Contrasting Community of Practices2
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Contrasting Communities of Practices
Huhua Ouyang PhD Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Objective: A socio-cultural perspective for sociounderstanding Chinese learners' learners' difficulties in writing English
Key features of a danwei
(Ouyang, 2000)
Immobility in work and residence Enclosed or 'Wall culture' community culture' Lifelong rewards or punishment Paternalistic and materialistic leadership Hierarchical relationship Insiders circle and 'secrecy' of information flow secrecy' Harmony oriented communication Renqin reciprocity as rules for interaction
Instrumental vs. affective communication: vs. ommunication: Instrumental style of communication is goal oriented, and aims to bring the individual into a verbal exchange. People use words as tools to chisel an agreement from the intersection of everyone's goals for the interaction. Those in the instrumental position, like Americans, perceive speech as a resource for control and self-extension. self-
Danwei
A Chinese community of practices
(Townsend & Womack, 1986, Lü & Perry, 1997, Cao &
Chen, 1997, Ouyang, 2000)
a danwei was a lifetime social welfare system virtually from cradle to grave, and a network of relationships encompassing work, home, neighborhood, social existence, and political membership…As in a traditional membership… family, the danwei acts as a patriarch who disciplines and sanctions his children, while at the same time serving as a maternal provider of care and daily necessities'' (Lü & Perry, 1997, p. 8). (Lü
the danwei system, in its mature form, was characterized by two distinct features: limited mobility or virtual immobility in the labor market and a high degree of dependence in a hierarchy of personal relationships at the workplace. Both conditions contributed to the development of patronage networks and the practice of favoritism. Because of the functioning of the work unit system, informal interactions came to play a much more prominent role in decision-making processes than decisionformal procedures.
Chinese Students' Difficulties or Students' incompetence in Writing English:
Uncritical (e.g., Swales, 1990) Implicit, indirect or circular (e.g., Kaplan 1966) 1966) Inductive, i.e., General to Specific (e.g., Smith, 1987)
Civil society
(e.g., Cao & Chen 1997)
Individuals free in motion Egalitarian exchanges Contractual relationship
Civil society public communication
(Bond, 1991, Gao et al., 1996)
Instrumental vs. affective communication vs. (continued): An affective style is relationship oriented, and its verbal content reflects the attempt of the speaker to adjust to the feelings of the other parties to the conversation. The participants are more concerned about the attitudes of the other parties than about the outcome of the conversation. Indeed, the enhancement of the relationship itself is likely to be the important outcome, even in business encounters... (Bond, 1991: 55)
HighHigh-context vs. low-context communication low(continued): A competent communicator [in low-context cultures] lowcultures] approaches approaches interactions ahistorically and purposefully,… purposefully,… and is fluent, persuasive, precise, organized, and extrovert. (Bond, 1991: 51)
Talk between neighbors or travelers
Looking up to vs. looking down upon the author (Ouyang, 1997)
Contrasting communities of practices:
a Western 'civil society vis-à-vis visa Chinese danwei society
Conceptual framework:
Contrastive rhetoric (e.g., Kaplan, 1966, Connor, 1996) Community of practices (e.g., Swales, 1990, Lave & Wenger, 1991) Chinese communication process (Bond, 1991, (Bond, Gao, Ting-Toomey, & Gudykunst, 1996) Ting-
Towards a theory of contrasting communities of practices
Cao, & Chen, (1997). Walk Out the "Ideal Castle": The Research about the Phenomena "Chinese Living in Units". Units". Ouyang, (2000). Remaking of face and community of practices. practices.
Presumptions for written communication in civil society
Naive to the prior knowledge Critical or skeptical to the claims/reasoning Evidences based logical appeal Clear, brief, and straightforward WriterWriter-responsible
Exchange of information Truth inquiry Ind vs. low-context communication: lowA competent communicator [in high-context cultures] highmonitors the other's non-verbal displays carefully, other' nonproceeds with circumspection to discover the balancebalancepoint with the other, and considers fostering the relationship to be more important than prosecuting the business being discussed… discussed…
Interpretative frameworks:
Are they not capable? – a linguistic or cognitive question Or Are they not daring? – a sociological question
Two quick analogies:
Some scholars infer that these vertical links of dependency and control in Chinese society impeded the formation of horizontal alliances between professional peers and fellow workers. Urban politics in China, unlike in other modern societies, was thus notable not so much for its politics of protest and collective action as for the personal dynamics of networking, dependence, coercion, and collusion. (Yeh, 1997, p. 61)
Huhua Ouyang PhD Guangdong University of Foreign Studies
Objective: A socio-cultural perspective for sociounderstanding Chinese learners' learners' difficulties in writing English
Key features of a danwei
(Ouyang, 2000)
Immobility in work and residence Enclosed or 'Wall culture' community culture' Lifelong rewards or punishment Paternalistic and materialistic leadership Hierarchical relationship Insiders circle and 'secrecy' of information flow secrecy' Harmony oriented communication Renqin reciprocity as rules for interaction
Instrumental vs. affective communication: vs. ommunication: Instrumental style of communication is goal oriented, and aims to bring the individual into a verbal exchange. People use words as tools to chisel an agreement from the intersection of everyone's goals for the interaction. Those in the instrumental position, like Americans, perceive speech as a resource for control and self-extension. self-
Danwei
A Chinese community of practices
(Townsend & Womack, 1986, Lü & Perry, 1997, Cao &
Chen, 1997, Ouyang, 2000)
a danwei was a lifetime social welfare system virtually from cradle to grave, and a network of relationships encompassing work, home, neighborhood, social existence, and political membership…As in a traditional membership… family, the danwei acts as a patriarch who disciplines and sanctions his children, while at the same time serving as a maternal provider of care and daily necessities'' (Lü & Perry, 1997, p. 8). (Lü
the danwei system, in its mature form, was characterized by two distinct features: limited mobility or virtual immobility in the labor market and a high degree of dependence in a hierarchy of personal relationships at the workplace. Both conditions contributed to the development of patronage networks and the practice of favoritism. Because of the functioning of the work unit system, informal interactions came to play a much more prominent role in decision-making processes than decisionformal procedures.
Chinese Students' Difficulties or Students' incompetence in Writing English:
Uncritical (e.g., Swales, 1990) Implicit, indirect or circular (e.g., Kaplan 1966) 1966) Inductive, i.e., General to Specific (e.g., Smith, 1987)
Civil society
(e.g., Cao & Chen 1997)
Individuals free in motion Egalitarian exchanges Contractual relationship
Civil society public communication
(Bond, 1991, Gao et al., 1996)
Instrumental vs. affective communication vs. (continued): An affective style is relationship oriented, and its verbal content reflects the attempt of the speaker to adjust to the feelings of the other parties to the conversation. The participants are more concerned about the attitudes of the other parties than about the outcome of the conversation. Indeed, the enhancement of the relationship itself is likely to be the important outcome, even in business encounters... (Bond, 1991: 55)
HighHigh-context vs. low-context communication low(continued): A competent communicator [in low-context cultures] lowcultures] approaches approaches interactions ahistorically and purposefully,… purposefully,… and is fluent, persuasive, precise, organized, and extrovert. (Bond, 1991: 51)
Talk between neighbors or travelers
Looking up to vs. looking down upon the author (Ouyang, 1997)
Contrasting communities of practices:
a Western 'civil society vis-à-vis visa Chinese danwei society
Conceptual framework:
Contrastive rhetoric (e.g., Kaplan, 1966, Connor, 1996) Community of practices (e.g., Swales, 1990, Lave & Wenger, 1991) Chinese communication process (Bond, 1991, (Bond, Gao, Ting-Toomey, & Gudykunst, 1996) Ting-
Towards a theory of contrasting communities of practices
Cao, & Chen, (1997). Walk Out the "Ideal Castle": The Research about the Phenomena "Chinese Living in Units". Units". Ouyang, (2000). Remaking of face and community of practices. practices.
Presumptions for written communication in civil society
Naive to the prior knowledge Critical or skeptical to the claims/reasoning Evidences based logical appeal Clear, brief, and straightforward WriterWriter-responsible
Exchange of information Truth inquiry Ind vs. low-context communication: lowA competent communicator [in high-context cultures] highmonitors the other's non-verbal displays carefully, other' nonproceeds with circumspection to discover the balancebalancepoint with the other, and considers fostering the relationship to be more important than prosecuting the business being discussed… discussed…
Interpretative frameworks:
Are they not capable? – a linguistic or cognitive question Or Are they not daring? – a sociological question
Two quick analogies:
Some scholars infer that these vertical links of dependency and control in Chinese society impeded the formation of horizontal alliances between professional peers and fellow workers. Urban politics in China, unlike in other modern societies, was thus notable not so much for its politics of protest and collective action as for the personal dynamics of networking, dependence, coercion, and collusion. (Yeh, 1997, p. 61)