public at first.C. The way vaccines work has changed a lot over the years.D. It will only take months before Ebola vaccines are widely used.7Beijing will provide COVID-19 vaccinations(接种疫苗）for certain groups in nursing homes, including the elderly and caregivers, on a voluntary basis to prevent a renewed outbreak at nursing homes during autumn and winter, the local government said.Those who will receive the vaccines include nursing home kitchen workers, security guards and cleaners. Beijing Daily reported on Friday.Xing Yinli ,director of Jingkangyuan, a nursing home in Fengtai district with about 290 elderly residents(居民），said they have received the document(文件）recently and will strictly follow its guidance.It’s our top duty to strengthen prevention and control.,"Xing said,adding they have bee n using methods such askeeping detailed records of resident contacts outside the nursing home,and encouraging online visits for family members..As to vaccinations, she said they will ask for permission from residents,their family members and workers before giving vaccines.In late October,Shaoxing,Zhejiang province carried out an emergencyCOVTD-19 vaccine program,allowing the public to ask for injections(注射）in advance,with key groups first. A similar program was also organized in Jiaxing,Ningbo and Yiwu in Zhejiang.Nationwide,emergency use of home grown COVID-19 vaccines was approved in June and launched in late July. China now has four coronavirus candidate vaccines in the third stage clinical trials(临床试验）.The document from Beijing also said nursing homes should conduct nucleic acid testing(核酸检测）every month among kitchen workers and residents who leave the nursing homes to see a doctor. Tests will cover all people in nursing homes considered at high risk if new infections are reported in the city. Besides, routine disinfections (消毒）should be strengthened in kitchens, storerooms and restrooms, it said. The document also recommended noncontact visits from family members.23. Where can you probably find this article?A. In a newspaper.B. In a fashion magazine.C. In a book review.D. In a travel journal.24. What can we learn from Paragraphs 4 and 5?A. The nursing home kept detailed records of residents,B. All the members will make preparations for injections.C. The nursing home takes prevention and control seriously.D. Jiaxing is the first city to have carried out an emergency program.25. How can we understand the underlined sentence in paragraph 7?A. China is providing vaccinations nationwide.B. China has made great progress in coronavirus vaccines.C. Chain has taken the lead in coronavirus vaccines worldwide.D. The four candidate vaccines have finished clinical trails26. What's the main idea of this passage?A. Nursing homes should conduct nucleic acid testing.B. Beijing nursing homes are to be provided vaccines.C. Certain groups will have vaccines first in late June.D. Routine disinfections should be strengthened in kitchens.27. What's the Xing Yinli's attitude towards vaccinations?A. Supportive.B. Curious.C. Doubtful.D. Dissatisfied8Louis Pasteur was a world-famous French chemist and biologist.He is particularly famous for his work on rabies vaccine（狂犬病疫苗）. The rabies virus enters the body through the bite of an infected animal or through infected saliva entering an existing wound. After experimenting with the saliva of animals suffering from the disease, Pasteur concluded that the disease rests in the central nervous system of the body. By studying the tissues of infected animals--rabbits, Pasteur was able to produce a form of the virus. This could be used for inoculation（接种）.On July 6, 1885, Pasteur tested his pie vaccine on a man for the first time. He saved the life of a young man called Joseph Meister who had been bitten by a rabid dog. Pasteur was urged to treat him with his new method. The treatment lasted 10 days and at the end he recovered and remained healthy. Since then thousands have been saved by this treatment.On March 1886，Pasteur was invited to present his results to the Academy of Sciences and in 1888 went on to found the Pasteur Institute in Paris. This was a pioneering clinic for the study of infectious diseases, the treatment of rabies and a centre for teaching. Pasteur directed the institute personally until he died. The Pasteur Institute is still one of the most important centres in the world.Pasteur became a national hero and was honored in many ways. He died at Saint-Cloud on September 28, 1895 and was given a state funeral at the Cathedral of Notre Dame.Modifications of the Pasteur method are still used in rabies treatment today. A newer vaccine which contains the virus prepared from human cells grown in the laboratory is safer and requires a shorter course of injections.28. A person can develop rabies .A. if he is bitten by a rabbitB. if he touches infected salivaC. if infected saliva enters his woundD. if he touches an infected animal29. Rabies probably can destroy a person’s .A. nervous systemB. bloodC. skinD. saliva30. What can we learn about Pasteur's test of his vaccine on the man？A. The man was sent to a clinic ten days later.B. It didn’t save the man's life.C. It proved to be a great success.D. The man was his second patient.31. What can we infer from the last paragraph?A. Pasteur’s rabies vaccine is out of dateB. A new rabies vaccine has already been tested on patients.C. Injections of vaccine still take much time.D. Much improvement has been made on rabies vaccine.9Get your vaccine shotThe COVID-19 virus is still spreading around the world. It hangs over all of us. But some good news about vaccines ( 疫苗) for COVID-19 is bringing us closer to ending this terrible pandemic.On Dec 8, the UK rolled out (推出) a vaccine made by Pfizer and BioNTech. The US started its own COVID-19 vaccine rollout nationwide on Dec 14, Xinhua reported.China will start vaccinating high-risk groups over the winter, Zeng Yixin, deputy head of the National Health Commission (NHC, 国家卫生健康委员会), said at a press conference on Dec 19.This means that those who work in the cold-chain industry, healthcare, customs ( 海关), seafood markets and public transportation are among those who will receive the vaccine first. Their work puts them at higher risk of being infected (感染).This is the first step in China’s COVID-19 vaccination plan, Zeng said. As more vaccines are approved (批准) and produced, elderly people, people with underlying conditions (基础疾病) and the general public will receive vaccines in an orderly manner.China’s COVID-19 vaccines can offer effective protection for at least six months, Zeng pointed out.Vaccination experiments have shown that the vaccines are safe and effective.As for those who are not among the first to receive vaccines, officials at the NHC said there’s no need to worry. “Wearing masks in public places, practicing social distance and washing han ds are protective measures that have been proven to be very effective,” said Cui Gang, a senior NHC official.32. When did US vaccinations start?A. On Dec 8.B. On Dec 14.C. On Dec 19.D. On Dec 22.33. Who will be among the first to be vaccinated in China?A. Healthcare workers.B. Patients in hospitals.C. Elderly people.D. People with underlying conditions.34. What is the story mainly about?A. The production of COVID-19 vaccines.B. Risks of receiving COVID-19 vaccines.C. The rollout of COVID-19 vaccines.D. The trials of COVID-19 vaccines.10A doctor named Chepurnov from Siberia conducted a controversial coronavirus immunity test after surviving COVID-19 in March. The 68-year-old Russian doctor spent time with coronavirus-positive patients without wearing a mask to see if he could get a second COVID-19 infection. The doctor was infected a second time and experienced a worse COVID-19 case than he had previously.This unusual coronavirus immunity test can easily be filed under the “only in Russia” se ction of COVID-19 news. Only in Russia was a coronavirus vaccine approved for mass use before any scientific research was shared with the world and before the drug cleared the Phase 3 trial. The story gets even crazier, considering the doctor’s age. At 68-years-old, Alexander Chepurnov happens to be the kind of COVID-19 patient most at risk of developing a severe case.Even so, Chepurnov’s controversial experiment isn’t without worth. It’s certainly the kind of experiment that others wouldn’t necessarily ap prove of, especi ally in western countries. But it’s the kind of experiment that can yield results — and Chepurnov did get his wish. He was reinfected with COVID- 19 within six months from the first bout. Chepurnov and his research team started to monitor his antibodies. He discovered that they vanished after three months. “The observation showed a fairly rapid decrease,” he told the paper. “By the end of the thirdmonth from the start of the disease, they ceased to be determined.” This falls in line with ot her studies about COVID-19 antibody life.Chepurnov’s story also seems to fall in line with other studies that say immunity can last for at least 5-7 months. The story also proves that immunity lasts even after the antibodies are gone and suggests that other immune system components are indeed involved in providing prolonged protection. Others theorized that T cells would extend immunity beyond the life of the first batch of antibodies. Chepurnov’s empirical findings are also important for vaccine research. If immunity lasts less than a year, more booster shots (加强针剂) might be needed after the initial doses.But Newsweek points out a problem with the experiment. Because his first case of COVID-19 hasn’t been diagnosed via a PCR test. Also, Chepurnov’s experiment hasn’t been published in a scientific journal, and it’s unclear what scientific rigors were applied. Still, if his findings are accurate, Chepurnov is actually right to warn against using a herd immunity approach to beat the pandemic.35. Why is Chepurnovs experiment considered controversial?A. Its not effective.B. Its too dangerous.C. Its disapproved of by Russia.D. Its not diagnosed via a PCR test.36. What does the underlined word "they" in Paragraph 3 probably refer to?A. diseasesB. virusesC. antibodiesD. results37. What is the finding of Chepurnovs experiment?A. COVID-19 immunity lasts permanently in ones body.B. The longevity of COVID-19 antibodies is about 3 months.C. Old patients are most at risk of developing a severe COVID-19.D. Vaccination can protect one from being infected with coronaviruses.38. Whats the main idea of the passage?A. Siberia is a unique place for treating COVID-19 patients.B. Newsweek found the evidence against herd immunity to COVID-19.C. Researches showed humans produce antibodies if infected with coronaviruses.D. A controversial experiment on coronavirus immunity was conducted in Russia.二、语法填空阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

疫苗利弊的英文作文

疫苗利弊的英文作文英文：Vaccines have been a topic of discussion for many years. Some people believe that vaccines are necessary for protecting against diseases, while others believe that they can be harmful. In my opinion, vaccines have more benefits than drawbacks.Firstly, vaccines have been proven to be effective in preventing diseases. For example, the polio vaccine has helped to eradicate the disease in many countries. Vaccines also protect against other diseases such as measles, mumps, and rubella. Without vaccines, these diseases would stillbe prevalent today.Secondly, vaccines are safe for the majority of people. While there may be some side effects, such as a mild feveror sore arm, these are usually short-lived and not serious. The benefits of vaccination far outweigh the risks.However, some people still believe that vaccines can be harmful. They may argue that vaccines can cause autism or other health problems. However, there is no scientific evidence to support this claim. In fact, the study that initially suggested a link between vaccines and autism has been discredited.In conclusion, vaccines are a safe and effective way to protect against diseases. While there may be some risks, the benefits of vaccination far outweigh them. It is important for everyone to get vaccinated to protect themselves and those around them.中文：疫苗一直是一个讨论的话题。

疫苗对人类重要性英语作文

疫苗对人类重要性英语作文Vaccines are incredibly important for the human population. They protect us from a wide range of diseases and have been instrumental in reducing the mortality rates associated with these illnesses. Without vaccines, we would be much more susceptible to dangerous infections and epidemics.Vaccines work by stimulating our immune system to recognize and fight off specific pathogens. They contain weakened or inactivated forms of the virus or bacteria that cause the disease. When we are vaccinated, our immune system responds by producing antibodies that can recognize and destroy the actual pathogen if we are exposed to it in the future.Vaccines have played a crucial role in eradicating or significantly reducing the incidence of many diseases. For example, smallpox, a highly contagious and deadly disease, was eradicated globally through a successful vaccinationcampaign. Polio, another devastating disease, has beennearly eradicated thanks to widespread vaccination efforts.Vaccines not only protect individuals but alsocontribute to the overall health and well-being of the population. When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated, it creates a phenomenon called "herd immunity." This means that even those who are not vaccinated or cannot be vaccinated due to medical reasons are protected because the disease cannot easily spread through the community.In addition to preventing diseases, vaccines also have economic benefits. By reducing the incidence of illnesses, vaccines save healthcare systems and individuals from the financial burden of medical treatments and hospitalizations. They also help to prevent lost productivity due to illness, as vaccinated individuals are less likely to get sick and miss work or school.Despite the overwhelming evidence of theireffectiveness and safety, vaccines have faced some controversy and skepticism. However, it is important torely on scientific evidence and expert consensus when making decisions about vaccination. The benefits ofvaccines far outweigh any potential risks, and they have proven to be one of the most successful public health interventions in history.In conclusion, vaccines are of utmost importance forthe human population. They protect us from dangerous diseases, contribute to the overall health of the community, and have economic benefits. It is crucial to promote vaccination and ensure that everyone has access to theselife-saving interventions.。

英语作文疫苗的重要性

英语作文疫苗的重要性The Importance of Vaccines。

Vaccines are one of the greatest inventions in human history. They have saved countless lives and prevented the spread of deadly diseases. Vaccines are essential for public health and should be available to everyone.Vaccines work by stimulating the body's immune system to produce antibodies that can fight off infections. When a person is exposed to a disease, their immune system recognizes it and produces the necessary antibodies tofight it off. This process can take several days, during which time the person may become ill. Vaccines work by introducing a weakened or dead form of the disease into the body, which triggers the immune system to produce antibodies without causing illness. This means that when the person is exposed to the actual disease, their immune system is already prepared to fight it off.Vaccines have been instrumental in eradicating many deadly diseases. Smallpox, for example, was once a major killer, but thanks to vaccines, it has been completely eradicated. Polio, measles, and rubella are also on the verge of being eradicated, thanks to widespread vaccination programs. Vaccines have also greatly reduced the incidence of other diseases, such as tuberculosis, hepatitis B, and meningitis.Despite the overwhelming evidence of the benefits of vaccines, there are still some people who are hesitant to get vaccinated. Some people believe that vaccines are unsafe or that they can cause autism. However, these claims have been thoroughly debunked by scientific research. Vaccines are rigorously tested and monitored for safety, and the overwhelming majority of medical professionals agree that they are safe and effective.In addition to protecting individuals from disease, vaccines also protect the community as a whole. When a large percentage of the population is vaccinated, it creates herd immunity, which means that even people who arenot vaccinated are less likely to get sick because the disease is less likely to spread. This is particularly important for people who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons, such as infants or people with weakened immune systems.In conclusion, vaccines are an essential tool for protecting public health. They have saved countless lives and prevented the spread of deadly diseases. Vaccines are safe and effective, and everyone should have access to them. By getting vaccinated, we can protect ourselves and our communities from the threat of disease.。

疫苗的好坏英文作文

疫苗的好坏英文作文英文：Vaccines are a hot topic these days, with many people debating their effectiveness and safety. In my opinion, vaccines are a good thing overall, but there are certainly some concerns that need to be addressed.One of the biggest benefits of vaccines is that theycan prevent the spread of deadly diseases. For example, vaccines have virtually eradicated smallpox and polio, both of which used to be major killers. By getting vaccinated, people can protect themselves and others from these andother serious illnesses.However, there are also some potential downsides to vaccines. Some people may have adverse reactions to certain vaccines, and there is always a small risk of serious complications. Additionally, there are some concerns about the long-term effects of vaccines, particularly in children.Despite these concerns, I believe that the benefits of vaccines outweigh the risks. As long as people are informed about the potential risks and benefits, they can make an informed decision about whether or not to get vaccinated.中文：疫苗是当今热门话题，许多人都在争论它们的有效性和安全性。

疫苗的作用英文作文

疫苗的作用英文作文Vaccines are essential in preventing the spread of infectious diseases. They work by stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies, which can then recognize and fight off the specific virus or bacteria if the person is exposed to it in the future.Vaccines also contribute to the concept of herd immunity, where a large portion of the population is immune to a particular disease, making it less likely to spread within the community. This is especially important for protecting individuals who cannot be vaccinated, such as those with weakened immune systems.In addition to preventing illness and death, vaccines also have economic benefits. By reducing the number of people who get sick, they lower healthcare costs and prevent productivity losses due to illness.Some vaccines, like the flu shot, need to beadministered annually to provide continued protection against evolving strains of the virus. This helps to ensure that individuals have ongoing immunity to the latest versions of the virus.Vaccines have been one of the most successful public health interventions in history, leading to the eradication of diseases like smallpox and the near-elimination of others such as polio. They have saved countless lives and continue to play a crucial role in maintaining global health and well-being.。

生物技术专业英语

• Moreover ,the DNA vaccine is very stable and doesn’t get denatured by heat.
• 此外，DNA疫苗非常稳定，不会受热发生改变。
• So the DNA vaccine is looked as a prophylaxis getting the vaccine into a large population ,particularly people who don’t have access to any treatment.
• A person exposed to the virus by an animal bite now gets a series of injections of vaccine and often several doses of antibody-creating immunoglobulin . • 一个人被动物咬伤后感染了病毒，需要注射一系列的疫苗和数剂量的抗体免疫球蛋白。
• 因此，对一个大的人群，特别是没有任何治疗机会的人群，用DNA疫苗免疫被视作是一种预防。
Add：prefix always use :anti 、pre、un、irr、 im、dis、mis、in、up etc 1.antiaging agj 抗衰老的 aging n 老化 2.antisocial adj 反社会的 3.antibacterial adj 抗菌的 bacterial 细菌的
contrastcontrastiveadjcomparevcomparisonncomparativeadjcompare找出比较对象间的相同点contrast找出比较对象间的不同点如果没有问两个词的区别时compare既可以找出相同点也可找出不同点

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vaccine
Vaccines can be prophylactic or therapeutic . A vaccine is a biological preparation that improves immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease-causing microorganism and is often made from weakened or killed forms of the microbe, its toxins or one of its surface proteins. The agent stimulates the body's immune system to recognize the agent as foreign, destroy it, and keep a record of it, so that the immune system can more easily recognize and destroy any of these microorganisms that it later encounters.
In the world, with the vast use of vaccines many diseases like smallpox, tetanus and so on have been controlled completely. What’s more they can be treated as the prophylactic way. And we can use them to prevent or ameliorate the effects of a future infection by any natural or wild pathogen. Vaccinations of animals are used both to prevent their contracting diseases and to prevent transmission of disease to humans.
When a vaccinated individual does develop the disease vaccinated against, the disease is likely to be milder than without vaccination. Adverse effects if any are generally mild. The rate of side effects depends on the vaccine in question. Some potential side effects include: fever, pain around the injection site, and muscle aches.
Although the benefits of preventing suffering and death from serious
infectious diseases greatly outweigh the risks of rare adverse effects following immunization,disputes have arisen over the morality, ethics, effectiveness, and safety of vaccination. Some vaccination critics say that vaccines are ineffective against disease or that vaccine safety studies are inadequate. In response, concern has been raised that spreading unfounded information about the medical risks of vaccines increases rates of life-threatening infections, Some parents believe vaccinations cause autism, although the scientific consensus has rejected this idea.
And now the global human vaccine market is expected to grow rapidly, fueled by re-emerging vaccine preventable health threats such as pandemic influenza, an increasingly more coordinated international response thereto, and the availability of licensed new vaccines combined with several inter-national philanthropically public private partnerships, such as GAVI. On top of this, countries with emerging economies are introducing these new vaccines in a more rapid pace than ever.
And in my opinion, although there has some potential dangerous in use of vaccine, it can protect us more and I agree with it. The vaccine itself has more advantages than disadvantages.。