Chapter 18 Open-Economy Macroeconomics Basic Concepts

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国际经济学英文题库（最全版附答案）

【国际经济学】英文题库Chapter 1: IntroductionMultiple-Choice Questions1. Which of the following products are not produced at all in the United States?*A. Coffee, tea, cocoaB. steel, copper, aluminumC. petroleum, coal, natural gasD. typewriters, computers, airplanes2. International trade is most important to the standard of living of:A. the United States*B. SwitzerlandC. GermanyD. England3. Over time, the economic interdependence of nations has:*A. grownB. diminishedC. remained unchangedD. cannot say4. A rough measure of the degree of economic interdependence of a nation is given by:A. the size of the nations' populationB. the percentage of its population to its GDP*C. the percentage of a nation's imports and exports to its GDPD. all of the above 5. Economic interdependence is greater for:*A. small nationsB. large nationsC. developed nationsD. developing nations6. The gravity model of international trade predicts that trade between two nations is larger A. the larger the two nationsB. the closer the nationsC. the more open are the two nations*D. all of the above7. International economics deals with:A. the flow of goods, services, and payments among nationsB. policies directed at regulating the flow of goods, services, and paymentsC. the effects of policies on the welfare of the nation*D. all of the above 8. International trade theory refers to:*A. the microeconomic aspects of international tradeB. the macroeconomic aspects of international tradeC. open economy macroeconomics or international financeD. all of the above 9. Which of the following is not the subject matter of international finance?A. foreign exchange marketsB. the balance of payments*C. the basis and the gains from tradeD. policies to adjust balance of payments disequilibria10. Economic theory:A. seeks to explain economic eventsB. seeks to predict economic eventsC. abstracts from the many detail that surrounds an economic event*D. all of the above11. Which of the following is not an assumption generally made in the study of inter national economics?A. two nationsB. two commodities*C. perfect international mobility of factorsD. two factors of production12. In the study of international economics:A. international trade policies are examined before the bases for tradeB. adjustment policies are discussed before the balance of paymentsC. the case of many nations is discussed before the two-nations case*D. none of the above13. International trade is similar to interregional trade in that both must overcome:*A. distance and spaceB. trade restrictionsC. differences in currenciesD. differences in monetary systems14. The opening or expansion of international trade usually affects all members of so ciety: A. positivelyB. negatively*C. most positively but some negativelyD. most negatively but some positively15. An increase in the dollar price of a foreign currency usually:A. benefit U.S. importers*B. benefits U.S. exportersC. benefit both U.S. importers and U.S. exportersD. harms both U.S. importers and U.S. exporters16. Which of the following statements with regard to international economics is true?A. It is a relatively new field*B. it is a relatively old fieldC. most of its contributors were not economistsD. none of the above思考题：1.为什么学习国际经济学非常重要？2.列举体现当前国际经济学问题的一些重要事件，它们为什么重要？3.当今世界面临的最重要的国家经济问题是什么？全球化的利弊各是什么？Chapter 2: The Law of Comparative Advantage Multiple-Choice Questions1. The Mercantilists did not advocate:*A.free tradeB. stimulating the nation's exportsC. restricting the nations' importsD. the accumulation of gold by the nation2. According to Adam Smith, international trade was based on:*A. absolute advantageB. comparative advantageC. both absolute and comparative advantageD. neither absolute nor comparative advantage3. What proportion of international trade is based on absolute advantage?A. AllB. most*C. someD. none4. The commodity in which the nation has the smallest absolute disadvantage is the commodity of its:A. absolute disadvantageB. absolute advantageC. comparative disadvantage*D. comparative advantage5. If in a two-nation (A and B), two-commodity (X and Y) world, it is established tha t nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity X, then nation B must have:A. an absolute advantage in commodity YB. an absolute disadvantage in commodity YC. a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*D. a comparative advantage in commodity Y6. If with one hour of labor time nation A can produce either 3X or 3Y while nation B can produce either 1X or 3Y (and labor is the only input):A. nation A has a comparative disadvantage in commodity XB. nation B has a comparative disadvantage in commodity Y*C. nation A has a comparative advantage in commodity XD. nation A has a comparative advantage in neither commodity7. With reference to the statement in Question 6:A. Px/Py=1 in nation AB. Px/Py=3 in nation BC. Py/Px=1/3 in nation B*D. all of the above8. With reference to the statement in Question 6, if 3X is exchanged for 3Y:A. nation A gains 2X*B. nation B gains 6YC. nation A gains 3YD. nation B gains 3Y9. With reference to the statement of Question 6, the range of mutually beneficial tra de between nation A and B is:A. 3Y < 3X < 5YB. 5Y < 3X < 9Y*C. 3Y < 3X < 9YD. 1Y < 3X < 3Y10. If domestically 3X=3Y in nation A, while 1X=1Y domestically in nation B:A. there will be no trade between the two nationsB. the relative price of X is the same in both nationsC. the relative price of Y is the same in both nations*D. all of the above11. Ricardo explained the law of comparative advantage on the basis of:*A. the labor theory of valueB. the opportunity cost theoryC. the law of diminishing returnsD. all of the above12. Which of the following statements is true?A. The combined demand for each commodity by the two nations is negatively slope dB. the combined supply for each commodity by the two nations is rising stepwiseC. the equilibrium relative commodity price for each commodity with trade is giv en by the intersection of the demand and supply of each commodity by the two nati ons*D. all of the above13. A difference in relative commodity prices between two nations can be based upo difference in:n a difference A. factor endowmentsB. technologyC. tastes*D. all of the above14. In the trade between a small and a large nation:A. the large nation is likely to receive all of the gains from trade*B. the small nation is likely to receive all of the gains from tradeC. the gains from trade are likely to be equally sharedD. we cannot say15. The Ricardian trade model has been empirically*A. verifiedB. rejectedC. not testedD. tested but the results were inconclusive思考题：比较优势原理所带来的贸易所得是从何而来的？贸易利益又是如何分配的？现实世界中比较优势是如何度量的？你认为目前中国具有比较优势的商品有哪些？这意味着什么？比较优势会不会发生变化？什么样的原因可能会导致其变化？经济学家是如何验证比较优势原理的？Chapter 3: The Standard Theory of International TradeMultiple-Choice Questions1. A production frontier that is concave from the origin indicates that the nation incur s i ncreasing increasing opportunity costs in the production of:A. commodity X onlyB. commodity Y only*C. both commoditiesD. neither commodity2. The marginal rate of transformation (MRT) of X for Y refers to:A. the amount of Y that a nation must give up to produce each additional unit of XB. the opportunity cost of XC. the absolute slope of the production frontier at the point of production*D. all of the above3. Which of the following is not a reason for increasing opportunity costs:*A. technology differs among nationsB. factors of production are not homogeneousC. factors of production are not used in the same fixed proportion in the production of all commoditiesD. for the nation to produce more of a commodity, it must use resources that are le ss and less suited in the production of the commodity4. Community indifference curves:A. are negatively slopedB. are convex to the originC. should not cross*D. all of the above5. The marginal rate of substitution (MRS) of X for Y in consumption refers to the:A. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y and still remain o n the same indifference curve*B. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X and still remain on the same indifference curveC. amount of X that a nation must give up for one extra unit of Y to reach a higher indifference curveD. amount of Y that a nation must give up for one extra unit of X to reach a higher indifference curve6. Which of the following statements is true with respect to the MRS of X for Y?A. It is given by the absolute slope of the indifference curveB. declines as the nation moves down an indifference curveC. rises as the nation moves up an indifference curve*D. all of the above 7. Which of the following statements about community indifference curves is true?A. They are entirely unrelated to individuals' community indifference curvesB. they cross, they cannot be used in the analysis*C. the problems arising from intersecting community indifference curves can be over come by the application of the compensation principleD. all of the above. 8. Which of the following is not true for a nation that is in equilibrium in isolation?*A. It consumes inside its production frontierB. it reaches the highest indifference curve possible with its production frontierC. the indifference curve is tangent to the nation's production frontierD. MRT of X for Y equals MRS of X for Y, and they are equal to Px/Py 9. If the internal Px/Py is lower in nation 1 than in nation 2 without trade:A. nation 1 has a comparative advantage in commodity YB. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity X*C. nation 2 has a comparative advantage in commodity YD. none of the above10. Nation 1's share of the gains from trade will be greater:A. the greater is nation 1's demand for nation 2's exports*B. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 2's pretrade Px/PyC. the weaker is nation 2's demand for nation 1's exportsD. the closer Px/Py with trade settles to nation 1's pretrade Px/Py11. If Px/Py exceeds the equilibrium relative Px/Py with tradeequilibr A. the nation exporting commodity X will want to export more of X than at e quilibr iumequilibri B. the nation importing commodity X will want to import less of X than at e quilibri umC. Px/Py will fall toward the equilibrium Px/Py*D. all of the above12. With free trade under increasing costs:A. neither nation will specialize completely in productionB. at least one nation will consume above its production frontierC. a small nation will always gain from trade*D. all of the above13. Which of the following statements is false?A.The gains from trade can be broken down into the gains from exchange and the gains from specializationB. gains from exchange result even without specialization*C. gains from specialization result even without exchangeD. none of the above14. The gains from exchange with respect to the gains from specialization are alway s:A. greaterB. smallerC. equal*D. we cannot say without additional information15. Mutually beneficial trade cannot occur if production frontiers are:A. equal but tastes are notB. different but tastes are the sameC. different and tastes are also different*D. the same and tastes are also the same.思考题：国际贸易的标准理论与大卫.李嘉图的比较优势原理有何异同？两国仅仅由于需求偏好不同可以进行市场分工和狐狸贸易吗？两国仅仅由于要素禀赋不同和/或生产技术不同可以进行分工和贸易吗?Chapter 4: Demand and Supply, Offer Curves, and the Terms of Trade Multiple Choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is correct? A. The demand for imports is given by the excess demand for the commodityB. the supply of exports is given by the excess supply of the commodityC. the supply curve of exports is flatter than the total supply curve of the commodity *D. all of the above2. At a relative commodity price above equilibriumA. the excess demand for a commodity exceeds the excess supply of the commodityB. the quantity demanded of imports exceeds the quantity supplied of exports*C. the commodity price will fallD. all of the above3. The offer curve of a nation shows:A. the supply of a nation's importsB. the demand for a nation's exportsC. the trade partner's demand for imports and supply of exports*D. the nation's demand for imports and supply of exports4. The offer curve of a nation bulges toward the axis measuring the nationsA. import commodity*B. export commodityC. export or import commodityD. nontraded commodity5. Export prices must rise for a nation to increase its exports because the nation:A. incurs increasing opportunity costs in export productionB. faces decreasing opportunity costs in producing import substitutesC. faces decreasing marginal rate of substitution in consumption*D. all of the above6. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is false?A. It relies on traditional demand and supply curvesB. it isolates for study one market*C. it can be used to determine the equilibrium relative commodity price but not the equilibrium quantity with tradeD. none of the above7. Which of the following statements regarding partial equilibrium analysis is true?A. The demand and supply curve are derived from the nation's production frontier an d indifference mapB. It shows the same basic information as offer curvesC. It shows the same equilibrium relative commodity prices as with offer curves*D. all of the above 8. In what way does partial equilibrium analysis differ from general equilibrium analy sis?A. The former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium price with tradeB. the former but not the latter can be used to determine the equilibrium quantity with tradeC. the former but not the latter takes into consideration the interaction among all ma rkets in the economy*D. the former gives only an approximation to the answer sought.9. If the terms of trade of a nation are 1.5 in a two-nation world, those of the tradepartner are:A. 3/4*B. 2/3C. 3/2D. 4/310. If the terms of trade increase in a two-nation world, those of the trade partner:*A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchangedD. any of the above11. If a nation does not affect world prices by its trading, its offer curve:A. is a straight lineB. bulges toward the axis measuring the import commodity*C. intersects the straight-line segment of the world's offer curveD. intersects the positively-sloped portion of the world's offer curve12. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodityB. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its import commodity C. the partner's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity *D. the nation's offer curve rotates toward the axis measuring its export commodity13. If the nation's tastes for its import commodity increases:A. the nation's terms of trade remain unchanged*B. the nation's terms of trade deteriorateC. the partner's terms of trade deteriorateD. any of the above14. If the tastes for a nation import commodity increases, trade volume:*A. increasesB. declinesC. remains unchangedD. any of the above15. A deterioration of a nation's terms of trade causes the nation's welfare to:A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchanged*D. any of the above思考题：提供曲线如何推导？有何用途？两国贸易时的均衡商品价格是如何决定的？受哪些因素影响？贸易条件的含义是？贸易条件的改善意味着什么？哪些因素可能导致贸易条件的改善？Chapter 5: Factor Endowments and the Heckscher-Ohlin Theory Multiple-Choice Questions1. The H-O model extends the classical trade model by:A. explaining the basis for comparative advantageB. examining the effect of trade on factor prices*C. both A and BD. neither A nor B2. Which is not an assumption of the H-O model:A. the same technology in both nationsB. constant returns to scale*C. complete specializationD. equal tastes in both nations3. With equal technology nations will have equal K/L in production if:*A. factor prices are the sameB. tastes are the sameC. production functions are the sameD. all of the above4. We say that commodity Y is K-intensive with respect to X when:A. more K is used in the production of Y than XB. less L is used in the production of Y than X*C. a lower L/K ratio is used in the production of Y than XD. a higher K/L is used in the production of X than Y5. When w/r falls, L/KA. falls in the production of both commodities*B. rises in the production of both commoditiesC. can rise or fallD. is not affected6. A nation is said to have a relative abundance of K if it has a:A. greater absolute amount of KB. smaller absolute amount of LC. higher L/K ratio*D. lower r/w 7. A difference in relative commodity prices between nations can be based on a diffe rence in:A. technologyB. factor endowmentsC. tastes*D. all of the above 8. In the H-O model, international trade is based mostly on a difference in:A. technology*B. factor endowmentsC. economies of scaleD. tastes 9. According to the H-O model, trade reduces international differences in:A. relative but not absolute factor pricesB. absolute but not relative factor prices*C. both relative and absolute factor pricesD. neither relative nor absolute factor prices10. According to the H-O model, international trade will:A. reduce international differences in per capita incomesB. increases international differences in per capita incomes*C. may increase or reduce international differences in per capita incomes D. lead to complete specialization11. The H-O model is a general equilibrium model because it deals with:A. production in both nationsB. consumption in both nationsC. trade between the two nations*D. all of the above12. The H-O model is a simplification of the a truly general equilibrium model b ecause because it deals with:A. two nationsB. two commoditiesC. two factors of production*D. all of the above13. The Leontief paradox refers to the empirical finding that U.S.*A. import substitutes are more K-intensive than exportsB. imports are more K-intensive than exportsC. exports are more L-intensive than importsD. exports are more K-intensive than import substitutes14. From empirical studies, we conclude that the H-O theory:A. must be rejectedB. must be accepted without reservations*C. can be accepted while awaiting further testingD. explains all international trade15. For factor reversal to occur, two commodities must be produced with:*A. sufficiently different elasticity of substitution of factors B. the same K/L ratioC. technologically-fixed factor proportionsD. equal elasticity of substitution of factors思考题：H-O理论有哪些假设？各假设的含义是什么？为什么要做出这些假设？如何检验H-O理论的正确性？H-O-S定理的假设条件又是什么？他与生产要素国际间的流动有何关系？如何检验H-O-S定理在现实中的可靠性？Chapter 6: Economies of Scale, Imperfect Competition, and International T radeMultiple-Choice Questions:1. Relaxing the assumptions on which the Heckscher-Ohlin theory rests:A. leads to rejection of the theoryB. leaves the theory unaffected*C. requires complementary trade theoriesD. any of the above.Which of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed, leav ethe theory unaffected? t he A. Two nations, two commodities, and two factorsB. both nations use the same technologyC. the same commodity is L-intensive in both nations*D. all of the aboveWhich of the following assumptions of the Heckscher-Ohlin theory, when relaxed, require new trade theories? r equire *A. Economies of scaleB. incomplete specializationC. similar tastes in both nationsD. the existence of transportation costsInternational trade can be based on economies of scale even if both nations have ide ntical:A. factor endowmentsB. tastesC. technology*D. all of the above5. A great deal of international trade:A. is intra-industry tradeB. involves differentiated productsC. is based on monopolistic competition*D. all of the above6. The Heckscher-Ohlin and new trade theories explains most of the trade:A. among industrial countriesB. between developed and developing countriesC. in industrial goods*D. all of the aboveThe theory that a nation exports those products for which a large domestic market e xistswas advanced by: w as *A. LinderB. VernonC. LeontiefD. Ohlin8. Intra-industry trade takes place:A. because products are homogeneous*B. in order to take advantage of economies of scaleC. because perfect competition is the prevalent form of market organizationD. all of the aboveIf a nation exports twice as much of a differentiated product that it imports, its intra- i ndustry industry (T) index is equal to:A. 1.00B. 0.75*C. 0.50D. 0.2510. Trade based on technological gaps is closely related to:A. the H-O theory*B. the product-cycle theoryC. Linder's theoryD. all of the above11. Which of the following statements is true with regard to the product-cycle theor y?A. It depends on differences in technological changes over time among countriesB. it depends on the opening and the closing of technological gaps among countriesC. it postulates that industrial countries export more advanced products to less advanced countries*D. all of the above12. Transport costs:A. increase the price in the importing countryB. reduces the price in the exporting country*C. both of the aboveD. neither A nor B.13. Transport costs can be analyzed:A. with demand and supply curvesB. production frontiersC. offer curves*D. all of the above14. The share of transport costs will fall less heavily on the nation:*A. with the more elastic demand and supply of the traded commodityB. with the less elastic demand and supply of the traded commodityC. exporting agricultural productsD. with the largest domestic market15. A footloose industry is one in which the product:A. gains weight in processingB. loses weight in processingC. both of the above*D. neither A nor B.思考题：本章的贸易理论与基于比较优势的贸易理论有哪些不同？这两类贸易理论是互相排斥的吗？H-O理论与心贸易理论之间有什么经验关联？运输成本对H-O定理和H-O-S定理有何影响？不同的环保标准时如何影响产业选址及国际贸易的？2009年底联合国哥本哈根气候大会中的议题与国际贸易有何关系？这对我国经贸发展有何影响？Chapter 7: Economic Growth and International Trade Multiple-Choice Questions1. Dynamic factors in trade theory refer to changes in:A. factor endowmentsB. technologyC. tastes*D. all of the above2. Doubling the amount of L and K under constant returns to scale:A. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityB. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityC. leaves the shape of the production frontier unchanged*D. all of the above.3. Doubling only the amount of L available under constant returns to scale:A. less than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*B. more than doubles the output of the L-intensive commodityC. doubles the output of the K-intensive commodityD. leaves the output of the K-intensive commodity unchanged4. The Rybczynski theorem postulates that doubling L at constant relative commodity prices:A. doubles the output of the L-intensive commodity*B. reduces the output of the K-intensive commodityC. increases the output of both commoditiesD. any of the above5. Doubling L is likely to:A. increases the relative price of the L-intensive commodityB. reduces the relative price of the K-intensive commodity*C. reduces the relative price of the L-intensive commodityD. any of the aboveTechnical progress that increases the productivity of L proportionately more than the productivity of K is called: p roductivity *A. capital savingB. labor savingC. neutralD. any of the above7. A 50 percent productivity increase in the production of commodity Y:A. increases the output of commodity Y by 50 percentB. does not affect the output of XC. shifts the production frontier in the Y direction only*D. any of the above8. Doubling L with trade in a small L-abundant nation:*A. reduces the nation's social welfareB. reduces the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of tradeD. all of the above 9. Doubling L with trade in a large L-abundant nation:A. reduces the nation's social welfareB. reduces the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of trade*D. all of the aboveIf, at unchanged terms of trade, a nation wants to trade more after growth, then the n ation's nation's terms of trade can be expected to:*A. deteriorateB. improveC. remain unchangedD. any of the above A proportionately greater increase in the nation's supply of labor than of capital is lik ely to result in a deterioration in the nation's terms of trade if the nation exports: to A. the K-intensive commodity*B. the L-intensive commodityC. either commodityD. both commodities12. Technical progress in the nation's export commodity:*A. may reduce the nation's welfareB. will reduce the nation's welfareC. will increase the nation's welfareD. leaves the nation's welfare unchanged13. Doubling K with trade in a large L-abundant nation:A. increases the nation's welfareB. improves the nation's terms of tradeC. reduces the volume of trade*D. all of the above14. An increase in tastes for the import commodity in both nations:A. reduces the volume of trade*B. increases the volume of tradeC. leaves the volume of trade unchangedD. any of the above15. An increase in tastes of the import commodity of Nation A and export in B:*A. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation AB. will increase the terms of trade of Nation AC. will reduce the terms of trade of Nation BD. any of the above思考题：要素积累和技术进步如何影响一国的生产可能性曲线的形状和位置？何种类型的经济增长最可恩能够导致国家福利的下降？那种类型的经济增长最可能导致国家福利的改善？Chapter 8: Trade Restrictions: TariffsMultiple-choice Questions1. Which of the following statements is incorrect?A. An ad valorem tariff is expressed as a percentage of the value of the traded com modityB. A specific tariff is expressed as a fixed sum of the value of the traded commodity.C. Export tariffs are prohibited by the U.S. Constitution*D. The U.S. uses exclusively the specific tariff 2. A small nation is one:A. which does not affect world price by its tradingB. which faces an infinitely elastic world supply curve for its import commodityC. whose consumers will pay a price that exceeds the world price by the amount of t he tariff*D. all of the above3. If a small nation increases the tariff on its import commodity, its:A. consumption of the commodity increasesB. production of the commodity decreasesC. imports of the commodity increase*D. none of the aboveThe increase in producer surplus when a small nation imposes a tariff is measured by the area:*A. to the left of the supply curve between the commodity price with and without th e tariffB. under the supply curve between the quantity produced with and without the tariffC. under the demand curve between the commodity price with and without the tariffD. none of the above.。

[美]R·格伦·哈伯德《宏观经济学》R.GlennHubbard,AnthonyP

Macroeconomics R. GLENN HUBBARD COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY ANTHONY PATRICK O’BRIEN LEHIGH UNIVERSITY MATTHEW RAFFERTY QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY Boston Columbus Indianapolis New York San Francisco Upper Saddle RiverAmsterdam Cape Town Dubai London Madrid Milan Munich Paris Montreal Toronto Delhi Mexico City So Paulo Sydney Hong Kong Seoul Singapore Taipei TokyoAbout the AuthorsGlenn Hubbard Professor Researcher and Policymaker R. Glenn Hubbard is the dean and Russell L. Carson Professor of Finance and Economics in the Graduate School of Business at Columbia University and professor of economics in Columbia’s Faculty of Arts and Sciences. He is also a research associate of the National Bureau of Economic Research and a director of Automatic Data Processing Black Rock Closed- End Funds KKR Financial Corporation and MetLife. Professor Hubbard received his Ph.D. in economics from Harvard University in 1983. From 2001 to 2003 he served as chairman of the White House Council of Economic Advisers and chairman of the OECD Economy Policy Commit- tee and from 1991 to 1993 he was deputy assistant secretary of the U.S. Treasury Department. He currently serves as co-chair of the nonpar-tisan Committee on Capital Markets Regulation and the Corporate Boards Study Group. ProfessorHubbard is the author of more than 100 articles in leading journals including American EconomicReview Brookings Papers on Economic Activity Journal of Finance Journal of Financial EconomicsJournal of Money Credit and Banking Journal of Political Economy Journal of Public EconomicsQuarterly Journal of Economics RAND Journal of Economics and Review of Economics and Statistics.Tony O’Brien Award-Winning Professor and Researcher Anthony Patrick O’Brien is a professor of economics at Lehigh University. He received a Ph.D. from the University of California Berkeley in 1987. He has taught principles of economics money and banking and interme- diate macroeconomics for more than 20 years in both large sections and small honors classes. He received the Lehigh University Award for Distin- guished Teaching. He was formerly the director of the Diamond Center for Economic Education and was named a Dana Foundation Faculty Fel- low and Lehigh Class of 1961 Professor of Economics. He has been a visit- ing professor at the University of California Santa Barbara and Carnegie Mellon University. Professor O’Brien’s research has dealt with such issues as the evolution of the U.S. automobile industry sources of U.S. economiccompetitiveness the development of U.S. trade policy the causes of the Great Depression and thecauses of black–white income differences. His research has been published in leading journals in-cluding American Economic Review Quarterly Journal of Economics Journal of Money Credit andBanking Industrial Relations Journal of Economic History Explorations in Economic History andJournal of PolicyHistory.Matthew Rafferty Professor and Researcher Matthew Christopher Rafferty is a professor of economics and department chairperson at Quinnipiac University. He has also been a visiting professor at Union College. He received a Ph.D. from the University of California Davis in 1997 and has taught intermediate macroeconomics for 15 years in both large and small sections. Professor Rafferty’s research has f ocused on university and firm-financed research and development activities. In particular he is interested in understanding how corporate governance and equity compensation influence firm research and development. His research has been published in leading journals including the Journal of Financial and Quantitative Analysis Journal of Corporate Finance Research Policy and the Southern Economic Journal. He has worked as a consultantfor theConnecticut Petroleum Council on issues before the Connecticut state legislature. He has alsowritten op-ed pieces that have appeared in several newspapers including the New York Times. iii Brief Contents Part 1: Introduction Chapter 1 The Long and Short of Macroeconomics 1 Chapter 2 Measuring the Macroeconomy 23 Chapter 3 The Financial System 59 Part 2: Macroeconomics in the Long Run: Economic Growth Chapter 4 Determining Aggregate Production 105 Chapter 5 Long-Run Economic Growth 143 Chapter 6 Money and Inflation 188 Chapter 7 The Labor Market 231 Part 3: Macroeconomics in the Short Run: Theory and Policy Chapter 8 Business Cycles 271 Chapter 9 IS–MP: A Short-Run Macroeconomic Model 302 Chapter 10 Monetary Policy in the Short Run 363 Chapter 11 Fiscal Policy in the Short Run 407 Chapter 12 Aggregate Demand Aggregate Supply and Monetary Policy 448 Part 4: Extensions Chapter 13 Fiscal Policy and the Government Budget in the Long Run 486 Chapter 14 Consumption and Investment 521 Chapter 15 The Balance of Payments Exchange Rates and Macroeconomic Policy 559 Glossary G-1 Index I-1ivContentsChapter 1 The Long and Short of Macroeconomics 1WHEN YOU ENTER THE JOB MARKET CAN MATTER A LOT ........................................................ 11.1 What Macroeconomics Is About........................................................................... 2 Macroeconomics in the Short Run and in the Long Run .................................................... 2 Long-Run Growth in the United States ............................................................................. 3 Some Countries Have Not Experienced Significant Long-Run Growth ............................... 4 Aging Populations Pose a Challenge to Governments Around the World .......................... 5 Unemployment in the United States ................................................................................. 6 How Unemployment Rates Differ Across Developed Countries ......................................... 7 Inflation Rates Fluctuate Over Time and Across Countries................................................. 7 Econo mic Policy Can Help Stabilize the Economy .. (8)International Factors Have Become Increasingly Important in Explaining Macroeconomic Events................................................................................. 91.2 How Economists Think About Macroeconomics ............................................. 11 What Is the Best Way to Analyze Macroeconomic Issues .............................................. 11 Macroeconomic Models.................................................................................................. 12Solved Problem 1.2: Do Rising Imports Lead to a Permanent Reductionin U.S. Employment. (12)Assumptions Endogenous Variables and Exogenous Variables in EconomicModels ........................................................................................................ 13 Forming and Testing Hypotheses in Economic Models .................................................... 14Making the Connection: What Do People Know About Macroeconomicsand How Do They KnowIt .............................................................................................. 151.3 Key Issues and Questions of Macroeconomics ............................................... 16An Inside Look: Will Consumer Spending Nudge Employers to Hire................................ 18Chapter Summary and Problems ............................................................................. 20 Key Terms and Concepts Review Questions Problems and Applications Data Exercise Theseend-of-chapter resource materials repeat in all chapters.Chapter 2 Measuring the Macroeconomy 23HOW DO WE KNOW WHEN WE ARE IN ARECESSION ........................................................... 23Key Issue andQuestion .................................................................................................... 232.1 GDP: Measuring Total Production and Total Income ..................................... 25 How theGovernment Calculates GDP (25)Production and Income (26)The Circular Flow of Income (27)An Example of Measuring GDP (29)National Income Identities and the Components of GDP (29)vvi CONTENTS Making the Connection: Will Public Employee Pensions Wreck State and Local Government Budgets.................................................................... 31 The Relationship Between GDP and GNP........................................................................ 33 2.2 Real GDP Nominal GDP and the GDP Deflator.............................................. 33 Solved Problem 2.2a: Calculating Real GDP . (34)Price Indexes and the GDP Deflator (35)Solved Problem 2.2b: Calculating the Inflation Rate ..........................................................36 The Chain-Weighted Measure of Real GDP ....................................................................37 Making the Connection: Trying to Hit a Moving Target: Forecasting with “Real-Time Data” .................................................................................. 37 Comparing GDP Across Countries................................................................................... 38 Making the Connection: The Incredible Shrinking Chinese Economy ................................ 39 GDP and National Income .............................................................................................. 40 2.3 Inflation Rates and Interest Rates ....................................................................... 41 The Consumer Price Index .............................................................................................. 42 Making the Connection: Does Indexing Preserve the Purchasing Power of Social Security Payments ................................................................ 43 How Accurate Is theCPI ............................................................................................... 44 The Way the Federal Reserve Measures Inflation ............................................................ 44 InterestRates .................................................................................................................. 45 2.4 Measuring Employment and Unemployment .. (47)Answering the Key Question ............................................................................................ 49 An Inside Look: Weak Construction Market Persists.......................................................... 50 Chapter 3 The Financial System 59 THE WONDERFUL WORLD OFCREDIT ................................................................................... 59 Key Issue and Question .................................................................................................... 59 3.1 Overview of the Financial System ...................................................................... 60 Financial Markets and Financial Intermediaries ................................................................ 61 Making the Connection: Is General Motors Making Cars or Making Loans .................... 62 Making the Connection: Investing in the Worldwide Stock Market . (64)Banking and Securitization (67)The Mortgage Market and the Subprime Lending Disaster (67)Asymmetric Information and Principal–Agent Problems in Financial Markets...................68 3.2 The Role of the Central Bank in the Financial System (69)Central Banks as Lenders of Last Resort ..........................................................................69 Bank Runs Contagion and Asset Deflation ....................................................................70 Making the Connection: Panics Then and Now: The Collapse of the Bank of United States in 1930 and the Collapse of Lehman Brothers in2008 (71)3.3 Determining Interest Rates: The Market for Loanable Funds and the Market forMoney .......................................................................................... 76 Saving and Supply in the Loanable Funds Market ........................................................... 76 Investment and the Demand for Loanable Funds ............................................................ 77 Explaining Movements in Saving Investment and the Real Interest Rate (78)CONTENTS .。

萨缪尔森：《经济学》英文版目录

Economics, 18/ePaul A. Samuelson, Massachusetts Institute of Technology William D. Nordhaus, Yale UniversityISBN: 0072872055Copyright year: 2005Table of ContentsPart One: Basic Concepts1 The Fundamentals of EconomicsAppendix 1 How to Read Graphs2 Markets and Government in a Modern Economy3 Basic Elements of Supply and DemandPart Two: Microeconomics: Supply, Demand, and Product Markets4 Applications of Supply and Demand5 Demand and Consumer BehaviorAppendix 5 Geometrical Analysis of Consumer Equilibrium6 Production and Business Organization7 Analysis of CostsAppendix 7 Production, Cost Theory, and Decision of theFirm8 Analysis of Perfectly Competitive Markets9 Competition and Its Polar Case of Monopoly10 Oligopoly and Monopolistic Competition11 Uncertainty and Game TheoryPart Three: Factor Markets: Labor, Land, and Capital12 How Markets Determine Incomes13 The Labor Market14 Land and CapitalAppendix 14 Markets and Economic EfficiencyPart Four: Applied Microeconomics: International Trade, Government, and the Environment15 Comparative Advantage and Protectionism16 Government Taxation and Expenditure17 Promoting More Efficient Markets18 Protecting the Environment19 Efficiency vs. Equality: The Big TradeoffPart Five: Macroeconomics: Economic Growth and Business Cycles20 Overview of MacroeconomicsAppendix 20 Macroeconomic Data21 Measuring Economic Activity22 Consumption and Investment23 Business Fluctuations and the Theory of Aggregate Demand24 The Multiplier Model25 Money, Banking, and Financial Markets26 Central Banking and Monetary PolicyPart Six: Economic Growth and Macroeconomic Policy27 The Process of Economic Growth28 The Challenge of Economic Development29 Exchange Rates and the International Financial System30 Open-Economy MacroeconomicsPart Seven: Unemployment, Inflation, and Economic Policy31 Unemployment and the Foundations of Aggregate Supply32 Ensuring Price Stability33 The Warring Schools of Macroeconomics34 Policies for Growth and Stability。

Macro-economy

货币政策重在调节总量,以间接调节为主;财政政策重在调节结构,以直接调节为主。

当社会总需求明显小于社会总供给时，就应当采取松的政策措施，以扩大社会总需求;当社会总需求明显大于社会总供给时，就应采取紧的政策措施，以抑制社会总需求的增长。

(一)“双松”政策，即松的财政政策与松的货币政策配合松的财政政策是指政府通过降低税收或扩大政府支出规模或两者同时使用来增加社会的有效需求;松的货币政策是指中央银行通过降低法定准备金率、降低利息率来扩大信贷规模，增加货币供给。

这种形式适用于在总需求严重不足、生产能力未得到充分利用的情况下。

利用这种政策组合，可以刺激经济的增长，扩大就业，但配合不好，或放松幅度不适当，会带来通货膨胀的风险。

(二)“双紧”政策，即紧的财政政策与紧的货币政策配合紧的财政政策是指政府通过增加税收或削减政府支出或两者同时使用，来限制消费与投资，从而抑制社会总需求;紧的货币政策是指中央银行通过调高法定准备金率、调高利率等来压缩信贷支出规模，减少货币供给。

这种政策组合可以有效地抑制需求膨胀与通货膨胀，适用于严重通货膨胀时期，但如果控制力度过猛，容易导致经济衰退、失业增加。

(三)紧的财政政策与松的货币政策配合紧的财政政策可以抑制社会总需求，防止经济过热和制止通货膨胀;松的货币政策可以保持经济的适度增长。

这种政策搭配在总需求与总供给大体平衡，但消费偏旺而投资不足时可以采用。

这种政策组合的效应就是在抑制通货膨胀的同时，保持经济的适度增长。

但是如果货币政策过松，也很难制止通货膨胀。

(四)松的财政政策与紧的货币政策配合松的财政政策的目标是刺激需求，可以有效地克服经济萧条;紧的货币政策可以避免过高的通货膨胀率。

这种政策搭配是在总供给与总需求大体相适应，为解决投资过旺、消费不足时采用的。

这种政策组合的效应是在保持经济适度增长的同时，尽可能地避免通货膨胀。

但是如果长期使用这种政策组合，会使财政积累起大量的财政赤字。

Macroeconomics deals with the performance, structure, behavior and decision-making of the entire economy, be that a national, regional, or the global economy.Economic objectives: price stability, high employment or full employment, economic growth (in a high and sustainable rate), keeping balance of payment in equilibrium.To try to avoid major economic shocks, such as The Great Depression, governments make adjustments through policy changes they hope will stabilize the economy. Governments believe the success of these adjustments is necessary to maintain stability and continue growth. This economic management is achieved through two types of strategies: Fiscal policy，Monetary policyIn economics, fiscal policy is the use of government expenditure and revenue collection to influence the economy.Governments spend money on a wide variety of things, from the military and police to services like education and healthcare, as well as transfer payments such as welfare benefits. This expenditure can be funded in a number of different ways:1、Taxation2、Seigniorage, the benefit from printing money3、Borrowing money from the population or from abroad A fiscal deficit is often funded by issuing bonds, like treasury bills or consols and gilt-edged securities. These pay interest, either for a fixed period or indefinitely. If the interest and capital repayments are too large, a nation may default on its debts, usually to foreign creditors.4、Consumption of fiscal reserves. A fiscal surplus is often saved for future use, and may be invested in local (same currency) financial instruments, until needed. When income from taxation or other sources falls, as during an economic slump, reserves allow spending to continue at the same rate, without incurring additional debt5、Sale of fixed assets (e.g., land).6、All of these except taxation are forms of deficit financing.Increasing government spending and decreasing tax rates: This can be used in times of recession or low economic activity as an essential tool for building the framework for strong economic growth and working towards full employment.Governments can use a budget surplus to do two things: to slow the pace of strong economic growth, and to stabilize prices when inflation is too high.Fiscal policy can be used in various different ways. It may be used to try to boost the level of economic activity when the economy is flagging a little. In this case it is called reflationary policy. Alternatively the economy may be doing a little too well and in need of slowing down. In this case deflationary policy is called for.The final use for fiscal policy is as a tool of supply-side policy.Monetary policy is the process by which the central bank or monetary authority of a country controls the supply of money, often targeting a rate of interest. Monetary policy is usually used to attain a set of objectives oriented towards the growth and stability of the economy.[1]These goals usually include stable prices and low unemployment. Monetary theory provides insight into how to craft optimal monetary policy.Monetary policy is referred to as either being an expansionary policy, or a contractionary policy, where an expansionary policy increases the total supply ofmoney in the economy rapidly, and a contractionary policy decreases the total money supply or increases it only slowly. Expansionary policy is traditionally used to combat unemployment in a recession by lowering interest rates, while contractionary policy involves raising interest rates to combat inflation. Monetary policy is contrasted withMacroeconomic stabilization policyStabilization policy attempts to stimulate an economy out of recession or constrain the money supply to prevent excessive inflation.Fiscal policy, often tied to Keynesian economics, uses government spending and taxes to guide the economy.Fiscal stance: The size of the deficitTax policy: The taxes used to collect government income.Government spending on just about any area of governmentMonetary policy controls the value of currency by lowering the supply of money to control inflation and raising it to stimulate economic growth. It isconcerned with the amount of money in circulation and,consequently, interest rates and inflation.Interest rates, if set by the GovernmentIncomes policies and price controls that aim at imposing non-monetary controls on inflationReserve requirements which affect the money multiplier。

曼昆经济学原理英文书

曼昆经济学原理英文书The Economics Principles by MankiwChapter 1: Ten Principles of EconomicsChapter 2: Thinking Like an EconomistChapter 3: Interdependence and the Gains from Trade Chapter 4: The Market Forces of Supply and Demand Chapter 5: Elasticity and Its ApplicationChapter 6: Supply, Demand, and Government Policies Chapter 7: Consumers, Producers, and Efficiency of Markets Chapter 8: Application: The Costs of TaxationChapter 9: Application: International TradeChapter 10: ExternalitiesChapter 11: Public Goods and Common Resources Chapter 12: The Design of the Tax SystemChapter 13: The Costs of ProductionChapter 14: Firms in Competitive MarketsChapter 15: MonopolyChapter 16: Monopolistic CompetitionChapter 17: OligopolyChapter 18: The Markets for Factors of Production Chapter 19: Earnings and DiscriminationChapter 20: Income Inequality and PovertyChapter 21: Introduction to MacroeconomicsChapter 22: Measuring a Nation's IncomeChapter 23: Measuring the Cost of LivingChapter 24: Production and GrowthChapter 25: Saving, Investment, and the Financial System Chapter 26: The Basic Tools of FinanceChapter 27: UnemploymentChapter 28: The Monetary SystemChapter 29: Money Growth and InflationChapter 30: Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts Chapter 31: A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy Chapter 32: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate SupplyChapter 33: The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate DemandChapter 34: The Short-Run Trade-Off between Inflation and UnemploymentChapter 35: The Theory of Consumer ChoiceChapter 36: Frontiers of MicroeconomicsChapter 37: Monopoly and Antitrust PolicyChapter 38: Oligopoly and Game TheoryChapter 39: Externalities, Public Goods, and Environmental Policy Chapter 40: Uncertainty and InformationChapter 41: Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply Analysis Chapter 42: Understanding Business CyclesChapter 43: Fiscal PolicyChapter 44: Money, Banking, and Central BankingChapter 45: Monetary PolicyChapter 46: Inflation, Disinflation, and DeflationChapter 47: Exchange Rates and the International Financial SystemChapter 48: The Short - Run Trade - Off between Inflation and Unemployment RevisitedChapter 49: Macroeconomic Policy: Challenges in the Twenty - First CenturyEpilogue: 14 Big IdeasNote: The chapter titles have been abbreviated for simplicity and brevity purposes.。

宏观经济学

slide 32
解释：外汇市场上本币的供给和需求
需求:
其他国家的消费者由于要购买美国出口的商品，从而产生了美元的需求。
ε
S 1 I (r *)
供给:
资本净流出 (S I ) 产生了美元的供给。
ε1
NX(ε )
NX 1
CHAPTER 2
NX
The Data of Macroeconomics
CHAPTER 2
S, I
slide 14
The Data of Macroeconomics
但是在一个小型开放经济中…
外生的世界利率决定了该国的投资… …而储蓄和投资之间的差额决定了资本净流出和净出口
r
NX
S
r* rc I (r ) I1
CHAPTER 2
S, I
slide 15
The Data of Macroeconomics
NX ($ billions)
NX (% of GDP)
slide 7
percent of GDP
0
0%
国际资本流动
资本净流出（ Net capital outflow ）
=S –I = “可贷资金”的净流出
= 国外资产的净购买
一国对国外资产的购买减去国外对国内资产的购买
如果 S > I, 该国为净贷款者（net lender）
f f f
C I G EX IM C I G NX
The Data of Macroeconomics
CHAPTER 2
slide 4
开放经济条件下的国民收入恒等式
Y = C + I + G + NX

曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案

曼昆经济学原理第六版英文答案【篇一：曼昆《经济学原理(微观经济学分册)》第6版课后习题详解(1~2章)】class=txt>课后习题详解第一篇导言第1章经济学十大原理一、概念题1. 稀缺性稀缺性是指在给定的时间内，相对于人的需求而言，经济资源的供给总是不足的，也就是资源的有限性与人类的欲望无限性之间的矛盾。

2. 经济学经济学是研究如何将稀缺的资源有效地配置给相互竞争的用途，以使人类的欲望得到最大限度满足的科学。

其中微观经济学是以单个经济主体为研究对象，研究单个经济主体面对既定资源约束时如何进行选择的科学；宏观经济学则以整个国民经济为研究对象，主要着眼于经济总量的研究。

3. 效率效率是指人们在实践活动中的产出与投入比值或者是效益与成本比值，比值大效率高，比值小效率低。

它与产出或收益大小成正比，与投入或成本成反比。

4. 平等平等是指人与人的利益关系及利益关系的原则、制度、做法、行为等都合乎社会发展的需要，即经济成果在社会成员中公平分配的特性。

它是一个历史范畴，按其所产生的社会历史条件和社会性质的不同而不同，不存在永恒的公平；它也是一个客观范畴，尽管在不同的社会形态中内涵不同对其的理解不同，但都是社会存在的反映，具有客观性。

5. 机会成本机会成本是指将一种资源用于某种用途，而未用于其他用途所放弃的最大预期收益。

其存在的前提条件是：①资源是稀缺的；②资源具有多种用途；③资源的投向不受限制。

6. 理性人理性人是指系统而有目的地尽最大努力去实现其目标的人，是经济研究中所假设的、在一定条件下具有典型理性行为的经济活动主体。

7. 边际变动边际变动是指对行动计划的微小增量调整。

8. 激励激励是指引起一个人做出某种行为的某种东西。

9. 市场经济市场经济是指由家庭和企业在市场上的相互交易决定资源配置的经济，而资源配置实际上就是决定社会生产什么、生产多少、如何生产以及为谁生产的过程。

10. 产权产权是指个人拥有并控制稀缺资源的能力，也可以理解为人们对其所交易东西的所有权，即人们在交易活动中使自己或他人在经济利益上受益或受损的权力。

宏观经济学Intermediate Macroeconomics(英文版)

%GDP = growth rate of real GDP

u
= GDP1 GDP0 *100 GDP0
= change in unemployment rate = u1 u0
The Data of Macroeconomics
Okun’s Law implies two thY Y
What Determines the Total Production of G&S
Factor supply
Q of factor
Factor price
Firms’ Problem
Maximize profit Profit = Revenue – Cost Profit = R- C R = P * Q = P * Y = P * F(K,L) C = Labor Cost + Capital Cost C=w*L+r*K Profit = P * F(K,L) – w*L – r*K
goods are equal
Circular Flow
Markets for Factors of Production income
P.S. Financial Markets
Households
G.D.
T
Government
I
C
G.P.
Markets for Goods and Services
What Determines the Total Production of G & S
Assumptions
i. Fixed amount of input

K

K
,

LL

宏观经济学课件(英文版)

GDP Composition
The breakdown of GDP into its various components, such as consumption, investment, government spending, and net exports.
VS
A measure of the percentage of the labor force that is jobless and actively seeking employment.
04
Fiscal Policy and Government Speing is a significant component of the economy, representing a significant share of GDP.
Government spending can also act as a stabilizer during economic downturns, stimulating growth and absorbing economic shocks.
05
Monetary Policy and Central Bank Operations
The main monetary policy tools used by central banks are open market operations, reserve requirements, and interest rate policy.
02
Examples include stimulus packages during the Great Recession, infrastructure spending programs, and social welfare policies.

经济学专业术语(中英文对照)

经济学专业术语（中英文对照）目录1. 经济学原理 (2)2. 像经济学家一样思考 (2)3. 相互依存性与贸易的好处 (3)4. 供给与需求的市场力量 (3)5. 弹性及其应用 (4)6. 供给需求与政策 (4)7. 消费者、生产者与市场效率 (4)8. 赋税的应用 (4)9. 国际贸易 (5)10. 外部性 (5)11. 公共物品和公共资源 (5)12. 税制设计 (5)13. 生产成本 (6)14. 竞争市场上的企业 (7)15. 垄断 (7)16. 垄断竞争 (7)17. 寡头 (7)18. 生产要素市场 (8)19. 收入与歧视 (8)20. 收入不平等与贫困 (8)21. 消费者选择理论 (9)22. 微观经济学前沿 (9)23. 一国收入的衡量 (10)24. 生活费用的衡量 (10)25. 生产与增长 (10)26. 储蓄、投资和金融体系 (11)27. 金融学的基本工具 (11)28. 失业 (12)29. 货币制度 (12)30. 货币增长与通货膨胀 (13)31. 开放经济的宏观经济学 (14)32. 开放经济的宏观经济理论 (14)33. 总需求与总供给 (14)34. 货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响 (15)35. 通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍 (15)1.经济学原理经济:(economy)稀缺性:(scarcity)经济学:(economics)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)机会成本:(opporyunity cost)理性人:(rational people)边际变动:(marginal change)边际收益:(marginal benefit)边际成本:(marginal cost)激励:(incentive)市场经济:(market economy)产权:(property rights)市场失灵:(market failure)外部性:(externality)市场势力:(market power)生产率:(productivity)通货膨胀:(inflation)经济周期:(business cycle)2.像经济学家一样思考循环流量图:(circular-flow diagram)生产可能性边界:(production possibilities)微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)实证表述:(positive statements)规范表述:(normative statements)有序数对:(ordered pair)3.相互依存性与贸易的好处绝对优势:(absolute advantage)机会成本:(apportunity cost)比较优势:(comparative advantage)进口品:(imports)出口品:(exports)4.供给与需求的市场力量市场:(market)竞争市场:(competitive market)需求量:(quantity demand)需求定理:(law of demand)需求表:(demand schedule)需求曲线:(demand curve)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)替代品:(substitutes)互补品:(complements)供给量:(quantity supplied)供给定理:(law of supply)供给表:(supply schedule)供给曲线:(supply curve)均衡:(equilibrium)均衡价格:(equilibrium price)均衡数量:(equilibrium quantity)过剩:(surplus)短缺:(shortage)供求定理:(law of supply and demand)5.弹性及其应用弹性:(elasticity)需求价格弹性:(price elasticity of demand)总收益:(total revenue)需求收入弹性:(income elasticity)需求的交叉价格弹性:(cross-price elasticity)供给价格弹性:(price elasticity of supply)6.供给需求与政策价格上限:(price ceiling)价格下限:(price floor)税收归宿:(tax incidence)7.消费者、生产者与市场效率福利经济学:(welfare economics)支付意愿:(willingness to pay)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)成本:(cost)生产者剩余:(producer surplus)效率:(efficiency)平等:(equality)8.赋税的应用无谓损失:(deadweight loss)9.国际贸易世界价格:(world price)关税:(tariff)10.外部性外部性:(externality)外部性内在化:(internalizing the externality)矫正税:(corrective taxes)科斯定理:(coase theorem)交易成本:(transaction cost)11.公共物品和公共资源排他性:(excludability)消费中的竞争性:(rivalry in consumption)私人物品:(private goods)公共物品:(public goods)公共资源:(common resources)俱乐部物品:(club goods)搭便车者:(free rider)成本-收益分析:(cost-benefit analysis)公地悲剧:(tragedy of commons)12.税制设计纳税义务:(tax lianility)预算赤字:(budget defict)预算盈余:(budget surplus)平均税率:(average tax rate)边际税率:(marginal tax rate)定额税:(lump-sum tax)受益原则:(benefits principle)支付能力原则:(ability-to-pay principle)纵向平等:(vertical equity)横向平等:(horizontal equity)比例税:(proportional tax)累退税:(regressive tax)累进税:(progressive tax)13.生产成本总收益:(total revenue)总成本:(total cost)利润:(profit)显性成本:(explicit costs)隐性成本:(implicit costs)经济利润:(economic profit)会计利润:(counting profit)生产函数:(production function)边际产量:(marginal product)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)固定成本:(fixed costs)可变成本:(variable costs)平均总成本:(average total cost)平均固定成本:(average fixed costs)平均可变成本:(average variable costs)边际成本:(marginal cost)有效规模:(efficient scale)规模经济:(economies of scale)规模不经济:(diseconomies of scale)规模收益不变:(constant returns to scale) 14.竞争市场上的企业竞争市场:(competitive market)平均收益:(average revenue)边际收益:(marginal revenue)沉没成本:(sunk revenue)15.垄断垄断企业:(monopoly)自然垄断:(natural monopoly)价格歧视:(price discrimination)16.垄断竞争寡头:(oligopoly)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition) 17.寡头博弈论:(game theory)勾结:(collusion)卡特尔:(cartel)纳什均衡:(Nash equilibrium)囚徒困境:(prisoners’ dilemma)占优策略:(dominant strategy)18.生产要素市场生产要素:(factors of production)生产函数:(production function)劳动的边际产量:(marginal product of labor)边际产量递减:(diminishing marginal product)边际产量值:(value of the marginal product)资本:(capital)19.收入与歧视补偿性工资差别:(compensating differential)人力资本:(human capital)工会:(union)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(efficiency)歧视:(discrimination)20.收入不平等与贫困贫困率:(poverty rate)贫困率:(poverty line)实物转移支付:(in-kind transfers)生命周期:(life cycle)持久收入:(permanent income)功利主义:(utilitariansm)效用:(utilitariansm)自由主义:(liberalism)最大最小准则:(maximin criterion)负所得税:(negative income tax)福利:(welfare)社会保险:(social insurance)自由至上主义:(libertarianism)21.消费者选择理论预算约束线:(budget constraint)无差异曲线:(indiffernnce curve)边际替代率:(marginal rate of subtitution)完全替代品:(perfect substitudes)完全互补品:(perfect complements)正常物品:(normal good)低档物品:(inferior good)收入效应:(income effect)替代效应:(substitution effect)吉芬物品:(Giffen good)22.微观经济学前沿道德风险:(moral hazard)代理人:(agent)委托人:(principal)逆向选择:(adverse selection)发信号:(signaling)筛选:(screening)政治经济学:(political economy)康多塞悖论:(condorcet paradox)阿罗不可能性定理:(Arrow’s impossibility)中值选民定理:(median vater theorem)行为经济学:(behavioral economics)23.一国收入的衡量微观经济学:(microeconomics)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)国内生产总值:(gross domestic product,GDP)消费:(consumption)投资:(investment)政府购买:(government purchase)净出口:(net export)名义GDP:(nominal GDP)真实GDP:(real GDP)GDP平减指数:(GDP deflator)24.生活费用的衡量消费物价指数:(consumer price index,CPI)通货膨胀率:(inflation rate)生产物价指数:(produer price index,PPI)指数化:(indexation)生活费用津贴:(cost-of-living allowance,COLA)名义利率:(nominal interest rate)25.生产与增长生产率:(productivity)物质资本:(physical capital)人力资本:(human capital)自然资源:(natural resources)技术知识:(technological knoeledge)收益递减:(diminishing returns)追赶效应:(catch-up effect)26.储蓄、投资和金融体系金融体系:(financial system)金融市场:(financial markets)债券:(bond)股票:(stock)金融中介机构:(financial intermediaries)共同基金:(mutual fund)国民储蓄:(national saving)私人储蓄:(private saving)公共储蓄:(public saving)预算盈余:(budget surplus)预算赤字:(budget deficit)可贷资金市场:(market for loanable funds)挤出:(crowding out)27.金融学的基本工具金融学:(finance)现值:(present value)终值:(future value)复利:(compounding)风险厌恶:(risk aversion)多元化:(diversification)企业特有风险:(firm-specific risk)市场风险:(market risk)基本面风险:(fundamental analysis)有效市场假说:(efficient markets by pothesis)信息有效:(informational efficiency)随机游走:(random walk)28.失业劳动力:(laborforce)失业率:(unemployment rate)劳动力参与率:(labor-force participation rate)自然失业率:(natural rate of unemployment)周期性失业:(cyclical unemployment)失去信心的工人:(discouraged workers)摩擦性失业:(frictional unemployment)结构性失业:(structural unemployment)寻找工作:(job search)失业保险:(unemployment insurance)工会:(union)集体谈判:(collective bargaining)罢工:(strike)效率工资:(essiciency wages)29.货币制度货币:(money)交换媒介:(medium of exchange)计价单位:(unit of account)价值储藏手段:(store of value)流动性:(liquidity)商品货币:(commodity money)法定货币:(fiat money)通货:(currency)活期存款:(demand deposits)联邦储备局:(Federal Reserve)中央银行:(central bank)货币供给:(money supply)货币政策:(monetary policy)准备金:(reserves)部分准备金银行:(fractional-reserve banking)准备金率:(reserve ratio)货币乘数:(money multiplier)银行资本:(bank capital)杠杆:(leverage)杠杆率:(leverage ratio)资本需要量:(capital requirement)公开市场操作:(open-market operations)贴现率:(discount rate)法定准备金:(reserve requirements)补充金融计划:(supplementary financing program)联邦基金利率:(federal funds rate)30.货币增长与通货膨胀铲除通胀:(whip Inflation Now)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)名义变量:(nominal variables)真实变量:(real variables)古典二分法:(classiacl dichotomy)货币中性:(monetary neutrality)货币流通速度:(velocity of money)数量方程式:(quantity equation)通货膨胀税:(inflation tax)费雪效应:(Fisher effect)皮鞋成本:(shoeleather cost)菜单成本:(menu costs)31.开放经济的宏观经济学封闭经济:(closed economy)开放经济:(open economy)出口:(exports)净出口:(net exports)贸易余额:(trade balance)贸易盈余:(trade surplus)贸易平衡:(balanced trade)贸易赤字:(trade deficit)资本净流出:(net capital outflow)名义汇率:(nominal exchange rate)升值:(appreciation)贬值:(depreciation)真实汇率:(real exchange rate)购买力平价:(purchasing-power parity)32.开放经济的宏观经济理论贸易政策:(trade policy)资本外逃:(capital flight)33.总需求与总供给衰退:(recession)萧条:(depression)总需求与总供给模型:(model of aggregate demand and aggregate supply)总需求曲线:(aggregate-demand curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate-supply curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)滞胀:(stagflation)34.货币政策和财政政策对总需求影响流动性偏好理论:(theory of liquidity)财政政策:(fisical policy)乘数效应:(multiplier effect)挤出效应:(crowding-out effect)自动稳定器:(automatic stabilizers)35.通胀与失业之间的短期权衡取舍菲利普斯曲线:(phillips curve)自然率假说:(natural-rate hypothesis)供给冲击:(supply shock)牺牲率:(sacrifice ratio)理性预期:(rational expectations)。

宏观经济学英文课件

slide 2
Important issues in macroeconomics
▪ What is the government budget deficit?
How does it affect the economy?
▪ Why does the U.S. have such a huge trade
and aggregate income.
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 15
Digression: Functional notation
▪ General functional notation shows only
that the variables are related:
even when the economy is booming?
▪ Why are there recessions?
Can the government do anything to combat recessions? Should it??
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
D
Q
Quantity of cars
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
deficit?
▪ Why are so many countries poor?
What policies might help them grow out of poverty?
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 3
U.S. Gross Domestic Product

国际经济学专业词汇(中英文对照)

国际经济学专业词汇（中英文对照）目录1. 绪论 (1)2. 比较优势原理 (2)3. 国际贸易标准理论 (3)4. 需求、供给、提供曲线与贸易条件 (3)5. 要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论 (3)6. 规模经济、不完全竞争与国际贸易 (4)7. 经济增长与国际贸易 (5)8. 贸易壁垒:关税 (6)9. 非关税贸易壁垒和新保护主义 (7)10. 经济一体化:关税同盟和自由贸易区 (8)11. 国际贸易与经济发展 (8)12. 国际资源流动与跨国公司 (9)13. 国际收支平衡表 (10)14. 外汇市场与汇率 (10)15. 汇率决定 (11)16. 汇率调节机制 (12)17. 收入调节机制与自动调节 (12)18. 宏观经济调控 (13)19. 价格与产出 (14)20. 浮动与固定汇率和宏观政策协调 (14)21. 国际货币体系 (15)1.绪论国际收支的调节:(adjustment in balance of payments)反全球化运动:(antiglobalization movement)国际收支:(balance of payments)外汇市场:(foreign exchange markrt)全球化:(globalization)贸易引力模型:(gravity model)相互依存:(interdependence)国际金融:(international finance)国际贸易政策:(international trade policy)国际贸易理论:(international trade theory)宏观经济学:(macroeconomics)微观经济学:(microeconomics)开发经济宏观经济学:(open-economy macroeconomics) 2.比较优势原理绝对优势:(absolute advantage)贸易基础:(basis for trade)完全专业化:(complete specialization)固定机会成本:(constant opportunity cost)贸易所得:(gains from trade)劳动价值论:(labor theory of value)自由放任:(laissez-faire)比较优势原理:(law of comparative advantage)重商主义:(mercantilism)小国情况:(small-country case)相对商品价格:(relative commandity prices)生产可能性曲线:(production possibility frontier) 贸易模式:(pattern of trade)机会成本理论:(opportunity cost theory)3.国际贸易标准理论自给自足:(autarky)社会无差异曲线:(community indiffernnce curve)去工业化:(deindustrialization)孤立均衡相对价格:(equilibrium-relative commodity price in isolation) 贸易均衡相对价格:(equilibrium-relative commodity price with trade)交易所得:(gains from exchange)专业化所得:(gains from specialization)不完全专业化:(incomplete specialization)机会成本递增:(increasing opportunity costs)边际替代率:(marginal rate of snbstitution,MRS)边际转化率:(marginal rate of transformation,MRT)4.需求、供给、提供曲线与贸易条件商品或易货贸易条件:(commodity or net barter terms of trade)一般均衡模型:(general equilibrium model)相互需求法则:(law of reciprocal demand)提供曲线:(offer curves)相互需求曲线:(reciprocal demand curves)贸易条件:(terms of trade)贸易无差异曲线:(trade indifference curve)5.要素禀赋与赫克歇尔-俄林理论资本密集型商品:(capital-intensive commodity)资本/劳动比率:(capital-labor ratio)柯布-道格拉斯生产函数:(Cobb-Douglas Porduction)固定替代弹性生产函数:(constant elasticity of substitution(CES)production)规模报酬不变:(constant returns to scale)派生需求:(derived demand)替代弹性:(elasticity of substitution)尤拉定理:(Euler’s theorem)要素充裕度:(factor abundance)要素密集度颠倒:(factor-intensity reversal)要素价格均等定理:(factor-price equalization(H-O-S)Theorem)要素禀赋理论:(factor-proporitions or factor-endowment theory) 赫克歇尔-俄林定理:(Hechscher-Ohlin(H-O) theorem)赫克歇尔-俄林理论:(Hechscher-Ohlin(H-O) theory)人力资本:(human capital)进口替代品:(import substitutes)投入产出表:(input-output table)国内要素流动:(internal factor mobility)国际要素流动:(international factor mobility)劳动资本比率:(labor-capital ratio)劳动密集型商品:(labor-intensive commodity)里昂惕夫之谜:(leontief paradox)完全竞争:(perfect competition)相对要素价格:(relative-factor prices)特定要素模型:(specific-factor model)6.规模经济、不完全竞争与国际贸易差别产品:(differertiated products)动态外部经济:(dynamic external economies)环保标准:(environment standards)外部经济:(external economics)流动性产业:(footloose industries)一般均衡分析:(general equilibrium analysis)规模报酬递增:(increasing returns to scale)幼稚产业观点:(infant industry arguement)国际规模经济:(international economics of scale)产业内贸易指数:(intra-industry trade index)学习曲线:(learning curve)市场定向型企业:(market-oriented industries)垄断竞争:(monopolistic competition)非贸易商品与服务:(montraded goods and services)离岸外包:(offshoring)寡头垄断:(oligopoly)外包:(outsourcing)局部均衡分析:(partical equilibrium analysis)产品生命周期模型:(product cycle model)资源定向型企业:(resource-oriented industries)技术差距模型:(technological gap model)运输成本或物流成本:(transport or logistics costs)7.经济增长与国际贸易反贸易的生产和消费:(antitrade production and consumption) 平衡增长:(balanced growth)资本节约型技术进步:(capital-saving technical progress)比较静态:(comparative statics)动态分析:(dynamic analysis)不幸的增长:(immiserizy growth)劣等品:(inferior goods)劳动节约型技术进步:(labor-saving technical progress)中性的生产和消费:(neutral production)中性技术进步:(neutral technical progress)正常品:(normal goods)产生贸易的生产和消费:(protrade production and consumption)雷布津斯基理论:(Rybczynski theorem)贸易条件效应:(terms-of-trade effect)福利效应:(wealth effect)8.贸易壁垒:关税从价关税:(ad valorem tariff)混合关税:(compound tariff)消费者剩余:(consumer surplus)关税消费效应:(consumption effect of a tariff)国内增加值:(domestic value added)出口关税:(export tariff)进口关税:(import tariff)梅茨勒悖论:(Metzler paradox)名义关税:(nominal tariff)最优关税:(optimum tariff)关税生产效应:(production effect of a tariff)关税保护成本或称重负损失:(protection cost or deadweight loss of a tariff)禁止性关税:(prohibitive tariff)有效保护率:(rate of effective protection)租金或生产者剩余:(rent or producer surplus)关税收入效应:(revenue effect of a tariff)从量关税:(specific tariff)斯托尔帕-塞缪尔森定理:(Stolper-Samuelson theorem)关税贸易效应:(trade or commercial policies)贸易或商业政策:(trade or commercial policies)9.非关税贸易壁垒和新保护主义双边贸易:(bilateral trade)集中化的卡特尔:(centralized cartel)反补贴税:(countervailing duties,CVSs)倾销:(dumping)豁免条款:(escape clause)进出口银行:(export-import bank)出口补贴:(export subsides)外国销售公司:(Foerign sales corporations,FSC)博弈理论:(game theory)产业政策:(industrial policy)幼稚产业观点:(infront-industry arguement)国际卡特尔:(international cartel)最惠国原则:(most-favored-nation principle)多边贸易谈判:(multilateral trade negotiations)国家安全条款:(national security clause)新保护主义:(new protectionism)非关税贸易壁垒:(nontariff trade barriers,NTBs)危险点条款:(peril-point provisions)持续性倾销:(persistent dumping)掠夺性倾销:(predatory dumping)配额:(quota)科学关税:(scientific tariff)偶然性倾销:(sporadic dumping)战略性贸易政策:(strategic trade policy)技术的、行政的和其他法规:(technical,administrative and other regulations)触发价格机制:(trigger-price mechanism)贸易调整援助:(Trade Adjustment Assistance,TAA)贸易保护授权:(trade promotion authority or fast track)自动出口限制:(Voluntary Export Restraints,VERS)10.经济一体化:关税同盟和自由贸易区双边协议:(bilateral agreements)大量采购:(bulk purchasing)中央计划经济:(centrally planned economies)共同市场:(common market)关税同盟:(customs union)免税区或自由经济区:(duty-free zones or free economic zones)经济一体化:(economic integration)经济同盟:(economic union)自贸区:(free trade area)特惠贸易协定:(preferential trade arrangements)国家贸易公司:(state trading companies)关税工厂:(tariff factories)次优理论:(theory of the second best)贸易创造关税同盟:(trade-creation custom union)贸易偏差:(trade deflection)贸易转移关税同盟:(trade-diversion customs union)可变进口税额:(variable import levies)11.国际贸易与经济发展缓冲库存储备:(buffer stocks)商品或纯物物交换贸易条件:(commodity or net barter terms of trade) 双边要素贸易条件:(double factoral terms of trade)内生性增长理论:(ecdogenous groeth theory)增长动力:(engine of growth)出口管制:(export controls)出口波动:(export instability)出口导向工业化:(export-oriented industrialization)出口悲观论:(export pessinism)外债:(foreign debt)进口代替工业化:(import-substitution industrialization,ISI) 贸易收入条件:(income terms of trade)国际商品协定:(international commodity)市场委员会:(marketing boards)国际经济新秩序:(New International Economic Order,NIEO)新兴工业化国家:(Newly Industrialized Economies,NIEs)购货合约:(purchase contract)新定居区:(regions of recent settlement)单边要素贸易条件:(single factoral terms of trade)剩余出口:(vent for surplus)12.国际资源流动与跨国公司脑力流失:(brain drain)直接投资:(direct investments)横向一体化:(horizontal integration)跨国公司:(multinational)组合投资:(portfolio investments)资产组合理论:(portfolio theory)风险分散化:(risk diversification)转移定价:(transfer pricing)纵向一体化:(vertical integration)13.国际收支平衡表调节性交易:(acconnmous transactions)自主性交易:(autonomous transactions)国际收支平衡表:(balance of transactions)资本项目:(capital account)贷方交易:(credit transactions)经常项目:(current account)借方交易:(debit transactions)国际收支中的逆差:(deficit in the balance of payments)复式薄记:(double-entry bookkeeping)金融项目:(financial account)金融性资本流入:(financial inflows)金融性资本流出:(financial outflows)国际投资头寸:(international investment position)官方结算余额:(official settlements balance)官方储备账户:(official reserve account)统计误差:(statistical discrepancy)国际收支中的盈余:(surplus in the balance of patments)单方面转移支付:(unilateral transfers)14.外汇市场与汇率升值:(appreciation)套利:(arbitrage)套利交易:(carry trade)抛补套利利润率:(covered interest arbitrage margin ,CIAM) 抛补套利平价:(covered interest arbitrage parity,CIAP)交叉汇率:(cross-exchange rate)贬值:(depreciation)不稳定性投机:(destabilizing speculation)有效汇率:(effecitive exchange rate)外汇市场有效性:(efficiency of foreign exchange markets)外汇期货:(foreign exchange futures)外汇市场:(foreign exchange market)外汇期权:(foreign exchange option)外汇风险:(foreign exchange risk)远期贴水:(forward discount)远期升水:(forward premium)远期汇率:(forward rate)套期保值:(hedging)套利:(interest arbitrage)离岸存款:(offshore deposits)铸造利差:(seignorage)投机:(speculation)即期汇率:(spot rate)稳定性投机:(stabilizing speculation)无抛补套利:(uncovered interest arbitrage)国际支付货币:(vehicle currency)15.汇率决定绝对购买力平价理论:(absolute purchasing-power parity theory)巴拉萨-萨缪尔森效应:(Balassa-Samuelson effect)货币需求:(demand for money)汇率超调理论:(exchange rate overshooting)预期的即期汇率变化:(expected change in the spot rate)一价法则:(law of one price)国际收支的货币分析法:(monetary approach to the balance of payments) 基础货币:(monetary base)资产组合平衡法:(portfolio balance approach)实际汇率:(real exchange rate)相对购买力平价理论:(relative purchasing-power parity theory) 风险溢价:(risk premium ,RP)货币供给:(supply of money)16.汇率调节机制贬值:(devaluation)荷兰病:(Dutch disease)弹性悲观主义:(elasticity pessimism)黄金输入点:(gold export point)黄金输出点:(gold import point)金本位制:(gold standard)识别问题:(identification problem)J曲线效应:(J-curve effect)铸币评价:(mint parity)传递:(paee-through)价格黄金流动机制:(price-specie-flow mechanism)货币数量论:(quantity theory of money)金本位制的博弈原则:(rules of the game of the gold standard) 稳定的外汇市场:(stable foreign exchange market)贸易或弹性方法:(trade or elasticity approach)不稳定外汇市场:(unstable foreign exchange market)17.收入调节机制与自动调节吸收法:(absorption approach)平均进口倾向:(average propensity to import,APM)封闭经济:(closed economy)消费函数:(consumption function)预期或计划的投资:(desired or planned investment)均衡国民收入水平:(equilibrium level of national income)出口函数:(export function)国外反馈效应:(foreign repercussion)对外贸易乘数:(foreign trade multiplier)进口函数:(import function)进口收入需求弹性:(income elasticity of demand for import)投资函数:(investment function)边际消费倾向:(marginal propensity to consume,MPC)边际储蓄倾向:(marginal propensity to save,MPS)边际进口倾向:(marginal propensity to import,MPM)储蓄函数:(saving function)自动调节的综合:(synthesis of automatic adjustments)18.宏观经济调控BP曲线:(BP curve)直接控制:(direct control)外汇控制:(exchange controls)支出-改变政策:(expenditure-changing policies)支出-转换政策:(expenditure-switching policies)外部均衡:(external balance)内部均衡:(internal balance)IS曲线:(IS-curve)LM曲线:(LM-curve)多重汇率:(multiple exchange rates)蒙代尔-弗莱明模型:(Mundell-Fleming model)菲利普斯曲线:(Phillips curve)市场有效分割理论:(principle of effective market classification)货币投机需求:(speculative demand for money)货币交易需求:(transaction demand for money)贸易控制:(trade control)19.价格与产出总需求曲线:(aggregate demand(AD) curve)总供给曲线:(aggregate supply(AS) curve)预期价格:(expected prices)通货膨胀目标值:(inflation targeting)长期总供给曲线:(long-run aggregate supply(LRAS) curve)自然产出水平:(natural level of output)短期总供给曲线:(short-run aggregate supply (SRAS) curve)滞胀:(stagflation)20.浮动与固定汇率和宏观政策协调可调整盯住汇率体系:(adjustable peg system)爬行钉住汇率体系:(crawling peg system)货币发行局制:(currency board arrangement,CBAs)肮脏浮动:(dirty floating)美元化:(dallarization)汇率机制:(exchange rate mechanism,ERM)自由浮动汇率体系:(freely floating exchange rate system)逆风而上:(leaning against the wind)有管制的浮动汇率体系:(managed floating exchange rate system) 最佳货币区域国家货币集团:(optimum currency area or bloc)稳定和增长协议:(stabality and growth pact,SGP)21.国际货币体系调整:(adjustment)善意忽视:(benign nelect)布雷顿森林体系:(Bretton Woods System)可靠性:(confidence)信用份额:(credit tranches)货币自由兑换:(currency convertibility)美元过剩:(dollar glut)美元泛滥:(dollar overhang)美元短缺:(dollar shortage)美元本位制:(dollar standard)第一信用份额:(first-credit trade)货款安排总协定:(General Arrangements to Borrow,GAB) 黄金份额:(gold tranche)国际货币基金组织条件:(IMF conditionality)国际开发协会:(International Development Association) 国际金融公司:(International Finance Corporation,IFC) 国际基金组织:(International Monetary Fund,IMF)国际货币体系:(International monetary system)干预货币:(intervention currency)流动性:(liquidity)国际货币基金组织净头寸:(net IMF position)借款新安排:(New Arrangement to Borrow,NAB)原罪:(original sin)铸币利差:(seigniorage)特别提款权:(Special Drawing Rights,SDRS)备用协议:(standby arrangements)次贷危机:(subprime mortgage crisis)替代账户:(substitution account)超黄金份额:(super gold tranche) 互换协议:(swap arrangements)欢迎您的下载，资料仅供参考。

Macroeconomics-复习材料1

Question 1In Australia ,using 2000-01 as the base year, we would find that:a)Nominal GDP is always larger than real GDP.b)Real GDP is always larger than nominal GDP for the period 1960 to 2000.c)Real GDP is larger than nominal GDP from 1998 to 2002.d)Real GDP is smaller than nominal GDP from 1988 to 1995.e)Real GDP and nominal GDP would be equal for the entire period.Note: please see figure 2.1 on page 31 of the text book.Question 2During the date 1990s, Japan experienced reductions in the GDP deflator. Given this information, we know with certainty that:a)Real GDP fell during these periods.b)Real GDP did not change during these periods.c)The overall price level in Japan decreased during these periods.d)Both real GDP and the overall price level decreased during these periods.Suppose that in January 2003 in Australia, 200 million people are working, 20 million are not working but are looking for work, and 40 million are not working and have given up looking for work. The official unemployment rate for that month is:a)7.7%b)9.1%c)10%d)23%e)30%Question 4A country using the Australian system of unemployment statistics has 100 million people, of whom 50 million are working age. Of these 50 million, 20 million have jobs. Of the remainder: 10 million are actively searching for jobs; 10 million would like jobs but are not searching; and 10 million do not want jobs at all.The labour force is:a)10 millionc)30 milliond)40 millione)50 millionQuestion 5Suppose the consumption equation is represented by the following: C=100+ .75Y D. The multiplier in this economy is_______.a)0.25b)0.75c) 1.33d) 2e) 4Question 6The paradox of saving suggests that an increase in the desire to save will cause:a)An incease in equilibrium GDP.b) A reduction in GDP.c)An increase in the desire to invest.d)No change in equilibrium GDP.e) A permanent increase in the level of saving.Note: Please see definition of “paradox of saving”on page 674 of the text book. ( saving S↑→Y↓→S↓(S=Y-T-C) so,saving is unchanged )Question 7When C= C0+C1Y D, an increase in C0 will cause which of the following to increase?a)Equilibrium incomeb)Equilibrium disposable incomec)Equilibrium savingd)All of the abovee)None of the aboveQuestion 8Suppose the central bank wishes to conduct expansionary monetary policy. Given this, we would expect which of the following to occur?a) A central bank purchase of bonds and an increase in the interest rateb) A central bank purchase of bonds and a reduction in the interest ratec) A central bank sale of bonds and an increase in the interest rated) A central bank sale of bonds and a reduction in the interest rateQuestion 9Suppose the money supply decreased. Which of the following events could cause this?a)An increase in the monetary baseb) A decrease in the ratio of reserves to depositsc) A shift in public preferences away from currency toward current accountdepositsd)All of the abovee)None of the aboveQuestion 10Suppose there is an open market sale of bonds. Such an event will cause:a)An increase in bond prices and an increase in the interest rate(i)b) A reduction in bond prices and an increase in i.c)An increase in bond prices and a reduction in i.d) A reduction in abond prices and a reduction in i.e)None of the aboveQuestion 11After a contractionary fiscal policy:a)The LM curve shifts and we move along the IS curve.b)The IS curve shifts and we move along the LM curve.c)Both the IS and LM curve shift.d)Neither the IS nor the LM curve shifts.e)Output will change causing a chage in money demand and a shift of the LMcurve.Quetsion 12Suppose there is a tax cut. Which of the following represents the complete list of variables that must increase in response to this tax cut?a)Consumptionb)Consumption and investmentc)Consumption, investment and outputd)Consumption and outpute)Consumption, output and the interest rateQuestion 13If efficiency wage theory is valid,we would expect a relatively high premium over the reservation wage when:a)The unemployment rate is high.b)The job requires very little training.c)Workers cannot be easily monitored.d)Workers have few other options for employment in the area.e)All of the aboveQuestion 14The natural level of output is the level of output that occurs when:a)The goods market is in equilibrium.b)The economy is operating at the unemployment rate consistent with both thewage-setting and price-setting equations.c)The financial markets are in equilibrium.d)The unemployment rate is zero.e)Both the goods and financial markets are in equilibrium.Question 15Use the following Phillips curve equation to answer this question: πt -πt-1 = (μ+z)-αu t.A permanent reduction in the unemployment rate causes:a)An increase in the markup over labour costs.b) A decrease in the markup over labour costs.c)An increase in the inflation rate over time.d) A decrease in the inflation rate over time.e)None of the aboveQuestion 16If policymakers underestimate the natural rate of unemployment, they may follow policies that cause Australia to have:a)More unemployment than necessary.b)An unemployment rate that is “to high”c) A higher inflation rate than necessary.d) A steadily decreasing inflation rate.e) A dramatically fluctuating unemployment rate.Question 17Based on a dynamic AD relation when the central bank controls nominal money, output growth will equal zero when which of the following conditions is satisfied?a)0% nominal money growth; 4% inflationb)4% nonminal money growth; 0% inflationc)-4% nominal money growth; 3% inflationd)4% nominal money growth; 4% inflatione)None of the aboveNote: dynamic AD relation: g y = g m - π. So, if g m = π = 4%, g y = 0.Question 18In the medium run, a reduction in the rate of inflation target will cause:a)An increase in the size of the sacrifice ratio.b) A reduction in the size of the sacrifice ratio.c) A reduction in adjusted money growth.d) A reduction in the rate of inflation.e)Both C and DNote: Please see figure 9.3 on page 217 of the text book.Question 19Which of the following will increase the steady-state growth rate of capital?a)An increase in the saving rateb)An increase in the population growth ratec) A temporary increase in technological progressd)All of the abovee)None of the aboveNote: Please see figure 12.3 on page 282 of the text book.Question 20Which of the following has been proposed as an explanation for the slowdown in technological progress since the mid-1970s?a)Measurement errorb) A dicline in manufacturing’s share in GDPc) A decline in spending on research and developmentd)All of the abovee)None of the aboveNote: Please see page 272- 274 of the text book of the last year.Question 21Which of the following is true whenever the inflation rate is positve?a)The real interest rate must be greater than the nominal interest rate.b)The real interest rate must be negative.c)The real interest rate must be positive.d)The nominal interest rate must be negative.e)None of the aboveQuestion 22If the nominal interest rate in 20% per year, how much money can an individual borrow today if she wants to repay $200 in one year?a)$240.00b)$150.00c)$160.00d)$166.67e)$180.00Note: 200/(1+20%) = $166.67Question 23Assume that the yield curve is downward-sloping yield curve. This suggests that financial market participants expect short-term interest rates to:a)Increase in the future.b)Decrease in the future.c)Be unstable in the future.d)Not change in the future.e)Rise in the near future, and fall in the more distant future.Question 24In general, when the short-term interest rates decrease, long-term rates will:a)Increaseb)Remain the same.c)Decrease by more than the short-term rate.d)Decrease by the same amount as the short-term rate.e)Decrease, but by less than the short-term rate.Question 25Which of following represents non-human wealth?a)Total wealth minus the present discounted value of expected future after-taxlabour incomeb)Total wealth minus financial wealthc)Wealth that cannot be taken from a person, by lawd)Financial wealth minus housing wealthe)Total wealth minuse housing wealthQuestion 26Suppose individuals expect that interest rates will rise in the future. Also assume that the RBA wants to prevent any change in current output. Given this goal of the RBA, the RBA should implement a plocy in the current period that:a)Shifts the IS cruve rightward.b)Shifts the IS curve leftward.c)Shifts the IS curve leftward and the LM curve upward.d)Shifts the LM curve upward.e)Shifts the LM curve downward.Question 27Suppose there is a real appreciation of the Australian dollar. Which of the following may have occurred?a)Foreign currency has become less expensive in the Australian dollars.b)Foreign goods have become more expensive to Americans.c)The foreign price level has increased relative to the Australian price level.d)All of the abovee)None of the aboveNote: = EP/ P*Question 28An increase in the real exchange rate indicates that:a)Foreign goods are now relatively cheaper.b)Foreign goods are now relatively more expensive.c)Domestic goods are now relatively more expensive.d)Both A and CNote: ε = EP/ P*. so P↑or P*↓→ε↑Question 29Suppose there is a reduction in foreign output(Y*). This reduction in Y* will cause which of the following in the domestic country?a) A reduction in outputb) A reduction in consumptionc) A reduction in net exportsd)All of the abovee)None of the aboveNote : (1) Y*↓→X↓→NX↓→Z↓→Y↓(2) C↓= c0 + c1(Y↓-T)Question 30Suppose net exports are postive(NX>0) for a country. Given this information, we know that:a)Demand for domestic goods will be equal to the domestic demand for goods.b)Demand for domestic goods will be greater than the domestic demand forgoods.c)Demand for domestic goods will be less than the domestic demand for goods.d) A budget surplus exists.Note : domestic demand for goods: DD = C+I+Gdemand for domestic goods: ZZ = C+I+G+NX = DD + NXQuestion 31In an open economy under flexible exchange rates, a reduction in the interest rate will cause an increase in which of the follwing?a)Investmentb)Exportsc)Net exportsd)All of the abovee)None of the aboveQuestion 32Suppose a country inplements simultaneously a fiscal expansion and monetary contraction. In a flexible exchangerate regime, we know with certainty that:a)The exchange rate and output would both increase.b)The exchange rate would increase and output would decrease.c)The exchange rate would increase.d)The exchange rate would decrease output would increase.Question 33Which of the following explains why the Great Depression did not end sooner?a)An increase in the nominal money stockb)An increase in the price levelc)The presence of a liquidity trapd)All of the abovee)None of the aboveQuestion 34In the IS-LM model, an increase in the expected rate of deflation will cause:a)An increase in demand.b)An increase in the nominal interest rate.c)An increase in the real interest rate.d)An increase in the nominal money supply.e) A decrease in the nominal money supply.Note: r ≈i - eQuestion 35A dangerous sign for hyperinflation is when the government finances a growing proportion of its budget deficit through:a)Monetisationb)Tax collections.c)Bonds sold to foreigners.d)Bonds sold to domestic citizens.e)Voluntary contributions.Question 36Seignorage, the revenue from money creation, equals which of the following?a)The rate of inflationb)The rate of inflation times real money balancesc)Real money balancesd)The percentage growth rate of real moneye)The percentage growth rate of nominal money times real money balancesNote : Seignorage =△M/P = (△M/M)(M/P)Question 37Due to uncertainty about the impact of monetary policy, it would be best for the central bank to increase money growth:a) 3 months after the start of a recession.b)By more than the increase that will get the desired response.c)By less than the increase that will get the desired response.d)Only when it can be certain about the value of Okun’s coefficient and thetiming of its impacts.e)Only after it is centain that the economy has entered a recession.Question 38The problem of time inconsistency in macro policy suggests that a nation might bebetter off:a)Using fiscal and monetary policy to fine tune the economy.b)Reducing the independence of the central bank.c)Appointing someone who is more conservative than the rest of the governmentto head the central bank.d)Intervening frequently in the foreign exchange market.e)Eliminating rational expectations from econometric models used forforecasting.Question 39According to Keynes:a)The Great Depression was caused by ill-considered expansionary fiscal policy.b)Balancing the budget in the midst of a depression would be a serious mistake.c)Inflation is always and everywhere a monetary phenomenon.d)The Phillips curve is stable.e)None of the aboveQuestion 40Which of the following events led to the crisis in macroeconomics and to the development of rational expectations theory?a)The Great Depressionb)The stock market crash of 1987c)The stock market speculative bubble of the late 1990sd)Stagflation in the 1970se)Large budget deficits in the 1980s.Question 41Explain the concept of neutrality of money.( please see p673 of the text book and the slides of module 3(cont.). )Question 42Explain the concept of time inconsistency.( please see the slides of module 6 (cont.) )Question 43Define each of the following terms:a)Okun’s Lawb)Sacrifice ratioc)Financial wealthQuestion 44Suppose some countries have been experiencing a slow-down in economic growth for last 2years. The slow-down was associated with a downturn in consumer confidence. The governments of these countries are thinking to implement expansionary fiscal and monetary policies (by increasing government expenditure and reducing interest rates) to overcome the situation. Using an IS-LM model, analyse the slow-down in growth and the short run effects of expansionary fiscal and monetary policies.Answer: ( please draw the Is and LM curve ) Question 45a)Consider an economy with output below the natural level and the nominalinterest rate equal to zero. Illustrate this economy in an IS-LM diagram.b)Under normal circumstances, how does the economy return to the naural levelof output? Does this adjustment mechanism work when the nominal interest rate equals zero?c)Suppose the central bank wants to use monetary policy to return the economyto its natural level of output. Can it do so when the nominal interest rate is equal to zero? What happens if the central bank tries to use expansionary monetary policy? Illustrate your answer in an IS-LM diagram.d)In principle, can fiscal policy be used to restore the economy to its natural levelof output when the nominal interest rate equals zero? If so, explain how the appropriate policy affects output. If not, explain why not.e)Consider the following policy advice: ‘Since the central bank can act to keepthe economy at the natural level of output, the government should never use fiscal policy to stimulate the economy.’Do your answers to this question support this advice?Answer: ( please see slides 13-31 of module 6 )。

宏经名词解释

宏经名词解释宏经名词解释1.Macroeconomics ：The study of the economy as a whole.宏观经济学：把经济视为一个整体而进行的研究。

2.Gross domestic product (GDP) ：The total income earned domestically, including theincome earned by foreign-owned factors of production; the total expenditure on domestically produced goods and services.国内生产总值：国内所获得的总收入，包括在国外使用的生产要素带来的收入；对一国产品与服务产出的总支出。

3.Value added ：The value of a firm’s output minus the value of the intermediate goodsthe firm purchased.增加值：企业产出的价值减去企业购买的中间产品的价值。

4.Real GDP ：The value of goods and services measured using a constant set of prices.实际GDP：用一组不变价格衡量的产品与服务的价值。

5.GDP deflator：The ratio of nominal GDP to real GDP; a measure of the overall levelof prices that shows the cost of the currently produced basket of goods relative to the cost of that basket in a base year.GDP平减指数：名义GDP与实际GDP比率；衡量总体价格水平的指标，表现现期生产的一篮子物品的成本相对于基年生产的同一篮子物品的成本的值。

曼昆经济学原理英文第六版答案

曼昆经济学原理英文第六版答案【篇一：曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案8章】ation a new in the news box on ―the tax debate‖ has been added.by the end of this chapter, students should understand:? how taxes reduce consumer and producer surplus.? the meaning and causes of the deadweight loss from a tax. ? why some taxes have larger deadweight losses than others. ? how tax revenue and deadweight loss vary with the size of a tax.chapter 8 is the second chapter in a three-chapter sequence dealing with welfare economics. in theprevious section on supply and demand, chapter 6 introduced taxes and demonstrated how a tax affects the price and quantity sold in a market. chapter 6 also described the factors that determine how the burden of the tax is divided between the buyers and sellers in a market. chapter 7 developed welfare economics—the study of how the allocation of resources affects economic well-being. chapter 8 combines the lessons learned in chapters 6 and 7 and addresses the effects of taxation on welfare. chapter 9 will address the effects of trade restrictions on welfare. the purpose of chapter 8 is to apply the lessons learned about welfare economics in chapter 7 to the issue of taxation that was addressed in chapter 6. students will learn that the cost of a tax to buyers and sellers in a market exceeds the revenue collected by the government. students will also learn about the factors that determine the degree by which the cost of a tax exceeds the revenue collected by the government.144? a tax on a good reduces the welfare of buyers and sellers of the good, and the reduction in consumer and producer surplus usually exceeds the revenue raised by the government. the fall in total surplus—the sum of consumer surplus, producer surplus, and tax revenue—is called thedeadweight loss of the tax.taxes have deadweight losses because they cause buyers to consume less and sellers to produce less, and these changesin behavior shrink the size of the market below the level that maximizes total surplus. because the elasticities of supply and demand measure how much market participants respond to market conditions, larger elasticities imply larger deadweight losses.as a tax grows larger, it distorts incentives more, and its deadweight loss grows larger. because a tax reduces the size of a market, however, tax revenue does not continually increase. it first rises with the size of a tax, but if the tax gets large enough, tax revenue starts to fall. ? ?i. the deadweight loss of taxationa. remember that it does not matter who a tax is levied on; buyers and sellers will likely share inthe burden of the tax.b. if there is a tax on a product, the price that a buyer pays will be greater than the price the sellerreceives. thus, there is a tax wedge between the two prices and the quantity sold will be smaller if there was no tax.c. how a tax affects market participants1. we can measure the effects of a tax on consumers by examining the change in consumersurplus. similarly, we can measure the effects of the tax on producers by looking at the change in producer surplus.then the benefit from the tax revenue must not be ignored.3. welfare without a taxa. consumer surplus is equal to: a + b + c.b. producer surplus is equal to: d + e + f.c. total surplus is equal to: a + b + c + d + e + f. 4. welfare with a tax a. consumer surplus is equal to: a.b. producer surplus is equal to: f.5. changes in welfare a. consumer surplus changes by: –(b +c). b. producer surplus changes by: –(d + e). c. tax revenue changes by: +(b + d). d. total surplus changes by: –(c + e). 6. definition of distortion, such as a tax. d. deadweight losses and the gains from tradec. tax revenue is equal to: b +d. d. total surplus is equal to: a +b + d + f.1. taxes cause deadweight losses because they prevent buyers and sellers from benefiting fromtrade.2. this occurs because the quantity of output declines; trades that would be beneficial to both the buyer and seller will nottake place because of the tax.3. the deadweight loss is equal to areas c and e (the drop intotal surplus).4. note that output levels between the equilibrium quantity without the tax and the quantitywith the tax will not be produced, yet the value of these unitsto consumers (represented by the demand curve) is larger than the cost of these units to producers (represented by the supply curve).ii. the determinants of the deadweight lossa. the price elasticities of supply and demand will determinethe size of the deadweight loss that occurs from a tax. 1. givena stable demand curve, the deadweight loss is larger when supply is relatively elastic.2. given a stable supply curve, the deadweight loss is larger when demand is relatively elastic. b. case study: the deadweight loss debate1. social security tax and federal income tax are taxes onlabor earnings. a labor tax places a tax wedge between thewage the firm pays and the wage that workers receive.2. there is considerable debate among economists concerning the size of the deadweight lossfrom this wage tax.3. the size of the deadweight loss depends on the elasticity of labor supply and demand, andthere is disagreement about the magnitude of the elasticity of supply.【篇二：曼昆经济学原理英文版文案加习题答案31章】basic conceptsthere is a new in the news feature on the changing nature of u.s. exports and an updated presentation of the u.s. trade deficit.by the end of this chapter, students should understand:??how net exports measure the international flow of goodsand services.??how net capital outflow measures the international flow of capital.??why net exports must always equal net foreign investment.??how saving, domestic investment, and net capital outflow are related.??the meaning of the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate.??purchasing-power parity as a theory of how exchange rates are determined.chapter 18 is the first chapter in a two-chapter sequence dealing with open-economy macroeconomics. chapter 18 develops the basic concepts and vocabulary associated with macroeconomics in an international setting: net exports, net capital outflow, real and nominal exchange rates, and purchasing-power parity. the next chapter, chapter 19, builds an open-economy macroeconomic model that shows how these variables are determined simultaneously.the purpose of chapter 18 is to develop the basic concepts macroeconomists use to study open economies. it addresses why a nation’s net exports must equal its net capital outflow. it also addresses the concepts of the real and nominal exchange rate and develops a theory of exchange ratedetermination known as purchasing-power parity.298??net exports are the value of domestic goods and services sold abroad (exports) minus the value offoreign goods and services sold domestically (imports). net capital outflow is the acquisition of foreign assets by domestic residents (capital outflow) minus the acquisition of domestic assets by foreigners (capital inflow). because every international transaction involves an exchange of an asset for a good or service, an economy’s net capital outflow always equals its net exports.an economy’s saving can be used to finance investment at home or buy assets abroad. thus, national saving equals domestic investment plus net capital outflow.the nominal exchange rate is the relative price of the currency of two countries, and the real exchange rate is the relative price of the goods and services of two countries. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollar buys more foreign currency, the dollar is said to appreciate or strengthen. when the nominal exchange rate changes so that each dollarbuys less foreign currency, the dollar is said to depreciate or weaken.according to the theory of purchasing-power parity, a dollar (or a unit of any other currency) should be able to buy the same quantity of goods in all countries. this theory implies that the nominal exchange rate between the currencies of two countries should reflect the price levels in those countries. as a result, countries with relatively high inflation should have depreciating currencies, and countries with relatively low inflation should have appreciating currencies. ?? ?? ??i. we will no longer be assuming that the economy is a closed economy.a. definition of in the world.b. definition of around the world.ii. the international flows of goods and capitala. the flow of goods: exports, imports, and net exports1. definition of abroad.2. definition of domestically.imports, also called the trade balance.4. definition of : the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports, also called net exports.5. definition of .6. definition of .7. definition of .8. there are several factors that influence a country’s exports, imports, and net exports:a. the tastes of consumers for domestic and foreign goods.b. the prices of goods at home and abroad.c. the exchange rates at which people can use domestic currency to buy foreign currencies.d. the incomes of consumers at home and abroad.e. the cost of transporting goods from country to country.f. government policies toward international trade.9. case study: the increasing openness of the u.s. economy a. figure 1 shows the total value of exports and imports (expressed as a percentage of gdp) for the united states since 1950. b. advances in transportation, telecommunications, and technological progress are some of the reasons why international trade has increased over time. c. policymakers around the world have also become more accepting of freetrade over time. 10. in the news: the changing nature of u.s. exports a. growing u.s. exports include entertainment royalties, tourism, travel, and services. b. this article from the wall street journal describes the growth in new exports. b. the flow of financial resources: net capital outflow1. definition of residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners.2. the flow of capital abroad takes two forms. a. foreign direct investment occurs when a capital investment is owned and operated by a foreign entity.b. foreign portfolio investment involves an investment that is financed with foreign money but operated by domestic residents.3. net capital outflow can be positive or negative.a. when net capital outflow is positive, domestic residents are buying more foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. capital is flowing out of the country.b. when net capital outflow is negative, domestic residents are buying fewer foreign assets than foreigners are buying domestic assets. the country is experiencing a capital inflow. 4. there are several factors that influence a country’s net capital outflow:a. the real interest rates being paid on foreign assets.b. the real interest rates being paid on domestic assets.c. the perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroad.d. the government policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets.c. the equality of net exports and net capital outflow1. net exports and net capital outflow each measure a type of imbalance in a world market.a. net exports measure the imbalance between a country’s exports and imports in world markets for goods and services.b. net capital outflow measures the imbalance between the amount of foreign assets bought by domestic residents andthe amount of domestic assets bought by foreigners inworld financial markets.2. for an economy, net exports must be equal to net capital outflow.3. example: you are a computer programmer who sells some software to a japanese consumer for 10,000 yen. a. thesale is an export of the united states so u.s. net exports increase.b. there are several things you could do with the 10,000 yenc. you could hold the yen (which is a japanese asset) or use it to purchase another japanese asset. either way, u.s. net capital outflow rises.d. alternatively, you could use the yen to purchase a japanese good. thus, u.s. imports will rise so the net effect on net exports will be zero.e. one final possibility is that you could exchange the yen for dollars at a bank. this doesnot change the situation though, because the bank then must use the yen for something.alternative classroom example: assume that u.s. residents do not want to buy any foreign assets, but foreign residents want to purchase some stock in a u.s. firm (such as microsoft). how are the foreigners going to get the dollars to purchase the stock? they would do it the same way u.s. residents would purchase the stock—they would have to earn more than they spend. in other words, foreigners must sell the united states more goods and services than they purchase from the united states. this leads to negative net exports for the united states. the extra dollars spent by u.s. residents on foreign-produced goods and services would be used to purchase the stock in microsoft. 4. this example can be generalized to the economy as a whole.a. when a nation is running a trade surplus (nx 0), it must be using the foreign currencyto purchase foreign assets. thus, capital is flowing out of the country (nco 0).b. when a nation is running a trade deficit (nx 0), it must be financing the net purchase of these goods by selling assets abroad. thus, capital is flowing into the country (nco0).5. every international transaction involves exchange. when a seller country transfers a good orservice to a buyer country, the buyer country gives up some asset to pay for the good or service.6. thus, the net value of the goods and services sold by a country (net exports) must equal thenet value of the assets acquired (net capital outflow).d. saving, investment, and their relationship to the international flows1. recall that gdp (y ) is the sum of four components: consumption (c ), investment (i ),government purchases (g ) and net exports (nx ).【篇三：曼昆宏观经济学课后答案(英文版)】quizzes:1. gross domestic product measures two things at once: (1) the total income of everyonein the economy; and (2) the total expenditure on the economy’s output of goods and services. it can measure both of these things at once because income must equal expenditure for the economy as a whole.2. the production of a pound of caviar contributes more to gdp than the production of apound of hamburger because the contribution to gdp is measured by market value and the price of a pound of caviar is much higher than the price of a pound of hamburger.3. the four components of expenditure are: (1) consumption;(2) investment; (3)government purchases; and (4) net exports. the largest component is consumption, which accounts for more thantwo-thirds of total expenditure.4. nominal gdp is the production of goods and services valued at current prices. realgdp is the production of goods and services valued at constant prices. real gdp is a better measure of economicwell-being because it reflects the eco nomy’s ability to satisfy people’s needs and desires. thus a rise in real gdp means people have produced more goods and services, but a rise in nominal gdp could occur either because of increased production or because of higher prices.5. although gdp is not a perfect measure of well-being, policymakers should care about itbecause a larger gdp means that a nation can afford better health care, better educational systems, and more of the material necessities of life.questions for review:1.2.3.4. an economys income must equal its expenditure, since every transaction has a buyer and a seller. thus, expenditure by buyers must equal income by sellers. the production of a luxury car contributes more to gdp than the production of an economy car because the luxury car has a higher market value. the contribution to gdp is $3, the market value of the bread, which is the final good that is sold. the sale of used records does not affect gdp at all because it involves no current production.5. the four components of gdp are consumption, such as the purchase of a music cd;investment, such as the purchase of a computer by a business; government purchases, such as an order for military aircraft; and net exports, such as the sale of american wheat to russia.6. economists use real gdp rather than nominal gdp to gauge economic well-beingbecause real gdp is not affected by changes in prices, so it reflects only changes in the amounts being produced. if nominal gdp rises, you do not know if that is because of increased production or higher prices.7.the percentage change in nominal gdp is (600-200)/200 x 100 = 200%. the percentage change in real gdp is (400-200)/200 x 100 = 100%. the percentage change in the deflator is (150-100)/100 x 100 = 50%.8. it is desirable for a country to have a large gdp because people could enjoy more goodsand services. but gdp is not the only important measure of well-being. for example, laws that restrict pollution cause gdp to be lower. if laws against pollution were eliminated, gdp would be higher but the pollution might make us worse off. or, for example, an earthquake would raise gdp, as expenditures on cleanup, repair, and rebuilding increase. but an earthquake is an undesirable event that lowers our welfare.problems and applications:1. a. consumption increases because a refrigerator is a good purchased by ahousehold.b. investment increases because a house is an investment good.c. consumption increases because a car is a good purchased by a household, butinvestment decreases because the car in ford’s inventory had been counted as aninvestment good until it was sold.d. consumption increases because pizza is a good purchased by a household.e. government purchases increase because the government spent money to providea good to the public.f. consumption increases because the bottle is a good purchased by a household,but net exports decrease because the bottle was imported.g. investment increases because new structures and equipment were built.2.3. with transfer payments, nothing is produced, so there is no contribution to gdp. purchases of new housing are included in the investment portion of gdp because housingprovides services for a long time. for the same reason, purchases of new cars could be thought of as investment, but by convention, they are not. the logic could apply to any durable good, such as household appliances.if gdp included goods that are resold, it would be counting output of that particular year, plus sales of goods produced ina previous year. it would double-count goods that were sold more than once and would count goods in gdp for severalyears if they were produced in one year and resold in another. 4.5. a. 2001: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 50 qts. honey)= $2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002003: ($2 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($4 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $8002001: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 100 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. ofhoney ? 50 qts. honey)= $2002002: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002003: ($1 per qt. of milk ? 200 qts. milk) + ($2 per qt. of honey ? 100 qts.honey) = $4002001: ($200/$200) ? 100 = 1002002: ($400/$400) ? 100 = 1002003: ($800/$400) ? 100 = 200b. percentage change in nominal gdp in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ? 100 =100%.percentage change in nominal gdp in 2003 = [($800 -$400)/$400] ? 100 =100%.percentage change in real gdp in 2002 = [($400 - $200)/$200] ? 100 = 100%.percentage change in real gdp in 2003 = [($400 - $400)/$400] ? 100 = 0%.percentage change in the gdp deflator in 2002 = [(100 -100)/100] ? 100 = 0%.percentage change in the gdp deflator in 2003 = [(200 -100)/100] ? 100 =100%.prices did not change from 2001 to 2002. thus, thepercentage change in thegdp deflator is zero. likewise, output levels did not change from 2002 to 2003.this means that the percentage change in real gdp is zero.c. economic well-being rose more in 2002 than in 2003, since real gdp rose in2002 but not in 2003. in 2002, real gdp rose and prices didn’t. in 2003, realgdp didn’t rise and prices did.6.a.b.c.d.e.f.7. the growth rate of nominal gdp is higher than the growth rate of real gdp because of inflation. the growth rate of real gdp is ($8,367 - $8,203)/$8,203 ? 100% = 2.0%. real gdp in 2000 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,873/(118/100) = $8,367. real gdp in 1999 (in 1996 dollars) is $9,269/(113/100) = $8,203. the growth rate ofthe deflator is (118 - 113)/113 ? 100% = 4.4%. the growth rate of nominal gdp is ($9,873 - $9,269)/$9,269 ? 100% = 6.5%. economists ignore the rise in peoples incomes that is caused by higher prices becausealthough incomes are higher, the prices of the goods and services that people buy are also higher. therefore, they will not necessarily be able to purchase more goods and services. for this reason, economists prefer to look at real gdp instead of nominal gdp.many answers are possible.a. gdp equals the dollar amount barry collects, which is $400.8. 9.c.d.e.10. national income = nnp - sales taxes = $350 - $30 = $320. personal income = national income - retained earnings = $320 - $100 = $220. disposable personal income = personal income - personal income tax = $220 - $70 = $150. in countries like india, people produce and consume a fair amount of food at home that isnot included in gdp. so gdp per person in india and the united states will differ by more than their comparative economicwell-being.if the government cares about the total income of americans,it will emphasize gnp, since that measure includes the income of americans that is earned abroad and excludes the income of foreigners. if the government cares about the total amount ofeconomic activity occurring in the united states, it will emphasize gdp, which measures the level of production in the country, whether produced by domestic citizens or foreigners.a. the increased labor-force participation of women has increased gdp in theunited states, since it means more people are working and production hasincreased.if our measure of well-being included time spent working in the home and takingleisure, it wouldnt rise as much as gdp, since the rise in womens labor-forceparticipation has reduced time spent working in the home and taking leisure.other aspects of well-being that are associated with the rise in womens increasedlabor-force participation include increased self-esteem and prestige for women inthe workforce, especially at managerial levels, but decreased quality time spentwith children, whose parents have less time to spend with them. such aspectswould be quite difficult to measure. 11. 12. b. c.24章quick quizzes1. the consumer price index tries to measure the overall cost of the goods and servicesbought by a typical consumer. it is constructed by surveying consumers to fix a basket of goods and services that the typical consumer buys, finding the prices of the goods and。

经济学原理(双语)-教学大纲

《经济学原理》（双语）教学大纲Principles of Economics（Class Syllabus）课程编号：032023A课程类型：□通识教育必修课□通识教育选修课□专业必修课□专业选修课✔学科基础课总学时：48讲课学时：48实验（上机）学时：0学分：3适用对象：经济类本科生先修课程：高等数学一、课程的教学目标《经济学原理》包括《微观经济学》和《宏观经济学》两部分。

经济学是研究稀缺资源在各种可供选择的用途中，如何进行最有效的配置，以使得人类的无限欲望得到最大满足的一门理论经济学。

经济学作为理论经济学，是许多经济学科如管理经济学、公共财政学、市场学、国际经济学、货币银行学、财政学、国际贸易学、国际金融学等的理论基础。

微观经济学是以个体经济单位例如单个家庭、单个企业、单个市场为研究对象的一门理论经济学。

它试图通过对个体经济单位经济行为的研究，来说明现代社会中市场机制的运行和作用以及如何改善这种运行的途径。

宏观经济学是以社会总体的经济行为即宏观经济运行作为研究对象的一门理论经济学。

它试图通过对社会总体经济行为的研究，来说明市场经济条件下宏观经济的运行以及如何改善这种运行的途径。

目标1：系统理解和掌握经济学基本理论和基础知识目标2：熟悉经济学中基本概念和基本原理的英文表述目标3：能够运用所学原理分析实际经济问题和现象目标4：为进一步学习其他经济类课程打下坚实的理论基础。

二、教学基本要求教学内容：第二章的消费理论、第三章的生产理论、第五章的市场理论、第六章的生产要素市场和收入分配理论、第七章一般均衡、第九章国民收入核算、第十一章产品市场和货币市场的一般均衡、第十三章财政政策和货币政策、第十五章通货膨胀与失业应精讲、细讲。

对各章重点内容，教师应阐述清楚基本原理，并在此基础上以一些浅显易懂的案例增进学生的理解，启发学生的求知欲与好奇心。

教学方法：为实现教学目标，本课程主要采取教师讲授的方式授课，任课教师应以多媒体教学为基本授课方式，教师也可以所采取的其他教学手段如课堂讨论、案例教学等。

FED

关于下学期的计划所有人需要完成宏观课程的阅读，一共有Mankiw的以下几个章节PART 8. THE DATA OF MACROECONOMICS23. Measuring a Nation’s Income.24. Measuring the Cost of Living.PART 9. THE REAL ECONOMY IN THE LONG RUN25. Production and Growth.26. Saving, Investment, and the Financial System.27. The Basic Tools of Finance.28. Unemployment and Its Natural Rate.PART 10. MONEY AND PRICES IN THE LONG RUN29. The Monetary System.30. Money Growth and Inflation.PART 11. THE MACROECONOMICS OF OPEN ECONOMIES31. Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts.32. A Macroeconomic Theory of the Open Economy.PART 12. SHORT-RUN ECONOMIC FLUCTUATIONS33. Aggregate Demand and Aggregate Supply.34. The Influence of Monetary and Fiscal Policy on Aggregate Demand.35. The Short-Run Tradeoff between Inflation and Unemployment.PART 13. FINAL THOUGHTS希望大家不要浪费掉自己的寒假，要知道这些时间，你们可以做很多事情，不光是商科学生，对UNNC的学生都不应该有寒暑假的概念，可能这个寒假时间很短，但你也可以用这些时间看一些书，练练自己的英语，请记住一定不要把所有的时间都浪费在沙发睡觉电视上了。

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1980
1985 1990
1995 2000
Real and Nominal Exchange Rates
International transactions are influenced by international prices. The two most important international prices are the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate.
The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports
Exports are domestically produced goods and services that are sold abroad. Imports are foreign produced goods and services that are sold domestically.
The Equality of Net Exports and Net Foreign Investment
Net exports (NX) and net foreign investment (NFI) are closely linked. For an economy as a whole, NX and NFI must balance each other so that:
The Flow of Capital: Net Foreign Investment
When a U.S. resident buys stock in Telmex, the Mexican phone company, the purchase raises U.S. net foreign investment. When a Japanese residents buys a bond issued by the U.S. government, the purchase reduces the U.S. net foreign investment.
•
how exchange rates are determined
Real exchange rate
Nominal exchange rate
Closed Economy IMPORTS Open economy
EXPORTS
Trade surplus Balanced trade
Net exports
NFI = NX
This holds true because every transaction that affects one side must also affect the other side by the same amount.
Saving, Investment, and Their Relationship to the International Flows
Net foreign investment refers to the purchase of foreign assets by domestic residents minus the purchase of domestic assets by foreigners.
A U.S. resident buys stock in the Toyota corporation and a Mexican buys stock in the Ford Motor corporation.
National Saving, Domestic Investment, and Net Foreign Investment
(a) National Saving and Domestic Investment (as a percentage of GDP) Percent of GDP 20 Domestic investment 18 16 14 12 10 1965 1970 1975
Factors That Affect Net Exports
The tastes of consumers for domestic and foreign goods. The prices of goods at home and abroad. The exchange rates at which people can use domestic currency to buy foreign currencies.
The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports
Net exports (NX) are the value of a nation’s exports minus the value of its imports. Net exports are also called the trade balance.
see how saving, domestic investment, and net foreign investment are related • Learn the meaning of the nominal exchange rate and the real exchange rate • Examine purchasing-power parity as a theory of
Variables that Influence Net Foreign Investment
The real interest rates being paid on foreign assets. The real interest rates being paid on domestic assets. The perceived economic and political risks of holding assets abroad. The government policies that affect foreign ownership of domestic assets.
National saving
1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
National Saving, Domestic Investment
(b) Net Foreign Investment (as a percentage of GDP) Percent of GDP 4 3 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 1965 1970 1975 Net foreign investment
Net exports is a component of GDP:
Y = C + I + G + NX
National saving is the income of the nation that is left after paying for current consumption and government purchases:
Y - C - G = I + NX
Saving, Investment, and Their Relationship to the International Flows
National saving (S) equals Y-C-G so:
S = I + NX or Saving = Domestic Foreign + Investment Investment
Net foreign investment Purchasing-power parity
Open and Closed Economies
A closed economy is one that does not interact with other economies in the world.
Nominal Exchange Rates
The nominal exchange rate is the rate at which a person can trade the currency of one country for the currency of another.
Open-Economy Macroeconomics: Basic Concepts
Chapter 18
chapter 18 open-economy macroeconomics: BASIC CONCEPTS
Learn how net exports measure the international flow of goods and services Learn how net foreign investment measure the international flow of capital consider why net exports must always equal net foreign investment
The Flow of Goods: Exports, Imports, Net Exports
A trade deficit is a situation in which net exports (NX) are negative. Imports > Exports A trade surplus is a situation in which net exports (NX) are positive. Exports > Imports Balanced trade refers to when net exports are zero – exports and imports are exactly equal.
Factors That Affect Net Exports
The incomes of consumers at home and abroad. The costs of transporting goods from country to country. The policies of the government toward international trade.