【VIP专享】(全英文论文)论《推销员之死》中美国梦的幻灭
《推销员之死》与美国梦的破灭
事无 成 没 能实 现 自己 的美 国梦 ． 他 除非 有人 认 为
他 的死 也是 一种美 国梦 的实现 也有 评论 家认 为伯纳
德 没 有 获 得 成 功 ． 为 他 并 没 有 完 成 自 己 的 目标 — — 因
员 威利坚信只要受欢迎被尊重 ． 那么工作做 得是 否 出
色便不再重要 。这一观念第一次 出现是在 故事 的开头 。 伯纳 德通知威利 ． 比夫数学 成绩不 及格 ． 利完全 不理 威
萌 芽—— 美 国要给 这个 世界 人人 平等 的机 会 ， 只要 肯
努 力 争取 ． 论 阶级 与 身 份背 景 ． 个 人 都能 实 现 自 不 每
相 反 ． 纳 德认 为 想 要实 现 美 国梦 ， 须 在 学术 伯 必 和事业 两方 面都 取得 成功 。 同样对 比夫 有着极 高 的 他
《 推销 员之死 》 却 向人 们宣 告 了美 国梦 的破灭 。 ，
１４ ９ ９年 米 勒 花 了 一 个 半 月 时 间 写 出 的 《 销 员 推
之死 》 被誉 为 “ 国梦不 再 ” ， 美 的代 表作 。剧 中主 角威
对 待学业 的懒 散态 度 ， 开始指 责威 利 。伯纳德 告诉 威 利． 只有 努力 工作 和无 私奉献 才 能获得 成功 评论 家 对威 利和伯 纳德 有两 种截然 不 同的观 点
因 为他 明 白现 实生 活 中文凭 的重要性 。 伯纳德认 为要
想获 得事业 的成功 首先 应该 在学业 上取 得成 功 。威 利在 他父 亲 的公 司偶 遇伯 纳德 ． 伯纳 德 正要前 往华 盛 顿． 到最 高法 院去 陈述案 情 威利 告诉 伯纳德 关 于 比
夫 和 他 最 近 的 工 作 机 会 之 后 ， 纳 德 就 比 夫 的 无 能 和 伯
扭曲了的美国梦——《推销员之死》的悲剧感悟
动作用 ， 也成为美国文学中一个反复出现的文学主题。
一
、
“ 国 梦 ” 内涵 与 发 展过 程 美 的
“ 国梦 ” 内涵 可 以分 为 广 义 和 狭 义 两 个 方 面 来 理 解 。从 广 义 讲 ， 美 的
它指作为 “ 民主 、 自由、 平等” 的国家理想 ； 狭义讲 ， 美 国梦” 从 “ 是指在美 国， 一个人只要 自己努力工作就能达到 自己的梦想 ， 是一种相信 只要经过 不懈奋斗便能获得更好 生活的理想 。对 于民众 ， 美 国梦” 常具体 ， “ 非 指 和成功、 幸福联系在一起 的一 切具体 目标——享受高等教 育和获得较 高 的社会地位 ， 有幸福的家庭 、 可爱的孩子 、 昂贵 的汽车和豪华 的住宅等 等。 从美国的社会发展来看， 似乎广义的“ 国梦” 美 实现的更加成功。 最早 的 “ 国梦 ” 于 最初 来 到这 片土 地 的 殖 民 者 的 梦 想 ， 们 有 的 美 源 他 是 以 发 财致 富为 目的 的 冒 险家 ， 的 是 为 逃 避 宗 教 迫 害 而 追 求 精 神 自 由 有 的 新 教徒 。来 到 这块 广袤 无 垠 、 沃 富 饶 的 土 地 后 ， 险家 开 始 了拓 荒 ， 肥 冒 与恶劣的 自然环境作斗争 ， 消灭土著印第安人 ， 稳稳地 占据了新大陆 。 第二 阶段是 自由梦和 民主梦。１７ ７ ６年 《 独立宣 言》的提 出是 “ 国 美 梦” 的精神支持 ， 它以追求 自由、 民主的理念激励着所有为 独立而战 的美 国人民， 催生 了新型的美利坚合众国。南北战争时期 ， 亦是这样一种理想 号 召 美 国人 民废 除 奴 隶制 ， 取 自由 。 争 接下 来 的两 个 世 纪 ， 美 国 梦 ” 现 为 新 型 民族 的 强 国 梦 。 美 国在 国 “ 体 际舞台上 的声音越来越高， 开始广泛地 插手到世界事务 中。两次世界大 战 的 巨大 收 获 与 巧取 豪 夺 ， 上 美 国人 民 的奋 发 图 强 ， 短 时间 内成 为 世 加 短 界头号强 国， 无可匹敌。可以说 ， 美国历史 深深地打 上了 “ 国梦”的烙 美
(完整版)论《了不起的盖茨比》中美国梦的破灭 英文
The Disillusion of American Dream in The Great Gatsby The American Dream is the dream of a land in which life should be richer and better for everyone, providing them with opportunities according to their abilities or achievements。
It encourages people to work through efforts， courage， creativity and determination to move towards prosperity, rather than rely on any other forces. In one time， it did help some people to fight for success. But as time flew， the American dream went to the other side。
So in this case， the essay aims to discuss the disillusion of the so—called American Dream—- also the theme of The Great Gatsby， with the analysis of the tragedy of its main character-- Gatsby。
In the novel, Gatsby’s American Dream is not material possession. He only comes into riches so that he can fulfill his true dream———— to reunite with Daisy。
浅析美国梦在《推销员之死》中幻灭的原因
浅析美国梦在《推销员之死》中幻灭的原因作者：党思宇来源：《青年文学家》2017年第09期摘要：美国梦一直激励着世界各地无数怀揣梦想的年轻人，他们放弃故土，历经千辛万苦，只为来到这片土地创造自己的价值。
《推销员之死》是美国剧作家阿瑟·米勒的巅峰之作，其塑造了一个困惑、迷惘、绝望的普通小人物——推销员，揭示了普通美国人在社会中的生存困境和扭曲的价值观。
本文分析了剧作中美国梦破灭的主、客观原因，目的在于使人们意识到对金钱和物质的盲目追求，极有可能将自己沦为商品和社会错误价值观的牺牲品，从而能够树立正确的价值取向。
關键词：美国梦；幻灭；原因作者简介：党思宇，女，1993年出生，辽宁大学外国语学院硕士研究生，主要从事英美文学研究。
[中图分类号]：I106 [文献标识码]：A[文章编号]：1002-2139（2017）-09--01美国梦是世世代代美国人普遍的信仰，他们相信只要通过自身的努力和不懈的奋斗便能获得更好的生活，这个从美国殖民时期就出现的美国梦，不仅激励着美国人民为了获得更好的生活而奋斗，也始终贯穿在美国文学的发展进程中。
1949年，阿瑟·米勒用六个星期创作出《推销员之死》，揭露了美国梦的虚妄，是米勒戏剧创作的巅峰之作。
《推销员之死》中反复出现的“梦”，不是一种价值，也不是一种理想，在物欲横流的社会中，并不是所有的梦都具有价值，威利的梦更是脱离商业化时代的一种错误，这个错误则让他付出了生命的代价。
一、《推销员之死》中的美国梦在《推销员之死》中，阿瑟·米勒给我们讲述了一个扭曲的美国梦。
主人公威利·洛曼是一个对美国梦充满幻想的普通推销员，在美国商业文化的虚幻背景的笼罩下，盲目估计自己的能力，幻想通过商品推销而功成名就，正是这种对美国式成功抱有的顽固信念最终摧毁了他。
在威利的心目中，美国梦的代表人物是他的哥哥——本。
本十七岁的时候进入非洲丛林冒险，不择手段地攫取财富，二十一岁的他带着钻石凯旋而归。
从《推销员之死》看阿瑟·米勒对“美国梦”的阐释
用。《推 销 员之 死》是他 最具代表性 的作 品 ，也是 一部 最具 深远影 响 的“战后 美 国最伟 大 的剧 作 ”。米勒通 过
创作《推 销 员之 死》，表 达 了对“美 国梦”的理 解。时至今 日，该剧 所 体现 的 美 国社 会 最致 命 的矛 盾依 然存 在。 《推销 员之 死》当 中关 于美 国梦 的思考 ，关于人 类 永恒追 求 的 东西—— 人性 、道德 、思想 以及 它赋 予戏剧 的责
（二 ）威利 ·洛曼及其 美 国梦 米勒 的创作接 近 现实 主义 ，他注 重人 文 关怀 以 及对 人生境 遇和精 神状 态 的剖 析 ，他 的笔 触 也更 多 地指 向在精 神上饱 受压 抑 ，或遭 到主 流社 会 排斥 的 底层人 物 。《推销员 之死》中的主人公威 利正是这样 一 个小 人物 。他是个 十分普 的美 国推销 员 ，把 自 己的一 生都执著 于他 所认 知 的 “美 国梦 ”，并 不 懈地 为之付 出 。他把 自己 的生 活建 立在 梦 想之 上 ，把幻 想当作 现实 。而他 在 生 活 陷入 困境 时 ，虽然 也 尝试 认 清 问题 ，却 由于对 心 中梦想 的强烈渴望 ，而使 自己
Ａｕｇ．２ＯＯ９ Ｖｏ１．２３ Ｎ０．４
从《推销 员之 死》看 阿瑟 ·米勒 对 “美 国梦 ’’的 阐释
尹 露
（中原 工 学院 信 息 商务 学 院 ，河 南 ，郑 州 ，４５０００７）
摘 要 ：作 为一位 伟 大的 美 国现 实主 义 剧作 家 ，阿 瑟 ·米 勒一 直 关 注戏 剧 的社 会 功 能 和道 德 的教 谕 作
而 获 得 成 功 的 梦 想 。 “美 国梦”吸引 了世 界 各地 的移 民 ，许 多 移 民都
是抱 着 “美 国梦”的理 想 前往 美 国 的。人 们相 信 ，在 美 国 ，只要 经 过个 人 的努 力 不 懈 地 奋 斗 ，只 要 有 勇 气 、创 意和决 心 ，便 能获 得 美好 生 活 ，而不 依 赖特 定 的社 会地位 和他人 的援助 。
从《美国悲剧》中解析克莱德“美国梦”的幻灭
从《美国悲剧》中解析克莱德“美国梦”的幻灭作者：郑明来源：《校园英语·下旬》2015年第05期【摘要】“美国梦”一词最早出现在美国历史学家詹姆士·亚当斯于1931年创作的《美国史诗》中。
美国文学作品中，作者以不同的表现形式展现了“美国梦”—美国人民的民族精神与理想信念的代名词。
随着美国社会与经济的飞速发展，在不同的历史时期和社会背景下，“美国梦”也经历了不同的时代变迁。
本文透过1925年德莱塞著作《美国悲剧》主人公克莱德的悲惨经历来解读在这个时期“美国梦”对人灵魂的腐蚀作用。
【关键词】《美国悲剧》“美国梦” 腐蚀作用一、“美国梦”美国的历史不长，自1776年建国以来只有二百多年的历史。
同时，有着丰富内涵的“美国梦”也产生于特定的历史与政治背景下。
在社会观念陈旧、等级制度森严、政治腐败的欧洲，良好的家庭背景决定了一切，生活困苦的人们在听到哥伦布发现新大路的消息后相续来到美洲探险殖民，这其中包括西班牙、法国和英国等的西方人。
早期来到美洲的人中一部分是为了发家致富的老百姓或是冒险家，另一部分则是为了逃避政治或宗教迫害的人。
无论哪一种人，他们都怀揣着梦想渴望在这片新大陆上创造财富，享受追求幸福、平等的生活。
一方面，丰富的矿产资源与肥沃广阔的土地为“美国梦”提供了物质基础，在众多移民努力下，富饶的新大陆显示出欣欣向荣、社会和经济高速发展的势头。
另一方面，《独立宣言》的颁布在一定程度上也为“美国梦”的发展提供了政治庇护，其中这样描述：“人生而平等，每个人都有追求幸福的权利。
”在这种情况下，美国人坚信只要勤奋、努力、自我拼搏，一定可以寻找机会创造财富为自己赢得尊贵的社会地位。
“美国梦”代表着美国人的自我奋斗精神和社会价值观，因此它也成为了各个时期文学作品的主题。
作家通过不同阶段不同的“美国梦”折射出人们对社会、梦想和个人价值的剖析。
如，本杰明·富兰克林的《自传》讲述的是富兰克林通过不懈努力自学成才，积极乐观从贫困到富有、名不见经传到举世闻名的一生。
美国梦的虚幻和堕落——评《推销员之死》中的洛曼一家人
和父兄不同，威利拒绝了和哥哥同去阿拉 斯加，选择留在了高楼林立的都市来实现自己 的梦想。第一幕开启，读者被引入到一幅优美的 图画中：悠扬的笛声、树林 、青草、地平线，一切 都如梦似幻，就如同威利美丽的梦想。但现实是 残酷的，当清晨的薄雾散去，我们看到 ：四 周林 立的高楼遮去家里所有的阳光；曾经紫藤丁香 盛开的小院，如今寸草不生；红色的雪弗莱是威 利过往的骄傲，如今的座驾已破烂不堪；秋千架 上纯 真优秀的儿子，如今一无所长，居无定所。 这出戏描写了威利人生中的最后两天，他徘徊 在过去和现在、幻想和现实之间，已处于崩溃的 边缘。
威利更是一名失败的父亲。大儿子比夫曾 经是他的骄傲。高中时的比夫是橄榄球明星，三 所大学愿意为他提供奖学金，前途一片光明。然 而比夫却在高考数学考试中失败。失望的比夫 并没有因此沮丧，他前往波士顿寻找父亲。他认 为他一直崇拜的父亲只要和老师谈一谈，就可 以解决一切问题，因为父亲是那么讨人喜欢，老 师一定会被他说服。没想到，却发现父亲和情妇 在一起，父亲的崇高形象顿时坍塌。比夫从此一 蹶不振，他放弃了补习班，放弃了大学，甚至是 放弃了他自己。 三十来岁了，比夫还在四处游 荡，一事无成。
简析阿瑟·米勒《推销员之死》中的美国梦
简析阿瑟米勒《推销员之死》中的美国梦
王子慕
【期刊名称】《教育界》
【年(卷),期】2014(000)009
【摘要】近来美国人民对美国梦这个概念给予了越来越多的关注。
越来越多的文学评论家试着去定义和理解这个概念。
但是对美国梦的分析仍然不是很全面而且存在着很多问题，例如会忽略掉缺点而一味的夸赞美国梦。
正是这些观点导致了美国人民过于相信美国梦能够创造财富从而给他们自身带来了悲剧。
本文着重介绍美国梦的起源并分析美国梦在阿瑟·米勒《推销员之死》一书中的体现，这样了解到美国梦给小人物带来的悲剧，从而意识到美国梦的不足并且提示人们避免这种不足给自身带来的伤害。
【总页数】2页(P83-83,76)
【作者】王子慕
【作者单位】大连外国语大学
【正文语种】中文
【相关文献】
1.阿瑟·米勒戏剧《推销员之死》中美国梦的体现 [J], 游航
2.简析阿瑟·米勒《推销员之死》中的美国梦 [J], 王子慕;
3.从《推销员之死》看阿瑟·米勒对"美国梦"的阐释 [J], 尹露
4.美国梦的悲剧--浅析阿瑟·米勒的《推销员之死》 [J], 孙章萍
5.亦真亦幻美国梦,孤心飘荡不归路-阿瑟·米勒《推销员之死》赏析 [J], 许俊农;朱耀武
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推销员之死英文读后感
推销员之死英文读后感英文回答：Death of a Salesman by Arthur Miller is a profound and moving play that explores the themes of the American Dream, identity, and the pursuit of happiness. Willy Loman, the protagonist, is a struggling salesman who desperatelyclings to his fading sense of worth and importance. As the play unfolds, we witness Willy's descent into despair as he grapples with the harsh realities of life and the unattainability of his dreams.Miller's masterful storytelling and character development create a deeply empathetic portrayal of Willy Loman's struggles. The playwright's use of flashbacks and dream sequences allows us to delve into Willy's past and understand the formative experiences that shaped his present. Through Willy's interactions with his wife, Linda, and his sons, Biff and Happy, we see the profound impact of family dynamics on his sense of self.The play deftly exposes the flawed and often elusive nature of the American Dream. Willy's unwavering belief in the promise of financial success and social status blinds him to the true meaning of happiness. As a result, he sacrifices his integrity and relationships in the pursuitof an unattainable ideal. Miller's critique of capitalism and the societal pressures it imposes on individuals isboth poignant and thought-provoking.Moreover, Death of a Salesman raises importantquestions about identity and the search for meaning in life. Willy's struggle to define his worth outside of his workand his desire to leave a lasting legacy highlight the existential angst that many people experience. Miller's exploration of the themes of regret, acceptance, and the importance of living an authentic life resonates deeplywith audiences.In conclusion, Death of a Salesman is a timeless masterpiece that offers a profound meditation on the human condition. Through Willy Loman's tragic journey, Millerpoignantly examines the complexities of the American Dream, the challenges of identity formation, and the enduring search for happiness. The play's powerful storytelling,rich characterization, and incisive insights continue to resonate with readers and audiences alike, making it a enduring work of American literature.中文回答：《推销员之死》是阿瑟·米勒的一部深刻感人的戏剧，探讨了美国梦、身份认同以及追求幸福的主题。
浅析《推销员之死》中的美国梦
American Dreams in Death of a SalesmanAbstract:With money as the theme of “American Dream”in Arthur Miller’s masterpiece Death of a Salesman is fully reflected. The tragedy death of leading character stands for the broken of American Dream. Willie’s twisty character is the main reason for his tragedy fate, while his social rules are the primary cause. These two reasons lead the broken of American Dreams.Key words: Arthur Miller, Death of a Salesman, American DreamsAfter the masterpiece Death of a Salesman came out by contemporary author Arthur Miller, it caused a big sensation among American playdom. Arthur Miller was praised as a social philosophical dramatist. His art achievement reached peakedness by his masterpiece Death of a Salesman. Willy Loman who was a salesman believed American Dreams with no doubt thought only he worked hard and kind to people then he could get into the upper class. In this way, he could become rich and respect by people. Willy’s sons, Buf and Habbie, were controlled by American Dreams like their father. But unfortunately, they became victims of it. American Dreams is a kind of fairy tale in contemporary American society.American Dreams in American literatureEvery country and ethnic literature with unique tradition has its own emotion. For American literature, this kind of emotion is the “American Dreams”. Throughout the American literature of the 20th century, we can find a forever theme; this is the "American Dreams" of weight loss and prospects of persistent pursuit. The "American Dreams" is throughout the history of the United States, the most can reflect the ideal of American way of life and national spirit is the equality, freedom, tolerance, enterprising and idealistic belief of success, is the everyone has equal opportunity to succeed the hope and the possibility of miracles optimistic self-confidence. It is this "American Dreams", as it were, embodied the American spirit, embodies the American traditional value concept. The immersion in the American psyche of the "American Dreams" complex originated from immigration, Wild West. Early European settlers, who arrived in America with great vision and imagination to develop the new world, they overcome the bad natural environment, conquered the resistance of the native Indians, the establishment of a happy home in the new world. In this vision, fantasy, and gave birth to the embryo of the "American Dreams" of success. Religious propaganda tell people to success is a industry city people's gift of god, and secular literature is filled with "from rags to the millionaire's" dream of success. Later in the process of "gold rush" of western development, there are many adventurers overnight become wealthy upstart, is the "golden dream into a reality."All this has stimulated the "American Dreams" the growth of the uniquely American monsters. Americans are generally thought that as long as their hard work hard workhard struggle will be able to succeed, to happiness. Spread the concept of the long and deep influence, is arguably accumulates deeply in the American collective unconscious psychological level, dominated the American behavior and life. And then the high-speed development of economy makes people full of confidence for the realization of the "American Dreams". Until the middle of the 19th century, American literature, especially the Walt Whitman as representative of romantic literature, with lofty sentiments and warm dream ruggedly sing of American democracy and freedom."Naive age" is over, however, stepped into the 20th century American literature finally refining device smile meditation. The American writers of the new century is no longer addicted to about the "myth" of American success, turned to the "American Dreams" to conduct a comprehensive reflection and criticism. The theme "war" on late for the first line, the early main performance from the Angle of social crisis the disillusionment of "American Dreams", the late mainly from individual existence crisis performance criticism of the "American Dreams".Analysis for American Dreams in Death of a SalesmanIn "Death of a Salesman" in the American Dreams of success is never forgotten Willy's brother, Ben. The age of seventeen, went to the African jungle, by means of competition comes out at the age of 21 became a millionaire with diamonds. His brother for Willie this from the start of his own fate is very sure, that I will become a rich man. This image, the embodiment of the American Dreams like ghosts always linger in his mind, Willie heart around all the time. Willy Roman life abides by the law of "success", his entire body and mind, enthusiasm, dedication, and even life are poured on the pursuit of success. Life ups and downs, poor management, by now, are old, still helpless and golden "American Dreams" for he is like a castle in the air. He hopes the success two sons, was to educate them to be thought, however, biff, as father wandering for many years, career achievements. All this to Willy Roman's great stimulation and mental anguish, because failure means that the library of his life struggling to pursue.And Willy Roman career in stark contrast to the failure of the Willie is a modern man, embrace the American Dreams dreamed to get rich. As a good salesman, a good father, a good husband, loyal to his wife's widely revered. The harsh reality, however, far from it. Willy crisscrossed 36 years for the company's marketing work, at the age of more than 60 companies nor guaranteed salary for him, only to give him the sales, and have association with his client not retirement has been to the deceased. When Willie out marketing drive seven hundred miles but can't take home a money, but for the sake of self-esteem, nor of his wife the truth, only friend Charlie borrow fifty dollars a week to pay installment, even say oneself earn, this kind of work pressure.Willy Roman is the victim of the "American dream". Like many Americans, he think that no matter how much he is a ordinary little people, as long as their efforts, god will help you, there will be a good house, good car. On the contrary, god will leave you. This belief has become a part of American culture. Times have changed, Dave Sigman told the wonderful memories can only is memory. In the materialisticsocial reality, no warmth between people, "this is a heartless world. Willy's philosophy of success homes in the presence of this fact.Finally, when realized thoroughly realize the American dream hopes, and his son biff has break with him in the thoughts, no longer believe the American dream, Roman helplessly on the point of no return. He is full of hope, for another version of the American dream and died. A sad thing, he is a failure. His wife can't get a $twenty thousand in compensation from the insurance company. Roman became victims of the American dream. He seems to be for the American dream is born, die for the American dream.SummaryDeath of a Salesman shows an ordinary American’s life for us. It tells a sad story of a failure. Willy’s tragedy is in his extreme superstition for American Dream. Just like crazy for religion, this kind of superstition erosions his age and life and twists his human character. At the beginning, he was just confidence blindly. Then following was disappointed and loneliness. At last, he lost his motivation for life. The process of failure is the process of Willy’s American Dreams’ broken.参考文献：亚瑟米勒《推销员之死》中国对外翻译1999。
论_推销员之死_中的美国梦
中外文学文化研究本栏目责任编辑：杨菲菲1“美国梦”的介绍“美国梦”是一种根深蒂固的，深植于每个人心头的社会理想，是美国人引以为豪的一个重要基本信念。
一般意义上，“美国梦”是指在美国，无论地位、出身、种族和性别等方面的差异，只要具备聪明、勤劳和坚忍不拔等必要条件，任何人都可以在相同的条件下，通过自己的诚实劳动与他人进行公平竞争，获得最终的成功和幸福，使自己的梦想变成现实。
“美国梦”是美国文学中的一个永恒的主题，那么到底“美国梦”有着怎么样的历史背景，使它成为贯穿美国文学的而经久不衰的主旋律呢？“美国梦”的产生是有其特定的历史背景的。
自从哥伦布发现美洲新大陆后，欧洲人蜂拥而至，都希望在这里建立新的王国。
当时的土著印第安人尚未建立国家，整个新大陆都是无主的土地，无边无际，任人开垦和占有。
无垠的土地带来了无限的机会，许多在欧洲封建旧世界中不可想象的事情在这里变成了现实：赤贫的欧洲农民来到这里后无需奋斗多久便可拥有自己的土地；大草原的无主土地上数以万计的牛群在奔跑；山区的金矿、银矿还没开采完，地下的石油又冒出来了。
机会一个个接踵而至，每个机会都会掀起全国性的狂潮，美国在人们的心目中成了一个“‘牛奶＋蜜糖’”的国度，大批做着“美国梦”的移民纷纷远渡重洋来到美国。
一个繁荣似锦的自由国度自然充满着幻想。
在移民的努力下，美国得以迅速发展，从最初的13个州发展到23个州，大量的移民涌入美国。
特别是1848年加州的“淘金热”，引发了大规模的“西进运动”，这对美国西部的开发起到了巨大的作用，同时，“美国梦”也得以进一步的发展，白手起家的腰缠万贯的大亨比比皆是。
美国的开国元勋富兰克林，以及总统亚伯拉罕?林肯都曾是“美国梦”的杰出代表。
所以，在当时的社会条件下，只要能抓住机会，梦想就能实现。
这种观念流传之久、影响之深，可以说已经深深地积淀在美国人的集体无意识的心理层次上，支配着美国人的行为和生活。
而在文学中，它也就成了一个永恒的主题。
阿瑟·米勒戏剧《推销员之死》中美国梦的体现
中图分类 号 ：Ｉ１０６．３（７１２）
文献 标识 码 ：Ａ
“美 国 梦 ”一 词 最 早 是 由 詹 姆 斯 ·特 拉 斯 洛 ·亚当斯 在他 的著 作 《美 国史 诗》中提 到 的。 他指 出 ：“美 国 梦 是 ‘梦 想 的 土地 ，每 个 人 都 会 有 更 好 、更富 有 和更 充实 的 生活 ，并且 那些有 能 力或 成就 的人 总是 充满 机 会 。这是 一个 让欧洲 上 层 阶 级 无法 完全 理 解 的 梦 想 ，甚 至 我 们 国家 中 的大 部 分人对它感到厌倦和不信任 。这不仅仅是关于汽 车 和高 薪水 的 梦想 ，更 是 对 一 种社 会 良好 秩 序 的 梦 想 。在 这个 社 会 里 ，每 个男 人 和女 人 无 论 出身 贵 贱 、地 位高 下 ，都 能够 达到 其天 赋 能力 范 围 内所 允许 的最 高 成 就 ，并 得 到 他 人 的认 可 。”【３ Ｊ‘‘美 国 梦 ”这 一 概 念 常 常 和 “自由 ”、“民 主 ”、“机 会 ”、 “成功 ”以及 “无 限 可 能性 ”等 字 眼 联 系在 一 起 。 在 １７７６年美国《独立宣言》中，“美国梦”又有 了 更确切 的含义 ，创始者提到 ：“……坚持某些真理 是 不 言 自明 的 ，所 有 人 ，生 而平 等 ，他 们被 造 物 主 赋予某些不可剥夺的权利 ，这其 中包括生命权、自 由权 和追 求 幸 福 的权 利 。”戏 剧 《推 销 员 之 死 》既 是 主人 公 威 利 ·洛曼 梦想 破 灭 的 悲剧 ，也 是 “美 国梦”的深刻体现与诠 释。该剧 自１９４９年在美国 首次 公演 以后 便在 戏 剧界 引起 了强 烈轰 动 。阿瑟 · 米勒通过描写威利 ·洛曼的一生把美 国普通民 众生活的悲剧性赤裸裸地展现在舞 台上 ，引起第 二次世界大战后美 国人民的共鸣。推销员威利 ·
(英语毕业论文)从《推销员之死》看阿瑟.米勒对“美国梦”的阐释
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圣诞节对大学生的影响的调查研究132 英语中的女性歧视133 英语委婉语的表达模式和应用134 浅析《红字》中的女性意识135 中英颜色词内涵对比分析——《骆驼祥子》个案分析136 论翻译的艺术137 高中生英语学习成败归因现状调查及对策138 从关联理论看科技英语的翻译139 环保宣传语翻译中的文化介入140 论企业对员工过度压力的管理141 从归化策略视角看中医药说明书的翻译142 世纪以来英汉委婉语的语义变迁143 浅谈一些英美文学作品中的猫形象144 残酷的现实与审美愉悦——论《罗密欧与朱丽叶》的崇高美145 商务英语交流中委婉语的语用功能研究146 英汉死亡委婉语的文化差异及其分类对比147 The Research of Chinese and Western Names in Cross-cultural Communication 148 跨文化交际中的中西方时间观念149 性别差异在日常英语词汇和句法中的体现150 从后现代主义视角解读《第二十二条军规》的无秩序性151 从《大卫科波菲尔》的女性人物塑造看现实主义与浪漫主义的结合152 李尔王和格勒旺布王比较研究153 《呼啸山庄》和《暮色》系列的对比研究：《呼啸山庄》再次热销引发的思考154 Study of English Borrowing from Chinese155 英汉称呼语的对比研究156 中美时间观差异对跨文化交际的影响157 梭罗的《瓦尔登湖》和道家思想在自然观上的比较158 An Analysis of Waiting for the Barbarians from the Perspective of Spatial Theory 159 The Goth ic Elements in Edgar Allan Poe’s Works160 《傲慢与偏见》中的灰姑娘情节161 论广告翻译中的跨文化因素162 从精神分析法解读《追风筝的人》的主题163 旅游资料翻译中文化因素的处理164165 论《劝导》中女性角色的地位166 《野性的呼唤》中的人性和野性167 An Analysis of Oscar Wilde’s Subversion of Traditional Fairy Tales168 《野性的呼唤》中巴克形象分析169 完美女性与准则英雄—论《永别了,武器》中的凯瑟琳170 古诗英译中意象与意境的处理171 电影《纳尼亚传奇》中的圣经意象172 走出精神的困境：论托尼.莫里森小说《爵士乐》中维奥莱特的自我救赎173 从模因论角度下谈广告语的仿译174 透过《傲慢与偏见》中四位女性的性格分析她们的不同婚姻175 英语新闻标题的前景化176 生态视角下解读《荒野的呼唤》177 金庸武侠英译中的文化传递178 中美大学生课堂讨论话语性别差异对比179 从功能对等的角度分析《红楼梦》中的习语翻译180 从中英语言中的幽默表达看中西方思维差异181 论《荆棘鸟》中的女性形象182 浅谈商务英语于商务信函中的运用183 中英称谓语的差异184 On Chinese-English Advertisement Translation from the Perspective of the Skopos Theory 185 论《冰与火之歌》中角色视点手法的运用186 课后练习在初中英语课堂教学中的作用187 对《老人与海》中圣地亚哥的性格分析188 梭罗《瓦尔登湖》中的“简单”原则189 论翻译单位190 通过姚木兰和斯嘉丽形象的对比看中西文化的异同191 论华兹华斯的自然观192 小学英语课堂教学氛围调查研究193 如何培养大学生英语阅读理解技能194 运用弗洛伊德人格理论解读《吸血鬼日记》中的吸血鬼形象195 The Travel of Freedom—An analysis of The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn196 凯瑟琳.曼斯菲尔德《苍蝇》反映的人性创伤分析197 英汉双语词典中的语用信息198 中英婚姻观对比199 从婚礼仪式浅谈中西方文化的冲突和交融200 从顺应论角度看英汉称谓语的翻译。
论文范文-推销员之死
1. IntroductionFor the 1948-1949 theatrical season Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman won the coveted Pulitzer Prize. It also received the New York Drama Critics’ Circle Award, the Antoinette Perry Award, as well as general critical acclaim. His play have long been examined from the perspective of social criticism, realism, politics, and psychology, but later critics focus their attention on analyzing his work from feminist and cross-cultural perspectives and on exploring their theatrical innovation and figurative language.A half century after it was written, Death of a salesman remains a powerful drama. Its indictment of fundamental American values and the American Dream of material success may seem somewhat tame in today’s age of constant national and individual self-analysis and criticism, but its challenge was quite radical for its time. After World War II, the United States faced profound and irreconcilable domestic tensions and contradictions.This paper looks at how Arthur Miller’s play of 1949, Death of a Salesman, offers a strong commentary on capitalism’s expectation that all persons can and will participate strongly in a capitalist environment. It discusses how some personalities are not at all suited to this range of activities and also, how capitalism will always leave behind some persons who for whatever reason cannot compete ably, or cannot summon all of their resources for the very competitive approach that is required. Death of a Salesman also poses questions about the basic relationship between man and his social environment, specifically the individual entrepreneur and the sea of competition to achieve the ―American Dream.‖The tragedy of Willy’s death made people mourn for him and simultaneously it was the social system he was in that caused his death. In capitalist society, everybody was controlled under a law—law of success. Willy’s tragic mistake, according to Miller, was that he broke the unwritten but very powerful ―law of success,‖which declared, ―that a failure in society and in b usiness had no right to live.‖ (Miller 120) This play happened almost in 1940s, a social revolution unnoticeably broke out. The whole society was running for money and wealth. Such social system forcedpeople to produce more profit and keep on working, jus t like machines with all day’s working but without thinking and desire to receive other people’s admittance. The social system rightly collided with human being’s innate capacity—desires to receive other’s recognition. However, with the development of the society, people slowly changed this capacity and changed to be more biddable to this system.Willy, on the contrary, still held his notion, and never wanted to accept that change, even was eager to persuade others to follow his thought. Nevertheless, human beings could never win social force. Consistent confusion, which resulted from the collision between reality and his thought, leaded to his ultimate death. So Willy’s death was, in fact, caused by the conflict between the social system or capitalism and individual belief.2. Changes in living conditionsTechnical advances like the car and the refrigerator made life easier and comfortable. But ant the same time there are feelings of anxiety and disquiet.2.1 Country versus cityNineteenth-century Romantic poets, such as William Wordsworth, wrote that those who lived in the country, close to Nature and its wonders, were likely to be happier, nobler people than those who forced to endure the ugliness of crowded cities.When the younger Willy and Linda first started making payments on their Brooklyn house, it was in a pleasant semi-rural area with grass and flower gardens, Vegetables, too, were grown in the back yard. Since then, however, tall apartment houses have been built that shut out the light so that plants will not grow and substitute unpleasant odors for the fragrance of lilac and wisteria:WILLY. Gee, on the way home tonight I’d like to buy some seeds.LINDA. (laughing) That’d be wonderful. But not enough sun gets backthere. Nothing’ll grow any more. (Luo Xuanmin 512)Willy’s little house and the hammock he and Biff swung between the elms thus becomes the symbol of an earlier, more individualistic, more easy-going America. The big apartments in turn suggest to Willy a population ―out of control‖and the new ―madd en ing‖ competition. Only a few buildings in a small area are involved here, but the playwright seems to suggest that the changes may be more or less typical in America.2.2 The hard struggle of the average familyThere is much detailed reference to nagging bills for car, roof, and household appliances. Much is made of the painfully slow business of paying on the installment plan for household appliances and the car and keeping everything in repair. Insurance premiums must be met before the grace period expires, and mortgage payments must be met over a quarter of a century:LINDA. And you got one more payment on the refrigerator…WILLY. I’m always in a race with the junkyard! I just finished paying for the car and it’s on its last legs. The refrigerator consumes beltslike a goddam maniac. They time those things. They time them sowhen you finally paid for them, they’re used up.LINDA. (buttoning up his jacket as he unbuttons it) All told, about two hundred dollars would carry us, dear. But that includes the lastpayment on the mortgage. After this payment, Willy, the housebelongs to us.WILLY. It’s twenty-five years!WILLY. To weather a twenty-five years mortgage is—LINDA. It’s an accomplishment. (Luo Xuanmin 514)From their conversation, we can learn that the average family always struggle hard for living.2.3 Lament for the pastThe tone of the play is often nostalgic. Willy looks back to better times when his house had a flourishing garden. He recalls how much admired the light-hearted Biff was as a boy and how beautiful the red Chevrolet looked when polished. The present, by contrast, is a time of darkness and suffocation, of weariness and bewilderment, of blighted hopes and bitter quarrels.3. Changes in business conditionsThe play suggests that modern business is so coldly competitive that decent human values are ignored.3.1 The reason for being a salesmanAs Willy said that their family had a little a streak of self-reliance, he want to approve himself that he had the ability to achieve success through another way different from his brother. Maybe it was Willy’s destination that he happened to hear from a story about a salesman—David Singleman:WILLY. And he was eighty-four years old, and he’d drummed merchandise in thirty-one states. And old Dave, He’d go up to his room,y’understand, put on his green velvet slippers—I’ll never forget—andpick up his phone and call the buyers, and without ever leaving hisroom, at the age of eighty-four, he made his living. When he died—andin the way he die the death of a salesman, in his green velvet slippers inthe smoker of the New York, New Haven and Hartford, going intoBoston—when he died, hundreds of salesman and buyers were at hisfuneral. Things were sad on a lotta trains for months after that. (LuoXuanmin 524)When he saw that, he realized that selling was the greatest satisfying than to be able to go. In his own words, that was ―selling was the greatest career a man could want.‖ Thus, he decided to be a successful salesman.3.2 The earlier accomplishments of WillyWhen Willy began selling for the Wagner Company, he virtually ―discovered‖New England for them. As a young man he opened up whole new territories and was properly commended by his employer, a ―prince,‖ who was ―masterful.‖WILLY. I averaged a hundred and seventy dollars a week in the year of 1928! (Luo Xuanmin 523)He was an excellent salesman at that time and had the warm association between himself and Howard’s father. Howard, senior, came to him the day Howard was born and asked him what he thought of the name of Howard.3.3 Corruption in modern businessWilly has worked for almost thirty-six years for the company. During that time he has opened up new markets and served them faithfully. The company, however, shows no gratitude. As his production slows up with increasing age, he is deprived of a steady salary and put back on straight commission like a beginner.WILLY. (stopping him)I’m talking about your father! There were promisesmade across this desk! You mustn’t tell me you’ve got people to see—Iput thirty-four years into this firm, Howard, and now I can’t pay for myinsurance! You can’t eat the orange and throw the peel away—a man isnot a piece of fruit! (Luo Xuanmin 519)To Howard, ―business is business,‖ he will talk pleasantly enough to employees. But if they do not bring in profits, they are expendable. He has no interest whatsoever in Willy’s past record, his association with Wagner, senior, of with pledges made years ago. Nor does he care how much Willy needs to feed his family. Willy’s problems are his own affair. Howard’s only concern is with the efficient operation of his firm. His total absorption in the tape recorder and his running off from the excited Willy suggest a shallow. Rather immature man. But essentially he represents the cold, practical impersonality of modern business.The treatment, as Linda sees it, is inhuman and plays havoc with a man’s self-respect. Linda also notes the lack of the personal element in business now. In the past old friends used to help Willy with an occasional extra order. Now he is neither known nor welcomed.The play takes issue with those in America who place too much stress upon material gain, at the expense of other, more admirable human values. There are, for instance, several angry comments on the company’s callous disregard for the welfare of Willy, who has served it steadily for over thirty years. Linda speaks with anger of his being taken off salary and both boys think this an outrage. Biff later talks of his father as having ―landed in the ash can‖and suggests that this is all that a ―hard-working drummer‖can expect. But the most scathing indictment is actually delivered by means of the portrayal of Howard in the office scene. Howard is so engrossed in his new toy, the mechanical gadget, the tape recorder, that he cannot pay much attention to the human being, Willy. His brusqueness, his impatience, and then his coldly unconcerned notice of dismissal—all support Willy’s own contention that the business world has lost all respect, comradeship and gratitude, and is now merely―cut and dried.‖ The picture, as so often in Miller plays, is not wholly bleak. Charley, after all, is a fairly successful businessman who behaves with very human generosity. But the discharging of Willy is still a harsh commentary on all who think of men only as income-producing machines, those who, as Willy says, will ―eat the orange and throw the peel away.‖4. Changes in morality and valuesThe different values between Willy and other have triggered his death. The conflict between his values and others’distorted his psychology and leaded to his death.4.1 Questionable moralityEssentially, Miller criticizes first of all the sort of family-oriented morality that causes Americans to lose sight of their responsibilities to the larger social groups of which they are also members. Willy Loman would not presumably steal from his sons, Biff and Happy. But he is tolerantly amused when they appropriate footballs or building materials that belong to others. He is not at all emphatic about the need for personal integrity. When he learns that Biff has taken the football, he tells him to return it. But he is laughing at the time and is clearly not much upset about the theft and tends to condone his action. For one thing, Biff needs the ball for his practicing, and the coach will hardly disapprove. Secondly, the theft showed independence or daring. The coach will understand Biff’s ―borrowing‖of the football and will even commend his ―initiative.‖Finally, others might be censured, but Biff can get away with it because the coach has a high opinion of him. Subsequently, Biff declares he will make a special touchdown for Willy.Biff. I got it, pop. And remember, pal, when I take off my helmet, that touchdown is for you. (Luo Xuanmin 530)According to Happy, Biff is not supposed to do this. He has been instructed to pass. But again Willy is delighted with the intended gesture. If the boys are being given values by Willy, they are not being taught to respect the property rights or authority of others. Later we will find that Biff goes on stealing and that Happy accepts sizable bribes. In Act II Scene 13, Biff blames Willy for having given him false teaching:BIFF. You know why I had no address for three months? I stole a suit in Kansas City and I was in jail.WILLY. I suppose that’s my fault!BIFF. I stole myself out of every good job since high school!WILLY. And whose fault is that?BIFF. And I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air I could never stand taking orders form anybody! That’s whose fault it is!(Huang Jiaxiu 453)4.2 The overemphasis on popularityThe work takes issue with exaggerated emphasis on personal charm rather than upon more solid character traits. Biff and Happy’s futures when they were small all depended on the way they were brought up. Willy was the only one with any say in the way the kids were brought up. Linda went along with whatever Willy said. Willy taught them that if they were handsome and successful, opportunity will come to you. Happy learned nothing from Willy’s demise but insists that his father had ―the only dream you can have- to come out number-one man.‖ Biff and Happy idolized their father when they were young. The stories they were told made them picture their father as a popular, successful, well-known salesman.Willy instilled his principal of dealing with people into Biff’s young heart. He said ―be liked and you will never want.‖ In hi s mind, one who wanted to pursue his success must have good relationship—be widely accepted:That funeral will be massive. They’ll come from Maine, Massachusetts,and Valmont, New Hampshire! All the old –timers with the strangelicense plates… that boy w ill be thunder struck, Ben, because he neverrealized… I am known! Rhode Island, New York, New Jersey… I amknown, Ben, and he will see it with his eyes once and for all. He will seewhat I am, Ben! He is in for a shock, that boy! (Miller 330, 332)It was such values, which focused on more superficial appearance rather than deep essence, interests that are more material rather than moral values, that made his two sons blindly believed so-called personal charm and cannot make an objective judgment on themselves and reality. Moreover, it did not help them master any artisanship to survive in this crucial environment but foster their theft and self-deception. Besides, he inculcated his illusory dream upon his two sons, which affected their thought:Like a young god Hercules, something likes that. And the sun all aroundhim. Remember how he waved to me? Right up from the field, with therepresentatives of three colleges standing by. And the buyers I brought,and the cheers when he came out… Lowman, Lowman! Go d Almighty,he’ll be great yet. A star like that, magnificent can never fade away!(Miller 168)It is just under his father’s continuous showing off that Biff was engrossed inself-delusion that he was superior to others. However, so many years later, a grown-up Biff realized the truth, which his egoism was overbuilt by Willy.I never got anywhere because you blew me so full of hot air. I couldnever stand taking orders from anybody! (Miller 346)In contrast, Charley is Willy’s opposite in many ways in the play. He did not smother his son with attention the way Willy did Biff. He sends Bernard off to Washington with a friendly wave and a man-to-man gift of bourbon. Yet he takes issue with Willy’s insistence upon being well liked. Salesman, he says, sell products, not themselves, and successful men are not always the most lovable types.4.3 In favor of more “respectable” white-collar jobsThe drama seems to hint that too much stress upon certain types of white-collar work has driven those into it who would be better off working with their hands. Willy would enjoy working with his sons out in the open in the Alaskan timberlands, but he thinks that the outdoor work he likes offers no security and no future. We can know that from the following dialogue:BIFF. There were a lot of nice days. When he’d come home from a trip or on Sundays, making the stoop; finishing the cellar; putting on the newporch; when he built the extra bathroom; and put up the garage. Youknow something, Charley, there’s more of him in that front stoop thanin all the sales he ever made.CHARLEY. Yeah. He was a happy man with a batch of cement.LINDA. He was so wonderful with his hands. (Huang Jiaxiu 459)At the end of the story when Linda says they we free, Biff is free to realize his dream of owning a ranch out West where he can live close to the natural world. When he runs down eleven flights with a pen in his hand, suddenly he stopped in the middle of that office building and he saw the sky. He saw the things that he loves in this world, the work and the food and time to sit and smoke.ConclusionDeath of a Salesman was considered to be one of the best modern tragedies in the 20th century. In addition to a number of central and significant themes being developed with the aid of Art hur Miller’s skillful use of techniques, the impact it has had on readers was derived from the author’s unique views on modern tragedy. Death of a Salesman is a thoughtful criticism of the moral and social standards of contemporary America and the confusion it infuses in its citizens. Willy who was under the influence of American dream chose his death as a way to realize his illusory success. The deep reason was the capitalist system, which asked people to keep on working without desiring any recognition from the society just like machines. Willy Loman is simply a victim of the deterioration thereof.Works CitedBrooks, Van Wyck. America’s Coming of Age. New York Amereon Ltd, 1915. 2-70 Miller, Arthur. Death of a Salesman. New York: Penguin Books Ltd,1976.Nourse, Joan Thellusson Arthur Miller’s Death of a Salesman and All My Sons Beijing: Foreign Language Teaching and Research Press,1997. 1-78.黄家修. 美国文学阅读与欣赏[M]. 武汉：武汉大学出版社, 2006.吕方源. 论《推销员之死》的悲剧性（英文）[J]. 科技信息（学术研究），2007，（15）：113-116.刘瑞敏. 《推销员之死》中的美国社会[J]. 沈阳教育学院学报, 2006,（03）：23-25.罗选民. 英美文学赏析教程(小说与戏剧) [M]. 清华大学出版社, 2006. 508-23王芳. 美国文学与美国梦[J]. 内蒙古大学学报, 2002,（2）: 40-43.朱永涛. 美国价值观----一个中国学者的探讨[M]. 北京：外语教学与研究出版社, 2005.苏友芬. 美国文学导读与应试指南[M]. 上海：上海世界图书出版公司, 2005.6.。
【VIP专享】（全英文论文）论《推销员之死》中美国梦的幻灭
【VIP专享】（全英文论文）论《推销员之死》中美国梦的幻灭《人鼠之间》中两主人公乔治和雷尼的对比分析希腊神话在占星学中的体现海明威短篇小说的叙述艺术－－以《一个明亮干净的地方》为例图式理论分析中国网络流行词翻译《傲慢与偏见》中金钱与婚姻的关系汉语歇后语之英译The Comparison and Translation of English and Chinese IdiomsCultural Differences and Translation Strategies《抄写员巴特比》, 充满个人符号的故事目的论指导下的英文影视名称的翻译The Study of Humor in The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn from the Perspective of Cooperative PrincipleHow to Avoid Chinglish on English Writing of Senior High School Students《小妇人》中女性形象的分析浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森An Analysis of Female Images in The Thorn Birds《我，机器人》中苏珊卡尔文的女性角色分析浅析《不存在的人》中主人公的觉醒Racism in Heart of Darkness从用词的角度分析商务英语信函的翻译公布英语题目均有原创英文论文可交流Q：799 75 79 38 文化语境对翻译的影响从《南方公园》看美国的宗教文化English Teaching and Learning in China's Middle School从翻译角度浅析英语写作中的中式英语问题苔丝悲剧的解读从生态女性主义角度解读《苔丝》浅析隐藏在“面纱”之后的伯莎梅森从英汉习语视角看中英文化差异A Comparison of the English Color Terms浅谈中学生英语自主学习能力的培养浅析霍桑罪恶观在《拉帕西尼的女儿》中的体现中式菜谱英译策略研究浅析丹尼尔笛福《摩尔弗兰德斯》的主题思想汉英谚语的语意对比The Effect of Translator's Subjectivity on Creativity in English Translation of Chinese Classical Poetry汉语公示语的英译析《鲁滨逊漂流记》中“星期五”的人物形象浅析中美两国隐私观的差异雅诗兰黛在中国成功原因的分析试析《远大前程》中匹普性格发展与社会环境的关系《都柏林人》——一座城市的精神瘫痪Cultural Differences Reflected in the Concept of Dragon《圣经》对英语习语的影响中西饮食文化及其差异对《草叶集》两个汉译本的比较研究广告英语中双关语的语用功能及其翻译[毕业论文](日语系毕业论文)关于中日赞赏语的比较研究场独立和场依存对不同主题阅读材料的影响研究分析《傲慢与偏见》与《简爱》中觉醒的女性意识论初中生英语学习资源策略培养功能对等视角下英汉颜色词的对比与翻译从礼仪角度谈中西文化的差异性《了不起的盖茨比》中乔丹贝克的人物分析论《哈姆雷特》中的双关语浅析广告发展现状及其未来发展趋势A Comparison of the English Color Terms英语新词汉译原则研究法国大革命对《西风颂》创作的影响解析《红字》中的红与黑影视字幕翻译原则——从文化角度进行研究中西方酒文化之比较研究论海明威作品中的语言特征伯莎梅森形象分析象征在表现主题方面的作用——分析爱伦坡的《一桶白葡萄酒》奥巴马演讲词中的委婉语研究功能目的论视角下汉语商标的英译策略分析简奥斯汀的作品《爱玛》中的理性主义中西饮食文化对比研究爱伦坡哥特式小说探析海斯特—《红字》中一位具有反叛精神的女英雄论概念隐喻视角下的隐喻翻译凯瑟琳与苔丝悲剧命运的比较译者主体性对翻译风格的影响分析美国电影中的英雄主义解析论凯瑟琳?曼斯菲尔德《苍蝇》的叙事策略从《瓦尔登湖》看梭罗的自然观论英语词类转换中的动词化现象浅析中西方家庭教育的异同英语演讲语篇中的parallelism及其汉译策略—以奥巴马就职演说稿为例从文化差异的角度看习语的翻译耐克公司Ps营销策略对我国体育用品产业的启示Translation of Tourism English in a Cross-Cultral Perspective 《宠儿》中塞斯的性格分析浅谈《欲望号街车》所阐述的欲望英语交际中害羞心理产生的根源及其克服方法A Comparison of the English Color Terms中国春节与美国圣诞节的文化比较任务型教学模式在初中英语课堂教学中的现状分析－－以xx学校初一学生为例《到灯塔去》中的“双性和谐”研究房地产广告的英译研究从安利（中国）的成功看直销模式在我国的发展On the Differences in Table Manners between Westerners and Chinese教师身势语在英语口语教学中的应用马克吐温小说的语言特征《飞屋环游记》的人物设置特色分析中西方餐桌礼仪文化对比语境顺应视角下英语情景喜剧中幽默字幕翻译－－以《生活大爆炸》为例旅游英语翻译方法论《围城》的幽默语翻译A Comparison of the English Color Terms跨文化交际中的语用失误电影《功夫熊猫》中美文化融合现象分析外语学习焦虑与口语成绩的相关性研究《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读A Comparison of the English Color Terms浅析《傲慢与偏见》中女性人物的认知局限中美电子商务的选择性分析论中学英语互动教学从功能对等的理论看英语歌词的翻译从违反合作原则研究《生活大爆炸》从《简爱》和《达洛维夫人》浅谈女权主义的发展从《逃离》解读门罗的女性观《基督山伯爵》中大仲马性格的显现及其对主人公言语行为的影响A Chinese-English Translation of Public Signs Based on Nida's Fuctional Equivalence Theory 言语行为理论视角下的商务索赔信函话语分析Translation of the Implied Meaning in Communication汉语对英语语法学习的负迁移交际教学法在高中英语语法教学中的研究中西文化中颜色词的象征意义英汉委婉语异同之分析与比较双语字幕句法结构研究－－《老友记》个案研究跨文化交际在宝洁公司营销战略中的应用合作原则在电影《暮光之城》人物心理分析中的应用《嘉莉妹妹》之悲剧性——基于嘉莉与赫斯特伍德的比较《爱玛》中身份和同辈的压力The Narrative Strategy of Wuthering Heights商务英语写作中的语用失误研究分析嘉丽妹妹性格变化的原因新课标下初中英语教师角色转变的研究中英寒暄语委婉语的文化差异对比The Causes of Maggie’s Death in Maggie: A Girl of the Streets“A Rose for Emily”中“Rose”寓意的新解从功能对等理论来看委婉语翻译论《一个温和的建议》中的黑色幽默论英语演讲开场的决定性因素和相关策略《哈克贝利.费恩历险记》三个中文译本的对比赏析浅析《红字》中的森林意象《儿子与情人》中女性的爱情心理解读论合作语言学习在英语精读课上的应用词块法在高中英语写作教学中的应用浅析中西习俗文化“冲突”女性主义视野下林黛玉与简爱的比较研究浅析《恋爱中的女人》的圣经意象原型——从原型批评角度解读象征主义手法在《白鲸》中的运用由《克莱默夫妇》思考美国女权运动对美国家庭的影响A Comparative Study of Chinese and English Humor中英礼貌用语的对比研究On Promotion of Rural Middle School Stude nts’ Oral English基于学习共同体的自主学习模式研究身势语在初中与高中英语课堂中的不同应用解析《安娜与国王》中的民族中心主义浅析《白牙》中爱的力量析《道林格雷》中王尔德用来揭示生活与艺术冲突的方法中西文化差异对品牌翻译的影响从古至今的吸血鬼文化《雾都孤儿》中的批判现实主义中美企业招聘广告文化对比分析论美国黑人现代流行音乐及其影响《生活大爆炸》言语幽默语用分析（开题报告+论）浅析马拉默德小说《店员》中的“犹太性”中美家庭教育的比较研究《玻璃动物园》中的逃避主义解读伊莉莎白和凯瑟琳不同性格及命运的分析语篇分析在阅读教学中的运用The Tragic Color of Tender Is the Night论奥斯卡王尔德的艺术道德观高中英语听力课中的文化教学对比研究《珊瑚岛》和《蝇王》主题的冲突性爱伦坡侦探小说中恐怖气氛的营造方法从合作原则看英语广告中模糊语言的运用及解读《彼得潘》中的“成长”主题从模糊性看古典诗词英译A Comparison of the English Color Terms从宝洁公司的运营模式看美国文化的多样性浅析英语颜色词的语义特征On The Narrative Perspective Type of J. M. Coetzee’s Disgrace海明威的女性主义思想论《简爱》中的女性意识英汉“拉”类动词的语义成分和词化模式的对比分析《围城》英译本中的幽默翻译《白鲸》主人公亚哈的悲剧性格分析浅析《飘》中女性主义的萌发对比分析在英语语音教学中的应用边缘人群的孤独与无奈——对《夜访吸血鬼》中路易斯的研究从认知隐喻角度看英语商标翻译马斯洛需要层次理论下的《奥兰多》Modern Views on Marriages in Wuthering Heights商务英语函电的语言和文体特征及其翻译探析《呼啸山庄》男女主人公爱情悲剧的根源(开题报告+论文+文献综述)中西方聚会文化差异比较研究华兹华斯诗歌的精神生态研究—以《丁登寺》为例从《绝望主妇》各主角看美国家庭问题从绝望到适应——鲁滨逊在孤岛上的心理变化动物委婉语浅析任务型教学的理论基础臻于完美的人物魅力——对简奥斯丁《劝导》中的女主人公的分析分析福尔摩斯的性格特征Chinese Auto Companies’ Cross-border Acquisition and the Corresponding Influences on the Chinese Auto Industry—A Case Study of Geely’s Acquisition of Volvo《呼啸山庄》和《远离尘嚣》中女主人公的女性意识的对比。
《推销员之死》中美国梦破灭的主要原因
最新英语专业全英原创毕业论文，都是近期写作1 Cultural Connotation and Translation of Animal Words in Chinese and English2 An Analysis of the Fool in King Lear from the Perspective of New Historicism3 日常生活中手势语的应用4 从功能对等的理论看英语歌词的翻译5 论《愤怒的葡萄》中的生态批评思想6 哲学视角下的中英数字对比研究7 模糊语言在商务英语沟通中的语用功能8 从功能翻译理论看《功夫熊猫》电影字幕翻译9 从《傲慢与偏见》两个汉译本看翻译策略的选择10 《儿子与情人》恋母情结分析11 英语长句的理解和翻译12 《彼得潘》中的“成长”主题13 浅析《恋爱中的女人》中劳伦斯的爱情观14 痴情动因的解析——《一个陌生女人的来信》的精神分析15 从生态批评角度看艾米丽狄金森的诗歌16 沃尔特·惠特曼及其诗歌研究17 浅谈《当幸福来敲门》中的美国个人主义18 Euphemistic Expressions in Business Correspondences19 英文电影对英语学习的影响20 浅析中美商务谈判中的文化冲突21 《汤姆叔叔的小屋》中的圣经原型人物解析2223 《荒原》中的神话溯源24 交际教学法在高中英语语法教学中的研究25 浅析科技英语的文体特点26 浅析莫里森名作《最蓝的眼睛》中查理的性格特点27 《小镇畸人》中的空间形式分析28 从模因论角度下谈广告语的仿译29 A Probe into Charles Dickens’ Family Values Reflected in A Ch ristmas Carol30 A Tentative Study of Affective Factors in Second Language Acquisition31 试论《武林外传》与《老友记》中的中美文化差异32 论谭恩美《喜福会》中文化身份迷失与探寻33 A Study on Humanity——Based on the Analysis of David Copperfield34 浅析中西方饮食文化差异35 性别差异在日常英语词汇和句法中的体现36 论英美文学作品中的人名寓意及翻译37 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推销员之死与美国梦的幻灭
推销员之死与美国梦的幻灭摘要阿瑟·米勒是美国当代文坛上一位颇具影响的现实主义剧作家。
他的代表作《推销员之死》于1949年在纽约首演成功后，震惊了整个美国戏剧界，该剧一举获得普利策奖和戏剧评论界奖，也使阿瑟·米勒成为包括尤金·奥尼尔、田纳西·威廉斯在内的20世纪三位最伟大的美国剧作家之一。
米勒深受大萧条和战争的影响，从而他能够以更切实更生动的方式描绘工人阶级及其生活。
《推销员之死》成功的展现了大萧条时期的社会和家庭危机，表现了普通百姓的普遍问题，激起了深受大萧条和美国梦折磨的美国人的共鸣。
《推销员之死》触及了美国价值观等宏大的问题，剖析了人们盲目相信美国梦所付出的代价。
米勒控诉美国社会兜售了一个围绕二战之后兴起的物质至上主义建立起来的神话——美国梦。
这种物质至上主义下的美国梦误导了美国普通大众的个人理想和道德观念。
该剧警示世人：被物质化了的美国梦迷惑就会沦为商品和社会错误价值观的牺牲品。
《推销员之死》揭示了普通美国人在现代社会中的生存困境。
它向读者展示出现代西方文明中存在的种种尖锐的矛盾和一系列社会问题。
本文主要由五部分组成。
第一章是关于作者及《推销员之死》的文献综述。
第二章描述了剧中美国梦的社会背景及米勒的成长背景对该剧的影响。
第三章陈述美国梦的起源和发展及其在本剧中的反映。
第四章从威利扮演的不同社会角色分析剧中威利美国梦幻灭的原因。
最后肯定了阿瑟·米勒的文学地位和贡献，总结出剧中美国梦幻灭的社会意义以及对人们的启示。
关键词：阿瑟·米勒；《推销员之死》；美国梦；幻灭AbstractArthur Miller is an influential realistic playwright in contemporary American literature. Death of a Salesman, one of his representative plays, was an immediate success after its first performance in New York in 1949. It won both a Pulitzer Prize and a Drama CriticsCircle Award. It also made him accepted as one of the three greatest American dramatists in the 20th century, along with Eugene O’Neill and Tennessee Williams.Profoundly influenced by the Depression and the war that immediately followed it, Miller managed to use a more practical and vigorous way to portray the working class and their lives. Death of a Salesman successfully unfolds the social problems and family crisis in the period of the Great Depression, shows the common people’s problems, and arouses resonance of those Americans who have suffered from the Great Depression and the failure of the American Dream.Death of a Salesman tackles large issues regarding American national values. It examines the cost of blind faith in the American Dream. Miller charges America with selling a false myth constructed around a materialism nurtured by the postwar economy. The American Dream under materialism misled individual ideals and morality of ordinary people. This play explicitly demonstrates that he, who is deluded by the materialistic American Dream, is bound to be sucked in and reduced to a victim of consumable merchandise and false values. The play examinesthe living plight of common Americans in modern society. It provides readers with contradictory conflicts and revelation of serious social problems in modern western civilization.This paper consists of five parts. Chapter One provides a brief introduction of Arthur Miller and the researches on Death of a Salesman. Chapter Two describes the social background of the American Dream and the influences of Miller’s growing background on this play. Chapter Three demonstrates the origin and development of the American Dream together with its reflection in this play. In Chapter Four, the author analyzes the reasons of the disillusionment of Willy’s American Dream from different roles he pla ys in society. Fina lly, this paper confirms Arthur Miller’s position and his great contributions to American literature and summarizes the social significance of the disillusionment of the American Dream and its enlightenment to people.Key words: Arthur Miller; Death of a Salesman; American Dream; disillusionmentContentsChapter 1 Introduction 1Chapter 2 Backgrounds of Death of a Salesman 32.1 Growing Background of Arthur Miller 32.2 Social Background of Death of a Salesman 4Chapter 3 The American Dream in Death of a Salesman 63.1 The Origin and Development of the American Dream 63.2 Willy’s American Dream 73.3 Biff’s American Dream 83.4 The Essence of the American Dream 9Chapter 4 Reasons of the Disillusionment of Willy’s American Dream 10 4.1 Willy’s False Values 104.2 Willy’s Failure as a Salesman 114.3 Willy’s Failure as a Father 124.3.1 False-teaching as a father 124.3.2 Biff’s failure 13Chapter 5 Conclusion 14Notes 15Bibliography 16Acknowledgements 17。
美国梦的悲剧——评米勒《推销员之死》
美国梦的悲剧——评米勒《推销员之死》“人与人的现场交流”是戏剧艺术不同于影视最大的特征。
也是其最大魅力，在斯氏体验基础上的表演，最大限度的扩大了舞台第四堵墙的效果，观众在演员的“当众孤独”中入戏。
唤起了恐惧与怜悯被震惊共鸣，达到了净化的审美期待。
处于20世纪现代主义思潮转变中的戏剧人米勒，不可避免的受其美学风格影响。
内容的现实主义社会问题与形式表现的现代主义元素运用结合，使得《推销员之死》这一美国悲剧不同于传统现实主义戏剧的窠臼，与舞台上呈现出人物的精神断面，使得观众不仅从人物间错综复杂的矛盾冲突和故事情节的跌宕起伏中感受“震惊”还可以在舞台所营造的为展现人物心理幻境回忆的布景与音乐中激发情感的轰炸，冲击。
迫使我们梦醒。
剧作以二战后美国社会为背景，对威利自杀前的苦闷，挣扎，绝望的内心历程做了展现，写照，并在故事进行中对其心理情感变化促其死亡，也做出了一种剖露的社会批评。
塑造了威利这个在其人生道路上的双重失败者——失败的推销员和一个失败的父亲。
可以说全剧的中心就是威利的自杀，死亡。
为了实现这一终极冲突，米勒设置了复杂的矛盾关系架设，突出了威利死前三次主要冲突。
再加之威利内心灵魂追求与现实社会境遇的心理冲突，构成了威利死亡的基础铺垫，展示了威利在迈向死亡之每一步的心灵悸动。
第一次冲突发生于霍华德办公室，而此时威利已是个靠每周向朋友借钱连保险都付不起的失败推销员。
他请求霍华德能在办公室为自己找个差使，但被一口回绝，理想中本可以凭自己和霍华德父亲的交情和在商号里耗了30年，几乎现出青春，热情，生命的资本和在现实中只按死规矩办事的境遇的对比叙述下那种蕴藏在威利背后的辛酸，失落，愤怒，痛苦宣泄而出。
自己已然和这个社会有着极不调和的规矩，为自己的死亡给予了社会的重压。
当残酷的现实粉碎了威力的推销员梦想后，他把希望转向了家庭，同许多父亲一样把理想延续到儿子的身上，于是接连的第二次冲突爆发了。
当父亲与儿子在饭馆中相遇，听到儿子比夫借钱失败还偷了金笔时，幻想在父亲头上的希望破灭了。
从推销员之死看美国梦的破灭英文版
Name: Student number:Course: A Journey in English Literature Instructor: June.10, 2011_______________________________________________________________________________Abstract:Death of a Salesman is a great tragedy which was written by Arthur Miller, an American dramatist .It is different from classical tragedy. It is a story about an ordinary sales man .Salesman Willy Lowman has worked thirty six years for a company. He believes that a man with a well liked job can be successful through persistent hard work. However, everything goes against his wishes. As he could not sell the product well, the boss in the company fired him without showing any sympathy for him. Willy’s dream o f success was shattered. The play has profound social significance, because it comes from the real life and authentically reflects the tragedy of the ordinary people America.Title:The exhortation from Willy’s American dreamKey Words: the death of salesman exhortation American DreamIntroductionAs a great American realistic dramatist, Arthur Miller paid always attention to the moral and educative functions of dramas. Death of a Salesman is his most representational work and also an influential “most great drama in America after the War” (尹露，2009)Willy is anordinary salesman, he was struggling for his unrealistic dream all the time, but he failed .I think it is completely unavoidable, because he picked the wrong way. The tragedy of Willy also indicated the burst of the American Dream, I think , we should have a great exhortation from him.American realist playwright Arthur Miller is a contemporary American theater, and one of the most famous playwright.” Death of a Salesman" is the late representative works of Arth urMiller. Miller in the play not only condemned the American business system, but also revealed the illusion of the American dream from the tragic fate of salesman Willy Loman, and it further revealed the unrealistic nature of the American dream, which is rooted in the American soul. It's durable and disillusionment is the sick show under the cover of American social and economic prosperity."Death of a Salesman," Willy, the hero is such an ordinary people. He is a very average American salesman and he dedicated to his perceived "American Dream" in his own life, and make Unremitting efforts for it. He built his life on top of his dream, and treated the fantasy as reality. When he was in trouble in life, although he tried to identify problems, because of a strong desire to his dream in mind, he was leaving the dream deceived himself. He lived in his own world with naive, never considered whether the dream can realize or not in the business world.Willy's dream has different expression and continuity on his two sons. He tried to indoctrinate his son's success principles, resulting the eldest son Biff can not correctly understand of himself in long-term, and he can do nothing. The little son Happy was holding the same beliefs with Willy all along, he is the victim of Willy’s philosophy. Until the end of the play he also believes he will be able to success as long as following the footsteps of his father. Miller revealed the universality and continuity of the "American dream" in the lives of ordinary people. On the success of shaping the character, as well as his confusion between reality and dream, it reflected ordinary people in American society longing for a dream and struggle for life. He vividly depicts a typical "American Dream of "the tragedy of shattered. The performance of the tragedy, on the one hand reveals weakness in the character of ordinary people, the other major expose the shortcomings of American society itself（杜新宇，2007）."Death of a Salesman," which on the "American Dream" lasting and disillusion of thinking, still worth thinking deeply and reflect on later."Death of a Salesman" is a classic modern tragedy. It exposes some of the ills of American society, shattered the myth "everyone can succeed". Willy's life is the process "American dream" shattered; is a true reflection of objective reality for American dream. Sadly, Willy did not see this until died, his death should make people blind in dream do a deep reflection.The real source of Willy’s tragedy is that he can not distinguish fantasy and reality, can not be unified harmony his own dreams and responsibilities. If Willy can understand the illusory dreams and hard realities, he would not be abandoned by the society.It should be said, while adhering to their own dreams, Willy is a brave man. If he choose another dream, he will be very easy to achieve happiness. Because his family has a self-reliant feature. He has strange skillful hands. If he chooses a job in the field, Willy will do well, but he chose to sell the business. Willy chooses to commit suicide after the failure, is the last struggle to re-establish their self-confidence and prestige of the family. Yes! They can get twenty thousand dollars! Twenty thousand is quite visible and tangible hard goods. Willy naively believe that Biff units to be happy if he has the twenty thousand. In this way, he walked to the valuable, great death which he considered with his dream that his son can success at last. Dreaming is not wrong. Willy’s mistake is he made a dream she should not do. Willy’s biggest tragedy is that he put his own life to this dream, but he did not understand this dream is wrong, it is impossible to achieve, until his death. People is in pursuit of status, money, but not popular and personal charm in that society. Western values represented by Willy’s American dream can only to burst.If your destination is the top, and the road you choose is leading to the abyss, then, in any case, you will not get the place you want to. Well begun is half done, if you start in the wrong direction, how can you success? There is no doubt that Willy had made the wrong direction .He made a dream is not his own, and he was unwilling to wake up. All of this led his tragedy with no doubts. It had aroused our awareness and thinking.ConclusionWe all have the right to dream. In the meanwhile, we must have a dream as our goal, as our life compass. But we should know what kind of dream we can do, what kind of dream we can not do here, we must understand that dream is not the dream we only can think Unrealistically all day , the difference between the two usually have a very worth pondering distance. The past is past, if you do not own dreams, then you should find one in a hurry .Because T. Jefferson Thomas Jefferson (3rd U.S. President)say that I do not recall the past history but Commit to the dreams of the future. -However, we should remember ,the one who want write their dreams should be clear more. Only like this they won’t go to the abyss like Willy. If you have own dreams relevant, hard work you should be pursued, eventually you will realize the dream that one day. Tennyson said: As long as a lasting dream, can become a reality. I hope that everyone can dream come true.Reference尹露，（2009年8月第四期）从《推销员之死》看阿瑟.米勒对美国梦的阐释，新乡学院学报杜新宇，（2007年1月第一期）《推销员之死》看西方价值观的破灭，工会论坛。
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