APA_Style_Guide
APA (7th edition) Referencing Style说明书
APA (7th edition) Referencing StyleThis referencing style sheet is to be used in conjunction with the Library’s general Guide to Citing & Referencing. The information is based on the following publications from the American Psychological Association (APA):American Psychological Association. (2020). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.). American Psychological Association. (2020). Concise guide to APA style: The official APA style guide for students (7th ed.).For help with referencing items not covered in this guide:You should refer to either the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (7th ed.) or the more compact version, Concise guide to APA style: The official APA style guide for students (7th ed.). The Library has copies of both books which (when they are not on loan) can be found on Level 3, at shelf mark 808.06615 AME.Currently, the Library is also providing access to the e-version of each book, on the BibliU platform:/login?url=https:///users/saml/samlBath.BibliU provides a video playlist on YouTube that offers an overview of all the key aspects of using a BibliU e-book, including accessibility features, annotation options, and downloading the BiblIU app for offline reading of e-books:https:///watch?v=xdurhZuogXU&list=PLXTIiw7kQ0518yrXGOWUxMEz9jKXpUdUI. CitationThe APA uses an author-date style of referencing with details entered in round brackets, for example:The traditional approach to human cognition is over-simplified in assuming that processing is typically serial (Eysenck & Keane, 2010).If a publication date is not provided, insert n.d. in round brackets to signify ‘no date’, thus: (n.d.).Treatment of multiple authors: When a work has two authors, cite both authors’ surnames every time.When a work has three or more authors, cite the surname of the first author only, followed by et al., in every citation, including the first:Kisangua et al. (2007) found that … [first and subsequent citations]Reference listThe reference list must have the title word References, which should capitalised, in bold and centred. The reference list should contain full details of all the sources mentioned in your text, arranged alphabetically by surname of first author. List entries should be double-spaced (both within and between entries), and the first line of each reference is flush left with subsequent lines indented 0.5 inches (1.27 centimetres) from the left margin.Reference examplesBelow are some examples of the more common types of document you might want to reference. Each gives the APA 7th ed. format for the reference, followed by an example. Treatment of multiple authors within a reference list: when authors number twenty-one or more, include the first nineteen authors’ names then insert an ellipsis (…) and add the last author’s name. For example:Author, A. A., Author B. B., Author, C. C., Author, D. D., Author, E. E., Author, F. F., Author, G. G., Author, H. H., Author, I.I., Author, J. J., Author, K. K., Author, L. L., Author, M. M., Author, N. N., Author, O. O., Author, P. P., Author, Q.Q., Author, R. R., Author, S. S., . . . Author, W. W.Kalnay, E., Kanamitsu, M., Kistler, R., Collins, W., Deaven, D., Gandin, L., Iredell, M., Saha, S., White, G., Woollen, J., Zhu, Y., Chelliah, M., Ebisuzaki, W., Higgins, W., Janowiak, J., Mo, K. C., Ropelewski, C., Wang, J., Leetmaa,A., ... Joseph, D. (1999). The NCEP/NCAR 40-year reanalysis project. Bulletin of the American MeteorologicalSociety,77(3), 437–471. https:///fg6rf9Khan, A., Huynh, T. M. T., Vandeplas, G., Joish, V. N., Mannent, L. P., Tomassen P., van Zele, T., Cardell, L.O., Arebro, J., Olze, H., Forster-Ruhrmann, U., Kowalski, M. L., Olszewska-Ziaber, A., Fokkens, W., van Drunen, C., Mullol, J., Alobid, I., Hellings, P.W., Hox, V., …Bachert, C. (2019). The GALEN rhinosinusitis cohort: Chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps affects health-related quality of life. Rhinology, 57(5), 343-351.https:///10.4193/Rhin19.1581. Print version of a journal articleAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), pages xx -xx.Nevin, A. (1990). The changing of teacher education special education. Teacher education and special education:The journal of the Teacher Education Division of the Council for Exceptional Children, 13(4), 147-148.In-text citationParenthetical:(Nevin, 1990)NarrativeNevin (1990) outlined...2. Electronic version of a journal article without a Digital Object Identifier (DOI)Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), page numbers xx-xx. URLMarion, T., Reese, V., & Wagner, R. F. (2018). Dermatologic features in good film characters who turn evil: The transformation. Dermatology Online Journal, 24(9), Article 4. https:///uc/item/1666h4z5In-text citationParenthetical(Marion et al., 2018)NarrativeIn research by Marion et al. (2018)...3. Electronic version of a journal article with a DOIAuthor’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of article. Title of journal, Volume number(issue number), page numbers xx-xx. http///xxxxOncul, O. (2016). Crime and Delinquency. International Journal of Psychology, 51(S1), 295-303.https:///10.1002/ijop.123054. Print version of a bookAuthor’s surname, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Tseris, E. (2019). Trauma, women's mental health, and social justice: Pitfalls and possibilities. Routledge.In-text citationIt is not required to provide a page or paragraph number in the citation for a paraphrase, but you may include one if it would help your reader to locate the relevant passage in a lengthy work, such as a book.Parenthetical(Tseris, 2018, p. 12)NarrativeAccording to Tseris (2018)…(p. 12).5. Electronic version of a print bookIdentifying the format, platform, or device (e.g., eBook, Kindle book, etc.) of an authored eBook is no longer needed. An authored eBook from an academic collection should be treated as an authored print book with the reference ending with the publisher.If you wish to quote or paraphrase from an e-book that has no page numbers, you must devise an alternative means of identifying the relevant passage. In the case of a Kindle book that has no page numbers, do not provide the location number. The recommended alternative is to include the heading or section name, the paragraph number (count the paragraphs yourself, if they are not already numbered), or a combination of the heading or section name and the paragraph number.Author surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title. Publisher. URL [if available].Moore, A. (2012). Teaching and learning: Pedagogy, curriculum and culture (2nd ed.). Routledge. https:///permalink/f/1fg2g9q/44BAT_ALMA_DS5145800530002761In-text citationParenthetical(Moore, 2012)NarrativeMoore (2012) presented…6. Republished electronic version of a bookAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of release in electronic format). Title. Publisher. URL (Original year work published xxxx).Hooke, R. (2005). Micrographia: Or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon. Project Gutenberg. /files/15491/15491-h/15491-h.htm (Original work published 1664).In-text citationParenthetical(Hooke, 1664/2005)NarrativeHooke (1664/2005) addressed…7. Book with two authors/editorsAuthors’ surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Rutter, L., & Brown, K. (2020). Critical thinking and professional judgement for social work (5th ed.). Learning Matters.In-text citationParenthetical(Rutter & Brown, 2020)NarrativeRutter and Brown (2020) posited…8. Book with three or more authors up to and including 20 authorsAuthors’ surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Haugtvedt, C., Herr, P., & Kardes, F. (2008). Handbook of consumer psychology. Psychology Press.Provide surnames and initials for up to and including 20 authors. The last author’s surname should be preceded by an ampersand (&).In-text citationParenthetical(Haugtvedt et al., 2008)NarrativeHaugtvedt et al. (2008) stated…According to the 7th edition, up to 20 authors should now be included in a reference list entry.For sources with 21 or more authors, include the first 19 authors’ names, insert an ellipsis (…) and then add the final author’s name. Do not place an ampersand (&) before the final author's name.9. Book with editor(s) instead of author(s)Editor’s surnames, initials. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher.Palmer, S. (Ed.). (2011). Social work in mental health and substance abuse. CRC Press.In-text citationParenthetical(Palmer, 2011)NarrativePalmer (2011) believed that…10. Book with group authorGroup author. (Year of publication). Title (xx ed. if not the first). Publisher [If different from the group author].British Broadcasting Corporation. (2005). Review of the BBC's royal charter: BBC response to a strong BBC, independent of government.In-text citationParenthetical(British Broadcasting Corporation, 2005)NarrativeIn its review, the British Broadcasting Corporation (2015) noted…You need not abbreviate the name of a group author in a citation, but you can if the abbreviation is well-known or if you will cite the group author at least three times. You must provide the full name of the group author in the first mention, with the abbreviation.11. One chapter / paper from a collection in a bookAuthor of chapter’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In: Initials of first editor, Surname of first editor & Initials of second editor, Surname of second editor (Eds.), Title of book (pp. xx-xx). Publisher.Martin, A. (2006). Literacies for the digital age. In A. Martin & D. Madigan (Eds.), Digital literacies for learning (pp. 3-25).Facet.In-text citationParenthetical(Martin, 2006).NarrativeMartin (2006) challenged…12. Newspaper articleAuthor’s surname, Initials. (Year of publication, Month of publication, Day of publication). Title of article. Title/Name of newspaper, pp. xx-xx.Bowcott, O. (2020, September 24). Investigation launched after black barrister is mistaken for the defendant three times in a day. The Guardian, pp. 20-21.In-text citationParenthetical(Bowcott, 2020)NarrativeBowcott (2020) said…13. Thesis/dissertationThe APA makes a distinction between theses/dissertations available in print form only (‘unpublished’) and those available online (‘published’), and it makes further distinctions according to the type of online publisher. The APA also uses American terminology to describe a thesis/dissertation: ‘doctoral dissertation’ and ‘master’s thesis’. Please refer to the Publication Manual for detailed guidance.Doctoral dissertation published online, but not in a databaseAuthor surname, Initials. (Year of award). Title of dissertation (Level of award, Awarding institution). Archive name. URLConfait, M. F. (2018). Maximising the contributions of PHD graduates to national development: The case of the Seychelles [Doctoral dissertation, Edith Cowan University]. Edith Cowan Online Repository.https://.au/theses/206014. Government publicationName of government department. (Date of publication). Title of report. Publisher [If different from the group author].Public Health England. (2020) Stay at home: Guidance for households with possible or confirmed coronavirus (COVID-19) infection.In-text citationParenthetical(Public Health England, 2020)NarrativePublic Health England (2020) outlined...15. Television broadcastWriter’s surname, Initials. (Writer), & Director’s surname, Initials. (Director). (Year, Month Day). Title of episode (Season x, Episode y) [TV series episode]. In Executive Producer’s Initial. Executive Producer’s surname (ExecutiveProducer), Title of TV series. Broadcasting company.Kripke, E. (Writer), & Trachtenberg, D. (Director). (2020, July 26). The Name of the Game (Season 1, Episode 1) [TV series episode]. In H. Gorenstein (Executive Producer), The Boys. Sony Pictures Television; Kripke Enterprises;Point Grey Pictures; Original Film; Kickstart Entertainment; Kickstart Entertainment; Amazon Studios.In-text citationParenthetical(Kripke & Trachtenberg, 2020)NarrativeKripke and Trachtenberg (2020) averred...16. Web pagesSome online sources are designed to change over time and will not have an archive of earlier versions, e.g. Google Maps, a web page, or a dictionary entry. If an online source includes a date when it was last updated, provide a retrieval date in the reference, as well as the date of update as the date of publication. In this way, you are informing your reader that they may retrieve a newer version of the source. The retrieval date should be inserted before the URL in the reference.If you wish to quote or paraphrase from a web page that has no page numbers, you must devise an alternative means of identifying the relevant passage. The recommended alternative is to include the heading or section name, the paragraph number (count the paragraphs yourself, if they are not already numbered), or a combination of the heading or section name and the paragraph number.Author's surname, Initials. (Year, Month Day site/document was published online: be as specific as is possible). Title.Retrieved Month Day, Year, from URL.Note: if there is no individual author, use the group author (organisation), e.g. British Broadcasting Corporation. If neither is available, move the title to the author position, before a full stop and the date of publication.National Health Service. (2020, November 25). Check if you or your child has coronavirus symptoms. Retrieved November 26, 2020, from https:///conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/symptoms/In-text citationParenthetical(National Health Service, 2020, Babies and children section, para. 3)NarrativeThe National Health Service (2020) advise d…(Babies and children section, para. 3).This guide offers a basic template for APA referencing. For help with referencing sources that are not included in this guide, please refer to the APA publications that we recommend on page 1.MH/JH November 2020; JH August 2021。
英文文献中apa格式
英文文献中apa格式APA Formatting: Essential Guidelines for Academic Writing.Introduction.The American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely recognized formatting system used in various academic disciplines, including social sciences, education, and psychology. Adhering to APA guidelines ensures consistency, clarity, and professionalism in research papers, articles, and other scholarly works. This comprehensive guide will provide detailed instructions on how to format your document according to APA standards, covering essential elements such as title page, abstract, body text, references, and more.Title Page.The title page is the first page of your document andshould include the following information:Running Head: A shortened version of the paper's title, no more than 50 characters, written in all caps. It appears on every page of the document.Title: The full title of your paper, placed in title case.Author Information: Your name, followed by your institutional affiliation, if applicable.Abstract: A brief summary of your paper, no more than 250 words.Keywords: A list of keywords that describe the main concepts of your paper.Abstract.The abstract is a concise overview of your research. It should include the following elements:Purpose: State the main goal or hypothesis of your study.Method: Briefly describe the participants, materials, and procedures used.Results: Summarize the key findings of your study.Conclusions: State the implications of your findings and any limitations of the study.Body Text.The body of your paper should be well-organized and divided into sections using headings. Use clear and concise language, and support your claims with evidence from your research.Headings: Use a hierarchical structure for headings, starting with Level 1 (centered, bold, and title case) and progressing to Level 2 (left-aligned, bold, and title case)and Level 3 (left-aligned, bold, and sentence case).Paragraphs: Begin each paragraph with a topic sentence that states the main idea. Use transitions to connect paragraphs and ensure a smooth flow of ideas.Citations: Cite sources using in-text citations (author-date format) and a reference list at the end of the paper.References.The reference list includes all the sources cited in your paper. It should be alphabetized by author's last name and formatted according to APA style guidelines.Journal Articles: List the author(s), publication year, article title, journal title, volume, and issue.Books: Include the author(s), publication year, book title, location of publisher, and publisher.Websites: Provide the author or organization name, publication year, title of the document, and URL.Formatting Details.Font: Use Times New Roman, 12-point font throughout the document.Margins: Use 1-inch margins on all sides.Line Spacing: Use double line spacing for the entire document.Page Numbers: Number all pages, starting with the title page (page 1). Page numbers should be placed in the top right corner of each page.Plagiarism: Avoid plagiarism by properly citing all sources used in your paper.Additional Tips.Use a citation management tool, such as Zotero or Mendeley, to organize and format your references.Proofread your document carefully for any errors in grammar, spelling, and formatting.Consult the official APA Publication Manual for more detailed guidance and examples.Conclusion.Following APA formatting guidelines is essential for producing professional and credible academic work. By adhering to these instructions, you can ensure that your paper is clear, concise, and consistent. Remember to use a consistent style throughout your document and carefully proofread your work before submission.。
ApAstyle编写原则
ApAstyle编写原则APA格式指的是美国心理学会出版的《美国心理协会出版手册》。
它起源于1929年，到目前为止已经更新至第七版，总页数也已经超过400页，里面详细规范了文章的页面格式（行间距、字体、字号、页边距等等）、图表表格\参考文献等等，极为全面。
APA主要用于心理、教育及社会科学等学科。
其规范格式主要包括文内文献引用和文末参考文献列表两大部分。
APA格式强调出版物的年代而不大注重原文作者的姓名。
引文时常将出版年代置于作者缩写的名之前。
（一）文内文献引用1.单一作者格式应为“（作者姓氏（非首字母），发表年份）”。
若作者姓名在文章中已被提及，只需标出年份就好（若需要可加上页数），仍需使用括号。
多位作者以上同理。
2.两位作者作者姓氏必须以他们的名字在其发表文章内的顺序来排序。
若两个作者都在括号内引用，名字中间需加上“&”符号；若不在括号内则使用“and”。
3.三至五位作者第一次引用时需列举全部的作者，往后若引用相同的文献，只需举出最主要的作者，再加上“etal。
”。
但是，在参考文献部分，全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
4.六位作者以上举出第一位作者即可，格式应为“（作者etal。
，年份）”。
在参考文献部分，全部作者的姓名皆须列举出来。
5.多篇文献，同一作者若一作者有多篇你想引用的文献，只需用逗号来区隔作品的发表年份（最早到最晚依序排列）。
若多篇文献在同一年内发表，请在年份后面加上a、b、c……等标注。
（按：abc的使用需与参考文献部分有所对应，而这些文献的编排以标题名称的字母来决定。
）6.多篇文献，多位作者根据上一个的规则，并且使用分号隔开。
排序先依照作者姓氏的字母，接着是发表年份。
7.直接引述格式与前述无不同，一样为“（作者，年份，页数）”。
（二）文末参考文献列表在参考文献部分，APA格式规定部分的人名必须以姓（Familyname）的字母顺序来排列，包括名（firstname）的前缀。
APA STYLE GUIDE 6th Edition
Reference Citations in TextReferences∙Print Sources (paper) Articles, books, reports, governmentdocuments, corporate author, etc.∙Electronic Sources (online/web) articles, ebooks, reports,broadcast, data, blogs, wiki, podcasts, etc.,More Help with APA APA Web Sites and TutorialsPDF version (5th Edition) Return to Library Home PageAmerican Psychological Association or APA style is widely accepted in the Social Sciences. For more information consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association located on 2 North Reference and in Dictionary Stands on all floors: BF 76.7 P83 2010. Publication Manual sections are noted in square brackets [ ]. CITING REFERENCES IN TEXT [6.11-6.22]Throughout the body of your paper, briefly note the author and date of research that you mention. Enough information is needed to identify the correct source in the References list at the end of your paper. For more information and examples, see Table 6.1 in the 6th ed. Publication Manual.∙Author and Date Cited in Text (no parenthetical citation necessary)In a 1989 article, Gould explores some of Darwin's most effective metaphors.∙Author Not Cited in TextAs metaphors for the workings of nature, Darwin used the tangled bank, the tree oflife, and the face of nature (Gould, 1989).∙Author Cited in TextGould (1989) attributes Darwin's success to his gift for making the appropriatemetaphor.∙Direct Quotation with Name of AuthorGould (1989) explains that Darwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form of interconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological–and to illustrate both success and failure in the history of life" (p. 14).∙Direct Quotation without Name of AuthorDarwin used the metaphor of the tree of life "to express the other form ofinterconnectedness–genealogical rather than ecological" (Gould, 1989, p. 14).For each of the samples above the correct "References" APA style formatwould be:∙Quoting references that cite other works [6.17]To cite secondary sources, refer to both sources in the text, but include in theReferences list only the source that you actually used. For instance, suppose you read Feist (1998) and would like to paraphrase the following sentence within that book:Bandura (1989) defined self-efficacy as "people's beliefs about their capabilitiesto exercise control over events that affect their lives" (p. 1175).In this case, your in-text citation would be: (Bandura, 1989, as cited in Feist,1998).Feist (1998) would be fully referenced within the list of References. Bandura (1989)would not be listed. Remember to use the examples in this handout to cite andreference your quote correctly.Return to top of the page REFERENCESFor more information and examples, see sections 6.22-6.32 in the 6th ed. Publication Manual:∙Begin your list of references on a new page, headed with the word “References”centered at the top.∙Use “Reference” if there is only one.∙Alphabetize the list by author's last name. If there is no author given, start with the first significant word in the title.∙For article titles, capitalize only the first word of the title and subtitle, and proper names.∙Periodical titles should be written in full with both capital and lower case letters.∙References are to be in a hanging indent format, meaning that the first line of each reference is set flush left and subsequent lines are indented.∙Double space the entire document.Example:Return to top of the page PRINT SOURCES: JOURNAL ARTICLES(periodical articles published in journals, magazines, newspapers, etc.)Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume (issue), pages.∙One Author [6.27]Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences.PsychologicalBulletin, 126, 910-924.Note: Include issue number if the journal is paginated separately by issue. [6.30] ∙Two to Seven Authors [6.27]Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations.Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research,45(2), 10-36.∙Eight or More Authors [7.01.2]Note: Include all authors up to and including seven. For eight or more, include the first six, then an ellipsis, followed by the last author's name. [6.27]Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua,L., ...Griffin. W. A. (2000).An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs forchildren of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856.∙Magazine Article [7.01.7]Rodgers, J. (2006, July). Extreme psychology. Psychology Today, 39(4), 86-93.∙Review of a Book [7.06.45]Schatz, B. R. (2000, November 17). Learning by text or context? [Review of the bookThesocial life of information by J.S. Brown & P. Duguid]. Science, 290, 1304.∙Daily Newspaper Article, No Author [7.01.10]∙New drug appears to sharply cut risk of death from heart failure. (2001, August 3).The Washington Post, p. A12.∙Letter to the Editor, Newspaper Article[7.01.15]Berkowitz, A.D. (2000, November 24). How to tackle the problem of student drinking[Letterto the editor]. The Chronicle of Higher Education, p B20.∙Entire Issue of a Journal[7.01.12]Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991) Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM-IV: The science ofclassification[Special issue]. Journal of Abnormal Psychology, 100(3).Return to top of the page PRINT SOURCES: BOOKS AND REPORTSFormat: Author, A. A. (year). Title of work. Location: Publisher.∙Book [7.02.18]Mitchell, T. R., & Larson, J. R., Jr. (1987). People in organizations: An introduction toorganizational behavior (3rd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill.∙ A Book by More than One Author [7.02.24]Levison, M., Ward, R. G., & Webb, J. W. (1973). The settlement of Polynesia: Acomputer simulation. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press.∙Edited Book [7.02.22-24]Ruiz, V. L., & Sánchez Korrol, V. (Eds.). (2006). Latinas in the United States: Ahistoricalencyclopedia. Bloomington: Indiana University Press.∙Corporate Author as Publisher [7.02]American Psychiatric Association. (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mentaldisorders (4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.∙Anonymous Author [6.27]Guidelines and application form for directors, 1990 summer seminar for schoolteachers.(1988). Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Humanities.∙Chapter in a Book [7.02.25]Massaro, D. (1992). Broadening the domain of the fuzzy logical model of perception. InH. L.Pick Jr., P. van den Broek, & D.C. Knill (Eds.), Cognition: Conceptual andmethodological issues (pp. 51-84). Washington, DC: American PsychologicalAssociation.∙ERIC Document [7.09.62]Mead, J. V. (1992). Looking at old photographs: Investigating the teacher tales thatnovice teachers bring with them (Report No. NCRTL-RR-92-4). East Lansing,MI: National Center for Research on Teaching Learning. (ED346082) ∙Government Report [7.03.31]National Institute of Mental Health. (1990). Clinical training in serious mental illness(DHHS Publication No. ADM 90-1679). Washington, DC: GovernmentPrinting Office.Return to top of the page ELECTRONIC (BROADCAST, ONLINE and WEB SITES)Citing electronic sources is similar to citing print sources; citations direct readers to the source or as close as possible.Where do I find a DOI?∙It may be part of the citation or abstract of a record.∙It may be found on the first page of an article, especially in pdf format.∙Use DOI Lookup (/guestquery/).∙Cut and paste a citation into CrossRef Simple Text Query(/SimpleTextQuery/)∙Verify a known DOI by using CrossRef DOIResolver (/05researchers/58doi_resolver.html)Format: Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (year). Title of article. Title of Periodical, volume(issue), pages. doi: unique identifier∙Full-Text Article with DOI assignedJacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A history of facilitatedcommunication: Science, pseudoscience, and antiscience. AmericanPsychologist,50, 750-765. doi: 10.1037/0003-066X.50.9.750Stevenson, W., Maton, K. I., & Teti, D. M. (1999). Social support, relationship quality,and well-being among pregnant adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 22, 109-121.doi: 10.1006/jado.1998.0204∙Full-Text Articles without a DOI [6.32]If no DOI has been assigned, provide the home page URL of the journal, book orreport publisher. If you are accessing through a database, you may need to do a web search to locate the URL. It is not necessary to include the name of the database.There is no period at the end of a reference citation ending with a URL.Francis-Smythe, J., & Robertson, I. (1999). Time-related individual differences.Time & Society, 8, 273-292. Retrieved from Senior, B. (1997). Team roles and team performance: Is there really a link? Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology, 70, 241-258. Retrieved from/journals/joop∙Online Newspaper Article [7.01.11]McHugh, P. (2005, March 17). Feeling down? It might help if you just take it outside.San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved from ∙Research or Technical Report from a Web Site [7.03]NAACP. (n.d.). Juvenile justice fact sheet. Retrieved December 11, 2007, from/advocacy/research/facts/Juvenile%20Justice.pdfACLU. (2007, November 29). FBI Improperly Using Patriot Act SurveillancePowers, ACLU Charges. Retrieved from/safefree/nationalsecurityletters/32904prs20071129.html∙Article from Web Site or E-journal [7.01.3]Takase, A. (2007). Japanese high school students' motivation for extensive L2reading.Reading in a Foreign Language, 19(1), 1-18. RetrievedSeptember 24, 2007, from /rfl/April2007/takase/takase.pdf ∙Television Broadcast [7.07.51]Crystal, L. (Executive Producer). (1993, October 11). The MacNeil/Lehrer news hour.[Television broadcast]. New York and Washington, DC: Public Broadcasting Service.∙Electronic Book from Web Site [7.02.19]O'Keefe, E. (n.d). Egoism & the crisis in Western values. Retrieved from/showitem.asp?itemID=135∙Electronic Book from Database [7.02.19]Gates, J.M. (1999). Consider the Earth: Environmental activities for grades 4-8.Retrieved from ∙Wiki [7.11]Psychometric assessment. (n.d.). Retrieved January 28, 2007, from The PsychologyWiki: /wiki/Psychometirc_assessment ∙Data set [7.08.54]Pew Hispanic Center. (2004). Changing channels and criss-crosing cultures: A survey ofLatinos on the news media [Data file and code book]. Retrieved from/datasets/∙Blog post [7.11.76]bfy. (2007, January 22). Re: The unfortunate prerequisites and consequences ofpartitioning yourmind [Web log message]. Retrieved from/pharyngula/2007/the_unfortunate_prerequisites.php ∙Audio podcast [7.07.50]Van Nuys, D. (Producer). (2006, October 13). Understanding autism.Shrink Rap Radio [Audio Podcast]. Retreived from/Return to top of the page MORE HELP WITH APACan't find the right rule? If you do not find a rule in this guide to fit the specific citation situation you are working on, you need to consult the 6th edition of the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association. Copies are available at all dictionary stands on all four floors in the Library, in Reference (BF 76.7 P83 2009), and in the Reserve Book Room for a 2 hour check out period. Reference examples are in Chapter Seven.It is impossible to have an example for every type of source available. If you are unable to find the perfect example, remember, that the purpose of listing references is to allow readers to retrieve and use your sources. Find the closest example; and put as much infomation as you think necessary in your citiation to ensure that the source can be retrieved in the future.Students may also seek assistance with papers for any class in any department, or for preparation for writing exams at the CSUS Writing Center. The Writing Center is located in Room 128 of Calaveras Hall.Also consider taking one of the drop in classes in the Library. Classes are held throughout theyear. Check at the Reference Desk (2North) for a schedule of workshops or on the Library Instruction web pageExamples are also available from the web sites listed below.Return to top of the page APA WEB SITES and Tutorials∙Basics of APA Style Tutorial∙Quick Guide to APA Format (6th edition)This is a short video by Deborah Metzger, CSU Sacramento Science Librarian ∙APA Style for Electronic Sources/Trinity University∙OWL at Purdue/APA Format∙Frequently Asked Questions about APA StyleReturn to top of the page PDF VERSION OF APA STYLE GUIDE∙PDF Version of the APA Style Guide ( 5th Edition)∙APA (6th Edition) / Alvin Sherman Library, Research and Information Technology Center, Nova Southeastern UniversityReturn to top of the page。
apa_style[1]
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How Should You Document SourcesFollowing APA Guidelines?The APA guidelines specify two types of citations—one goes in the text of your paper and the other at the end. The following example illustrates a reference citation in the text of a paper.Some researchers have suggested thatinfants and young children storememories less efficiently than adultsbecause specific neural structuresrequired for memory storage have not yet matured in children at these ages (Nadel and Zola-Morgan, 1984).In this example the writer informs us that the theory she describes was proposed in a paper by Nadel and Zola-Morgan, published in 1984. Note that the entire citation in this example—both the authors’ names and the year of publication of the article cited—is in parentheses. Depending on how a sentence is constructed, all or part of the citation may be placed in parentheses. For example, the sentence above could also be phrased this way: Nadel and Zola-Morgan (1984) havesuggested that infants and youngchildren . . .In this example only the article’s year of publication is inside the parentheses; the authors’ names are included as part of the main sentence.For articles with one or two authors, use either of these methods of citing the source. For articles with three or more authors, you should list all the authors in the first citation; in subsequent citations, however, you usually need to cite only the first author, followed by the abbreviation “et al.” The following examples illustrate this point:In a famous case study of amnesia,Milner, Corkin, and Teuber (1968)describe ...(first citation of this article)The results of this study agree withthose of Milner et al. (1968) ... (secondcitation of this article)At the end of your paper, you should give your reader thefull citation for every source you have referred to in thebody of your paper. These references should includeeverything that a reader would need to look up yoursource. these citations go on a “References” page thatimmediately follows the text of your paper.Below are examples of citations of the most commonlyused types of sources. If you need to cite a source that isn’tillustrated here, consult the complete APA Manual.Note that the first line of each entry is indented, andthat these entries should be double-spaced; we havesingle-spaced them here only to save room.Books and Book ChaptersAn entire book:Springer, S. P., & Deutsch, G. (1985).Left brain, right brain (Rev. ed.).New York: W. H. Freeman.Brand, M., & Harnish, R. M. (Eds.).(1986). The representation ofknowledge and belief. Tucson, AZ:University of Arizona Press.The first example shows how to cite a revised edition;the second, an edited volume. Note that: (1) all linesexcept the first are indented; (2) each section of the entryends with a period followed by a single space; (3) in alist of authors an ampersand (the symbol &), rather thanthe word and, is used before the last author's name; (4) inan article with several authors, allauthors’ names are inverted; and (5) only the first wordof the book’s or chapter’s title is capitalized.An anonymous book:The American heritage dictionary (2ndcollege ed.). (1991). Boston:Houghton Mifflin.A chapter in an edited volume:Nadel, L., & Zola-Morgan, S. (1984).Infantile amnesia: A neurobiologicalperspective. In M. Moscovitch (Ed.),Infant memory (pp. 145-172). NewYork: Plenum.Note that while the names of the authors of the chapterare inverted, the name of the editor of the volume is notinverted.Articles in Journals, Magazines,and NewspapersCitations for journal and magazine articles follow thesame general form as citations of books, with the samesections: (1) author name(s), last name(s) followed byinitial(s); (2) year of publication, in parentheses; (3) fulltitle of article: capitalize only the first word and don’titalicize it or put quotation marks around it; (4)publication information, including the title of theperiodical and journal (spelled out and italicized) andthe volume (also italicized) and page numbers (notitalicized).A journal with continuous pagination(i.e., the pagenumbers in one issue begin where those in the previousissue left off):Milner, B., Corkin, S., & Teuber, H.-L. (1986). Further analysis of thehippocampal syndrome: 14-year follow-up study of H. M. Neuropsychologia,6, 215-234.A journal that paginates each issue separately:Hubel, D. H., & Wiesel, T. N. (1979).Brain mechanisms of vision.Scientific American, 241(3), 150-164. Note that in this example only the volume number (241) is italicized; it is followed (with no space) by the issue number in parentheses (3), then a comma.An article in a magazine:Steinberg, J. A. (1991, March). Putting your business on the map. MacUser, 7,pp. 158-163, 166-167.Note that in this example the article is not published on continuous pages; instead, it appears on pages 158 through 163, and then again on pages 166 and 167.An article in a newspaper:Clark County schools teaching sign,integrating deaf and hearingstudents. (1996, January 29). IndianaDaily Student, p. 4.Because no author is listed for this article, the citation begins with the title and would be alphabetized under the first significant word. If an author had been listed, the year and date in parentheses would be listed after the author’s name, as in other periodical citations. In the text, this source would be referred to in the text by a shortened version of the title—“Clark County schools (1996).”Citation Forms for Electronic Media Internet article based on a print source:Swanson, H. L. (1999). What develops in working memory? A life spanperspective [Electronic version].Developmental Psychology, 35, 986-1000.In this example, the online version and the print versionare identical; if you think the online version differs fromthe print version, include the URL and the date youaccessed the article.Multiple-page document created by a privateorganization:Character education: The role ofparents, teachers, and the community.(n.d.). Retrieved October 18, 2001,from National Parent InformationNetwork Web site:/library/2001/n00584/n00584.html.Note that this citation includes the title of thedocument, the date on which the website was accessed,the name of the organization that is the source of thisdocument, the document, and the URL. The name of theorganization is provided after the retrieval date fordocuments that are part of larger, more complex Websites, such as those for universities or governmentagencies.For help at any stage of the writing process:Writing Tutorial ServicesBallantine Hall 206Indiana University855-6738/~wts/See our website for hours, times, and locationsRevised 7/8/04Citing Sourcesin APA StyleWhen writing a research paper, you often need to refer tothe work of other people—to describe their research oridea, or to quote them, for example. Whenever you referto, paraphrase, or quote the theories or research of otherpeople, you need to indicate in your paper the source ofyour information. Thoroughly documenting your sourceshas a number of advantages; for example, you help yourreader to check the accuracy of the source and thecredibility of the source itself. In addition, youdemonstrate your knowledge of the literature in yourarea. Finally, you enable your reader to learn more aboutparticular theories or findings mentioned in your paper.Which Documentation Style Should You Use?You have several different styles of documentation tochoose from when citing sources. In most disciplines aspecific set of guidelines is accepted as the standard. Forany paper which requires documentation, however, youshould first ask your instructor or professor which styleyou should use. The following guidelines and examplesare from the Publication Manual of the AmericanPsychological Association, 5th edition, published by theAmerican Psychological Association or APA. Thismanual is commonly used in coursed in the social andnatural sciences here at IU.。
APA style
He said, “Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development” (Clayton, 2000, p.28). He found "students often had difficulty using APA style" (Jones, 2012, p. 199) although he did not know the implications of this. Quote with more than 40 words – block quote
For direct quotes you must include page numbers. If it is not a direct quote i.e. paraphrasing, you do not have to include page numbers but you are ‘encouraged’ to do so (APA, 2010, p.171).
According to Clayton (2000), “Several rivers aside from the Thames once intersected London, although those rivers have since been covered over by development” (pllins, 2012, p.171) Multiple pages: (Collins, 2012, pp. 111-112) Do the page numbers go in the in-text citation? or after the quote?
APA_styleGuide
guide is based on the Publication manual of the American Psychological Association .(In-text citation) in brackets Reference list formatJournal article viewed online(Curwin, 2010)(Sinharay, Puhan, & Haberman, 2010)Curwin, R. L. (2010). Motivating urban youth. Reclaiming Children and Youth , 19(1), 35-39. Retrieved from Sinharay, S., Puhan, G., & Haberman, S. J. (2010). Reporting diagnostic scores in educational testing: Temptations, pitfalls, and some solutions. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 45, 553-573. doi:10.1080/00273171.2010.483382Website(American Psychological Association, 2010)American Psychological Association. (2010). Ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct. Retrieved from /ethics/code/index.aspxWebsite which changes frequently (with paragraph number in in-text citation) ("Psychology," 2001, para. 12) Psychology. (2001). Retrieved December 5, 2010, from /wiki/PsychologyWebsite with no date(Australian Permanent Mission to the UnitedNations, n.d.)Australian Permanent Mission to the United Nations. (n.d.). Current issues. Retrieved from /unny/resources.htmlElectronic version of a print book(James, 1890)James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology . New York, NY: Holt. Retrieved from .auNewspaper or Magazine article viewed online(Rotherham, 2010)Rotherham, A. J. (2010, October 21). Paging Principal Skinner: Evaluating school leaders. Time . Retrieved from /time/nation/article/0,8599,2026632,00.htmlOnline forum or discussion/Electronic mail list/Blog post(Mather, 2010) Mather, P.-A. (2010, September 24). Re: Medium of instruction for Creole languages[Online forum comment]. Retrieved from /sp/get-discussion.cfm?submissionid=2649196Facebook page (publically available page with estimated date)(Webb, ca. 2010)Webb, D. [ca. 2010]. All about psychology. In Facebook [Profile page]. Retrieved December 6, 2010, from /pages/#!/psychologyonlineEmails – see Other Source Types - Personal communicationPeriodicals – journals, magazines and newspapersJournal article with one author(Habel, 2009) Habel, C. (2009). Academic self-efficacy in ALL: Capacity-building through self-belief.Journal of Academic Language and Learning, 3(2), A94-A104.Journal article with six or more authors(Amsel et al., 2009) Amsel, E., Johnston, A., Alvarado, E., Kettering, J., Rankin, L. & Ward, M. (2009). Theeffect of perspective on misconceptions in psychology: A test of conceptual changetheory. Journal of Instructional Psychology, 36, 289-295.Journal article with eight or more authors(Crisp et al., 2009) Crisp, G., Palmer, E., Turnbull, D., Nettelbeck, T., Ward, L., LeCouteur, A. ... Schneider, L.(2009). First year student expectations: Results from a university-wide studentsurvey. Journal of University Teaching and Learning Practice, 6(1), 13-26. Retrievedfrom .au/jutlpMagazine article(Kluger, Sharples, &Silver, 2007)Kluger, J., Sharples, T., & Silver, A. (2007). What makes us moral. Time, 170(23), 54-60.Newspaper article with no author("A second shot," 2010) A second shot at education enriches us all. (2010, October 21). The Advertiser, p. 16. BooksBook with one author (with city and country for publisher & page number for specific idea or quotation in in-text citation) (O’Shea, 2009, p. 6) O’Shea, P. (2009). So you think you can learn: An evidence based guide to improvinglearning. Brisbane, Australia: Cadamon.Book with more than one author (with city and state for publisher)(Haslam, Reicher, & Platow, 2010) Haslam, S. A., Reicher, S., & Platow, M. (2010). The new psychology of leadership: Identity, influence, and power. New York, NY: Psychology Press.Book with DOI(Spolsky & Hult, 2007) Spolsky, B., & Hult, F. M. (2007). The handbook of educational linguistics. doi: 10.1111/b.9781405154109.2007.xBook with group/corporation/association/government agency as author(American Psychological Association, 2010) American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Book chapter(Juslin, 2008) Juslin, P. N. (2008). Emotional responses to music. In S. Hallam, I. Cross, & M. Thaut(Eds.), The Oxford handbook of music psychology (pp. 377-389). New York, NY:Oxford University Press.Book with several editions(Fromkin, 2009) Fromkin, V. (2009). An introduction to language (6th ed.). South Melbourne: CengageLearning Australia.Book with a volume number(McIntosh, Samuels, & Benskin, 2005) McIntosh, A., Samuels, M. L., & Benskin, M. (1987). A linguistic atlas of late mediaeval English: Vol. 3.Linguistic profiles. New York, NY: Aberdeen University Press.Book written in a foreign language(give a translation of the book title only)(Molinari & Labella, 2007) Molinari, E., & Labella, A. (2007). Psicologia clinica: Dialoghi e confronti [Clinicalpsychology: Dialogue and confrontation]. Milan: Springer.Translated book(Debray, 2007) Debray, R. (2007). Praised be our lords: A political education (J. Howe, Trans.). London,England: Verso.Classics/the Koran/the Bible(Aristotle, trans. 1912)(Qu’ran 22:46)(2 Timothy 3:14, New International Version)No entry on reference listOther source typesLecture notes/course materials given online(Coddington, 2000) (Glonek, 2010) Coddington, P. (2000). Internet computing [Lecture notes]. Retrieved from .au/education/dhpc/2000/internet.pdfGlonek, G. (2010). Session 12: Summary of advanced methods [video]. In Writing and Speaking at Uni: Researcher Education & Development: Statistics for Research Students (online course, University of Adelaide, Australia). Retrieved fromhttps://.auConference paper(Falkner, McEntee, Palmer, & Botten, 2008) Falkner, K., McEntee, J., Palmer, E., & Botten, J. (2008). Establishing an education community of practice. 31st Conference of Higher Education Research &Development Society of Australasia: Engaging Communities. Retrieved from.au/wp-content/uploads/conference/2008/media/Falkner.pdfSymposium contribution/Conference presentation(McGrath, 2009) McGrath, H. (2009, May). An evidence-based positive psychology approach to studentwellbeing. In The First Australian Positive Psychology in Education Symposium.Symposium conducted at the meeting of the Australian Positive PsychologyAssociation, Sydney, Australia.Thesis(Leahy, 2009) Leahy, C. (2009). Peer responses to psychologically distressed tertiary students: Thedetection of distress and the helping behaviours of student colleagues frommedicine, compared to psychology, law and mechanical engineering students(Doctoral thesis, University of Adelaide, Australia). Retrieved from.au/dspace/handle/2440/56314Entry in a dictionary/an encyclopaedia("Evil, creativity and spirituality," 2010) Evil, creativity and spirituality. (2010). In D. A. Leeming, K. Madden, & S. Marlan (Eds.), Encyclopedia of psychology and religion (pp. 198-199). New York, NY: Springer.Retrieved from: Personal communication (letters, emails, memos, interviews, telephone conversations)(M. Augoustinos, personal communication, November 11, 2010) No entry on reference list Radio or television podcast/broadcast(Great myths, 2010) ("False memories," 2010) Great myths of popular psychology [Audio podcast]. (2010, February 22). Retrieved from .au/rn/counterpoint/stories/2010/2826814.htmFalse memories [Television series episode]. (2010). In Catalyst. Sydney, Australia: ABC Television. Retrieved from .au/catalyst/stories/2848614.htmCD-ROM/DVD/Film/Maps/Pamphlet/Video("Understanding Drug Use," 1998) Understanding Drug Use [Computer software]. (1998). Perth, Australia: WA Alcohol and Drug Authority in conjunction with Southern Public Health Unit.Patent(Keller & Dolan, 2004) Keller, E. B., & Dolan, M. J. (2004). U.S. Patent No. 7,653,568. Washington, DC: U.S.Patent and Trademark Office.NotesOrder of references•Put references on the reference list in alphabetical order.•Put references by exactly the same author/s in chronological order (earliest first) on the reference list.•For an in-text reference to two sources with similar or related ideas, put the work that is first on the reference list first, followed by a semicolon (;) and then the work that is second on the reference list (alphabetically)e.g. (Amsel et al., 2009; Habel 2009).Authors/Editors•For works with no identified author, the in-text reference uses the first few words from the title and then the year. If the words used are an article or book chapter title, use double quote marks. (See Newspaper article with noauthor). Use ‘Anonymous’ only if this is used on the work itself.•For seven or less authors, write all names in full on the reference list.•For eight or more authors use the first six authors' surnames and initials on the reference list, then use '...', and then give the final author’s surname and initials.•For three to five authors use all authors’ surnames in the first in-text references, and then use only the first author’s surname and 'et al.'•For six or more authors always use the first author’s surname and 'et al.' in in-text citations. (See Journal article with six or more authors).•For in-text references, use 'and' between surnames in the main text and '&' in brackets.•Use the abbreviation (Ed.) or (Eds.) in brackets following the name/s to distinguish editor/s (from author/s). For books with both authors and editors, put the author surname/s first at the start of the reference, then for the editors put the initial/s first and then the surname/s.•Works by exactly the same author/s published in the same year are included in the reference list in alphabetical order by title with a, b, c added to the year in both in-text references and reference list entries.Year•For works with no publication date recorded, use 'n.d.'•For most websites, the year the site was last updated is sufficient and a retrieval date is unnecessary. Give a retrieval date for websites which may change frequently, such as Wikis (after carefully considering theappropriateness of these sources; see Website which changes frequently & Facebook page).•The year can be omitted in the second in-text reference within one paragraph.Titles•Use italics for journal, book and other whole-source titles. Use regular font style for titles of sections of sources(e.g. journal articles, book chapters, posts to message boards).•Use capitals for all words (except 'of' etc) in a journal or series title. Use a capital letter for only the first word of a book, article, report, chapter or volume title (and any proper nouns). (See examples of journal article and bookchapter).Publication details•For unusual source types, include a description immediately after the title. Common descriptions include: [Demographic map], [CD], [DVD], [Brochure], [Electronic mailing list message], [Web log message], and for public Facebook pages, [Fan page] or [Group page]. (See Facebook page).•Include the city and an abbreviation for the state for books or reports published in the US, and the city and country for books or reports published elsewhere.•If the publisher is the same as the author, use 'Author' instead of repeating the name.•If a DOI (digital object identifier) is available, leave out all publication details and use the abbreviation "doi:"followed by the DOI. (This number can be entered at the website / to access the electronic version of the source.)•For journals, only include an issue number (in addition to a volume number) if the pages are numbered from 1 for each issue.Page/Chapter/Paragraph/Verse/Line numbers•When quoting or referring to specific ideas, include page numbers where possible.•Paragraph numbers can be used for electronic sources.•When available, part / chapter / line / verse numbers can be used instead of page numbers.Online versions•Most sources follow the same referencing format for both paper and electronic versions, except they end with a digital object identifier (DOI) or URL (home page URL of journal/publisher, not article URL and not databaseinformation), and may not include page numbers. (See Journal article viewed online, Newspaper or magazinearticle viewed online, Electronic version of a print book).Sources that do not go on the Reference List – use in-text citations only•Secondary sources – when someone writes about what someone else said or thought.In the in-text references, include the name/s of the original author/s followed by the words 'as cited in' and thesurname/s and year for the work you actually read e.g. (O’Regan as cited in Habel, 2009, p. A-94). Only put the secondary source (book/article) you actually read on your reference list.•Personal communication•Classics/the Koran/the Bible•Private Facebook pages with content only visible to friends – reference as Personal communication.•Lecture handouts (not available online) or your lecture notes – find similar ideas in published sources whenever possible. When not possible, reference as Personal communication.All the examples in this style sheet are based on:American Psychological Association. (2010). Publication manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.).Washington, DC: Author.Other useful resources:/apa-style-help.aspx/apastyle/2010/01/the-generic-reference-who.html/apastyle/social-media/8 February 2012。
APA Formatting and Style Guide
General Writing • Research and Citation • Teaching and Tutoring • Subject-Specific Writing • Job Search Writing • ESLThis page is brought to you by the OWL at Purdue (https:///). Whenprinting this page, you must include the entire legal notice at bottom.General FormatSummary:APA (American Psychological Association) style is most commonly used to cite sources within the social sciences. This resource, revised according to the 6th edition, second printing of the APA manual, offers examples for the general format of APA research papers, in-text citations, endnotes/footnotes, and the reference page. For more information, please consult the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, (6th ed., 2nd printing).Contributors:Joshua M. Paiz, Elizabeth Angeli, Jodi Wagner, Elena Lawrick, Kristen Moore, Michael Anderson, Lars Soderlund, Allen Brizee, Russell KeckLast Edited: 2016-05-13 12:06:24Please use the example at the bottom of this page to cite the Purdue OWL in APA.To see a side-by-side comparison of the three most widely used citation styles, including a chart of all APA citation guidelines, see the Citation Style Chart.You can also watch our APA vidcast series on the Purdue OWL YouTube Channel.General APA GuidelinesYour essay should be typed, double-spaced on standard-sized paper (8.5" x 11") with 1" margins on all sides. You should use a clear font that is highly readable. APA recommends using 12 pt. Times New Roman font.Include a page header (also known as the "running head") at the top of every page. To create a page header/running head, insert page numbers flush right. Then type "TITLE OF YOUR PAPER" in the header flush left using all capital letters. The running head is a shortened version of your paper's title and cannot exceed 50 characters including spacing and punctuation.Major Paper SectionsYour essay should include four major sections: the Title Page, Abstract, Main Body, and References.Title PageThe title page should contain the title of the paper, the author's name, and the institutional affiliation. Include the page header (described above) flush left with the page number flush right at the top of the page. Please note that on the title page, your page header/running head should look like this:Running head: TITLE OF YOUR PAPERPages after the title page should have a running head that looks like this:TITLE OF YOUR PAPERAfter consulting with publication specialists at the APA, OWL staff learned that the APA 6th edition, first printing sample papers have incorrect examples of Running heads on pages after the title page. This link will take you to the APA site where you can find a complete list of all the errors in the APA's 6th edition style guide.Type your title in upper and lowercase letters centered in the upper half of the page. APA recommends that your title be no more than 12 words in length and that it should not contain abbreviations or words that serve no purpose. Your title may take up one or two lines. All text on the title page, and throughout your paper, should be double-spaced.Beneath the title, type the author's name: first name, middle initial(s), and last name. Do not use titles (Dr.) or degrees (PhD).Beneath the author's name, type the institutional affiliation, which should indicate the location where the author(s) conducted the research.Image Caption: APA Title PageAbstractBegin a new page. Your abstract page should already include the page header (described above). On the first line of the abstract page, center the word “Abstract” (no bold, formatting, italics, underlining, or quotation marks).Beginning with the next line, write a concise summary of the key points of your research. (Do not indent.) Your abstract should contain at least your research topic, research questions, participants, methods, results, data analysis, and conclusions. You may also include possible implications of your research and future work you see connected with your findings. Your abstract should be a single paragraph double-spaced. Your abstract should be between 150 and 250 words.You may also want to list keywords from your paper in your abstract. To do this, indent as you would if you were starting a new paragraph, type Keywords: (italicized), and then list your keywords. Listing your keywords will help researchers find your work in databases.Image Caption: APA Abstract PagePlease see our Sample APA Paper resource to see an example of an APA paper. You may also visit our Additional Resources page for more examples of APA papers.How to Cite the Purdue OWL in APAIndividual ResourcesContributors' names and the last edited date can be found in the orange boxes at the top of every page on the OWL.Contributors' names (Last edited date). Title of resource. Retrieved from http://Web address for OWL resourceAngeli, E., Wagner, J., Lawrick, E., Moore, K., Anderson, M., Soderlund, L., & Brizee, A. (2010, May 5). General format. Retrieved from/owl/resource/560/01/。
APA_Style_Guide
A P A C I T A T I O N S T Y L EO K A N A G A N C O L L E G E L I B R A R YThe Okanagan College Psychology and Business Administration Departments require the use of American Psychological Association (APA) style for citing references in student papers. APA style is also used in some courses in Arts, Science and Health. It is important to remain consistent within the paper and to use the style recommended by your college professor or instructor.The examples in this guide cover frequently used citation forms only. For more detailed information refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), (BF 76.7 .P83 2009) and to the APA Style website at .GENERAL RULES∙Double-space your paper, including the reference list.∙Format reference list entries with a hanging indent (.5 inch or 1.27 cm). See example on page 6 of this guide.∙Arrange reference list entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author or by title if there is no author.∙Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name, not the full name.∙If the reference list includes two or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order (oldest first).∙Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in the article title and subtitle. Capitalize all words of proper names.∙Italicize journal titles and volume numbers. Do not italicize issue numbers. Italicize book titles.∙References cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and secondary sources, which are cited in text only andnot included in the reference list. (See examples 7 & 10 on page 5.)∙Any republished tables or figures (including photographs and illustrations) must be clearly marked as reprinted or adapted, and the original source must be provided both in the text and in a footnote to the table or figure.∙If you are unable to identify a specific example, follow an example that is most like your source.∙ A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique string of numbers and letters applied to content.DOIs are typically on the first page of a journal article or are included in a database’s articleinformation.EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES AND CITATIONS IN TEXTThe following examples of reference list entries are single-spaced to conserve paper. The reference list should be double-spaced, as in the sample reference list on page 6 of this guide.Journal article1 authorWith DOI (Example on p. 198 ofManual, #1) Manouselis, N. (2008). Deploying and evaluating multiattributeproduct recommendation in e-markets. InternationalJournal of Management & Decision Making, 9, 43-61.doi:10.1504/IJMDM.2008.016041(Manouselis, 2008)Journal article2 authorsPrint version Paginated by issue (p. 199, #3) Noonan, J. R., & Johnson, R. K. (2002). The misuse of thediagnosis of bipolar disorder in the forensic context.American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 20(3), 5-19.(Noonan & Johnson, 2002)Journal article 3-5 authors Retrieved from databaseNo DOI(p. 199, #3) Davis, J. M., Lee, L. S., & Yi, M. Y. (2009). Time-userpreference and technology acceptance: Measuredevelopment of computer polychronicity. American Journalof Business, 24, 23-31. Retrieved from /mcobwin/majb/First citation:(Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)Subsequent citations:(Davis et al., 2009)Journal article 6 or 7 authors With DOI (p. 198, #1) Cummings, E., Schermerhorn, A., Merrilees, C., Goeke-Morey,M., Shirlow, P., & Cairns, E. (2010). Political violence andchild adjustment in Northern Ireland: Testing pathways ina social–ecological model including single-and two-parentfamilies. Developmental Psychology, 46, 827-841. doi:10.1037/a0019668(Cummings et al., 2010)Journal article 8 or more authors With DOI(p. 198, #2)Lavoie, M.-P, Lam, R. W., Bouchard, G., Sasseville, A.,Charron, M.-C., Gagné, A.-M., … Hébert, M. (2009).Evidence of a biological effect of light therapy on the retinaof patients with seasonal affective disorder. BiologicalPsychiatry, 66, 253-258. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.020(Lavoie et al., 2009)Journal article OnlineNo DOI(p. 199, #3) Crystal, J. D., & Foote, A. L. (2009). Metacognition in animals.Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 4, 1-16.Retrieved from http://psyc.queensu.ca/ccbr(Crystal & Foote, 2009)Magazine article (p. 200, #7) Padgett, T., & Grillo, I. (2008, August 25). Cocaine capital.Time, 172(8), 28-30.(Padgett & Grillo, 2008)Magazine article Online(p. 200, #8)Hutson, B. (2009, August). A unique consumer market. BlackEnterprise, 40(1), 52. Retrieved from http://www(Hutson, 2009)Newspaper article No author Discontinuous pages (p. 200, #10) Scientists say music manipulates shoppers. (2000, September14). The Ottawa Citizen, pp. A1, A20.(“Scientists say,” 2000)Newspaper article Online(p. 200, #11) Taylor, P. (2009, October 22). Study finds recession can begood for your health. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from(Taylor, 2009)Book(p. 203, #18) Heschl, A. (2001). The intelligent genome: On the origin of thehuman mind by mutation and selection. New York, NY:Springer-Verlag.(Heschl, 2001)BookGroup author Author as publisher 6th edition(p. 203, #18; p. 203, section 7.02) American Psychological Association. (2009). Publicationmanual of the American Psychological Association (6thed.). Washington, DC: Author.First citation:(American PsychologicalAssociation [APA], 2009)Subsequent citations:(APA, 2009)Edited book(p. 202, section 7.02) Lenzenweger, M. F., & Hooley, J. M. (Eds.). (2002). Principlesof experimental psychopathology: Essays in honor ofBrendan A. Maher. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychological Association.(Lenzenweger & Hooley,2002)Article or chapter in an edited book (p. 204, #25) Rasmusson, A. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2002). Gender issues inthe neurobiology of PTSD. In R. Kimerling, P. Ouimette, &J. Wolfe (Eds.), Gender and PTSD (pp. 43-75). New York,NY: The Guilford Press.(Rasmusson & Friedman,2002)Electronic version of a print book, retrieved from database, no DOI(p. 203, #19) Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. (2005). Handbook on responsibleleadership and governance in global business [NetLibraryversion]. Retrieved from (Doh & Stumpf, 2005)Electronic version of a print book, retrieved from database, with DOI(p. 203, #19)Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. (2005). Handbook on responsibleleadership and governance in global business [NetLibraryversion]. doi:10.123456789(Doh & Stumpf, 2005)Encyclopedia article Online(p. 205, #29) Shors, T. J., & Horvath, B. (2001). Stress, neural basis of. InInternational encyclopedia of the social and behavioralsciences. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03534-8(Shors & Horvath, 2001)Dictionary definition Online; no date (p. 205, #30) Materialism (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved from(Materialism, n.d.)Data table Online From E-Stat Statistics Canada (2006a). Average hours per week oftelevision viewing, by selected age groups, annual. (Table502-0002). Retrieved from http://estat.statcan.gc.ca(Statistics Canada, 2006a)Lecture Notes PowerPoint, from online course system (p. 213, #66; p. 212, #61 Rempel, K. (2007). Chapter ten: Motivating and rewardingemployees. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved fromhttp://mycourses.okanagan.bc.ca(Rempel, 2007)Article or Chapter in a Course Pack Reprinted from another source(p. 204, #26) Gordon, B. (2005). Kate Bush’s subversive shoes. In A.Mackie (Ed.), OC course pack: WMST 215: Women andpopular culture (pp. 85-98). Kelowna, BC: OkanaganCollege Bookstore. (Reprinted from Women and Music: AJournal of Gender and Culture, 9, 37-50).(Gordon, 2005)LegislationRevised Statutes ofBritish Columbia(p.220; #10)Family Relations Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c.128. (Family Relations Act, 1996)Case lawCanada Supreme CourtReports(p. 217, #1)R. v. Latimer (2000), [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3. (R. v. Latimer, 2000)Technical or Research Report Retrieved from databaseNo DOI(p. 205, section 7.03) Datamonitor. (2009). Research in Motion Limited: Companyprofile. Retrieved from /(Datamonitor, 2009)Report retrieved online, author same as publisher(p. 205, section 7.03, #31) Statistics Canada. (2010). Labour Force Information(Catalogue no. 71-001-X). Retrieved fromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/71-001-x/71-001-x2010006-eng.pdf(Statistics Canada, 2010)Report retrieved online, author different than publisher(p. 205, section 7.03; pg 206 #33) Marqui, S., Butler, M., Jospeh, R. & Ney K. (2000). Diabetes inBritish Columbia synthesis report. Retrieved fromBritish Columbia Ministry of Healthy Living and Sportwebsite: .bc.ca/publications/year/2000/diabetes_synthesis.pdfFirst citation:(Marqui, Butler, Jospeh &Ney, 2000)Subsequent citations:(Marqui et al., 2000)Print report, author same as publisher (p. 205, section 7.03) Statistics Canada. (1992). Ageing and independence(Catalogue no. 89-548-XPE). Ottawa, ON: Author.(Statistics Canada, 1992)DVD or Video (p. 210, #49) DiCaprio, L. (Producer), & Petersen, L. C. (Writer/Director).(2008). The 11th hour [DVD]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.Entertainment.(DiCaprio, 2008)Online video YouTube (p. 215, #77) Patel, A. (2008, January 22). Music and the mind [Video file].Retrieved from /watch?v=ZgKFeuzGEns(Patel, 2008)Blog post (p. 215, #76) tara. (2007, November 27). Pullman books pulled. [Web logpost]. Retrieved from /2007/11/27 /pullman-books-pulled/(tara, 2007)Web page No author No date (p. 212, #61) The intelligence of dogs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www/dogint/(The intelligence of dogs,n.d.)CITATIONS IN TEXT1.One work by one author∙Author’s name given in the body of your paper:Manouselis (2008) reported…∙Author’s name not given in the body of your paper:In a study on the use of online recommendation services (Manouselis, 2008)…2.One work by two authors∙… as described in Rasmusson and Friedman’s study on gender issues in PTSD (2002)∙ A study on gender issues in PTSD (Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) shows…3.One work by three, four, or five authors∙First time cited in your paper:∙Davis, Lee, & Yi (2009) found th at…∙ A study of the factors affecting new technology adoption (Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)…∙Subsequent citations:∙Davis et al. (2009) found that…∙ A study of technology acceptance (Davis et al., 2009)…4.One work by six or more authors∙Wolchik et al. (2000) studied children…∙In a study of children of divorced parents (Wolchik et al., 2000)…5.Two or more works by the same author named in the same reference∙Past research (Statistics Canada, 2006a, 2006b) has shown…6.Two or more works by different authors named in the same reference∙Past research (Heschl, 2001; Noonan & Johnson, 2002; Wolchik et al., 2000) has shown…7.Citing a secondary source∙In Smith’s 1998 study (as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002)…∙Experimental research (Smith, 1998, as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) has shown …Do not include Smith (1998) in the reference list. Do include Rasmusson & Friedman (2002).8.Direct quotationsWhen you cite direct quotations, include the page number of the quote.∙Stereotypes have been defined as “generalize d and usually value-laden impressions that one social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (Lindgren, 2001, p. 1617).9.Direct quotations in electronic sources without page numbersUse the paragraph number, preceded by the abbreviation para. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading of the section being quoted and the paragraph number following it.∙(Hutson, 2009, para. 5)∙(Shors & Horvath, 2001, Conclusions and Future Directions, para. 3)10.Personal communications (letters, phone calls, interviews, e-mail messages, etc.)∙L. Coates (personal communication, December 16, 2008) stated that…∙According to the department chair (L. Coates, personal communication, December 16, 2008)…Do not include personal communications in the reference list. Cite them in text only.SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST。
APA Reference Guide
V2.412/02/2009>>Referencing Guide: APA Style(American Psychological Association Style)• All material used in academic writing should be referenced in your text, whether you give a summary of others’ ideas, or a direct quote. This is called in-text referencing or citing.• It is also essential that either a Reference List or Bibliography be provided, starting on a new page at the end of the text. Check requirements with your lecturer.• A Reference List contains only publications cited in your assignment, report etc. A Bibliography contains all cited publications plus uncited publications considered to be relevant to the subject.•Failure to provide in-text referencing and Reference List or Bibliography is called plagiarism, which can attract heavy penalties.• Following are some examples on citing resources, using the APA style. These examples do not cover everycontingency; please refer to the sources listed overleaf for more information. • Several Schools have also compiled their own referencing guides, or web sites that deal with referencing. Check with your lecturer or tutor, or look on .au/elements to see if there is a guide for your school. •Some specialist styles used at Griffith:Griffith Law School (Griffith Law Review style guide): .au/publication/glr/frameset3.html Queensland Conservatorium Style and Research Guide (available on Learning@Griffith)Check with your lecturer or tutor for each course about their preferred referencing style and/or preferred referencing guides. You should do this particularly for those cases where you see “Consult your lecturer or tutor” printed in this guide.In-Text ReferencingCiting Print SourcesDirect quote:a) Provide the author, date, and specific page citation in the text and enclose the quotations with double quotationmarks. (For works with 2 authors, cite both names in text. For works with 3 or more authors, cite all authors for the first occurrence: thereafter use “et al.” after the first author’s name).b) When the author’s name is mentioned in text add year andpage numbers only (in brackets).c) Display a quotation of 40 or more words in freestandingdouble-spaced block indented 5 spaces; do not use quotation marks.Example:a) “A person who reports a chronically low level of energy willhave a managed...” (Barry, 2001, p. 46).b) Barry (2001, p. 46) argues in his report that “a person who..”c) Any break in the inflow of capital had wide-ranging ramifications:The vulnerability of a small economy was increased by the structure of Australian trade, with primary exports exchanged for manufactured consumer and producer goods. (White et al., 1992, p. 181).Paraphrase:a) Provide the author and date, as with a direct quote (seeprevious examples). Page number not usually required, however, see APA manual (page 121, paragraph 2) for more information. Consult your lecturer or tutor .Example:a) Barry (2001) refers to the person’s level of energy. orThis can be attributed to energy levels (Barry, 2001).Secondary Sources:a) When using a quote or idea from one author found in the work of another author. Provide original author, then “as cited in”, followed by the secondary author/s, date and page number for a direct quote (see above for paraphrase). NB. The reference list provides details of the secondary source only. Example:a) Gardener (as cited in Biggs & Tang, 2007, p. 82) states… or…by students (Gardiner as cited in Biggs & Tang, 2007).Citing Electronic Sources Example:a) World Wide Web documents are cited just like printed works. When citing a specific part of a document without page numbers use paragraph numbers, if they are visible. Use the abbreviation ‘par.’ or “pars.”b) Display a quotation of 40 or more words in freestandingdouble-spaced block indented 5 spaces; do not use quotation marks. a) “A concern for progress is central to the public agendas of modern societies” (Leet, 2002, para. 1). orAs Myers (2002, ¶ 5) phrases it, “positive emotions….”b) Set out as per Example (c) above.List of References•Use indentation in your reference lists: indent the second and following lines of each item (see examples below) •The list should be alphabetised by the first word in each reference, with a blank line between each reference Printed Sources – Books Example:a) Single Author.b) Multiple Authors – all authors to be listed in reference list.c) Organisation as author - when the author and publisher are identical, use the word Author as the name of the publisher (see page 230, section 4.14 of APA Manual)d) Editions.e) No author or editor – if no author or editor is given, the title is used. Alphabetise the entry by the first significant word in the title. a) Russell, C.S. (2001). Applying economics to theenvironment. New York: Oxford University Press.b) Bartol, K., & Martin, D. (2000). Management. New York:McGraw-Hill.c) Department of Families, Youth and Community Care.(1997). Implementation of national standards for outside school hours care in Queensland. Brisbane: Author.d) Sisk, H. (1977). Management and organization (3rd ed.). Cincinnati: South-Western.e) The Oxford English dictionary (2nd ed.). (1989). Oxford:Clarendon Press.Printed Sources – Edited Works Example:a) Single Editor.b) Multiple Editors – all editors to be listed. a) Rosner, R. (Ed.). (2003). Textbook of adolescent psychiatry. London: Arnold.b) Kerr, J., & Sweatman, C. (Eds.). (2003). Women reinventingglobalisation. Oxford: Oxfam.Printed Sources – Other Example:a) Books in a series.b) Book Chapter (in a book with an editor).c) Course Study Guide – articles and book chapters in your Course Study Guide might be referenced as a standardjournal or book chapter (or part thereof), or as a chapter in your Study Guide. Consult your lecturer or tutor. a) Grand, S. (2002). The reproduction of evil: a clinical andcultural perspective. Vol 17 Relational perspective book series. Hillsdale, NJ: Analytic Press.b) Cavanaugh, J.C. (1999). Theories of aging in the biological, behavioral, and social sciences. In J.C. Cavanaugh & S.K. Whitbourne (Eds.), Gerontology : an interdisciplinary perspective (pp. 1-32). Oxford: Oxford University Press.Non book Material Example:a) Journal Articles/Newspaper Articles – provide the issuenumber only when each issue begins at page 1. If there is a month/year only provided, use the format (1994, April). For newspapers, use “p.” or “pp.” to designate page.numbers.b) Videos.c) ABS Publications. a) Newton, P. (2001). Urban Australia 2002. AustralianPlanner, 39(1), 37-45.b) Wiggins, J. (Director). (1986). The rhetoric of advertising [Videorecording]. Sydney: Australian Film Institute.c) Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2002). Balance ofpayments and international investment position,Australia, December Quarter 2002 (No. 5302.0).Canberra, Australian Capital Territory: Author.Legislationa) APA Style does not cover citing Australian legislation in aList of References. You may wish to use theCommonwealth author-date style, but you should consultyour lecturer or tutor to confirm requirements.Electronic Journal Articles (library database) Example:a) Cite article as per a paper copy of the journal article, also include the database title and the retrieval date. a) Gibson, R. K., & Ward, S. (2002). Virtual campaigning:Australian parties and the impact of the internet.Australian Journal of Political Science, 37, 99-129.Retrieved April 10, 2002, from the Catchword database.World Wide Web Resources (including books, government documents, and Web sites)a) An entire Web site.b) No author details – if no author is identified, begin reference with the document title.c) No date identified – (n.d.) indicates no publication date. a) Queensland Government. (2006).Department of Natural Resources and Water.Retrieved January 8, 2007, from.aub) Fort Lytton. (n.d.). Yahoo health. RetrievedJanuary 11, 2007, from/TheTropics/4303/lytton.html c) Australian Sports Commission. (n.d.).Australian Institute ofSport. Retrieved January 11, 2007, from.auGuides to citing information: Example:a) APA Style.orb) APA web site – a) American Psychological Association. (2001). Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (5th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.Other Useful Sites Example:a) Endnote – a database management package that allows you to organise your references, and create instantbibliographies.b) Electronic References and Scholarly Citation of Internet Sources – this document keeps track of materials dealing with the emerging standards for electronic references and scholarly citations of Internet Sources in both paper and online publications. a) .au/library/workshops-training/self-help-resources/endnoteb) /WWWVL。
apa风格的引用格式
APA风格的引用格式一、介绍APA（American Psychological Association）风格是一种常用于学术写作和论文引用的规范。
它为作者提供了一种统一的方式来引用他人的研究成果，并确保读者能够准确地找到引用的来源。
本文将详细介绍APA风格的引用格式，包括文中引用和参考文献列表。
二、文中引用在撰写学术论文时，我们经常需要引用他人的观点、研究结果或数据。
为了避免抄袭和确保学术诚信，我们需要正确地引用这些信息。
以下是APA风格中文中引用的要点：2.1 直接引用直接引用是指直接从原始文献中摘录的文字。
当我们需要引用他人的话语时，应该使用引号将其括起来，并在引用后注明作者、年份和页码（如果有）。
例如：“It is not the strongest of the species that survives, nor themost intelligent, but the one most responsive to change”(Darwin, 1859, p. 30).2.2 间接引用间接引用是指引用他人观点的概括或重述，而不是直接摘录原文。
在进行间接引用时，我们只需要注明作者和年份即可。
例如：According to Darwin (1859), adaptation is the key to survival.2.3 多个作者当引用的文献有多个作者时，我们需要根据作者人数的不同进行引用。
以下是一些例子：•对于两位作者，应该同时注明两位作者的姓氏和出版年份。
•对于三至五位作者，第一次引用时应同时注明所有作者的姓氏和出版年份，之后的引用则只需注明第一位作者的姓氏和出版年份，其余作者使用et al.来代替。
•对于六位及以上作者，第一次引用时只需注明第一位作者的姓氏和出版年份，之后的引用同样使用et al.来代替。
2.4 无作者当引用的文献没有明确的作者时，我们应该使用文献标题的缩写来代替作者的位置。
英语写作指南风格的要素电子版
英语写作指南风格的要素电子版A style guide is a set of standards and conventions that writers, editors, and publishers follow to ensure consistency and clarity in their written works. In the digital age, an electronic style guide has become an essential tool for anyone involved in the process of creating and disseminating content. The key elements of a style guide for English writing can be divided into several categories, each of which plays a crucial role in establishing a professional and polished writing style.Formatting and LayoutThe foundation of a comprehensive style guide begins with the formatting and layout of the written document. This includes guidelines for margins, line spacing, font styles and sizes, and the use of headings and subheadings. Consistent formatting not only enhances the overall aesthetic of the text but also aids in the organization and readability of the content.For instance, a style guide may stipulate that all text should be set in a standard font such as Times New Roman or Arial, with a font sizeof 12 points and a line spacing of 1.5. Headings might be formatted in a larger font size, with the main heading in a bold style and subheadings in a slightly smaller font. Proper indentation and spacing between paragraphs can also contribute to a clean and professional look.In the digital realm, the style guide should also address formatting considerations for online content, such as the use of hyperlinks, the inclusion of images and multimedia, and the handling of table and figure captions.Grammatical ConventionsAdherence to grammatical rules is essential for producing clear and coherent written communication. A well-crafted style guide will provide guidance on the proper use of grammar, including but not limited to:1. Capitalization: Establishing guidelines for the capitalization of proper nouns, titles, and the first word of a sentence.2. Punctuation: Outlining the correct usage of punctuation marks such as commas, periods, colons, and semicolons.3. Spelling and Hyphenation: Specifying the preferred spelling and hyphenation of words, particularly for commonly confused or ambiguous terms.4. Parts of Speech: Clarifying the appropriate use of nouns, verbs,adjectives, adverbs, and other parts of speech.5. Sentence Structure: Providing guidance on constructing clear and concise sentences, including the proper placement of modifiers and the avoidance of passive voice.By standardizing the grammatical conventions used within a written work, the style guide ensures a level of consistency and professionalism that enhances the overall quality of the content.Tone and VoiceThe tone and voice of a written document are crucial elements that contribute to the overall effectiveness of the communication. A style guide should establish guidelines for the appropriate tone and voice to be used, taking into account the target audience, the purpose of the content, and the organizational context.For example, a style guide for a corporate communications department might stipulate the use of a formal, professional tone, with an emphasis on clarity and precision. In contrast, a style guide for a social media team might encourage a more conversational and engaging tone, tailored to the preferences and expectations of the platform's audience.The style guide should also provide guidance on the consistent use of personal pronouns (e.g., "we," "you," "they"), the level of formalityin language, and the appropriate use of active or passive voice. By establishing these parameters, the style guide helps to ensure that the written communication maintains a cohesive and compelling voice throughout.Referencing and CitationIn many types of written works, such as academic papers or research reports, the accurate and consistent referencing of sources is of paramount importance. A comprehensive style guide should include detailed guidelines for the proper citation of external sources, including both in-text citations and the formatting of reference lists or bibliographies.The style guide should specify the preferred citation style, such as APA (American Psychological Association), MLA (Modern Language Association), or Chicago/Turabian, and provide clear examples for the various types of sources, including books, journal articles, websites, and multimedia. Additionally, the guide should address the handling of direct quotes, paraphrasing, and the attribution of ideas and information to their original sources.Consistent and correct referencing not only enhances the credibility of the written work but also demonstrates the author's attention to detail and commitment to ethical scholarly practices.Terminology and Terminology ManagementThe consistent use of terminology is a critical aspect of a well-crafted style guide. This includes the establishment of a standardized glossary of terms, as well as guidelines for the proper spelling, capitalization, and usage of key words and phrases.In technical or specialized fields, the style guide should provide clear definitions and usage instructions for industry-specific terminology, acronyms, and abbreviations. This ensures that readers, both internal and external, have a clear understanding of the specialized language used within the written content.Additionally, the style guide should address the handling of trademarks, brand names, and other proprietary terms, ensuring that they are used in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the relevant organizations or entities.Effective terminology management not only enhances the clarity and consistency of the written work but also helps to prevent the inadvertent misuse or misrepresentation of important concepts and ideas.Inclusive and Bias-Free LanguageIn the modern era, it is essential for a style guide to address the use of inclusive and bias-free language. This includes guidelines for theuse of gender-neutral language, the avoidance of stereotypes and biases, and the representation of diverse perspectives and experiences.The style guide should provide guidance on the appropriate use of pronouns, the handling of titles and honorifics, and the sensitivity required when referring to individuals or groups from diverse backgrounds. It should also encourage the use of inclusive language that avoids the marginalization or exclusion of particular populations.By promoting the use of inclusive and bias-free language, the style guide helps to ensure that the written content is accessible, respectful, and representative of the diverse audiences it aims to reach.ConclusionThe elements of a comprehensive style guide for English writing –formatting and layout, grammatical conventions, tone and voice, referencing and citation, terminology management, and inclusive language – work together to create a unified and professional standard for written communication. By establishing these guidelines, the style guide serves as a invaluable tool for writers, editors, and publishers, helping to ensure the consistency, clarity, and ethical integrity of the content they produce.In the digital age, where written communication has become ubiquitous and accessible to a global audience, the importance of a well-crafted style guide cannot be overstated. It is a crucial component in the pursuit of excellence in written expression, and a testament to the power of language to inform, educate, and inspire.。
APA格式使用指南说明书
Additional examples and rules available on the APA Citation Guide /citations/APA If you have any questions, do not hesitate to ask your instructor or the librarian.Unless your instructor gives you other instructions, this is how the paper should be set up: •Double-spaced•1-inch margins on all sides•12pt. Times New Roman FontWhen you quote or paraphrase from a source, you need to give credit to that source by inserting a citation. This citation typically consists of the author’s name, year of publication, and page number in parentheses at the end of the sentence. Another option is to use the author’s name in the sentence, followed directly by the year in parentheses, with the page numbers in parentheses at the end of the sentence.Examples of Basic In-Text Citations:The article goes on to say that “People don't do derby just for exercise but usually because it becomes a part of who they are” (Fagundes, 2012, p. 1098).ORFagundes (2012) added, “People don't do derby just for exercise but usually because it becomes a part of who they are” (p. 1098).Quotations longer than 40 words need to be set apart from the rest of the text. Do not use quotation marks. The quote should be in a new paragraph and set 1/2 inch from the left margin (the same position as a new paragraph). The parenthetical citation comes after the final punctuation mark.Example of Block Quotation:He asserts the following:Derby names are, in this sense, like individual brand names that allow fans to tell skaters apart andmore readily link their exploits on the track to an articulated identity. Obviously, standard government names can serve this function as well, but derby names are often particularly good source identifiers because they are tied to aesthetic features that fill out distinct personas. (Fagundes, 2012, p. 1105)•This is a separate page at the end of your paper. Each citation in the text must be listed on the References page; each listing on the References page must appear in the text.•The title of the page should be centered and labeled References.•All text is double-spaced, just like the rest of the paper.•Indent the second and subsequent lines of citations by 0.5 inch to create a hanging indent. Below are examples for Reference Pages.Scholarly Journal Article from Online SourceAPA recommends providing a Digital Object Identifier (DOI), when it is available, instead of the URL. DOIs provide stable, long-lasting links for online articles. They are unique to their documents and consist of a long alphanumeric code. Many publishers will provide an article's DOI on the first page of the document.If you cannot find a DOI for an article, include the journal homepage's URL in a Retrieved by statement. Basic Format-Author, A. A., Author, B. B., & Author, C. C. (Year). Title of article: Subtitle words. Title of Periodical, volume number(issue number), pages. https:///xx.xxx/yyyyyExample with DOI-Nguyen, T. T., Gildengorin, G., & Truong, A. (2007). Factors influencing physicians' screening behavior for liver cancer among high-risk patients. Journal of General Internal Medicine, 22(4), 523-6.https:///10.1007/s11606-007-0128-1Example with no DOI-Ryan, E., & Redding, R. (2004). A review of mood disorders among juvenile offenders. Psychiatric Services, 55(12), 1397-1407. Retrieved from https:///Psychiatric_Services Magazine Article from Online SourceBasic Format-Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year, Month Day). Title of article: Subtitle words. Title of Magazine, volume number(issue number), pages. Retrieved from http://url_of_magazine_webpageExample-Hall, M. (2017, March). The faces of Obamacare. Texas Monthly, 45(3), 116-197. Retrieved from Document or Page on a Government or Organization Web Site: With Individual AuthorBasic Format-Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Date published or updated). Title of report or document: Subtitle of report.Retrieved from http://someurlExample-Granath, B. (2016, April 22). Astronaut photography from space helped “discover the Earth”. Retrieved from: https:///feature/astronaut-photography-from-space-helped-discover-the-earth Document or Page on a Government or Organization Web Site: No Individual AuthorBasic Formats-Government agency or organization name. (Date published or updated). Title of document: Subtitle of document. Retrieved from http://someurlGovernment agency or organization name. (Date published or updated). Title of specific section or chapter of document. In Title of larger document. Retrieved from http://someurlExample-American Nurses Association. (2017). Sharps injury prevention. Retrieved fromhttps:///practice-policy/work-environment/health-safety/safe-needles/ Format for Government Document-The government agency name must include the full hierarchy for the agency: start with the overseeing department and then list the smaller "subdivision" agencies.U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention.Examples of Government Document-U.S. Department of Health & Human Services, Centers for Disease Control, Division for Heart Disease and Stroke Prevention. (2019, January 8). Heart failure fact sheet. Retrievedfrom https:///dhdsp/data_statistics/fact_sheets/fs_heart_failure.htmU.S. Department of Health & Human Services, National Institutes of Health, National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute. (2016, December). Cardiac rehabilitation. In NHLBI’s health topics. Retrieved fromhttps:///health-topics/cardiac-rehabilitationBookBasic Formats -Author, A. A. (Year of publication). Title of work: Capital letter also for subtitle. Location: Publisher. Author, A. A., & Author, B. B. (Year of publication). Title of chapter. In A. A. Editor & B. B. Editor (Eds.), Title of book (pages of chapter). Location: Publisher.Print Book Examples-Bonilla-Silva, E. (2017). Racism without the racists: Color-blind racism and the persistence of racial inequality in America. Lanham, MA: Rowman & Littlefield.Olsen, Y., & Sharfstein, J.M. (2019). The opioid epidemic: What everyone needs to know. Oxford: Oxford University Press.Edited Book Example-Pedersen, P.B., Lonner, W.J., Draguns, J.G., Trimble, J.E., & Scharrón-del Río, M.R. (Eds.). (2016). Counseling across cultures (7th ed.). Los Angeles, CA: Sage.E-Book Example-Add a Retrieved from statement at the end of the citation: Retrieved from http://url_of_e-book_database Goodwin, G., & Sachs, G. (2010). Fast facts: Bipolar disorder. Abingdon, Oxford: Health Press. Retrieved from Chapter in a Book Examples-Kindler, L.L., & Polomano, R.C. (2017). Pain. In S.L. Lewis, S.R. Dirksen, M.M. Heitkemper, & L. Bucher (Eds.), Medical-surgical nursing (10th ed., pp. 114-139). St. Louis, MO: Elsevier.Scott, C.L. (2014). Historical perspectives for studying workforce diversity. In M.Y. Byrd (Ed.), Diversity in the workforce: Current issues and emerging trends (pp. 3-33). New York: Routledge.1. Contact Julie Chapman: **********************, 920-498-54902. Call the Library: 920-498-5493.3. Go to the library’s webpage and click on Ask a Librarian. Search for ananswer, email your question, or start a live chat during Library hours.4. Text a librarian at 920-288-2ASK (920-288-2275) during Library hours.5. Stop by the Library Desk!。
APA style guide
7
Part 1: What is APA In-Text Citations
• Use of a parenthetical reference system in the text of the paper. • Tied to an alphabetical References list (located at the end of your paper)
12
APA In-Text Citations
One Work by Multiple authors (3-7 authors)
(p.175-176)
Example: Reference in the text:
Skinner, Cornell, Sun, and Harlow, 1993 found… (Use as 1st citation in text) Skinner et al. (1993) found … (Use as subsequent 1st citation per paragraph thereafter) Skinner et al. also found … (Omit year from subsequent citations after 1st citation within a paragraph) Example: References (at the end of your paper - List all authors)
14
APA In-Text Citations
Groups as Authors
(p. 176)
Write down corporate author in full every time if the abbreviation is NOT common.
APA引用指南：引用引用指南（第7版）说明书
APA In-Text Citation GuideAPA In-text CitationsGuidelines from the APA Handbook (7th edition):https:///What are in-text citations for APA?•In your text, you should include a parenthetical citation each time you directly quote or paraphrase from another source. This is known as an in-text citation.•Each of the in-text citations in your paper should have a corresponding full reference in your References list.•An in-text citation gives your reader enough information to locate the full reference in your References page at the end of the essay.•The most common way to do an in-text citation is to include the source´s information in parentheses at the end of the sentence, before the period.APA uses the author-date method—use the author´s last name, a comma, and the publication date for in-text citations.Direct quotes, unlike paraphrases or summaries, also require page numbers, which are preceded by “p.” for a single page and “pp.” for a page range. See examples below.Citing a Work with One Author (Paraphrasing or Summarizing)If the author’s name is NOT included in the sentence, use author´s last name and the year in the parenthetical citation.Example: Dickens despised the way in which dismissing truth and bending the rules allowed citizens inpower to commit heinous offenses with impunity (Van Ghent, 1950).*Note that the author whose work is being paraphrased is not mentioned in the sentence. This is why weneed to include the author´s last name and the year in the parenthetical citation. Also note that the period comes after the in-text citation.If the author’s name is already included in the sentence, use only the year in the parentheses right after referencing the author. Take a look at this example:Example: Mark Twain (2016) suggested that it is important for all readers to read his entire book in onesitting in order to get the full experience of his writing.*Note that the author´s name is mentioned in the text, so the parenthetical citation only includes thepublication date of the source.Citing a Work with One Author (Direct Quoting)If directly quoting word for word from another author, use the author’s name, the year, and the page number from where the quote was taken. Take a look at this example:Example:She stated, "Even though students think APA is confusing, it’s really not that hard once you learna few basics" (Smith, 1999, p. 199).If there are no page numbers available (such as in an electronic source), use the paragraph numbers.Example: She stated, "Even though students think APA is confusing, it’s really not that hard once you learn a few basics" (Smith, 1999, paras. 2-3).Citing a Work by Multiple Authors (Paraphrasing or Summarizing)For a source with two authors, list the authors’ last names and the year in the text or in the parenthetical citation: Examples: King and Twain (2020) argue that literature and science fiction make the best live action plays.The authors claim that literature and science fiction are beautiful, mesmerizing, and entertaining (King &Twain, 2020).*Note that in the parenthetical documentation, an ampersand (&) is used between the author’s names.For a source with three or more authors, list only the first author’s last name, followed by “et al.”Example: The researchers claimed, "A two percent increase in dosage resulted in a 15% decrease in reported side effects" (King et al., 2013, p. 15).Citing Sources with No AuthorSome websites and other materials may not have an author. When this happens, cite the source by its title or use the first couple of words of the title if it is lengthy.Example: Learning how to format a research paper takes time, but anyone can learn ("Using Citations,"2001).*Note: Titles of books and reports are italicized; titles of articles, chapters, and web pages are in quotation marks in the in-text citations.Multiple Citations in One InstanceTo cite multiple sources in the same parenthetical reference, separate the citations by a semi-colon: Example: . . . as has been discussed in previous research (Dunn, 2013; Dietz, 2012).For sample papers, please visit: https:///style-grammar-guidelines/paper-format/sample-papers。
AP Style 指南 - 英语版说明书
Updated 3/131 " AP S tyle Quick R eference G uide Addresses (Page 6)• Use the abbreviations "Ave." "Blvd." and "St." only with a numbered address: "1600 ReynardSt."• Spell these words out when used without a number: "Reynard Street"• These three terms are the ONLY ones that can be abbreviated. Related terms such as"alley," "drive," "road" and "terrace" must always be spelled out.• Always use numerical figures for an address number. "9 Foxlair Drive"• Spell out and capitalize First through Ninth when referring to a street name: "First Street," "10 Avenue"Composition Titles (Pages 55-56)• For book titles, computer games, movies, operas, poems, etc, capitalize all the principalwords (including prepositions and conjunctions of four or more letters), as well as the firstand last words.• Put quotation marks around all such titles except the Bible and books that are cataloguesof reference material (almanacs, dictionaries, encyclopedias, etc).• Do not put quotation marks around software titles such as Microsoft Word or WordPerfect.Dates (Page 68)• Always use numerical figures, without "st," "nd," "rd," or "th."Days of the Week (Page 69)• Days of the week should be capitalized and not abbreviated.Datelines (Pages 66-68)• D atelines on stories should contain a city name, entirely in CAPITAL LETTERS, followedin most cases by the name of the state, county or territory where the city is located:"KANSAS CITY, Kan."• Prominent US and international cities can stand alone in datelines without a state or country listed.Consult the AP Stylebook for these cities.Dimensions (Page 73)• Use figures and spell out "inches," "feet," "yards," etc. "The car is 17 feet long and 6 feet wide."Fractions (Page 100)• Spell out amounts less than 1 in stories, using hyphens between the words: "two-thirds"• Use figures for precise amounts larger than 1, converting to decimals when practical.Here (Page 113)• This word is frequently redundant and tells the reader little. If it is necessary to refer tothe location where the story is originating from, use the actual name of the location.Monetary Units (Pages 43 and 76)• S pell out the word "cents" in lowercase and use numerals for amounts less than a dollar:“12 cents"• Use the $ sign and decimal system for larger amounts: "$1.01."Updated3/13 2• For dollars, use numerical amounts and the $ sign except in casual references. In these cases, the word should be spelled in lowercase: "The book cost $4." "Dad, give me a dollar."• F or amounts exceeding $1 million, use the $ sign and numerals up to two decimal places: "Itis worth $4.45 million"Months (Page 162)• Capitalize the names of months in all uses.• When a month is used with a specific date, you may abbreviate "Jan." "Feb." "Aug." "Sept.""Oct." "Nov." and "Dec." All remaining months may not be abbreviated.• When a phrase uses only a month and a year, do not separate the year with commas. When aphrase refers to a month, day and year, set off the year with commas: "January 1972 was a cold month." "His birthday is Feb. 14, 1987."Numerals (Pages 175-176)Spell out numbers when:• They are placed at the beginning of a sentence. If the number is too long, it is recommended youre-order the sentence.• In casual expressions: "A thousand times no!" "Thanks a million"• A number falls between one and nine: "first base" "six dollars" "first place"Organizational Abbreviations (Pages 3-4)• Well known abbreviations for government organizations and agencies can be used, such as FBI,CIA, GOP, etc. Consult individual entries in the AP Stylebook to see if these abbreviations are acceptable.• Some abbreviations are acceptable on second and subsequent references within the text.Percent (Page 188)• Use figures and spell out the word: "50 percent of the people were there."• Repeat percent with each individual figure: "He said 10 percent to 30 percent would attend." Personal Titles (Pages 248-249)• Refer to both men and women by first and last name: "Susan Smith," not "Mrs. Smith." The onlytime you should use courtesy titles are if a woman specifically requests it or when it is necessary to distinguish between two people with the same last name.• Capitalize a formal title if it is used immediately before a person's name. The titles can belowercase if no name is present: "President George Bush." "The president issued a statement." • Abbreviate titles when used before a full name: "Dr." "Gov." "Rep." "the Rev."• For specific information on more titles, consult the AP Stylebook entries on academic titles,doctor, legislative titles, and religious titles.State Names (Pages 234-235)• S tates should not be abbreviated when standing alone in the text. When used in conjunction with acity, town, village, military base or political party affiliation, some states may be abbreviated. • Abbreviations of states DO NOT use postal codes. The AP Stylebook has its own abbreviationsfor each state which can be found in the "state names" entry.• Eight states can never be abbreviated anywhere in the text: Alaska, Hawaii, Idaho, Iowa, Maine,Ohio, Texas and Utah.• One comma should be placed between the city and the state name, and another comma after thestate name, unless ending a sentence or dateline: "He was traveling from Nashville, Tenn., toUpdated 3/133 Albuquerque, N.M." Time (Pages 244 - 245)• When describing events that have occurred within a seven day time period from the writing of thestory, it is acceptable to use days of the week such as "Monday." For any period of time beyond these seven days, use a month and a figure for dates.• Use numerical figures except for "noon" and "midnight."• Use a colon to separate hours from minutes and keep times in lower case: 2:30 p.m.• Spell out the units of measurement in time sequences: "50 hours, 23 minutes, 14 seconds."NOTE: This handout is intended as a supplement to the most recent edition of the AP Stylebook . It is not meant to replace it.。
作文中书名号在一行结尾
作文中书名号在一行结尾English Answer:The use of quotation marks at the end of a line in a text can vary depending on the specific style guide or convention being followed.In general, there are two main options for handling quotation marks at the end of a line:1. Break the quotation marks: This involves breaking the quotation marks at the end of the line and continuing the quotation on the next line. In this case, the opening quotation mark is placed at the beginning of the new line, and the closing quotation mark is placed at the end of the quoted material.2. Keep the quotation marks together: This involves keeping the quotation marks together on the same line, even if the line break occurs within the quoted material. Inthis case, the opening and closing quotation marks are placed on the same line, and the line break occurs between words within the quotation.Which option is used depends on the specific styleguide or convention being followed.For example, the Modern Language Association (MLA)style guide recommends breaking the quotation marks at the end of a line, while the American Psychological Association (APA) style guide recommends keeping the quotation marks together on the same line.Here are some examples of how quotation marks can be used at the end of a line, depending on the style guide or convention being followed:MLA style (quotation marks broken at the end of a line):"This is a quote that is broken at the end of a line," said the author."This is.another quote that is broken at the end of a line," said the author.APA style (quotation marks kept together on the same line):"This is a quote that is kept together on the same line," said the author."This is another quote that is kept together on the same line," said the author.Ultimately, the best practice is to follow the specific style guide or convention that is required for the particular writing task.中文回答：在文章中使用引号时，如果引号出现在一行结尾处，处理方法主要有两种：1. 断开引号，这种方法是将引号断开，并将引文内容续行。
英文作文题目加标点符号吗
英文作文题目加标点符号吗英文回答：Punctuation in English essay titles varies depending on the style guide you are following. For example, the Modern Language Association (MLA) style guide suggests using a period at the end of a title that is a complete sentence, but omitting it if the title is a fragment. The American Psychological Association (APA) style guide, on the other hand, recommends omitting periods from all essay titles.However, there are some general guidelines that can help you decide whether or not to use punctuation in your essay title. If the title is a question, it should end with a question mark. If the title is an exclamation, it should end with an exclamation point. And if the title is a quotation, it should be enclosed in quotation marks.Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to use punctuation in your essay title is up to you. However, itis important to be consistent with the style guide you are using.Here are some examples of essay titles with and without punctuation:With punctuation:"The Importance of Education: Why Every Child Deserves a Quality Education""The Role of Technology in the Classroom: Friend or Foe?""The American Dream: Is It Still Alive and Well?"Without punctuation:The Importance of Education。
中文参考文献apa格式
中文参考文献apa格式本文旨在介绍国际通用的参考文献格式美国心理学协会（APA）格式，分析其在撰写论文时的主要特点，以及如何应用APA格式进行统一的参考文献撰写。
一、简介美国心理学协会（American Psychological Association，APA）格式是根据美国心理学协会出版发行的《心理学期刊》（Journal of Psychological）的规定创制的。
根据规定，国际通用的文献格式有APA（美国心理学协会）格式、MLA（美国文学研究学会）样式、Chicago （芝加哥）格式和Harvard（哈佛）样式等。
在国际学术界，APA格式的使用最广泛，原因在于这个格式可以让作者控制格式，把重点放在有关内容上，整齐、明快、简洁。
APA 格式不仅使文章更好地组织，而且有助于撰写一篇可以一览无余地表达作者观点的文章。
APA格式在全世界有广泛的使用，包括许多学术期刊、学术论文和权威书籍等。
由于其灵活性，APA格式也被广泛用于学术界以外的用途，如写作公文、商务文书、记者报告、技术文件等。
二、APA格式的主要特点1、排版APA格式的排版标准主要参照《美国心理学期刊》（APA Publication Manual），文章页面应以纸张的上下左右边距都为2.54厘米为原则，文章的排版应向美国心理学期刊的格式为准。
2、标题APA格式的标题设计要求较为苛刻，结构明确，标题层次分明，最顶层标题必须用字体号最大的粗体字，次级标题字号应比上级标题小1号或2号，以此类推，直至最小子标题。
3、引文APA格式的引文设计要求，原文的引用需在文章中提及，并在文末列出参考文献。
参考文献的排列应按字母顺序排列，可采用斜体字标注或者加双引号标注原文在文章中何处引用。
三、如何使用APA格式1、排版根据APA格式的排版标准，利用Word软件或其它类似软件，将文章排版出来。
2、标题根据APA格式的严谨要求，利用Word软件中字号控制功能，调整标题的字号大小，并加以粗体显示。
APA_style
Use:
the third person point of view rather than using the first person point of view or the passive voice The study showed that…, NOT I found out that….
References Page
Center the title– References-- at the top of the page Double-space reference entries
Do NOT include “Running head:” in the header after the title page!
General Format (cont’d)
Your essay should include four major sections:
References Main Body Abstract Title page
Title Page
Page header:
(use Insert Page Header)
References: Basics (cont’d)
Capitalize all major words in journal titles. Italicize titles of longer works such as books and journals. Do not italicize, underline, or put quotes around the titles of shorter works such as journal articles or essays in edited collections.
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A P A C I T A T I O N S T Y L EO K A N A G A N C O L L E G E L I B R A R YThe Okanagan College Psychology and Business Administration Departments require the use of American Psychological Association (APA) style for citing references in student papers. APA style is also used in some courses in Arts, Science and Health. It is important to remain consistent within the paper and to use the style recommended by your college professor or instructor.The examples in this guide cover frequently used citation forms only. For more detailed information refer to the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (6th ed.), (BF 76.7 .P83 2009) and to the APA Style website at .GENERAL RULES∙Double-space your paper, including the reference list.∙Format reference list entries with a hanging indent (.5 inch or 1.27 cm). See example on page 6 of this guide.∙Arrange reference list entries in alphabetical order by the surname of the first author or by title if there is no author.∙Use only the initial(s) of the author’s given name, not the full name.∙If the reference list includes two or more entries by the same author(s), list them in chronological order (oldest first).∙Capitalize only the first letter of the first word in the article title and subtitle. Capitalize all words of proper names.∙Italicize journal titles and volume numbers. Do not italicize issue numbers. Italicize book titles.∙References cited in text must appear in the reference list and vice versa. The only exceptions to this rule are personal communications and secondary sources, which are cited in text only andnot included in the reference list. (See examples 7 & 10 on page 5.)∙Any republished tables or figures (including photographs and illustrations) must be clearly marked as reprinted or adapted, and the original source must be provided both in the text and in a footnote to the table or figure.∙If you are unable to identify a specific example, follow an example that is most like your source.∙ A DOI (Digital Object Identifier) is a unique string of numbers and letters applied to content.DOIs are typically on the first page of a journal article or are included in a database’s articleinformation.EXAMPLES OF REFERENCE LIST ENTRIES AND CITATIONS IN TEXTThe following examples of reference list entries are single-spaced to conserve paper. The reference list should be double-spaced, as in the sample reference list on page 6 of this guide.Journal article1 authorWith DOI (Example on p. 198 ofManual, #1) Manouselis, N. (2008). Deploying and evaluating multiattributeproduct recommendation in e-markets. InternationalJournal of Management & Decision Making, 9, 43-61.doi:10.1504/IJMDM.2008.016041(Manouselis, 2008)Journal article2 authorsPrint version Paginated by issue (p. 199, #3) Noonan, J. R., & Johnson, R. K. (2002). The misuse of thediagnosis of bipolar disorder in the forensic context.American Journal of Forensic Psychology, 20(3), 5-19.(Noonan & Johnson, 2002)Journal article 3-5 authors Retrieved from databaseNo DOI(p. 199, #3) Davis, J. M., Lee, L. S., & Yi, M. Y. (2009). Time-userpreference and technology acceptance: Measuredevelopment of computer polychronicity. American Journalof Business, 24, 23-31. Retrieved from /mcobwin/majb/First citation:(Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)Subsequent citations:(Davis et al., 2009)Journal article 6 or 7 authors With DOI (p. 198, #1) Cummings, E., Schermerhorn, A., Merrilees, C., Goeke-Morey,M., Shirlow, P., & Cairns, E. (2010). Political violence andchild adjustment in Northern Ireland: Testing pathways ina social–ecological model including single-and two-parentfamilies. Developmental Psychology, 46, 827-841. doi:10.1037/a0019668(Cummings et al., 2010)Journal article 8 or more authors With DOI(p. 198, #2)Lavoie, M.-P, Lam, R. W., Bouchard, G., Sasseville, A.,Charron, M.-C., Gagné, A.-M., … Hébert, M. (2009).Evidence of a biological effect of light therapy on the retinaof patients with seasonal affective disorder. BiologicalPsychiatry, 66, 253-258. doi:10.1016/j.biopsych.2008.11.020(Lavoie et al., 2009)Journal article OnlineNo DOI(p. 199, #3) Crystal, J. D., & Foote, A. L. (2009). Metacognition in animals.Comparative Cognition & Behavior Reviews, 4, 1-16.Retrieved from http://psyc.queensu.ca/ccbr(Crystal & Foote, 2009)Magazine article (p. 200, #7) Padgett, T., & Grillo, I. (2008, August 25). Cocaine capital.Time, 172(8), 28-30.(Padgett & Grillo, 2008)Magazine article Online(p. 200, #8)Hutson, B. (2009, August). A unique consumer market. BlackEnterprise, 40(1), 52. Retrieved from http://www(Hutson, 2009)Newspaper article No author Discontinuous pages (p. 200, #10) Scientists say music manipulates shoppers. (2000, September14). The Ottawa Citizen, pp. A1, A20.(“Scientists say,” 2000)Newspaper article Online(p. 200, #11) Taylor, P. (2009, October 22). Study finds recession can begood for your health. The Globe and Mail. Retrieved from(Taylor, 2009)Book(p. 203, #18) Heschl, A. (2001). The intelligent genome: On the origin of thehuman mind by mutation and selection. New York, NY:Springer-Verlag.(Heschl, 2001)BookGroup author Author as publisher 6th edition(p. 203, #18; p. 203, section 7.02) American Psychological Association. (2009). Publicationmanual of the American Psychological Association (6thed.). Washington, DC: Author.First citation:(American PsychologicalAssociation [APA], 2009)Subsequent citations:(APA, 2009)Edited book(p. 202, section 7.02) Lenzenweger, M. F., & Hooley, J. M. (Eds.). (2002). Principlesof experimental psychopathology: Essays in honor ofBrendan A. Maher. Washington, DC: AmericanPsychological Association.(Lenzenweger & Hooley,2002)Article or chapter in an edited book (p. 204, #25) Rasmusson, A. M., & Friedman, M. J. (2002). Gender issues inthe neurobiology of PTSD. In R. Kimerling, P. Ouimette, &J. Wolfe (Eds.), Gender and PTSD (pp. 43-75). New York,NY: The Guilford Press.(Rasmusson & Friedman,2002)Electronic version of a print book, retrieved from database, no DOI(p. 203, #19) Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. (2005). Handbook on responsibleleadership and governance in global business [NetLibraryversion]. Retrieved from (Doh & Stumpf, 2005)Electronic version of a print book, retrieved from database, with DOI(p. 203, #19)Doh, J. P., & Stumpf, S. A. (2005). Handbook on responsibleleadership and governance in global business [NetLibraryversion]. doi:10.123456789(Doh & Stumpf, 2005)Encyclopedia article Online(p. 205, #29) Shors, T. J., & Horvath, B. (2001). Stress, neural basis of. InInternational encyclopedia of the social and behavioralsciences. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043076-7/03534-8(Shors & Horvath, 2001)Dictionary definition Online; no date (p. 205, #30) Materialism (n.d.). In Oxford English dictionary. Retrieved from(Materialism, n.d.)Data table Online From E-Stat Statistics Canada (2006a). Average hours per week oftelevision viewing, by selected age groups, annual. (Table502-0002). Retrieved from http://estat.statcan.gc.ca(Statistics Canada, 2006a)Lecture Notes PowerPoint, from online course system (p. 213, #66; p. 212, #61 Rempel, K. (2007). Chapter ten: Motivating and rewardingemployees. [PowerPoint slides]. Retrieved fromhttp://mycourses.okanagan.bc.ca(Rempel, 2007)Article or Chapter in a Course Pack Reprinted from another source(p. 204, #26) Gordon, B. (2005). Kate Bush’s subversive shoes. In A.Mackie (Ed.), OC course pack: WMST 215: Women andpopular culture (pp. 85-98). Kelowna, BC: OkanaganCollege Bookstore. (Reprinted from Women and Music: AJournal of Gender and Culture, 9, 37-50).(Gordon, 2005)LegislationRevised Statutes ofBritish Columbia(p.220; #10)Family Relations Act, R.S.B.C. 1996, c.128. (Family Relations Act, 1996)Case lawCanada Supreme CourtReports(p. 217, #1)R. v. Latimer (2000), [2001] 1 S.C.R. 3. (R. v. Latimer, 2000)Technical or Research Report Retrieved from databaseNo DOI(p. 205, section 7.03) Datamonitor. (2009). Research in Motion Limited: Companyprofile. Retrieved from /(Datamonitor, 2009)Report retrieved online, author same as publisher(p. 205, section 7.03, #31) Statistics Canada. (2010). Labour Force Information(Catalogue no. 71-001-X). Retrieved fromhttp://www.statcan.gc.ca/pub/71-001-x/71-001-x2010006-eng.pdf(Statistics Canada, 2010)Report retrieved online, author different than publisher(p. 205, section 7.03; pg 206 #33) Marqui, S., Butler, M., Jospeh, R. & Ney K. (2000). Diabetes inBritish Columbia synthesis report. Retrieved fromBritish Columbia Ministry of Healthy Living and Sportwebsite: .bc.ca/publications/year/2000/diabetes_synthesis.pdfFirst citation:(Marqui, Butler, Jospeh &Ney, 2000)Subsequent citations:(Marqui et al., 2000)Print report, author same as publisher (p. 205, section 7.03) Statistics Canada. (1992). Ageing and independence(Catalogue no. 89-548-XPE). Ottawa, ON: Author.(Statistics Canada, 1992)DVD or Video (p. 210, #49) DiCaprio, L. (Producer), & Petersen, L. C. (Writer/Director).(2008). The 11th hour [DVD]. Burbank, CA: Warner Bros.Entertainment.(DiCaprio, 2008)Online video YouTube (p. 215, #77) Patel, A. (2008, January 22). Music and the mind [Video file].Retrieved from /watch?v=ZgKFeuzGEns(Patel, 2008)Blog post (p. 215, #76) tara. (2007, November 27). Pullman books pulled. [Web logpost]. Retrieved from /2007/11/27 /pullman-books-pulled/(tara, 2007)Web page No author No date (p. 212, #61) The intelligence of dogs. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www/dogint/(The intelligence of dogs,n.d.)CITATIONS IN TEXT1.One work by one author∙Author’s name given in the body of your paper:Manouselis (2008) reported…∙Author’s name not given in the body of your paper:In a study on the use of online recommendation services (Manouselis, 2008)…2.One work by two authors∙… as described in Rasmusson and Friedman’s study on gender issues in PTSD (2002)∙ A study on gender issues in PTSD (Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) shows…3.One work by three, four, or five authors∙First time cited in your paper:∙Davis, Lee, & Yi (2009) found th at…∙ A study of the factors affecting new technology adoption (Davis, Lee, & Yi, 2009)…∙Subsequent citations:∙Davis et al. (2009) found that…∙ A study of technology acceptance (Davis et al., 2009)…4.One work by six or more authors∙Wolchik et al. (2000) studied children…∙In a study of children of divorced parents (Wolchik et al., 2000)…5.Two or more works by the same author named in the same reference∙Past research (Statistics Canada, 2006a, 2006b) has shown…6.Two or more works by different authors named in the same reference∙Past research (Heschl, 2001; Noonan & Johnson, 2002; Wolchik et al., 2000) has shown…7.Citing a secondary source∙In Smith’s 1998 study (as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002)…∙Experimental research (Smith, 1998, as cited in Rasmusson & Friedman, 2002) has shown …Do not include Smith (1998) in the reference list. Do include Rasmusson & Friedman (2002).8.Direct quotationsWhen you cite direct quotations, include the page number of the quote.∙Stereotypes have been defined as “generalize d and usually value-laden impressions that one social group uses in characterizing members of another group” (Lindgren, 2001, p. 1617).9.Direct quotations in electronic sources without page numbersUse the paragraph number, preceded by the abbreviation para. If the paragraph number is not visible, cite the heading of the section being quoted and the paragraph number following it.∙(Hutson, 2009, para. 5)∙(Shors & Horvath, 2001, Conclusions and Future Directions, para. 3)10.Personal communications (letters, phone calls, interviews, e-mail messages, etc.)∙L. Coates (personal communication, December 16, 2008) stated that…∙According to the department chair (L. Coates, personal communication, December 16, 2008)…Do not include personal communications in the reference list. Cite them in text only.SAMPLE REFERENCE LIST。