Chap06 The Plitical Economy of International Trade
第三章英国古典政治经济学
(3)篇章内容
第四篇:论政治经济学体系
第四篇评述了重商主义和重农主义两种政治 经济学体系。对重商主义把货币和财富等同 起来的观点、贸易差额论和国家统治对外贸 易的政策进行了全面的批判。对重农主义, 肯定其认为在完全自由、完全公平的制度下 国家才能繁荣的观点“最接近于真理”;批 评其片面地认为只有农业是生产的,工商业 是不生产的观点。
1644~1645年在荷兰莱顿大学攻读医学,后又到法英行医 和研究,1649年获得牛津大学医学博士学位,成为医生并 兼任皇家医学院教授。1651年任爱尔兰英国驻军总司令的 随从医生。1652年任爱尔兰总督的私人秘书,后又任爱尔 兰土地分配总监。1658年被选为英国议会议员。
斯图亚特王朝复辟时期他投靠国王查理二世(1630~ 1685),被封为男爵,并被任命为爱尔兰土地测量总监。 1662年被选为英国皇家学会会员。晚年他已占有27万多英 亩土地,还先后创办和经营过铁厂、渔场、木材场等企业。
英国人口,1700年,583.5万,1760年666.5 万,1790年821.6万,1850年1800万.英国工业化与 城镇化迅速发展.曼彻斯特从1770年的1.7万增至 1830年的18万,厂房高达六-七层甚至十三层.
技术的因素曾被认为是工业革命关键的关键.
费尔南·布罗代尔:15至18世纪的物质文明﹑经济和资本主义.P656
在思想方法上他接受了F.培根 (1561~1626) 进步的哲学思 想,并且把它运用于研究经济问题。
配第反对根据主观意愿去作推论,提出要从具体的统计资料 中去寻找经济现象产生的自然基础。由此他逐渐摆脱了重商 主义的影响,把政治经济学的研究从流通领域转到生产领域。
国际商务英语授课国际商务2
Political Economy of International Trade
Ⅰ. Instruments of Trade Policy
7 main instruments of trade policy --- tariffs
--- who gains: ☺ --- government: raising revenue for government --- domestic producers: protection
Political Economy of International Trade
Ⅰ. Instruments of Trade Policy
7 main instruments of trade policy --- subsidies
--- main gains: ☺ --- helping domestic firms to be a first-mover --- helping domestic firms to gain as a major global company
Political Economy of International Trade
Introduction
free trade
Political Economy of International Trade
Introduction
free trade --- a situation where a government does not attempt to restrict
--- who suffers: --- consumers: pay more for certain imports
Political Economy of International Trade
中英对译政治经济术语
Deepening reform and opening up 深化改革扩大开放The theory of building socialism with Chinese 建设有中国特色的社会The theory on the initial stage of socialism 社会主义初级阶段的理论Adhere to the four cardinal principles 坚持四项基本原则Adhere to reforms and opening to the outside world 坚持改革开放Seizing the opportunity, deepening the reform, opening 抓住机遇,深化改革,wider to the rest of the world, promoting development, 扩大开放,促进发展,Whether it would be beneficial to developing socialist 是否有利于发展社会主义生产力Whether it would be beneficial to enhancing the overall 是否有利于增强综合国力Whether it would be beneficial to raising people’s living 是否有利于提高人民生活水平Taking the socialist public ownership as the mainstay 以社会主义公有制为主体Common development of multi-economic sectors 多种经济成分共同发展Establishment of socialist market economy 社会主义市场经济的建立Relationships among reform, development and stability 改革发展和稳定的关系Deepening of reform and promotion of development 深化改革与促进发展Economic growth and social progress 经济增长与社会进步Strengthen the position of agriculture 加强农业的基础地位Science and technology are the primary productive forces 科学技术是第一生产力Strengthen the socialist legal system 加强社会主义法制A series of policies and measures 一系列政策措施Reform of state-owned enterprises 国有企业改革Strengthen the management of state-owned property 加强国有资产管理Reform ofmanagement of state-owned property 国有资产管理体制改革Reform of property rights system 产权制度改革Reform of commodity circulation 商品流通体制改革Reform of social security system 社会保险制度改革Transferring the function of government 转换政府职能Introduce foreign capital, advanced technology and 引进外国的资金,先进技术和Economic and technical development zone 经济技术开发区Special economic zones in coastal areas 沿海经济特区Contract responsibility system with remuneration linked 家庭联产承包责任制Narrowing the gap between the rich and poor 缩小贫富差距Coexistence of various economic composition 多种经济成分共存Sustained, rapid and sound economic development 持续,快速和健康的经济发展Comprehensive development of economy 经济综合发展Strategy for economic development 经济发展战略Transform the extensive economic 粗放型经济转变为International economic integration 国际经济一体化New international economic order 国际新经济秩序Multi-polarization of world economy 世界经济多极化Macro control and micro invigoration 宏观控制与微观搞活Control of overall volume and economic restructuring 总量控制与经济结构调整Tight control on investment in fixed assets 紧缩固定资产投资控制Tight financial and monetary policy 从紧的金融货币政策Moderately tight monetary policy 适度从紧的货币政策Loosening tight monetary policy 放松紧缩的货币政策Adequate amount of the money supply 适度货币供应量Excessive amount of currency issue 过度货币发行量Balance between supply and demand 供需平衡MANAGEMENT OF STATE-OWNED PROPERTY 国有资产管理Establish a system for the management, supervision 建立国有资产管理,监督和营运体系Reform ofmanagement of state-owned property 国有资产管理体制改革Clearly defining property rights, specifying rights and 产权清晰,责权明确,政企分开,responsibilities, separating ownership from daily 管理科学Regulation on the supervision and management 国有企业监督管理条例Laws and regulations on the administration of 国有资产管理法律法规Operate independently, assume sole responsibility 自主经营,自负盈亏,自我发展,for its profits and losses, seek self-development 自我约束Uphold the principle of separating the functions of 坚持政企分开的原则,转变政府Preserve and increase value and prevent losses 保值增值防止流失Prevent the drain of State-owned property 防止国有资产流失Reform of property rights system 产权制度改革Clarification of property rights 明晰产权Registration of property rights 产权登记Annual checks of the registration of property rights 产权登记年检Property rights transfer agency 产权交易机构Reform of State-Owned Enterprises 国有企业改革Step up efforts to reform State-owned enterprises 加大国有企业改革力度Readjust and reorganize State-owned enterprises to 调整改组国有企业促进资产重组promote re-arrangement of assets and raise the 提高国有经济的总体素质Concentrate on rejuvenating State-owned large 集中力量抓好国有大型企业和enterprises and enterprises groups 企业集团Develop trans-regional and inter-trade enterprise 发展跨地区跨行业的企业集团Reform, reorganization and upgrading 改革,改组和改造Re-organization, association, merger, joint 改组,联合,兼并,股份合作制partnership, leasing, contract operation 租赁,承包经营和出售Manage well large enterprises and adopt a flexible 抓好大的,放活小的Give small State-owned enterprises greater freedom 放活国有小企业Standardize bankruptcy procedures, encourage 规范破产程序,鼓励企业兼并,merging of enterprises and promote re-employment 促进再就业Allow money-losing enterprise to merger 允许亏损企业兼并或破产Dispersion of redundant employees 分流富余人员Conscientiously strengthen the operation and 切实加强企业经营管理Strengthen financial management of enterprises 强化企业财务管理Tighten control over extrabudgetary funds 加强预算外资金管理Increase capital and reduce debts through various 多渠道增资减债Strive to help enterprises eliminate losses and 抓好企业扭亏增盈Develop various modes of operation and marketing 发展多种营销方式Alleviate enterprises’ social burdens 减轻企业的社会负担By tapping the potential and upgrading the 通过挖潜改造Mechanism for selecting the superior and eliminating 优胜劣汰机制Enjoy more decision-making power 享有更多的决策权Allow employees to hold some shares 允许职工持股Give more productive enterprises the power to engage 给更多的生产企业自营出口权Protect the interests of the working class 保护工人阶级利益Reform of state-owned enterprises 国有企业改革Deepening of the reform of State-owned enterprises 深化国有企业改革Reorganization of state-owned enterprises 国有企业重组Adjustment of industrial structure 行业结构调整turned into corporate enterprises 大中型企业可转变为股份公司Smaller enterprises can become shareholding co-operatives 小企业可转变为股份合作制Readjust the asset-liability ratio of state-owned enterprises 调整国有企业资产负债比State-owned independent accounting industrial enterprises 国有独立核算企业Enlarge the right of self-management 扩大自主权Promote rational flow of property right 促进产权合理流动Reduce staff to improve efficiency 减员增效Legal person responsibility system 法人责任制Responsibility for one’s own profit and loss 自负盈亏Enterprise contract management responsibility system 企业承包责任制Unreasonable economic structure 不合理的经济结构Repeated introduction of foreign equipment and technology 外国设备和技术的重复引进Regional and departmental protectionism 地区和部门保持主义Preferential policy for bankruptcy and merger 对破产和兼并企业的优惠政策Standardize bankruptcy procedure 规范破产程序Construction of a multi-layer social security system 建立多层次的社会保障制度Re-employment of redundant workers 富余职工再就业Enterprise solely funded by the State 国有独资企业。
国际经济名词解释英文重点总结
1、Absolute trade theory(main idea)绝对贸易理论:the greater efficiency that one nation may have over another in the production of a commodity. conclusion: Both countries have absolute advantage in one commodity commodity’’s production because the natural or acquired advantage. If each nation specializes in the production of the commodity of its absolute advantage and exchanges part of its output for the commodity of its absolute disadvantage, both nations benefit from the trade.2、▲Absorption approach :一、一、Overview of The Absorption Approach: Overview of The Absorption Approach:1)1) The absorption approach was put forward by Alexander in 1952. 2)2) This approach emphasizes changes in real domestic income and absorption as adeterminant of a nation determinant of a nation’’s balance of payments.3)3) The balance of trade is viewed as the difference between what the economyproduces and what it absorbs for domestic use.二、二、Absorption : Absorption :1) A nation nation’’sabsorption falls into three categories, consumption (c), investment (i), government purchase (g).2) The domestic absorption (a)a a 符号:符号:“比等号再多一道”“比等号再多一道” c + i + g c + i + g1、▲Balance of payments equilibrium and adjustment :Balance of payments equilibrium is a state that the debits equals to the credits in the autonomous transactions. This would simply mean that their stocks of international reserves are unchanging. 2、▲Balance of payments equilibrium and disequilibrium : (一)(一)Balance of payments equilibrium: is a state that the debits equals to the Balance of payments equilibrium: is a state that the debits equals to the credits in the autonomous transactions. This would simply mean that their stocks of international reserves are unchanging.(二)(二)Disequilibrium Disequilibrium in balance of payments payments::1)Deficit in the balance of payments: the excess of debits over credits in the autonomous transactions. Deficit countries will experience reserve asset losses. 2) Surplus in the balance of payments: the excess of credits over debits in the autonomous transactions. surplus countries will experience reserve asset accumulation.3、▲Basic theories of the balance of payments:1) The Elasticity Approach to Balance-of-Payments2) The absorption approach to the balance of payments3) The monetary approach to the balance of payments1、Comparative trade theory 比较贸易理论:(main (main points)A points)A points)A country has a comparative country has a comparative advantage in producing a goods if the opportunity cost of producing that goods in terms of other goods is lower in that country than it is in other countries. basic ideas: Even if a nation has an absolute disadvantage in the production of both goods, a basis for mutually beneficial trade may still exist.In this case, countries should specialize where they have their greatest absolute advantage (if they have absolute advantage in both goods) or in their least absolute disadvantage (if they have absolute advantage in neither goods). (两利相权取其重,两害相权取其轻)两害相权取其轻)2、Competitive advantage of nations :美国美国 20C80 20C80 20C80、、90年代迈克尔年代迈克尔--波特认为:具有比较优势的国家未必具有竞争优势。
政经常用词汇英汉对照
时事政经词汇英汉对照[ 2006-03-30 11:02 ]选自2006年温家宝总理政府工作报告2006年3月5日,第十届全国人民代表大会第四次会议在北京开幕,温家宝在开幕会上作政府工作报告。
本次会议取得的一项重大成果,是批准了国民经济和社会发展第十一个五年规划纲要。
以下特色词汇选自温家宝总理2006年政府工作报告,涉及政治、经济、社会及科教文卫各领域,供译者及英语学习者参考。
站在新起点on a new starting point创新型国家innovation-oriented country资源节约型社会resource-conserving society资源型城市转型transformation of resource-dependent cities区别对待,有保有压the principle of taking different approaches to different situations and encouraging the growth of some sectors while discouraging the expansion of others“五个统筹” maintain the "five balances" (balancing urban and rural development, development among regions, economic and social development, development of man and nature, and domestic development and opening up to the outside world)鼓励、支持和引导非公有制经济encourage, support and guide the growth of the non-public sector of the economy发扬成绩build on our achievements环保专项治理special projects to address serious environmental problems保护天然林protect virgin forests退牧还草return grazing land to grassland退耕还林还草return farmland to forests or grassland石漠化spread of stony deserts防沙治沙prevent and control desertification生态补偿机制 a mechanism for ecological compensation农村综合试点改革trials of comprehensive rural reform农机具补贴subsidies for agricultural machinery and tools良种补贴subsidies for growing superior grain cultivators多予少取放活the policy of giving more, taking less and loosening control (to increase rural incomes)“三提五统” "three deductions" (for public reserve funds, public welfare funds and management fees) and the "five charges" (charges for rural education, family planning, militia training, rural road construction and subsidies to entitled groups)看病难、看病贵,上学难、上学贵the difficulty and high cost of getting medicaltreatment and receiving an education粮食安全food safety农村劳动力转移培训job training for farm laborers looking for urban employment防止“一哄而起” avoid herd mentality农村信用社体制the system of rural credit cooperatives牧业税livestock tax资源税resource tax农业面源污染widespread pollution from the overuse of fertilizers and pesticides in rural area政策性关闭破产policy-based closure and bankruptcy企业分离办社会relieve enterprises of their obligation to operate social programs城市和国有企业厂办大集体collectively owned factories operated bystate-owned enterprises and cities上市公司股权分置改革reform of the shareholder structure of listed companies 人民币汇率形成机制改革reform of the mechanism for setting the renminbi exchange rate利率形成和传导机制setting and transmitting interest rates国债余额管理方式the method of outstanding balance management for its national debt建立财政性科技投入稳定增长机制establish a mechanism to ensure stable growth of government investment in science and technology坚持国家绝对控股keep a controlling share in the state's hands强化银行资本充足率约束strengthen capital requirements for banks政府收支分类改革reformation of the classification of government revenue and expenditures投资主体和产权多元化investment from various sources and diversified ownership完善国有资产监管体制,健全国有资本经营预算制度、经营业绩考核体系和国有资产重大损失责任追究制度strengthen the oversight system for state assets by establishing a sound operating and budget system for state capital, a sound performance evaluation system and a sound system for assigning responsibility for major losses of state assets提高系统集成能力improve systems integration控制新增产能control expansion of production capacity废物综合利用和废旧资源回收利用comprehensive utilization of waste materials and recovery and recycling of used resources资源开发补偿机制、衰退产业援助机制mechanisms to compensate for resource depletion and to aid declining industries突发公共卫生事件医疗救治体系medical treatment system for public health emergencies乡镇卫生院health clinics in towns and townships公共文化基础设施culture-related facilities for public use城市低保对象urban residents entitled to basic living allowances完善城市低保制度improve the system of urban subsistence allowances重点优抚对象key entitled groups国家统一的职务与级别相结合的工资制度和工资正常增长机制 a unified national salary system based on position and rank and a mechanism for regular pay increases保持共产党员先进性keep CPC members progressive, innovative and forward-thinking兴边富民vitalize border areas and enrich the people living there西部地区“两基”攻坚计划the plan to make nine-year compulsory education universal and to eliminate illiteracy among the young and middle-aged in the western region项目核准与备案project approval and record-keeping完善境外投资协调机制和风险控制机制improve the mechanisms for coordinating overseas investment and risk management过渡期transitional period官煤勾结government officials in cahoots with coalmine operators government officials act in collusion with coalmine operators重点抽查spot test with a focus on; a spot test focusing on采煤沉陷区sinkholes in coal mining areas棚户区shantytowns传销及变相传销pyramid schemes and the ones in disguised forms手机实名制mobile phone identification policy福利腐败corruption in the execution of welfare policy内外资企业所得税统一the unity of income taxes levied from domestic and foreign-funded enterprises论文崇拜the worship of research paper; the worship of scientific paper以房养老use house property as the living means for one's old age; using house property as the living means for the aged《中华人民共和国公司法》Company Law of the People's Republic of China 《重大动物疫情应急条例》Emergency Measures for Handling Major Animal Epidemics《关于预防煤矿生产安全事故的特别规定》Special Regulations for Preventing Coalmine Accidents《国家突发公共事件总体应急预案》Master State Plan for Rapid Response to Public Emergencies《信访条例》Regulations on Petitions in the Form of Letters and Visits政府工作报告英语词汇reform and opening up and in the modernization drive改革开放和社会主义现代化建设put into practice the guiding principles of the Sixteenth National Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) under the leadership of the CPC and the guidance of Deng Xiaoping Theory and the important thought of Three Represents以邓小平理论和”三个代表” 重要思想为指导,贯彻落实党的十六大精神Per capita GDP人均国内生产总值financial strength grew noticeably财力明显增强total government revenue全国财政收入total import and export volume进出口总额laid-off workers下岗失业人员urban per capita disposable income城镇居民人均可支配收入rural per capita net income农民人均纯收入grew in real terms实际增长first manned spaceflight首次载人航天飞行overall national strength综合国力communicable disease传染性疾病mobilized the general public throughout the country to control the outbreak 在全国范围内实行群防群控primary-level organizations基层组织prevention and treatment work预防救治工作anti-SARS campaign抗击非典斗争expand domestic demand扩大内需a proactive fiscal policy and a prudent monetary policy积极的财政政策和稳健的货币政策macro-control宏观调控rectify and standardize the order of the land market整顿和规范土地市场秩序stop disorderly and unauthorized acquisition of farmland制止乱征滥占耕地deposit-reserve ratio存款准备金率an appropriate amount of fine-tuning适度微调agriculture, rural areas and farmersmajor grain producing areas粮食主产区important raw and processed materials重要原材料strategic restructuring of the economy经济结构战略性调整the second phase of the key water control project at the Three Gorges on the Yangtze River三峡水利枢纽二期工程transmitting natural gas from the west to the east西气东输transmission of electricity from the west to the east西电东送south-to-north water diversion project南水北调工程large-scale development of the western region西部大开发social undertakings社会事业treasury bonds国债national public health system全国公共卫生体系public health infrastructure公共卫生设施pilot projectsmedical care system and medical assistance system医疗制度和医疗合作制度central budget中央财政预算modern distance education现代远程教育strategically important hi-tech research战略高技术研究industrial application of new and high technologies高新技术产业化a national medium- to long-range program for scientific and technological development 国家中长期科学和技术发展规划feasibility studies可行性研究family planning work计划生育工作land and resources administration国土资源管理social security work社会保障工作vital interests切身利益employment and reemployment就业再就业college expansion plan高校扩招计划regular institutions of higher learning普通高校"two guarantees" (guaranteeing that the living allowances for workers laid off fromstate-owned enterprises and that the pensions of retirees are paid on time and in full) "两个确保"(确保国有企业下岗职工的基本生活,确保离退休人员的基本生活,保证按时足额发放基本养老金)"three-stage guarantee" for laid-off workers"三条保障线"(国有企业下岗职工基本生活保障、失业保险、城市居民最低生活保障制度三条保障线)subsistence allowances for the urban poor城市居民最低生活保障special funds专项资金ex-servicemen退役军人disabled revolutionary servicemen革命伤残军人post-disaster reconstruction灾后重建the problem of wage arrears for migrant rural workers拖欠农民工工资问题institutional innovation体制创新state assets国有资产a mechanism for oversight and management of the banking sector银行业监管体系administrative examination and approval system行政审批制度Fresh progress was made in transforming state-owned enterprises into stock companies. 国有企业股份制改革继续推进。
SUMMARY of international economy
SUMMARY1. The study of international political economy, which is actually the study of the interplay of economics and politics in the world arena, has a long history. It has existed long before the 1900s, when the professional studies of economics and politics became divorced from one another. However, it underwent a remarkable resurgence since the 1970s due to two interrelated sources, and kept making progress though some disagreements arise.As the author illustrated, most markets are governed by certain fundamental laws (e.g. the supply and demand theory) thus are perfectly competitive. However, the international and domestic economies are not perfectly competitive due to four factors----consumer tastes, technology, private sectors and individuals, government. But the most important factor is the government, or the impact of policy and politics, which have at least as much influence on economic outcomes as do the laws of the marketplace. Technically, the everyday operations of local and national governments are important but less dramatic compared to the cooperation of certain countries.2. Analysts differ in the interpretation of international political economy mainly in two dimensions, which captures two disagreements. One disagreement is about the relationship between the international and domestic political economies, and the other is about the relationship between the state and social forces. As for the two dimensions, the first one is about the international-domestic division and the second one has to do with the relative importance of political forces and private social actors.These two dimensions also give rise to four different perspectives, which contain the international political view, the international economic perspective, the domestic institutional view and the domestic societal perspective. Those four perspectives have different emphasis and can lead to different explanations. However, these simplistic categories hardly describe the nuance and complexity of actual theoretical approaches.3. There are also three alternative views of international political economy, i.e. Liberalism, Marxism and Realism. Specifically, Liberalism focuses on individuals, holding that economics and politics are largely autonomous spheres. Marxists focus on classes and maintain that economics determine politics. Realists put nation-states in the first place and mainly study how changes in the distribution of power affect the form and type of international economy. They argue that politics determines economics. However, the lines between the three views are easily blurred.4. The contemporary international political economy is characterized by unprecedented levels of multinational production, cross-border financial flows and international trade. Apart from those characteristics, it is plagued by increasing political conflicts and the contradiction between economic integration and the desire for political control as well as national autonomy. America’s leadership began to influence the world since the first 30 years after WWII thus we call it Pax Americana. Pax Americana gradually eroded in the 1970s with new multilateral order based on joint leadership of Western Europe, Japan, and the US set up. However, the US still remains the most important country within the contemporary international political economy.。
公共政策的经济分析英文Chap06-Political-Economy课件
• Would converge to r*, which is Pareto efficient.
8
Direct Democracy: Feasibility of Lindahl’s procedure
• Each person demands more fireworks as the share of costs paid falls.
• Shares add up to one: SA+SE=1 • Lindahl prices: Each person faces a “personalized price”
• Although the rules are familiar, potential problems with them.
10
Direct Democracy: Majority Voting rule example
• 3 people have to choose among 3 levels of missile provision
– The quantity B would win in an election of B vs. C (by a vote of 2-1, with Cosmo and George voting for B).
– The quantity C would win in an election of A vs. C (by a vote of 2-1, with Elaine and George voting for B).
Understanding the international economy law 翻译
走进国际经济法111030024 葛文怡法学院是时候问问我们所说的国际经济法是什么了,这几个字包含了很宽泛的学科目录,也包含了经济交易法,政府对经济事务的管理规制,和相关的经济关系的诉讼及国际经济组织。
确实,90%的法律是现实中某种形式下的国际经济法貌似是有道理的。
当然,他们中的大部分没有什么效力和明显的国与国的关系。
(武力,人权,干涉等)但确实涉及到了许多国际经济法的问题,尤其是条约法。
如今国际经济法越来越多地出现在每天的报纸上。
在某种程度上,国际经济法可分为涵盖大多数学科的两大部分,这些分支大致可以称为“交易性”或“调控性”。
两者都各司其职,但在研究活动和政策的制定上截然不同,这点应当清楚。
交易性是指在国际贸易环境下其他经济活动中所进行交易,重点在于其他私主体当事人在各方开展活动方式。
例如,文献,多是描述性的。
它可以是有价值的潜在参与者的指令,以显示“如何做”,遇到陷阱时发出警告。
它也可以进一步对于发生的变化提出建议。
然而经济法中的调整性,强调政府机构的作用(国家,当地的或国际的)。
虽然可以说,国际贸易交易的大多数政府所有私营经济交易规范(通常为每个交易至少需要一个报告,例如海关申报),不过,传统意义上国际经济法最被关注的,也许是对于国际经济法的理解与实践,和政府及私人公民生活受的影响的现实和挑战,建议对国际经济法的重点被监管的,是“类似于国内的学科如税务,劳动,反垄断,和其他监管问题。
但除了其覆盖面之光,国际经济法又有什么特点?例如,可能会影响到它的学者和政策制定者的方法?以下是一些初步探索这些特点,但他们显然是不完整的。
1.国际经济法不能从一般或“公共”的国际法中分开或割裂。
涉及国际经济法的活动和案件包含大量有关国际法一般原则的实践内容,特别是有关条约的法律与实践。
相反,一般国际法与经济关系和交易有很大关联。
例如,它是有趣的,比较多的情况下由关贸总协定争端解决机制处理(约250)的世界法院处理(接近100)。
CATTI笔译常用词汇(经济建设)
概述General Terms保护主义protectionism闭关自守closed door policy畅通工程Smooth Traffic Project初级成分primary sector粗放式管理extensive management从粗放经济转变为集约经济shift from extensive economy to intensive economy促进全球经济一体化foster integration with the global economy盗用公款embezzlement地方财政包干制system whereby local authorities take full responsibility for their finances地区差异regional disparity短平快项目a project yielding quick returns with a relatively low investment短线产品products in shorts supply二元经济dual economy发展不平衡disparate development发展民族经济develop the national economy发展是硬道理Development is of overriding importance./ Development is the absolute need.翻两番quadruple放宽经营条件限制relax business restrictions扶贫helping the poor改善投资环境improve the investment environment工商局industrial and commercial administration公共部门;公共成分public sector关税总水平general tariff level管制经济controlled economy规模经济economy of scale国产化率import substitution rate; localization rate of parts and components国际商业社会the global business community国家粮食库存the state grain reserves国民生产总值gross national product (GNP)国内生产总值gross domestic product (GDP)合理引导消费guide rational consumption宏观调控macro-control混合经济mixed economy基本国情fundamental realities of the country积极的财政政策proactive fiscal policy集体经济collective economy集中精力把经济建设搞上去go all out for economic development计划经济planned economy计划调节regulation through state planning讲诚信,反欺诈honor credibility and oppose cheating解放生产力emancipate the productive forces经济波动economic fluctuation经济复苏economic recovery经济杠杆economic levers经济平衡economic balance经济趋势economic trend经济渠道economic channels经济全球化economic globalization经济失调指数misery index经济衰退economic depression经济腾飞economic take-off /boom(有)经济头脑的人commercially minded (people); (people with) business sense控股公司holding company拉动经济增长fuel economic growth理顺straightening out家庭联产承包责任制the household contract responsibility system停职留薪retain the job but suspend the salary乱收费,乱摊派,乱罚款arbitrary charges , fund-raising quotas and fines 配套政策supporting policies贫富悬殊polarization of rich and poor求得公平合理的解决seek a fair and reasonable solution三步走战略the three-step development strategy社会热点问题hot spots of society涉外经济foreign-related business实体经济the real economy实现零的突破achieve the zero breakthrough实用、有效、廉价、方便practical ,efficient , economical and convenient for use市政当局municipality适度从紧的财政政策moderately tight fiscal policy私营成分,私营部门private sector停滞;萧条stagnation通货紧缩deflation (of currency )统筹安排comprehensive arrangement统一市场single market托管制度trusteeship网络经济cybereconomy伪劣商品赔还法lemon law温饱工程project for adequate food and clothing效益农业profitable agriculture新兴经济emerging economies养老金pension以经济建设为中心focusing on the central task of economic construction以质量求生存、求发展、求效益strive for survival , development and efficiency onthe basis of quality优化结构和提高效益optimized structure and better economic returns优税待遇preferential taxation treatment有中国特色的社会主义市场经济体制socialist market economy with Chinese characteristics与国际市场接轨integrate with the world market; become integrated into the global market中国经济景气检测中心China Economic Monitoring Center中国新经济峰会China New Economy Summit主体经济the mainstay of the economy专属经济区exclusive economic zone追赶型和跨越式发展pursuant and leap-forward development资源配置the distribution / allocation of resources自由经济liberal economy政治经济学political economy官方表述Official Statements本世纪头二十年经济建设和改革的主要任务是,完善社会主义市场经济体制,推动经济结构战略性调整,基本实现工业化,大力推进信息化,加快现代化,保持国民经济持续快速健康发展,不断提高人民生活水平We should undertake the following main tasks for economic development andreform in the first two decades of this century: to improve the socialist marketeconomy, promote strategic adjustment of the economic structure, basicallyaccomplish industrialization, energetically apply IT, accelerate modernization,maintain a sustained, rapid and sound development of the national economy and steadily uplift the people's living standards.城镇职工基本养老保险制度和基本医疗保险制度the basic old-age pension and medical insurance systems for urban workers 国内生产总值到2020 年力争比2000 年翻两番,综合国力和国际竞争力明显增强Efforts will be made to quadruple the GDP of the year 2000 by 2020, and China's overall national strength and international competitiveness will increase markedly.坚持效率优先、兼顾公平,既要提倡奉献精神,又要落实分配政策,既要反对平均主义,又要防止收入悬殊give priority to efficiency with due consideration to fairness, earnestly implanting the distribution policy while advocating the spirit of devotion and guarding against an excessively disparity in income while opposing equalitarianism社会秩序良好,人民安居乐业People will enjoy a sound public order and live and work in peace and contentment深化分配制度改革,健全社会保障体系deepen the reform of the income distribution system and improve the social security system繁荣农村经济,加快城镇化进程make the rural economy flourish and speed up urbanization失业保险制度和城市居民最低生活保障制度the systems of unemployment insurance and subsistence allowances for urban residents同经济发展水平相适应的社会保障体系a social security system compatible with the level of economic development 推动整个社会走上生产发展、生活富裕、生态良好的文明发展道路push the whole society onto a path to civilized development featuring the growth of production, an affluent life and a sound ecosystem积极推进西部大开发,促进区域经济协调发展vigorously advance the development of the western region and bring about a coordinated development of regional economies加强东、中、西部经济交流和合作,实现优势互补和共同发展,形成若干各具特色的经济区和经济带The eastern, central and western regions should strengthen economic exchanges and cooperation to complement one another and secure common development so as to form a number of distinctive economic zones and belts.坚持和完善基本经济制度,深化国有资产管理体制改革stick to and improve the basic economic system and deepen the reform of the state property management system根据解放和发展生产力的要求,坚持和完善公有制为主体、多种所有制经济共同发展的基本经济制度In line with the requirements of releasing and developing the productive forces, we must uphold and improve the basic economic system, with public ownership playing a dominant role and diverse forms of ownership developing side by side.国有经济控制国民经济命脉,对于发挥社会主义制度的优越性,增强我国的经济实力、国防实力和民族凝聚力,具有关键作用The state sector controls the lifeline of the national economy and is of crucial importance in displaying the superiority of the socialist system and reinforcing the economic strength, national defense capabilities and national cohesion.集体经济是公有制经济的重要组成部分,对实现共同富裕具有重要作用As an important component of the public sector, the collective sector of the economy plays a significant role in achieving common prosperity.个体、私营等各种形式的非公有制经济是社会主义市场经济的重要组成部分,对充分调动社会各方面的积极性、加快生产力发展具有重要作用The non-public sector of self-employed, private and other forms of ownership is an important component of the socialist market economy. They play an important role in mobilizing the initiative of all quarters of the society to quicken the development of the productive forces.。
05-The Political Economy of International Trade
The Political Economy of International TradeThe objective of this chapter was to describe how the reality of international trade deviates from the theoretical ideal of unrestricted free trade reviewed in Chapter 4. Consistent with this objective, in this chapter we have reported the various instruments of trade policy, reviewed the political and economic arguments for government intervention in international trade, reexamined the economic case for free trade in light of the strategic trade policy argument, and looked at the evolution of the world trading framework. While a policy of free trade may not always be the theoretically optimal policy (given the arguments of the new trade theorists), in practice it is probably the best policy for a governm ent to p ursue. In particular, the long-run interests of business and consum ers may be best served by strengthening international institutions such as the WTO. Given the danger that isolated protectionism might escalate into a trade war, business probably has far more to gain from governm ent efforts to open protected markets to imports and foreign direct investment (through the WTO) than from government efforts to protect domestic industries from foreign competition. In this chapter the following points have been ma de:1.The effect of a tariff is to raise the cost of imported products. Gains accrue to thegovernm ent (from revenues) and to producers (who are protected from foreign competitors). Consumers lose because they must pay more for imports.2.By lowering costs, subsidies help domestic producers to compete against low-costforeign imports and to gain export markets. However, subsidies must be paid for by taxpayers. They also tend to be captured by special interests that use them to protect the inefficient.3.An import quota is a direct restriction imposed by an importing country on thequantity of some good that may be imported. A voluntary export restraint (VER) is a quota on trade imposed from the exporting country's side. Both import quotas and VERs benefit domestic producers by limiting import competition, but they result in higher prices, which hurts consumers.4. A local content requirem ent calls for some specific fraction of a good to be produceddomestically. Local content requirem ents benefit the producers of component parts, but they raise prices of imported components, which hurts consumers.5.An administrative policy is an informal instrument or bureaucratic rule that can beused to restrict imports and boost exports. Such policies benefit producers but hurt consumers, who are denied access to possibly superior foreign products.6.There are two types of arguments for government intervention in international trade:political and economic. Political arguments for intervention are concerned with protecting the interests of certain groups, often at the expense of other groups, or with promoting goals with regard to foreign policy, human rights, consumer protection, and the like. Economic arguments for intervention are about boosting the overall wealth of a nation.7.The most common political argument for intervention is that it is necessary to protectjobs. However, political intervention often hurts consumers and it can beself-defeating.8.Countries sometimes argue that it is important to protect certain industries forreasons of national security.9.Some argue that government should use the threat to intervene in trade policy as abargaining tool to open up foreign markets. This can be a risky policy; if it fails, the result can be higher trade barriers.10.The infant industry argum ent for governm ent intervention contends that to letmanufacturing get a toehold, governments should temporarily support new industries. In practice, however, governments often end up protecting the inefficient.11.Strategic trade policy suggests that with subsidies, government can help dom esticfirms gain first-mover advantages in global industries where economies of scale are important. Government subsidies may also help domestic firms overcome barriers to entry into such industries.12.The problems with strategic trade policy are twofold: (a) such a policy may inviteretaliation, in which case all will lose, and (b) strategic trade policy may be captured by special interest groups, which will distort it to their own ends.13.The Smoot-Hawley tariff, introduced in 1930, erected an enormous wall of tariffbarriers to imports. Other countries responded by adopting similar tariffs, and the world slid further into the Great Depression14.The GATT was a product of the post-war free trade movem ent. The GATT wassuccessful in lowering trade barriers on manufactured goods and commodities. The move toward greater free trade under the GATT appeared to stimulate economic growth.15.The completion of the Uruguay Round of GATT talks and the establishment of theWorld Trade Organization have strengthened the world trading system by extending GATT rules to services, increasing protection for intellectual property, reducing agricultural subsidies, and enhancing monitoring and enforcement mechanisms. 16.Trade barriers act as a constraint on a firm's ability to disperse its various productionactivities to optimal locations around the globe. One response to trade barriers is to establish more production activities in the protected country.17.Business may have more to gain from government efforts to open protected marketsto imports and foreign direct investment, than from government efforts to protect domestic industries from foreign competition.。
The Political Economy of International Trade
The Political Economy of International Trade∙ Describe the policy instrumentsused by governments to influenceinternational trade flows.∙ Understand why governmentssometimes intervene ininternational trade.∙ Articulate the arguments againststrategic trade policy.∙ Describe the developments of theworld trading system and thecurrent trade issues.∙ Explain the implications formanagers of developments in theworld trading system.This chapter focuses on the political systems and tools of trade policy. The major objective of this chapter is to describe how political realities shape the international trading system. With an introduction to tariffs, subsidies, and the development of the world trading system, the chapter describes the evolution of the World Trade Organization and its impact on the global business environment. While in theory many countries adhere to the free trade ideal outlined in Chapter 5, in practice most have been reluctant to engage in unrestricted free trade. The US continues to restrict trade in technological and militarily sensitive products as well as in textiles, sugar, and other basic products in response to domestic political pressures.6OUTLINE OF CHAPTER 6: THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF INTERNATIONAL TRADEOpening Case: United States Cotton Subsidies and World TradeIntroductionInstruments of Trade PolicyTariffsSubsidiesImport Quotas and Voluntary Export RestraintsLocal Content RequirementsAdministrative PoliciesAntidumping PoliciesCountry Focus: Subsidized Wheat Production in JapanManagement Focus: U.S. Magnesium Seeks ProtectionThe Case for Government InterventionPolitical Arguments for InterventionEconomic Arguments for InterventionCountry Focus: Trade in Hormone-Treated BeefThe Revised Case for Free TradeRetaliation and Trade WarDomestic PoliticsDevelopment of the World Trading SystemFrom Smith to the Great Depression1947–1979: GATT, Trade Liberalization, and Economic Growth/1980–1993: Protectionist TrendThe Uruguay Round and the World Trade OrganizationWTO: Experience to DateThe Future of the WTO: Unresolved Issues and the Doha RoundCountry Focus: Estimating the Gains from Trade for AmericaImplications for ManagersTrade Barriers and Firm StrategyPolicy ImplicationsChapter SummaryCritical Thinking and Discussion QuestionsClosing Case: Trade in Textiles—Holding the Chinese Juggernaut in Check CLASSROOM DISCUSSION POINTAsk students whether the United States promotes free trade. Jot their responses on the board.Then try to dig a little deeper by asking why, if the United States promotes free trade, it still maintains some trade barriers (have some current trade barriers in mind such as the $3.4 billion in subsidies U.S. cotton farmers received in 2001). Write the responses of students on the board using the basic arguments for intervention framework presented in the text.Next, ask students similar questions about the European Union (EU dairy farms receive $ 15 billion a year in subsidies).OPENING CASE: United States Cotton Subsidies and World TradeThe opening case examines the issue of subsidies paid by the United States government to American cotton farmers. The subsidies have been in place since the depression, and in 2005, amounted to $5 billion. Given that the cotton crop was worth just $4 billion, it is clear that the farmers could not survive without the subsidies, but other countries have complained that the subsidies violate the World Trade Agreement. Discussion of the case can revolve around the following questions:1. Why does the United States continue to pay subsidies to its cotton farmers? Are the subsidies fair? Why or why not? Do you think they violate World Trade Organization agreements?2. What would happen to cotton farmers in the United States if they were not subsidized? Where would cotton production take place?3. Should the United States continue to subsidize cotton farmers? Can the subsidies be legitimized under a national security argument?Another Perspective: To see where the WTO is on its investigation of the cotton subsidies, go to the WTO website {/} and click on trade topics, then on agriculture.LECTURE OUTLINEThis lecture outline follows the Power Point Presentation (PPT) provided along with this instructor’s manual. The PPT slides include additional notes that can be viewed by clicking on ―view‖, then on ―notes‖. The following provides a brief overview of each Power Point slide along with teaching tips, and additional perspectives.Slides 6-3 IntroductionFree trade refers to a situation where a government does not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can sell to another country.Slide 6-4 Instruments of Trade PolicyThe main instruments of trade policy are:∙tariffs∙subsidies∙import quotas∙voluntary export restraints∙local content requirements∙antidumping policies∙administrative policiesSlide 6-5 TariffsTariffs are the oldest form of trade policy. The principal objective of most tariffs is to protect domestic producers and employees against foreign competition. Tariffs also raise revenue for the government. Domestic producers gain, because tariffs afford them some protection against foreign competitors by increasing the cost of imported foreign goods. Consumers lose because they must pay more for certain imports. Tariffs reduce the overall efficiency of the world economy.Slide 6-6 SubsidiesSubsidies take many forms (cash grants, low-interest loans, tax breaks, and government equity participation in domestic firms). By lowering production costs, subsidies help domestic producers in two ways: they help them compete against foreign imports and they help them gain export markets. Subsidy revenues are generated from taxes. Governments typically pay for subsidies by taxing individuals. Therefore, whether subsidies generate national benefits that exceed their national costs is debatable. Subsidies encourage over production, inefficiency and reduced trade. In practice, many subsidies are not that successful at increasing the international competitiveness of domestic producers. Rather, they tend to protect the inefficient and promote excess production.Slide 6-8 Quotas and Voluntary Export RestraintsQuotas and Voluntary Export Restraints (VER) are direct restrictions on the quantity of some good that may be imported into a country. The quota restriction is usually enforced by issuing import licenses to a group of individuals or firms. A VER is a quota on trade imposed by the exporting country, typically at the request of the importing country’s governm ent.Slide 6-9 Local Content RequirementsLocal content regulations have been widely used by developing countries to shift their manufacturing base from the simple assembly of products whose parts are manufactured elsewhere into the local manufacture of component parts. They have also been used in developed countries to try to protect local jobs and industry from foreign competition. From the point of view of a domestic producer of parts going into a final product, local content regulations provide protection in the same way an import quota does: by limiting foreign competition. The aggregate economic effects are also the same; domestic producers benefit, but the restrictions on imports raise the prices of imported components. Slide 6-11 Administrative PoliciesGovernments sometimes use informal or administrative policies to restrict imports and boost exports. Administrative trade policies are bureaucratic rules that are designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country.Another Perspective: Information about U.S. trade is readily available on government sites. Visit {} to access an array of links. You can also review the current U.S. tariffs at the U.S. Office of Tariff Affairs and Trade Agreements,{/tata/index.htm}.Slide 6-12 Anti Dumping PoliciesDumping is defined as selling goods in a foreign market at below cost of production or at below ―fair‖ market value.Slide 6-13 The Case for Government InterventionThere are two types of arguments for government intervention, political and economic. Slides 6-14 Political Arguments for InterventionPolitical arguments for government intervention include:∙protecting jobs∙protecting industries deemed important for national security∙retaliating to unfair foreign competition∙protecting consumers from ―dangerous‖ products∙furthering the goals of foreign policy∙protecting the human rights of individuals in exporting countriesSlide 6-16 Protecting Jobs and IndustriesThe most common political reason for trade restrictions is "protecting jobs and industries."Slide 6-17 Protecting National SecurityCountries sometimes argue that it is necessary to protect certain industries because they are important for national security. Defense-related industries often get this kind of attention (e.g., aerospace, advanced electronics, semiconductors).Slide 6-18 RetaliationGovernment intervention in trade can be used as part of a "get tough" policy to open foreign markets.Slide 6-19 Protecting ConsumersConsumer protection can also be an argument for restricting imports. Since different countries do have different health and safety standards, what may be acceptable in one country may be unacceptable in others.Slide 6-20 Furthering Policy ObjectivesSometimes, governments use trade policy to support their foreign policy objectives. Slide 6-21 Protecting Human RightsGovernments sometimes use trade policy to create pressure for improvement of human rights policies of trading partners. For years the most obvious example of this was the annual debate in the United States over whether to grant most favored nation (MFN) status to China. MFN status allows countries to export goods to the United Status under favorable terms. Under MFN rules, the average tariff on Chinese goods imported into the United States is 8 percent. If China’s MFN status were rescinded, tariffs would probably rise to about 40 percent.Another Perspective: In the United States, the Bureau of Export Administration enhances the nation's security and its economic prosperity by controlling exports for national security, foreign security, foreign policy, and short supply reasons. The Bureau of Export Administration maintains a web site at{/Reports/Compendium/doc.pdf}.Slide 6-22 Economic Arguments for InterventionProtecting infant industries and strategic trade policy are the main economic reasons for trade restrictions.Slide 6-24 The Infant Industry ArgumentThe infant industry argument has been considered a legitimate reason for protectionism, especially in developing country contexts. Many economists criticize this argument: protection of manufacturing from foreign competition does no good unless the protection helps make the industry efficient. Brazil built up the world’s 10th largest auto industry behind tariff barriers and quotas. Once those barriers were removed in the late 1980s, however, foreign imports soared and the industry was forced to face up to the fact that after 30 years of protection, the Brazilian industry was one of the most inefficient in the world.Slide 6-25 Strategic Trade PolicyStrategic trade policy, where the existence of substantial scale economies suggests that the world market will profitably support only a few firms, and may justify government intervention in industries with possibly large economies of scale. Such intervention reduces the competitive effect of existing first-mover advantage held by a foreign company.Slide 6-26 Revised Case for Free TradeWhile strategic trade policy identifies conditions where restrictions on trade may provide economic benefits, there are two problems that may make restrictions inappropriate: retaliation and politics.Slide 6-27 Retaliation and Trade WarKrugman argues that strategic trade policies aimed at establishing domestic firms in a dominant position in a global industry are beggar-thy-neighbor policies that boost national income at the expense of other countries.Slide 6-28 Domestic PoliciesSpecial interest groups may influence governments.Slide 6-30 Development of the World Trading SystemHow has today’s world trade system evolved?Slide 6-31 From Smith to the Great DepressionUp until the Great Depression of the 1930s, most countries had some degree of protectionism. Great Britain, as a major trading nation, was one of the strongest supporters of free trade.Although the world was already in a depression, in 1930 the U.S. enacted the Smoot-Hawley tariff, which created significant import tariffs on foreign goods. As other nations took similar steps and the depression deepened, world trade fell further.Slide 6-32 1947-79: GATT, Trade Liberalization, and Economic GrowthAfter WWII, the U.S. and other nations realized the value of freer trade, and established the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT).The approach of GATT (a multilateral agreement to liberalize trade) was to gradually eliminate barriers to trade. Over 100 countries became members of GATT, and worked together to further liberalize trade.Teaching Tip: A full review of GATT, containing an actual copy of the agreement, is available at {/TG/PI/TRADE/gatt.html}.Slide 6-33 1980-1993: Protectionist TrendsCalls for protectionism were motivated by 3 factors:1. Japan’s success in such industries as automobiles and semicon ductors coupled with the sense that Japanese markets were closed to imports and foreign investment by administrative trade barriers.2. T he world’s largest economy, the United States, was plagued by a persistent deficit. The loss of market share to foreign competitors in industries such as automobiles, machine tools, semiconductors, steel, and textiles, and the resulting unemployment gave rise to renewed demands in the U.S. Congress for protection against imports.3. Many countries found ways to get around GATT regulations.Slide 6-34 The Uruguay Round and the World Trade OrganizationThe Uruguay Round wrote the rules governing:-the protection of intellectual property rights-the reduction of agricultural subsidies-the strengthening of GATT’s monitori ng and enforcement mechanismsSlide 6-35 – 6-37 The WTO: Experience to DateIn addition to the impasse at the meetings over agricultural subsidies, the Seattle round was a lightning rod for a diverse collection of organizations from environmentalists and human rights groups to labor unions that opposed free trade. All these organizations argued that the WTO is an undemocratic institution that was usurping the national sovereignty of member states and making decisions of great importance behind closed doors. They took advantage of the Seattle meetings to voice their opposition.Slides 6-38- 6-40 The Future of the WTO: Unresolved Issues and the Doha RoundThe Doha Round had several initiatives:Cutting tariffs on industrial goods and services. In 2000, for example, the average tariff rates on non-agricultural products were 4.4% for Canada, 4.5% for the European Union, 4.0% for Japan, and 4.7% for the United States. On agricultural products, however, the average tariffs rates were 22.9% for Canada, 17.3% for the European Union, 18.2% for Japan, and 11% for the United States.Phasing out subsidies. Subsidies introduce significant distortions into the production of agricultural products. The net effect is to raise prices to consumers, reduce the volume of agricultural trade, and encourage the overproduction of products that are heavily subsidized (with the government typically buying up the surplus).Reducing antidumping laws. WTO rules allow countries to impose antidumping duties on foreign goods that are being sold cheaper than at home, or below their cost of production, when domestic producers can show that they are being harmed.WTO on intellectual property should allow for health protection in poorer nations. Rich countries have to comply with the rules within a year. Poor countries, in which such protection generally was much weaker, have 5 years’ grace, and the very poorest have 10 years.Another Perspective: To see current issues at the WTO, go to {} and click on ―News.‖Slide 6-42 Implications for ManagersManagers need to consider how trade barriers affect the strategy of the firm and the implications of government policy on the firm.Slide 6-43 Trade Barriers and Firm StrategyTrade b arriers are a constraint upon a firm’s ability to disperse its productive activities. Slide 6-44 Policy ImplicationsInternational firms have an incentive to lobby for free trade, and keep protectionist pressures from causing them to have to change strategy.CRITICAL THINKING AND DISCUSSION QUESTIONSQUESTION 1: Do you think that governments should consider human rights when granting preferential trading rights to countries? What are the arguments for and against taking such a position?ANSWER 1: China is frequently cited as a violator of human rights, and can form the basis for a discussion of this question. While the answer to the first question clearly is a matter of personal opinion, in stating their opinions, students should consider the following points. Trade with the U.S. is very important to China, as China views the U.S. as an important market. The U.S. is also an important source of certain products. Thus, the U.S. has some leverage with trade when trying to influence China’s human ri ghts policies. For this policy to have much effect, however, other nations important to China must adopt similar policies. Otherwise China will simply choose to work with other countries, and U.S. consumers and producers may be more negatively impact than the Chinese. Another concern with tying MFN status to human rights is that denying MFN may make the human rights situation worse rather than better. By engaging in trade, the income levels in China will increase, and with greater wealth the people will be able to demand and receive better treatment.QUESTION 2: Whose interests should be the paramount concern of government trade policy - the interests of producers (businesses and their employees) or those of consumers? ANSWER 2: The long run interests of consumers should be the primary concern of governments, based on a utilitarian approach (the most good). Unfortunately consumers, each of whom may be negatively impacted by only a few dollars, are less motivated and effective lobbyists than are a few producers who may have a great deal at stake. While in some instances it may be argued that domestic consumers will be better off if world-class domestic producers are nurtured and allowed to gain first mover advantages in international markets, it is doubtful that the government will be better than international capital markets at "picking winners", and will more likely pick the firms with the greatest political clout. While employees may well lose jobs if there are more efficient foreign competitors, some would argue that this is the nature of competition, and that the role of government should be to help these employees get jobs where they can be efficiently employed rather than to protect them from reality in inefficient firms.QUESTION 3: Given the arguments relating to the new trade theory and strategic trade policy, what kind of trade policy should business be pressuring government to adopt?ANSWER 3: According to the textbook, businesses should urge governments to target technologies that may be important in the future and use subsidies to support development work aimed at commercializing those technologies. Government should provide export subsidies until the domestic firms have established first mover advantages in the world market. Government support may also be justified if it can help domestic firms overcome the first-mover advantages enjoyed by foreign competitors and emerge as viable competitors in the world market. In this case, a combination of home market protection and export-promoting subsidies may be called for.QUESTION 4: You are an employee of an U.S. firm that produces personal computersin Thailand and then exports them to the U.S. and other countries for sale. The personal computers were originally produced in Thailand to take advantage of relatively low labor costs and a skilled workforce. Other possible locations considered at that time were Malaysia and Hong Kong. The US government decides to impose punitive 100% ad valorem tariffs on imports of computers from Thailand to punish the country for administrative trade barriers that restrict U.S. exports to Thailand. How do you thinkyour firm should respond? What does this tell you about the use of targeted trade barriers? ANSWER 4: As long as the manufacturing requirements haven't changed significantly, looking at Malaysia or Hong Kong again for production would appear obvious. Whenthe U.S. government introduces a specific ad valorem tariff on Thai computer imports, it forces manufacturers to get around these restraints by developing other strategies, including looking at other locations. Another approach would be to produce the computers in sections and then assemble them in the U.S., depending on the legislation. Or continue manufacture in Thailand and assemble them in Malaysia or HK. Such targeted trade barriers can often be easily circumvented. Targeted trade barriers, like most forms of government intervention, are usually ineffective.QUESTION 5. Reread the Management Focus feature on U.S. Magnesium Seeks Protection. Who gains most from the anti-dumping duties levied by the United States on imports of magnesium from China and Russia? Who are the losers? Are these duties in the best national interests of the United States?ANSWER 5: Many students will probably argue that the only clear winners from the antidumping duties imposed by the United States on magnesium imports from China and Russia are the employees and investors of U.S. Magnesium. Some students may suggest that the duties will also open the door to magnesium producers in other countries that could also sell in the United States. Students will probably note that Russian and Chinese magnesium producers will surely be negatively affected by the duties, as will companies like the automakers that were able to benefit from the cheap magnesium they sold. Students may be divided on the issue of whether the duties are in the best national interests of the United States. Many students will probably argue that the duties will mean higher prices for American consumers, but some students may argue that the United States is simply seeking a more equitable trading relationship with China and Russia.CLOSING CASE: Trade in Textiles—Holding the Chinese Juggernaut in Check SummaryThe closing case explores the consequences of the expired Multi-Fiber Agreement (MFA) on both developing and developed countries. The agreement, which had been in place since 1974, involved a system of quotas designed to protect textile producers in developed nations from foreign competition. When the decision was made to let the agreement expire, many developing nations expected to benefit. However, China’s entry into the WTO on 2001 changed everything. By 2003, China was making 17 percent of the world’s textiles, and that percentage was expected to continue to rise. Various groups appealed to the WTO to stop the removal of the quotas, but were rejected. China imposed its own limits on exports in 2004. Discussion of this case can revolve around the following questions:QUESTION 1: Was the removal of the Multi-Fiber Agreement a positive thing for the world economy?ANSWER 1: According to trade theory and the notion of specialization and free trade, the removal of the Multi-Fiber Agreement made sense. In fact, if one considers the world as a whole, the removal of the MFA should promote greater efficiency in the textile industry that will be beneficial to consumers. However, if one considers the situation from the perspective of some countries like Bangladesh, the removal of the quota system spells disaster for the country’s fledgling textile industry. Other countries like Pakistan see the removal of the MFA as an opportunity, believing that developed countries will seek alternative sources to reduce dependency on China.QUESTION 2: As a producer in a developing nation such as Bangladesh that benefited from the MFA agreement, how should you respond to the expiration of the agreement?ANSWER 2: This is a difficult question that will probably stir some debate. Thanks to the agreement, Bangladesh has managed to build its textile industry. Indeed, the industry employs some 2 million people. Some students will probably argue that Bangladesh cannot possibly expect to compete with China, and therefore should throw in the towel and move onto to something else. Other students however, might argue that Bangladesh needs to identify a way to support its textile workers and help them continue to build the industry. Students taking this perspective might suggest taking measures such as focusing on niche markets, or teaming with other producers to cut costs.QUESTION 3: Do you think China was right to place a tariff on exports of textiles from China? Why? Does such action help or harm the world economy?ANSWER 3: China’s move to place its own tariffs on its exports was probably simply a defense mechanism. By taking the initiative, the country could head off potentially more damaging protectionist measures from other nations. From the consumer’s perspective however, the tariffs, though small, could have the effect of raising prices. For other nations, the tariffs provide some breathing room, but could also foster a sense of complacency.QUESTION 4: Whose interests were served by the November 2005 agreement between the U.S. and China to limit the growth of Chinese textile imports into the United States? Do you think the agreement was a good one for the United States?ANSWER 4: In the short term, the limits on Chinese imports to the United States should benefit American and other non-Chinese textile producers. However, unless the producers find ways to compete against China, the limits will only prolong the ultimate outcome.QUESTION 5: What kind of trade barrier was erected by the November 2005 agreement between China and the United States?ANSWER 5: Under the November 2005 agreement between the United States and China, China agreed to cap the growth of its exports to the United States to around 15 percent per annum. The agreement is similar to one China struck with the European Union. Another Perspective: To see the WTO’s current position on trade in textiles, visit {/english/tratop_e/texti_e/texintro_e.htm}. While you’re there you can also click on the Multifibre Arrangement icon and the WTO Agreement on Textiles and Clothing icon for more information on the subject.INTEGRATING iGLOBESThere are several iGLOBE video clips that can be integrated with the material presented in this chapter. In particular, you might consider the following:Title: The Doha Trade Talks FailExpert Explains Collapse of Global Free Trade TalksAbstract:This video explores the collapse of the World Trade Organization’s Doha round of trade talks.Key Concepts: trade barriers, protectionism, World Trade Organization, trade, tariffs, globalization, global economyNotes: The director of the World Trade Organization recently ended the Doha round of trade talks after members failed to make any significant progress toward freer trade in agriculture. The talks, which began five years ago between the 149 members of the World Trade Organization, were to have created a global free trade agreement to boost economic growth and reduce poverty in developing nations.Trade in agriculture has long been a sticking point among nations. In fact, when the predecessor to the World Trade Organization, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade, was originally formed after World War II, the United States was insistent that the agreement not include agriculture. At the time, the United States was considered to be the world’s breadbasket, and wanted no part of any agreement that might jeopardize that position. Then, in the late 1980s and early 1990s at the Uruguay round of talks, the United States, with 70 percent of its gross domestic product in services, agreed to include agriculture if other countries, particularly developing countries, would agree to include services in the agreement. However, 10 years after the Uruguay round, the developing markets were still waiting for a reduction in agricultural protection.Now, in 2006, the Doha round has been suspended because the United States has, in effect, said that its trade barriers to agriculture cannot be lowered further. The United States claims that it is prepared to lower its agricultural subsidies, but will not do so until it is sure it will have access to other markets. It remains to be seen whether countries will return to the bargaining table.。
Chapter06-The_Political_Economy_of_International_Trade
International Business Chapter Six: The Political Economy of International Trade
10
Classroom Performance System
A tariff levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported is a(n)
Tariffs Subsidies Import Quotas &Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirement Administrative Policies Antidumping Policies
☆ The Case for Government Intervention ☆ Development of the World Trading System
第六章:国际贸易中的政治经济
International Business
Chapter Six: The Political Economy of International Trade
VS.
1
Outline of Chapter 6: ☆ United States Cotton Subsidies and World Trade ☆ Instruments of Trade Policy
Fixed tariff b) Specific tariff c) Ad valorem tariff d) Transit tariff
a)
International Business
b
Chapter Six: The Political Economy of International Trade
外刊经贸知识选读全部课文翻译
Lesson 1 China in the Market Place市场经济中的中国(Excerpts)(摘录)Barry Coulthurst examines the development of China’s trade policy and the present state of the overseas links--巴里库尔塞斯特对中国贸易政策的演变和当前与海外经济往来状况的研究自从中华人民共和国成立以来,中国对外贸易的模式发生了巨大的变化。
20世纪50年代,中国向苏联和东欧国家出口农产品换取制造品和资本设备,用于侧重于重工业发展所必须的工业化项目。
1958~1959年的―大跃进‖最初在工农业生产上带来收益,但随后又导致了严重的经济平衡。
三年自然灾害(1959-1961)加剧了经济问题,造成1960-1962年间的国民收入和对外贸易额的减少。
20世纪60年代,苏联经济和技术援助撤走,导致了中国与苏联及经互会成员国的贸易转向于日本和西欧国家的贸易。
中国对外贸易政策的一贯宗旨是重视与第三世界国家发展贸易关系。
―文化大革命‖期间(1966-1976)工农业生产一落千丈,交通运输限制更加严重,中国对外贸易的增长再次中断。
The Sino-USA agreement on trade relations, which came into force(解释:施行)in February 1980, accords China most-favoured nation treatment.(最惠国待遇)在实现四个现代化中起着很大作用的对外贸易在近几年发展很快。
1978年2月于日本签订了一个主要贸易协定,根据这个协定,中国向日本出口每盒石油换取工业设备和技术。
1978年中国也与欧共体签订了长期贸易协定,继1979年初与美国的外交关系正常化以后,中美贸易发展迅速。
美国遵照1980年1月25日生效的中美贸易关系协定给与中国最惠国待遇。
chinadaily经济类新闻 中英对照版 口译必备
【Top News】>Daughters more popular英媒:房价削中国重男风High property prices and economic development have begun to erode China's traditional preference for sons, leading to a rise in the number of Chinese parents who say they want a daughter, the Financial Times of London reported Tuesday. The conventional wisdom - that China is a land of unwanted girls - is being changed as urbanization erodes the advantage of having sons to work the fields and support parents in old age. Rising property prices are also driving the change because Chinese families must traditionally buy an apartment for a son before he marries. As a result, Internet chat groups have sprang up where women exchange advice on how to conceive girls.英国《金融时报》2日称,中国的高房价和经济发展开始削弱人们重男轻女的传统风气,越来越多的父母表示更喜欢女儿。
文章称,城市化削弱了有儿子的优势,如儿子可以下田劳作、养老送终,因此"养女多余"的传统思想正渐行渐远。
国际经济法英语介绍作文
国际经济法英语介绍作文Introduction。
International economic law refers to the rules, regulations, and principles that govern the economic relations between countries. It encompasses a wide range of issues, including trade, investment, finance, and intellectual property. The primary objective of international economic law is to promote economic growth and development by facilitating international trade and investment while ensuring that the benefits ofglobalization are shared equitably among nations.Body。
International economic law is a complex and dynamic field that has evolved significantly over the past few decades. The World Trade Organization (WTO) is the most prominent institution that governs international trade. The WTO is responsible for enforcing the rules and principlesof international trade, including the most-favored-nation principle, which requires countries to treat all trading partners equally, and the national treatment principle, which requires countries to treat foreign goods and services as they would treat their own. The WTO also provides a platform for negotiating and resolving trade disputes between countries.Another critical aspect of international economic law is investment law. International investment law governs the relationship between foreign investors and host countries. The primary objective of investment law is to promote and protect foreign investment by providing investors withlegal protections and ensuring that host countries do not expropriate or discriminate against foreign investors. The International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) is the primary institution that governs investment disputes between investors and host countries.International finance law is another critical aspect of international economic law. International finance law governs the relationship between countries andinternational financial institutions, such as the International Monetary Fund (IMF) and the World Bank. The primary objective of international finance law is to promote economic stability and growth by providing countries with access to international financial resources and ensuring that countries maintain sound economic policies.Finally, intellectual property law is an essential aspect of international economic law. Intellectual property law governs the protection and enforcement of patents, trademarks, and copyrights. The primary objective of intellectual property law is to promote innovation and creativity by providing inventors and creators with legal protections and incentives.Conclusion。
六级英语经济段落
六级英语经济段落The Impact of Economic Policies on Global Trade。
In today's interconnected world, global trade plays a crucial role in driving economic growth and development. As countries strive to maximize their economic potential, the formulation and implementation of effective economic policies become paramount. This article will explore the impact of economic policies on global trade, focusing on the importance of trade liberalization, the role of exchange rates, and the significance of trade agreements.Trade liberalization, characterized by the removal of barriers to trade, has been a key driver of global economic integration. By reducing tariffs, quotas, and other trade barriers, countries can expand their export markets and attract foreign investments. For instance, the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) and its successor, the World Trade Organization (WTO), have played instrumental roles in promoting free trade and reducing protectionism worldwide. The elimination of trade barriers fosters competition, encourages innovation, and enhances efficiency, ultimately leading to higher economic growth and increased welfare for nations involved.Exchange rates, another crucial factor in global trade, can significantly impact a country's competitiveness and trade balance. A country with an undervalued currency can make its exports more attractive and competitive in international markets. This is because a lower exchange rate reduces the price of exports, making them more affordable for foreign consumers. On the other hand, a country with an overvalued currency may face challenges in exporting its goods and services, as they become relatively expensive for foreign buyers. Therefore, maintaining a stable and competitive exchange rate is essential for promoting exports and sustaining a favorable trade balance.Furthermore, trade agreements play a pivotal role in shaping global trade patterns. These agreements establish a framework for trade rules and regulations, providing certainty and predictability for businesses engaged in international trade. One notable example is the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which has facilitatedtrade between the United States, Canada, and Mexico. By eliminating trade barriers and harmonizing regulations, NAFTA has created a more integrated and efficient supply chain, benefiting industries across the region. Similarly, the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) has opened up new opportunities for trade among its member countries, stimulating economic growth and investment.However, it is important to acknowledge the potential challenges and criticisms associated with economic policies and their impact on global trade. Critics argue that trade liberalization can lead to job losses in certain industries, particularly those that are unable to compete with cheaper imports. Additionally, concerns about environmental sustainability and labor rights have prompted calls for fair trade practices and stricter regulations. It is crucial for policymakers to address these concerns and ensure that the benefits of global trade are shared equitably among all segments of society.In conclusion, economic policies have a profound impact on global trade. Trade liberalization, exchange rates, and trade agreements all play significant roles in shaping the patterns and dynamics of international trade. By embracing free trade, maintaining competitive exchange rates, and fostering cooperation through trade agreements, countries can unlock the potential for economic growth, job creation, and improved living standards. However, it is essential to address the challenges and concerns associated with these policies to ensure that the benefits of global trade are inclusive and sustainable.。
在数字经济中竞争英语版
A.T. Kearney 9/2717/pd/10
Moore’s Law of Microputing
Every 1218 months; the processing power of microchips doubles
109
108
Transistors per Chip
107
106
80286 105
A.T. Kearney 9/2717/pd/4
This period is parable to previous economic upheavals and impacts all industries
Present Day
Digital Economy
World Economy
Industrial Economy Agricultural Economy
A.T. Kearney 9/2717/pd/2
Introduction to the Digital Economy
A.T. Kearney 9/2717/pd/3
The last three decades have seen the emergence of a digital economy characterized by an increased emphasis on puting and munications
2.3 hours 1.5 hours 46 minutes 10 minutes 52 seconds 20 seconds 10 seconds 8 seconds
Source: FCC, CS Docket No. 96-496, 1997; ADSL from Werbach 1997, p.75.
中社会主义市场经济体之间英文讲解
中社会主义市场经济体之间英文讲解全文共6篇示例,供读者参考篇1The Special Economy of ChinaHi there! My name is Chang, and I'm going to tell you all about the unique economic system we have here in China. It's called the socialist market economy, and it's a pretty cool way of running things.You see, in a regular market economy like they have in many other countries, businesses and individuals can buy and sell whatever they want without too many rules or interference from the government. But in a socialist system, the government plays a bigger role in planning and controlling the economy.In China, we have a mix of these two systems – that's why it's called a socialist market economy. On one hand, we have a lot of private businesses that operate in a market economy, just like in other countries. They can make their own decisions about what to produce, what prices to charge, and who to hire.But on the other hand, the government still has a lot of influence over the economy. The most important companies, like those dealing with things that are essential for the country (such as energy, transportation, and telecommunications), are owned and controlled by the government. This is the socialist part of our system.The government also makes big plans for the entire economy, setting goals and priorities for the country's development. For example, they might decide that developing new technologies or protecting the environment should be a major focus for the next few years.One of the reasons China has this unique economic system is because of our history. After many years of being a very poor country, the leaders decided that combining some aspects of capitalism (like allowing private businesses) with socialist principles (like government planning) would be the best way to make China prosperous and strong.And you know what? It seems to be working pretty well so far! Over the past few decades, China has experienced tremendous economic growth and development. Hundreds of millions of people have been lifted out of poverty, and our country has become a major player on the global stage.But overall, the system has allowed China to develop rapidly while maintaining a degree of government oversight and planning. It's a unique approach that combines different economic philosophies in an interesting way.As you can see, the economy here in China is a bit different from what you might find in other parts of the world. But that's what makes it so fascinating! Who knows what other innovative ideas we might come up with in the future?I hope this has helped you understand our socialist market economy a little better. Let me know if you have any other questions – I'm always happy to learn more about this stuff myself!篇2A Socialist Market Economy? What's That?You might be wondering - what exactly is a "socialist market economy"? It's kind of a weird phrase that combines two different economic systems – socialism and capitalism. Let me break it down for you.Socialism is an economic system where the government owns and controls the major industries and resources in acountry. The idea is that everyone works together and shares the wealth equally. There is no private property, and the government makes sure everything is distributed fairly among the people.Capitalism, on the other hand, is an economic system where private individuals and companies own property, industries, and businesses. They are allowed to make profits, compete against each other, and keep their earnings for themselves. The market (buyers and sellers) determines what gets produced, how much it costs, and who can buy it.So how can China combine these two very different systems into one? That's the tricky part! China has developed what they call a "socialist market economy" which takes some elements from both socialism and capitalism.The Socialism SideIn China's socialist market economy, the government still plays a big role, just like in socialism. The Communist Party decides the country's overall economic goals and policies. It owns and manages industries that are considered very important, like defense, energy, transportation, and telecommunications.The government also provides many social services and a basic social safety net for citizens. Things like education,healthcare, housing, and pensions are heavily subsidized or provided for free. The idea is that the wealth gets distributed throughout society.The Market Economy SideAt the same time, China has introduced many free market reforms and capitalism-style policies since the 1970s. Private businesses and foreign investment are allowed and encouraged in many sectors of the economy. People can start their own companies, buy and sell property, and keep the profits they earn.In the market economy part, supply and demand determine prices, production levels, and what goods and services are available. Businesses have to compete with each other to attract customers and make money. If a company can't operate efficiently and make a profit, it may go out of business.Why This Hybrid System?So why did China decide to combine socialism and capitalism into this unique system? A few main reasons:To develop the economy rapidly by introducing market competition while maintaining socialist ideals.To raise living standards and create jobs through private business growth and foreign investment.To maintain control over key sectors while allowing a market economy in others.It's been an evolving experiment over the past few decades as China tries to balance these two very different economic philosophies. And it seems to be working out pretty well so far - China now has one of the largest and fastest growing economies in the world!But that's the basic idea! A unique blend of socialism's government control and capitalism's free markets, all in one hybrid economic system. Definitely a fascinating way to run an economy, don't you think? Let me know if any part of the socialist market economy is still confusing!篇3The Socialist Market Economy in ChinaHave you ever wondered how China's economy works? It's a bit different from other countries, and it's called a "socialist market economy." Let me explain what that means!In China, the government plays a big role in the economy. They make sure that important industries and companies are owned by the people of China, not by private individuals orforeign countries. These industries are called "state-owned enterprises," and they produce things like steel, oil, electricity, and more.At the same time, China also allows private companies to operate and make profits. These companies can sell their products and services to people in China and even to other countries around the world. This is the "market" part of the socialist market economy.The government wants to make sure that everyone in China has a decent standard of living. That's why they have policies to provide affordable housing, education, healthcare, and other essential services to the people. They also try to create job opportunities and support small businesses.One important goal of the socialist market economy is to have a "harmonious society." This means that the government wants to balance economic growth with taking care of the environment and ensuring that the wealth of the country is distributed fairly among the people.Now, let me give you some examples of how the socialist market economy works in China:State-owned EnterprisesThese are big companies owned by the government. For example, there's a company called China National Petroleum Corporation (CNPC) that produces and sells oil and gas. Since it's owned by the government, the profits from CNPC go back to the people of China.Private CompaniesWhile the government owns the big industries, there are also many private companies in China. For example, Alibaba is a huge online shopping company, kind of like Amazon. It's not owned by the government, but it follows the rules and regulations set by the government.Five-Year PlansThe Chinese government makes "Five-Year Plans" to set goals and strategies for the country's economic development. The current plan (2021-2025) focuses on things like promoting innovation, protecting the environment, and reducing poverty.Special Economic ZonesIn some parts of China, there are "Special Economic Zones" where the government allows more free-market policies. These zones attract foreign investment and help promote international trade.State-owned BanksMost of the big banks in China are owned by the government. This allows the government to control the flow of money and loans in the economy.China's economy has grown tremendously in recent decades, and the socialist market economy has played a big role in that. But the government also faces challenges like pollution, income inequality, and the need to transition to more sustainable forms of energy.Overall, the socialist market economy is a unique approach that tries to balance economic growth with social welfare and government control. It's an interesting system to learn about, and it will be exciting to see how it continues to evolve in the future.篇4The Socialist Market Economy of ChinaHi kids! Today we're going to learn about the socialist market economy of China. It's a really interesting and unique system that combines elements of socialism and capitalism. Let me explain what that means.You've probably heard of capitalism before. That's the economic system used in countries like the United States, where private businesses and individuals own property, make investments, and try to earn profits. There's a lot of competition between companies, and they operate based on supply and demand in the free market.Socialism, on the other hand, is an economic system where the government owns and controls the major industries and means of production. Instead of private profits, the focus is on ensuring everyone's basic needs are met and distributing resources fairly among the people.So what does China do? Well, it has created its own hybrid model called the "socialist market economy." This means the government still plays a big role in guiding the economy, like in socialism. But it also allows private businesses, foreign investment, and market competition, like in capitalism.Let me give you some examples of how this works:Public OwnershipIn a socialist market economy, the government owns and runs certain very important industries and companies. In China, this includes sectors like energy, telecommunications,transportation, and banking. The state-owned enterprises (SOEs) in these fields follow the economic plans set by the government.Private BusinessAt the same time, China allows regular people to start and own private businesses in many other industries. Farmers can own their own land and sell crops. Entrepreneurs can open restaurants, factories, stores, and more. These private companies compete with each other like in a capitalist system.Market ForcesChina's economy relies a lot on market forces of supply and demand to determine prices and production. Companies, both state-owned and private, respond to what consumers want to buy. If there is high demand for a product, they will make more of it. If nobody wants to buy something, they stop making it.Foreign InvestmentAnother capitalist element is that China welcomes investment and business operations from foreign companies and investors. Many major multinational corporations have factories and offices in China selling to the huge Chinese market.Central PlanningHowever, the government maintains a lot of control through central planning. The Communist Party sets 5-year economic plans for the entire country. It decides major policies on taxation, trade, industry priorities, and more. The market is free, but within boundaries set by the government.Income DistributionLike a socialist system, China tries to reduce economic inequality and ensure people's basic needs are met. There are subsidies for food, housing, education and healthcare. But at the same time, people can earn much higher incomes in the private sector based on their skills and work.So in summary, the socialist market economy of China blends the government control of socialism with free market competition like capitalism. The state guides the economy towards its goals while still harnessing the creativity and rewards of private business.It's a very unique system that has helped lift hundreds of millions of people out of poverty in China over the past few decades. Of course, it's still an evolving model with its own challenges and debates. But it's an innovative economic approach that is worth understanding.I hope this explanation has helped you grasp the key points kids! Let me know if you have any other questions.篇5The Economy of China: How It WorksHi kids! Today we're going to learn about how the economy works in China. China has what's called a socialist market economy. That's a pretty big phrase, but let me break it down for you.Socialist means the government plays an important role in the economy. The government owns and controls some very important companies and industries like banks, oil companies, utilities that provide electricity and water, and more. The government makes sure these crucial businesses serve the interests of the people.Market means there is still a lot of space for private businesses to operate and compete. Private companies in China can make and sell products, open stores and restaurants, provide services and more. They follow market forces of supply and demand just like in capitalist economies.So in a socialist market economy like China's, the government controls and owns some of the biggest and most important sectors. But there is also a lot of private business activity happening, with companies competing to make money. It's a mix of socialism and capitalism!The Government's RoleThe Chinese government plays a big guiding role in the economy through its rules, plans and state-owned enterprises (SOEs). SOEs are huge companies owned by the government, kind of like Goliaths. Some examples are:-State Grid - Provides electricity across China-Sinopec - One of the biggest oil and gas companies-Industrial and Commercial Bank of China - The biggest bank in ChinaThe government decides the leadership and goals for these SOEs. It makes sure they follow the economic plans and priorities set by the government. Through the SOEs, the government controls crucial parts of the economy.The government also sets regulations that all businesses need to follow. It makes five-year plans that lay out the big economic goals and projects for the entire country. Ministrieslike the National Development and Reform Commission oversee and coordinate economic policies.Private BusinessWhile the government controls the commanding heights of the economy, there is still a lot of space for private businesses and capitalism in China. Private companies operate in many sectors like:-Manufacturing (toys, clothes, electronics, etc.)-Technology (internet, e-commerce, etc.)-Services (restaurants, hotels, tutoring, etc.)These private companies aim to make profits, just like in capitalist economies. They compete with each other as well as state companies based on prices, quality, innovation and more. Entrepreneurs start new businesses and investors put money into companies they think will grow.Some of the biggest private companies in China are tech giants like Alibaba, Tencent, Baidu and more. There are also many, many smaller private businesses of all kinds across the country.Foreign CompaniesChina also allows a lot of foreign companies from other countries to operate on its soil. Foreign brands like Apple, Nike, KFC and many more have a big presence in China. They build factories, offices, stores and more in China to sell their products and services.However, the Chinese government does place some restrictions on foreign companies. It might require them to partner with a Chinese company. It blocks certain websites and internet services from abroad. And it gives preferences to domestic companies in certain sectors it considers critically important.In SummarySo in essence, China has a socialist market economy. The government controls the biggest and most strategic sectors through state-owned enterprises and economic planning. But there is also a thriving private sector with companies competing to make profits. Foreign businesses are present too but face some barriers.It's a unique system that combines elements of socialism with elements of capitalism and markets. The government ensures key national interests, while still allowing a lot of market-based economic activity to happen.That's the basic model of China's economy! It's helped China become a huge economic powerhouse over the past few decades. I hope this gave you a simple understanding of how it all works. Let me know if you have any other questions!篇6What is a Socialist Market Economy?China has something called a socialist market economy. That's a big phrase, but let me explain what it means in a way that's easy to understand.Socialism means that the government plays a major role in the economy and in providing services for the people. Under socialism, important industries and resources are owned and controlled by the state rather than by private companies or individuals. The goal is to have an economy that works for the benefit of all citizens, not just the wealthy.At the same time, China's economy allows markets to operate. This means that certain businesses can be privately owned, and they compete with each other by selling products and services to make a profit, just like in a capitalist system. Individuals can start their own businesses and hire employees.But the government still has an important role in overseeing and guiding the economy. It sets policies, plans economic development, and owns many of the biggest companies, especially in areas like energy, transportation, banking, and telecommunications.So in summary, a socialist market economy combines elements of socialism, where the state controls key parts of the economy, with aspects of a market economy where private businesses can operate. China uses this unique system to promote economic growth while still maintaining socialist principles.How Does It Work?Let's look at some examples of how the socialist market economy works in China:State-Owned EnterprisesMany of China's largest companies, like those in the oil, steel, and airline industries, are state-owned enterprises (SOEs). This means they are owned and controlled by the government, not by private investors or shareholders. The government appoints the leaders and sets the policies for these SOEs.However, many SOEs operate similarly to private corporations. They compete in the market, set prices, hire and fire workers, and try to make a profit. But their profits go back to the state rather than to private owners.Private BusinessesWhile the largest companies tend to be state-owned, there are also many private businesses in China, from small restaurants and shops to major tech companies like Alibaba and Tencent.These private businesses operate in a competitive market. They set their own prices based on supply and demand, and their goal is to earn profits for their owners or shareholders, just like in a capitalist system. However, the government still regulates and oversees these businesses through laws, taxes, and other policies.Economic PlanningEven though markets are allowed to operate, the Chinese government plays a big role in economic planning and development. It sets five-year plans that outline the country's economic goals and strategies. These plans might focus on developing certain industries, building infrastructure like roads and railways, or shifting towards cleaner energy sources.The government provides funding, subsidies, and other support to help achieve the goals in these economic plans. It might also restrict certain types of economic activities that don't align with the plan.People's Well-BeingOne of the key principles of socialism is promoting the well-being of all citizens, not just making the richest people richer. So in China's socialist market economy, the government aims to provide basic services, employment opportunities, and a social safety net for the people.For example, the government funds public education, healthcare, housing assistance, and pensions for retirees. It also owns and operates many of the utilities that provide electricity, water, and other essentials to households across the country.While China has become a major economic power with this system, there are still challenges, such as balancing growth with environmental protection, reducing inequality between urban and rural areas, and giving workers more rights. But overall, the socialist market economy has helped hundreds of millions of Chinese people rise out of poverty over the past few decades.The FutureAs China's economy continues to grow and change, its leaders will likely keep adjusting the balance between socialism and market forces. But the general approach of a socialist market economy seems likely to continue, carefully blending capitalism's ability to create wealth with socialism's focus on benefiting all of society.Only time will tell exactly how this unique economic model will evolve. But for now, the socialist market economy remains a key part of China's economic miracle and its vision for the future.。
商务英语1000必备单词 Unit 16 :Domestic Economy 国内经济
商务英语1000必备单词Unit 16 :DomesticEconomy 国内经济学习英语中词汇是一个基本的入门,针对不同阶段的人群,需要学习词汇也是不同的,而在商务交往中对于词汇量有着更高的要求,在贸易中对于经济上的了解有着很大的帮助,那么关于商务交往中关于国内经济都有必备的哪些词汇呢 ?以下是小编给大家整理的商务英语1000必备单词 Unit 16 Domestic Economy 国内经济,希望可以帮到大家Unit 16 Domestic Economy第16单元国内经济annual revenueThe annual revenue growth of 2006 will reach 4%.岁入;全年收入额2006年的岁入增长率将达 4%。
budget billThe Legislative Yuan approved the budget bill yesterday morning.预算案立昨天早上通过了这项预算案。
budget deficitThe American federal budget deficit could exceed $420 billion.预算赤字美国联邦预算赤字可能会超过4200亿美元。
economic policyThe government should not follow an economic policy that will not satisfy citizens.经济政策政府不该遵循会让人民不满的经济政策。
economic reformAfter 10 years of economic reform, India has become the second largest exporter of software worldwide.经济改革经过十年的经济改革,印度已跃升为全球第二大软件出口国。
electricityWhen compared to Singapore, Hong Kong, and South Korea, Taiwanhas the lowest energy costs.电力相较于新加坡、香港和南韩,台湾的电价是最低的。
全国翻译资格考试笔译实训 经济篇 unit 2 economy讲课教案
全国翻译资格考试笔译实训经济篇u n i t 2e c o n o m y经济政策对于今年经济社会发展的主要目标,我着重对两个目标加以说明。
关于经济增长。
我国仍是一个发展中国家,还处于社会主义初级阶段,发展是解决我国所有问题的关键,必须牢牢扭住经济建设这个中心,保持合理的经济增长速度。
经过认真比较、反复权衡,把增长预期目标定在7.5%左右,兼顾了需要和可能。
这与全面建成小康社会的目标相衔接,有利于增强市场信心,有利于调整优化经济结构。
稳增长更是为了保就业,既要满足城镇新增就业的需要,又要为农村转移劳动力进城务工留出空间,根本上是为了增加城乡居民收入、改善人民生活。
实现今年经济增长目标有不少积极因素,但必须付出艰辛努力。
关于价格水平。
把居民消费价格涨幅控制在 3.5%左右,考虑了去年涨价翘尾影响和今年新涨价因素,也表明我们抑制通胀、保障民生的决心和信心。
我国农业连年增产,工业品总体上供大于求,粮食等物资储备充裕,进出口调节能力较强,保持物价总水平基本稳定具备许多有利条件。
但今年推动价格上涨的因素不少,不能掉以轻心,必须做好物价调控,切实防止对群众生活造成大的影响。
词汇权衡 weighing通胀 inflation去年涨价翘尾 the carry- over effect of last year's小康社会 a moderately prosperous society社会主义初级阶段 the primary stage of socialism+ price nses经济政策Economic Policies对于今年经济社会发展的主要目标,我着重对两个目标加以说明。
V1: I will talk more about two of the objectives with regard to the main targets for china's economic and social development this year:V2: With regard to the main objectives we have set for China's economic and social development this year, I will now focus on two of these targets:关于经济增长。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性,平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益,请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间:9:00-18:30)。
Chapter 6
The Political Economy of International Trade
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University
Introduction
Free trade occurs when governments do not attempt to restrict what its citizens can buy from another country or what they can sell to another country 自由贸易发生在政府并没有什么企图限制其公民可以购买 其他国家或他们能够销售到其他国家 While many nations are nominally committed to free trade, they tend to intervene in international trade to protect the interests of politically important groups 虽然许多国家在名义上实行自由贸易,他们往往在国际贸 易干预,以保护重要的政治团体的利益
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-7
Import Quotas And Voluntary Export Restraints
进口配额直接限制了一些好事,可以得到一个国家的进口 数量 关税税率配额是一种混合的配额和关税降低关税凡适用配 额内进口超过配额以上的 自愿出口限制是由出口国实行贸易配额,通常在进口国政 府的要求 配额租金的额外利润,生产者供应时作出人为进口配额限 制 进口配额和自动限制出口的利益,限制进口竞争的国内生 产者,但他们抬高进口商品价格
Subsidies help domestic producers in two ways: they help them compete against low-cost foreign imports they help them gain export markets
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-6
a) subsidy b) quota rent c) voluntary export requirement d) local content requirement
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-10
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-4
Tariffs
Tariffs are taxes levied on imports that effectively raise the cost of imported products relative to domestic products
Classroom Performance System
When tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported, they are called
a) Specific tariffs b) Ad valorem tariffs c) Tariff rate quotas d) Transit tariffs
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-9
Classroom Performance System
A ________ demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-3
Instruments Of Trade Policy
The main instruments of trade policy are: Tariffs Subsides Import Quotas Voluntary Export Restraints Local Content Requirements Administrative Polices Antidumping Policies
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-8
Local Content Requirements
A local content requirement demands that some specific fraction of a good be produced domestically Local content requirements benefit domestic producers, but consumers face higher prices
倾销是指在出售商品以低于生产成本,或出售在低于“公平”的市场 价值的商品国外市场国外市场
Dumping enables firms to unload excess production in foreign markets
反倾销使企业能够在国外市场上卸下过量生产
Some dumping may be predatory behavior, with producers using substantial profits from their home markets to subsidize prices in a foreign market with a view to driving indigenous competitors out of that market, and later raising prices and earning substantial profits 有些可能是掠夺性的倾销行为,与生产者利用本国市场的丰厚利润补贴在国外 市场的出市场,以期推动当地竞争对手的价格,后来提高价格和赚取可观的利润。 Antidumping polices (or countervailing duties) are designed to punish foreign firms that engage in dumping and protect domestic producers from “unfair” foreign competition 反倾销政策(或反补贴税)的目的是进行惩罚的倾销和保护“不公平”的外国 竞争的国内生产者的外国公司
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-12
The Case For Government Intervention
Arguments for government intervention: Political arguments are concerned with protecting the interests of certain groups within a nation (normally producers), often at the expense of other groups (normally consumers) 政治争拗关心保护一国之内(通常生产者),往往是(消 费者通常牺牲其他群体的某些集团的利益) Economic arguments are typically concerned with boosting the overall wealth of a nation (to the benefit of all, both producers and consumers) 经济参数通常涉及提高一个国家的整体财富(对所有的利 益,生产者和消费者)
Administrative Policies
Administrative trade polices are bureaucratic rules that are designed to make it difficult for imports to enter a country 管理贸易政策是,旨在使进口难以进入一国的官僚规则 These polices hurt consumers by denying access to possibly superior foreign products 这些政策伤害拒绝访问可能优于国外产品的消费者
山东经济学院· 国际贸易学院 School of International Trade, Shandong Economic University 1-5
Subsidies
Subsidies are government payments to domestic producers Consumers typically absorb the costs of subsidies
关税征收的进口税,有效地提高了进口产品的成本相对于国内产品
Specific tariffs are levied as a fixed charge for each unit of a good imported
具体征收的关税为每一个好单位的固定费用进口