劳动经济学 韩语版
《劳动经济学》(作者Borjas)第五章习题答案
CHAPTER 55-1. Suppose the labor supply curve is upward sloping and the labor demand curve is downward sloping. The study of economic trends over a particular time period reveals that the wage recently fell while employment levels rose. Which curve must have shifted and in which direction to produce this effect?If the supply curve does not shift, all wage and employment movements must occur along the supply curve, so that the wage rate and the employment level must move in the same direction. Because the wage went down while employment went up in the situation described in the question, it must have been the case that the supply curve shifted outwards (to the right). We do not have enough information to determine whether the demand curve shifted as well.5-2. It takes time to produce a new economist, and prospective economists base their career decision by looking only at current wages across various professions. Further, the labor supply curve of economists is much more elastic than the labor demand curve. Suppose the market is now in equilibrium, but that the demand for economists suddenly rises because a new activist government in Washington wants to initiate many new programs that require the input of economists. Illustrate the trend in the employment and wages of economists as the market adjusts to this increase in demand.Initially, the market is in equilibrium at a wage w0 and an employment level of E0. The increase the demand for economists results in a new equilibrium wage of w1 and a new equilibrium employment level of E1. However, the demand for economists in the short-run is inelastic at E0, so the demand increase simply leads to a rise in the wage of economists (as indicated by point 1). In the next period, students believe this wage will persist and oversupply the market so that the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 2. In the next period, students undersupply (because the wage is too low) and the cobweb leads to a new wage at point 3, and so on. Because of the relative elasticities of supply and demand (as drawn), the cobweb is exploding and will never converge to a stable equilibrium.5-3. Suppose the supply curve of physicists is given by w = 10 + 5E , while the demand curve is given by w = 50 – 3E . Calculate the equilibrium wage and employment level. Suppose now that the demand for physicists increases and the new demand curve is given by w = 70 – 3E . Assume this market is subject to cobwebs. Calculate the wage and employment level in each round as the wage and employment levels adjust to the demand shock. (Recall that each round occurs on the demand curve – when the firm posts a wage and hires workers). What is the new equilibrium wage and employment level?The initial equilibrium is given by 10 + 5E = 50 – 3E . Solving these two equations simultaneously implies that w = $35 and E S = E D = 5. When demand increases to w = 70 – 3E , the new equilibrium wage is $47.5 and the equilibrium level of employment is 7.5.Round Wage Employment1 $55.0 52 $43.0 93 $50.2 6.64 $45.9 8.05 $48.4 7.26 $46.9 7.77 $47.8 7.48 $47.2 7.6The table gives the values for the wage and employment levels in each round. The values in the table are calculated by noting that in any given period the number of physicists is inelastically supplied, so that the wage is determined by the demand curve. Given this wage, the number of economists available in the next period is calculated. By round 7, the market wage rate is within 30 cents of the new equilibrium.01 w 1w 0W age5-4. The 1986 Immigration Reform and Control Act (IRCA) made it illegal for employers in the United States to knowingly hire illegal aliens. The legislation, however, has not reduced the flow of illegal aliens into the country. As a result, it has been proposed that the penalties against employers who break the law be increased substantially. Suppose that illegal aliens, who tend to be less skilled workers, are complements with native workers. What will happen to the wage of native workers if the penalties for hiring illegal aliens increase?A substantial increase in the penalties associated with hiring illegal aliens will likely reduce the number of illegal aliens entering the United States. The effect of this shift in the size of the illegal alien flow on the marginal product (and hence the demand curve) of native workers hinges on whether illegal aliens are substitutes or complements with natives. As it is assumed that natives and illegal aliens are complements, a cut in the number of illegal aliens reduces the value of the marginal product of natives, shifting down the demand for native labor, and decreasing native wages and employment.5-5. Suppose a firm is a perfectly discriminating monopsonist. The government imposes a minimum wage on this market. What happens to wages and employment?A perfectly discriminating monopsonist faces a marginal cost of labor curve that is identical to the supply curve. As a result, the employment level of a perfectly discriminating monopsonist equals theemployment level that would be observed in a competitive market (at E *) The imposition of a minimum wage at w MIN leads to the same result as in a competitive market: the firm will only want to hire E D workers as w MIN is now the marginal cost of labor, but E S workers will want to find work at the minimum wage. Thus, the wage increases, but employment falls.DollarsE w w *S D5-6. What happens to wages and employment if the government imposes a payroll tax on amonopsonist? Compare the response in the monopsonistic market to the response that would have been observed in a competitive labor market.Initially, the monopsonist hires E M workers at a wage of w M . The imposition of a payroll tax shifts the demand curve to VMP ′, and lowers employment to E ′ and the wage to w ′. Thus, the effect of imposing a payroll tax on a monopsonist is qualitatively the same as imposing a payroll tax in a competitive labor market: lower wages and employment. (It is interesting to note that the same result comes about if the payroll tax is placed on workers, so that the labor supply and marginal cost of labor curves shift as opposed to labor demand.)5-7. An economy consists of two regions, the North and the South. The short-run elasticity of labor demand in each region is –0.5. The within-region labor supply is perfectly inelastic. The labormarket is initially in an economy-wide equilibrium, with 600,000 people employed in the North and 400,000 in the South at the wage of $15 per hour. Suddenly, 20,000 people immigrate from abroad and initially settle in the South. They possess the same skills as the native residents and also supply their labor inelastically.(a) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages in each of the regions in the short run (before any migration between the North and the South occurs)?There will be no effect on the North’s labor supply in the short run, so the wage rate will not change there. In the South, labor supply will have increased by 5 percent, so the wage rate must fall by 5/(0.5) = 10 percent (recall that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, so a one percent decrease in wages would have been generated by a 0.5 percent expansion of the labor supply). The new hourly wage in the South, therefore, is $13.50 and total employment in the South is 420,000.DollarsEmploymentw M w ′(b) Suppose 1,000 native-born persons per year migrate from the South to the North in response to every dollar differential in the hourly wage between the two regions. What will be the ratio of wages in the two regions after the first year native labor responds to the entry of the immigrants?After the initial migration, we have seen that wages in the South are $13.50 while wages in the North are $15. This difference leads 1,500 natives migrating from the South to the North in the first year. Employment in the North after one year, therefore is 601,500. Moreover, as the elasticity of labor demand in the North is -0.5 and employment has increased by 0.25 percent, the Northern wage falls by 0.5 percent to roughly $14.93. Likewise, employment in the South after one year is 418,500. As the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5 and employment has decreased by 0.3571 percent, the Southern wage increases by0.71428 percent to roughly $13.60. Thus, the ratio of the Northern to Southern wage after one year is1.09779.(c) What will be the effect of this immigration on wages and employment in each of the regions in the long run (after native workers respond by moving across regions to take advantage of whatever wage differentials may exist)? Assume labor demand does not change in either region.In the long run, people must move from the South to the North to equalize the wage rates in the two regions. Since the wages were equal in the two regions before the influx of immigrants, and they also must be equal after things settle down, the proportional decrease in the wage rate should be the same in the North and in the South. Because the elasticity of labor demand is the same in the two regions, this last observation implies that the percentage increase in employment in the North must be the same as the percentage increase in employment in the South. Thus, as 60 percent of the original workers were employed in the North, 60 percent of the 20,000 increase in Southern employment will eventually migrate to the North. In the long run, therefore, total Northern employment will be 612,000 while total Southern employment will be 408,000. (Note: there is no presumption that only immigrants further migrate to the North.) In each region, therefore, employment increases by 2 percent in the long run, i.e., 12,000 is 2 percent of 600,000 and 8,000 is 2 percent of 400,000. (This can also be seen immediately as 20,000 is 2 percent of the 1 million workers.) Now, given that the elasticity of labor demand is -0.5, the 2 percent increase in employment will cause the wage rate to fall by 4 percent. Hence, the long-run equilibrium hourly wage will be $14.40.5-8. Chicken Hut faces perfectly elastic demand for chicken dinners at a price of $6 per dinner. The Hut also faces an upward sloped labor supply curve ofE = 20w – 120,where E is the number of workers hired each hour and w is the hourly wage rate. Thus, the Hut faces an upward sloped marginal cost of labor curve ofMC E = 6 + 0.1E.Each hour of labor produces 5 dinners. (The cost of each chicken is $0 as the Hut receives two-day old chickens from Hormel for free.) How many workers should Chicken Hut hire each hour to maximize profits? What wage will Chicken Hut pay? What are Chicken Hut’s hourly profits?First, solve for the labor demand curve: VMP E = P x MP E = $6 x 5 = $30. Thus, every worker is valued at $30 per hour by Chicken Hut. Now, setting VMP E = MC E yields 30 = 6 + .1E which implies E* = 240. Thus, Chicken Hut will hire 240 workers every hour. Further, according to the labor supply curve, 240 workers can be hired at an hourly wage of $18. Finally, Chicken Hut’s profits are Π = 240(5)($6) –240($18) = $2,880.5-9. Polly’s Pet Store has a local monopoly on the grooming of dogs. The daily inverse demand curve for pet grooming is:P = 20 – 0.1Qwhere P is the price of each grooming and Q is the number of groomings given each day. This implies that Polly’s marginal revenue is:MR = 20 – 0.2Q.Each worker Polly hires can groom 20 dogs each day. What is Polly’s labor demand curve as a function of w, the daily wage that Polly takes as given?As each worker can groom 20 dogs each day, and using Q = 20E, we have thatVMP E = MR x MP E = ( 20 – 0.2Q ) (20) = (20 – 4E)(20) = 400 – 80E.Thus, as Polly’s demand for labor satisfies VMP E = w, we have that her labor demand curve isE = 5 – 0.0125w.5-10. The Key West Parrot Shop has a monopoly on the sale of parrot souvenir caps in Key West. The inverse demand curve for caps is:P = 30 – 0.4 Qwhere P is the price of a cap and Q is the number of caps sold per hour. Thus, the marginal revenue for the Parrot Shop is:MR = 30 – 0.8Q.The Parrot Shop is the only employer in town, and faces an hourly supply of labor given by:w = 0.9E + 5where w is the hourly wage rate and E is the number of workers hired each hour. The marginal cost associated with hiring E workers, therefore, is:MC E = 1.8E + 5.Each worker produces two caps per hour. How many workers should the Parrot Shop hire each hour to maximize its profit? What wage will it pay? How much will it charge for each cap?First, as Q = 2E, the labor demand curve isVMP E = MR x MP E = (30 – 0.8Q)(2) = 60 – 1.6Q = 60 – 3.2E.Setting VMP E equal to MC E and solving for E yields E = 11. Eleven workers can be hired at a wage of.9(11) + 5 = $14.99 per hour. The 11 workers make 22 caps each hour, and the 22 caps can be sold at a price of 30 – 0.4(22) = $21.20 each.5-11. Ann owns a lawn mowing company. She has 400 lawns she needs to cut each week. Her weekly revenue from these 400 lawns is $20,000. If given an 18-inch deck push mower, a low-skill worker can cut each lawn in two hours. If given a 60-inch deck riding mower, a low-skill worker can cut the lawn in 30 minutes. Low-skilled labor is supplied inelastically at $5.00 per hour. Each laborer works 8 hours a day and 5 days each week.(a) If Ann decides to have her workers use push mowers, how many push mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 2 hours, it follows that each worker can cut 4 lawns in a day or 20 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 20 push mowers and hire 20 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(b) If she decides to have her workers use riding mowers, how many riding mowers will Ann rent and how many workers will she hire?As each worker can cut a lawn in 30 minutes, it follows that each worker can cut 16 lawns in a day or 80 lawns in a week. Therefore, Ann would need to rent 5 riding mowers and hire 5 workers in order to cut all 400 lawns each week.(c) Suppose the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) for each push mower is $250 and the weekly rental cost (including gas and maintenance) of each riding mower is $1,800. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?If Ann uses push mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $250(20) = $5,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(20)(40) = $4,000. Under this scenario, her weekly profit is $11,000. If Ann uses riding mowers, her weekly cost of mowers is $1,800(5) = $9,000 while her weekly labor cost is $5(5)(40) = $1,000. Thus, under this scenario, her weekly profit is $10,000. Therefore, under these conditions, Ann will rent 20 push mowers and employ 20 low-skill workers.(d) Suppose the government imposes a 20 percent payroll tax (paid by employers) on all labor and offers a 20 percent subsidy on the rental cost of capital. What equipment will Ann rent? How many workers will she employ? How much profit will she earn?Under these conditions, the cost of labor has increased to $6.00 per hour, while the rental costs for a push mower and a riding mower have decreased to $200 and $1,440 respectively. Ann’s profits under the two options, therefore, arePush-Profit = $20,000 – $200(20) – $6(20)(40) = $11,200.Rider-Profit = $20,000 – $1,440(5) – $6(5)(40) = $11,600.Thus, under these conditions, Ann rents riding mowers, hires 5 low-skill workers, and earns a weekly profit of $11,600.5-12. In the United States, some medical procedures can only be administered to a patient by a doctor while other procedures can be administered by a doctor, nurse, or lab technician. What might be the medical reasons for this? What might be the economic reasons for this?The American Medical Association might argue that doctors have more training and experience than nurses, and therefore, are the only professionals who can make certain decisions or perform certain procedures.Economically, the AMA has an incentive to restrict the number of people who can practice medicine (or perform certain procedures) in order to keep doctor wages high. If nurses were allowed to do everything they were capable of, fewer doctors would be demanded, and doctor wages would fall. From an economic viewpoint, therefore, the AMA restricts the supply of doctors, which keeps doctor wages artificially high.WageW restW unrestRestricted Supply ofDoctorsUnrestricted Supplyof DoctorsL rest L unrest Services Provided by DoctorsLabor Market For Medical Services Provided by Doctors。
劳动经济学(双语)-课程大纲-国际班
《劳动经济学》教学大纲课程代码: 050053A课程类型:专业课学时:48学分:3适用专业:劳动关系先修课程:宏观经济学、微观经济学一、教学目标本课程向学生系统介绍劳动经济学的基本原理,要求学生能够运用经济学的分析框架来分析劳动力市场的运行机制,并能运用所学理论对我国劳动力市场的一些现实问题进行初步的分析。
主要目标包括(1)掌握最基本的英文经济学方面的词汇,能阅读一般难度的英文专业文章;(2)掌握供给-需求的经济学分析框架;(3)熟悉劳动力市场运行的基本机制;(4)运用劳动经济学基本理论分析我国当前的现实。
二、教学基本要求(600字以内)(一)教学内容本课程作为劳动关系专业的专业课程之一,主要是给学生讲授基本概念和理论。
包括劳动力市场在经济发展中的重要作用;劳动力供给、劳动力需求、就业、工资、失业、劳动力市场歧视、劳动力流动、人力资本等方面。
在讲授基本理论基础上,联系中国的实际在经济学的框架下进行案例分析。
(二)教学方法和手段教学方法主要是教师课堂讲授。
为保证教学效果,要求学生课前预习英文生词,课后复习所学内容。
在学期中进行至少5次测验。
另外,把学生进行分组,布置讨论材料,引导学生运用所学知识进行案例分析。
(三)考核方式考核方式采取闭卷考试与平时成绩结合的方式加权确定。
期末考试占70%,平时测验和小组讨论表现共占30%。
(四)学习要求要求学生学习过宏观经济学和微观经济学,有一定的经济学基础。
课后作业主要是阅读和巩固教材的相关内容,并且预习下一次所学章节的内容。
基础较好的学生可以进一步延伸阅读布置的相关材料。
四、教学内容第一章导论第一节关于劳动力市场的一个经济学故事第二节劳动力市场的参与者第三节我们为什么需要理论第四节本书的结构本章重点和难点:劳动力市场在经济生活中的重要性,以及学习理论的必要性本章教学组织和设计:复习微观经济学的基本原理,运用经济学分析框架分析劳动力市场的基本方法本章的学习标准:理解劳动力市场运行的基本机制;了解劳动经济学课程的基本内容第二章劳动力供给第一节劳动力的测量第二节劳动力供给曲线第三节劳动力供给弹性估计本章重点和难点:工资率提高的收入效应和替代效应本章教学组织和设计:运用图形推导劳动力供给曲线本章的学习标准:理解劳动力供给曲线正斜率的原因第三章劳动力需求第一节生产函数第二节短期雇佣决策第三节长期劳动力需求曲线第四节替代弹性第五节马歇尔的派生需求法则本章重点和难点:短期劳动力需求曲线的推导和马歇尔派生需求法则的理解本章教学组织和设计:复习微观经济学中的商品需求曲线的推导过程,用图形推导劳动力需求曲线本章的学习标准:理解短期劳动力需求曲线的特点,和长期、短期劳动力需求曲线的差异第四章劳动力市场均衡第一节单一竞争性劳动力市场的均衡第二节劳动力市场中的竞争性均衡第三节蛛网模型第四节政策运用本章重点和难点:对劳动力市场均衡的理解本章教学组织和设计:主要通过实际案例帮助学生理解劳动力市场的动态调整本章的学习标准:能运用市场均衡理论简单分析我国劳动力市场中的一些热点问题第五章补偿性工资差别第一节危险性工作的市场第二节享乐主义工资函数第三节健康保险与劳动力市场本章重点和难点:员工的风险偏好和补偿性工资差异的关系本章教学组织和设计:通过实例和图形说明补偿性工资差别的原因本章的学习标准:学生能够理解补偿性工资差异和其他原因导致的工资差异(如人力资本不同)第六章人力资本第一节劳动力市场中的教育:一些事实第二节现值第三节学校教育模型第四章教育和收入第五章估计学校教育的回报率第六章在职培训本章重点和难点:一般性人力资本和特殊性人力资本投资的区别本章教学组织和设计:以学校教育和在职培训为例,说明人力资本投资的类型和收益本章的学习标准:初步了解教育回报率的计算和偏差的原因第七章工资结构第一节工资分布第二节不平等的测量第三节工资结构:基本事实第四节不平等在代际之间的转移本章重点和难点:基尼系数的计算和该指标的缺陷本章教学组织和设计:以我国当前的统计数据为例说明工资的不平等本章的学习标准:了解不平等的测量,我国收入不平等的主要原因和对策第八章劳动力流动第一节作为一种人力资本投资方式的地理迁移第二节工作流动率:一些事实第三节工作匹配第四节专用性培训与工作流动第五节工作流动与年龄-收入走势图本章重点和难点:劳动力流动的几个经典模型本章教学组织和设计:重点讲述刘易斯流动模型,通过这个模型使学生理解流动的原因本章的学习标准:运用相关模型分析我国劳动力流动的现实第九章劳动力市场歧视第一节歧视系数第二节统计性歧视第三节歧视的经验证据第四节歧视的测量本章重点和难点:歧视的概念和测量本章教学组织和设计:通过性别工资差异的实例说明歧视的测量本章的学习标准:理解歧视的含义第十章工会第一节工会:背景与事实第二节工会与资源配置第三节工会的工资效应第四节工会的非工资效应本章重点和难点:工会的工资效应和非工资效应本章教学组织和设计:通过案例分析工会的作用和对资源配置的影响本章的学习标准:了解工会的工资效应第十一章激励工资第一节计件工资与计时工资第二节锦标赛第三节工作激励与递延报酬第四节效率工资本章重点和难点:锦标赛的原理和效率工资的特点本章教学组织和设计:结合人力资源管理的内容,讲述锦标赛的原理本章的学习标准:了解锦标赛和效率工资实施的条件第十二章失业第一节失业类型第二节工作搜寻与失业第三节菲利普斯曲线本章重点和难点:工作搜寻理论的理解本章教学组织和设计:用数学模型和案例来理解失业的成因和后果本章的学习标准:了解我国失业的主要类型及成因五、主要参考书目卡赫克等:《劳动经济学》,上海财经大学出版社,2007年杨河清等:《劳动经济学》,中国人民大学出版社,2010年鲍哈斯:《劳动经济学》,东北财经大学出版社,2010年曾湘泉:《劳动经济学》,复旦大学出版社,2017年主讲教师签字:黎煦系(教研室)主任/课程负责人签字:学院(系、部)教学副院长(副主任)审核签名:年月日。
劳动经济学
leisure is 15 at point U2.
$360
• The income effect (IE) is
measured through a parallel
shift of the old budget
constraint. The U2’ (from 16 to
IE 17
is from U1 hours of
IB
increase in leisure.
IA
• “Workaholics” place a low value on leisure. The have a flat indifference curve. They must be given a large increase in leisure to compensate for a small decrease in income.
89
24
24 Leisure 0 Work
Indifference Map
• Curves further from the origin Income/day indicate higher utility.
• Combination L2Y2 is preferred to combination L1Y1 since one gets both more income and more
• At A, the MRS is less than the wage rate. The individual values leisure less than the wage rate.
Income/day
$240 B
$80
0
U I3
A I1I2
劳动经济学 第3章
在市场经济条件下,劳动参与率受工资水平、 社会保障制度、教育发展水平和人口年龄结构 等多种因素的影响。
3.2个人劳动力供给 个人劳动力供给
3.2.1个人劳动力供给行为 个人劳动力供给行为
所谓个人劳动力供给,系指劳动者个人 在一定工资率下愿意并能够向市场提供 的劳动数量。
【本章要点】 本章要点】
1、劳动力供给,是指在一定的报酬条件下,劳动者个人及其家庭为社会提供的劳动。现实生 活中,有四种类型的劳动力供给曲线,即向右上方倾斜的劳动力供给曲线、垂直的劳动力供 给曲线、水平的劳动力供给曲线以及向后弯曲的劳动力供给曲线。每一种类型的劳动力供给 曲线,都有其特定的含义。 2、劳动力参与率是指劳动力资源中参与经济活动的人口的比例。劳动力参与率的计算,一般 用就业人口和失业人口之和除以劳动年龄人口得到。劳动力参与率是反映劳动力市场活动水 平的重要指标,它受经济发展水平、教育发展程度、社会保障制度和人口年龄结构等因素的 影响。 3、个人劳动力供给问题,实际上就是劳动者个人在工作与闲暇之间的选择问题。劳动者的劳 动供给遵循效用最大化原则,即劳动者将每一小时时间花在闲暇上与花在工作上所带来的效 用恰好相等时,劳动者的效用达到最大化。尽管人们在进行劳动决策时并不进行上述过程的 计算,但实际上却受着这一规律的支配。 4、收入效应是指工资率上升会促使劳动者减少劳动力供给时间,多享受闲暇;替代效应是指 工资率的上升会促使劳动者减少闲暇时间的消费,转而增加市场劳动力供给时间,从而获得 更高的收入。通常,在工资率比较低的时候替代效应大于收入效应,而当工资率上升到一定 程度的时候,收入效应就超过替代效应。在后一种情况下,随着工资率的上升,劳动者个人 将愿意增加闲暇的消费,而不是增加工作时间,于是会出现劳动力供给曲线向后弯曲的情况。 5、家庭成员在进行劳动力供给决策时,不仅要考虑其他家庭成员的情况,而且要考虑自身所 处的生命周期阶段,即决定在生命周期的哪个阶段从事市场劳动,哪个阶段从事非市场劳动。 家庭劳动供给决策的目的,是配置每个家庭成员的时间以使整个家庭的效用最大化。
00164劳动经济学
课程名称:劳动经济学课程代码:00164第一部分课程性质与目标一、课程性质与特点劳动经济学,是劳动力市场现象系统化了的理论认识,是劳动力市场运行原理的体系。
它是在经济发展的基础上分化出来的一门独立的应用经济学科,其形成与发展和经济学的发展密不可分。
二、课程目标与基本要求课程目标:通过现代劳动经济学学科系统的课堂讲授和学生广泛参与的课堂讨论,使学习者全面、系统和较为深入的掌握现代劳动经济学的理论、方法和政策应用等内容。
学习用现代劳动经济学的理论和方法,分析中国劳动力市场发育和成长及中国人力资源开发和管理过程中的微观及宏观的问题和现象。
基本要求:掌握劳动力这种特殊资源使用、开发的机制和原理,能够从微观和宏观层面,用实证和规范的研究方法,对劳动力市场的运行机理、人力资本投资理论、工资和就业、劳动关系等相关的问题进行定量或定性的分析。
三、与本专业及其他课程的关系本课程为高等教育自学考试人力资源管理专业、劳动与社会保障专业的核心课程之一。
本课程以西方经济学、公共管理学、公共政策学等为基础,是本科相关专业课程体系中的重要组成部分。
学习该课程的先期课程,如宏观经济学、微观经济学、管理学原理等,学习该课程的后续课程,如就业理论与政策、劳动合同法、劳动争议与纠纷处理、职业安全健康管理、劳动关系管理、企业制度与文化、国际劳工标准等。
第二部分考核内容与考核目标第一章导言一、学习目标与要求通过学习本章,应掌握以下内容:1、劳动经济学的形成2、劳动经济学的研究对象3、劳动经济学的研究方法4、劳动经济学的主要特点5、劳动经济学与其他学科的关系二、考核知识点与考核目标(一)劳动经济学的研究对象;劳动经济学的研究方法(重点)识记:劳动定义:在一些情况下,劳动是指“劳动力”;而在另一些情况下,它可能指劳动过程或一种有目的的工作或活动。
劳动力定义:(1)传统或者早期的劳动力概念,是指从事体力劳动为主的“劳工”,即“工人阶级”或产业工人。
劳动经济学可修改全文
可编辑修改精选全文完整版第二章劳动力供给◆劳动力的概念:人的身体即活的人体中存在的,每当人生产某种使用价值时就运用的体力和智力的总和。
1、劳动力是人所特有的一种能力。
2、劳动力是存在于活的人体中的能力。
3、劳动力是人在劳动中所运用的能力。
4、劳动力是人在劳动中运用的体力和智力的总和。
◆劳动适龄人口:是指人口处于劳动年龄的那一部分人口。
我国:下限为16岁,上限为男60岁,女55岁。
◆劳动参与率公式:总人口劳动参与率=劳动力/总人口*100%◆劳动力资源的概念:是指能够从事各类工作的劳动力人口,它是劳动力人口的数量及其平均素质的乘积。
劳动力资源=劳动人口数量*劳动力质量◆潜在劳动力资源:是指一个国家或一个地区在一定时期内所拥有的具有劳动能力的劳动适龄人口的总体。
◆现实的劳动力资源:是指一个国家或地区实际可以运用的劳动力资源。
它等于从潜在劳动力资源中减去那些虽具有劳动能力但由于种种原因未从事社会劳动的人。
◆劳动力数量:是指某一时间、某一地区劳动力人数的多少。
劳动力质量:是指一个国家或地区在一定时期内,劳动者群体所具有的认识世界和改造世界的能力。
◆劳动力供给的影响因素:微观方面:1、劳动者个人的身体条件。
2、劳动者的工作偏好。
宏观方面:1、人口规模及人口自然结构。
2、经济发展状况。
3、社会制度因素。
◆劳动力供给量的变动:是指在影响劳动力供给的其他条件不变的情况下,仅仅由工资率变动所引起的劳动力供给量的变动。
◆劳动力供给的变动:是指在工资率不变的情况下,由其他因素的变化所引起的劳动力供给的变动。
◆无差异曲线的特征:1、在同一平面上存在无数条无差异曲线,同一条无差异曲线表示曲线上所有点之间的效用相同。
不同的无差异曲线效用不同。
2、任意两条无差异曲线不相交。
3、无差异曲线是一条斜率为负值,凸向原点的曲线。
4、主体的偏好不同,无差异曲线的形状不同,即不同的人具有不同的劳动收入替代余暇的比率。
◆收入约束线:是指个人在时间和劳动能力一定的状况下,所能消费余暇和获得收入的最大组合线。
《劳动经济学》课程教学大纲
《劳动经济学》课程教学大纲二、课程简介本课程是社会保障专业的专业基础课程之一。
通过本课程的学习,主要培养学生以下几方面的能力:(1)掌握劳动经济学的基本概念和理论;(2)能从经济学角度来分析一些社会热点劳动经济问题;(3)能运用规范和实证的研究方法对劳动力市场运行机理、人力资本投资、收入分配、就业与失业、劳动关系等相关问题进行定性和定量分析。
主要内容有:劳动和劳动生产率理论;劳动力管理理论;劳动组织理论;劳动报酬和劳保福利理论;劳动计划理论及劳动经济史等。
三、知识点(一)基本知识点1.基本概念:无差异曲线、替代效应、收入效应、劳动力供给(需求)弹性、边际报酬递减规律、人力资本及人力资本投资、非自愿失业;2. 工资原则和影响宏观工资水平的的主要因素;3.人力资源和人力资本的区别;4.劳动力市场劳动力市场均衡理论及歧视的类型分析;5.劳动力流动的相关理论;6.掌握劳动关系的概念和类型。
(二)重要知识点1.收入效应、替代效应在个人劳动力供给、家庭劳动力供给、市场劳动力供给决策中的影响程度;2.人力资本的含义、人力资本投资的含义及主要形式;3.劳动力需求变动与劳动力需求量变动的区别、最佳劳动力选择的条件、边际生产力递减规律;4. 劳动力市场静态均衡与动态均衡的形成过程、劳动力市场非均衡现象;5. 劳动力流动的基本假设和必要条件、劳动力流动机制和规律;6. 区别就业、自然失业、充分就业、隐性失业等概念之间的区别和联系;四、基本要求(一)知识要求1. 掌握劳动经济学的基本概念和理论;2. 能从经济学角度来分析一些社会热点劳动经济问题。
3能运用规范和实证的研究方法对劳动力市场运行机理、人力资本投资、收入分配、就业与失业、劳动关系等相关问题进行定性和定量分析;(二)能力要求要求具备一定的阅读理解能力、数学分析能力、逻辑计算能力;有一定的团队合作能力。
(三)素质要求要求拥有健康的心理和身体素质:认真听讲,积极参与讨论发言,及时总结学习体会。
《劳动经济学》课件 (2)
绩效考核
薪酬与员工的业绩和表现相关。
劳动力供需关系
1
劳动力短缺
某些行业和职业可能会面临劳动力供给不足的问题。
2
结构性失业
劳动力供求结构不匹配导致的失业问题。
3
全球人才流动
全球化时代,人才流动对劳动力供需关系产生影响。
劳动力市场的不平等现象
性别差距 种族歧视
教育差距
男女在薪酬、晋升和职业机会上的不平等。 不同种族在薪酬和就业机会上面临的不平等待遇。
《劳动经济学》PPT课件 (2)
劳动经济学是研究劳动力市场和薪酬等问题的学科,本课件将探讨劳动力市 场的不平等现象以及政策调控的重要性。
引言
劳动经济学是一门关注劳动力市场和薪酬的学科。它研究劳动力的供需关系、不平等现象和相关的政策调控。
劳动力市场
劳动力供需
劳动力市场的供需关系对就业和经济发展至关 重要。
教育水平差异对劳动力市场的影响。
劳动力市场的政策调控
1 最低工资法
保护劳动者的基本薪酬权益。 Nhomakorabea3 职业培训计划
提高劳动力的技能,提高就业机会。
2 劳动合同法
规范劳动者和雇主的权益和责任。
4 发展经济
推动经济发展,创造更多就业机会。
结论和展望
劳动经济学的研究对于理解劳动力市场和薪酬现象至关重要。未来,应加强 政策调控,促进劳动力市场的公平和可持续发展。
劳动力流动
劳动力的流动对劳动力市场和经济的发展具有 重要影响。
专业技能
不同职业领域需要不同的专业技能,影响薪酬 水平和就业机会。
市场竞争
劳动力市场中的竞争会对就业机会和薪酬产生 影响。
薪酬理论
工资谈判
劳动经济学课后习题参考答案
《劳动经济学》课后思考题参考答案第一章绪论二、思考题1.如何理解劳动经济学的价值?(1)劳动经济学研究的是社会经济问题。
例如,民工荒、政府要求增加最低工资、劳动生产率下降、农民工工资急剧上升、工资增长不均等、工作培训、国有企业高管人员的高工资受到质疑、收入分配不平、农村移民增加、劳动力市场全球化扩大等等。
(2)数量上的重要性。
在西方经济中,大部分国民收入并不是来源于资本收入(利润、租金和利息),而是来源于工资。
绝大多数居民户的主要收入来源是提供劳务。
从数量上看,劳动才是我们最重要的经济资源。
(3)独有的特性。
劳动力市场的交易完全不同于产品市场的交易。
劳动力市场是一个极有意义和复杂的场所。
劳动力市场的复杂性意味着供给和需求概念在应用于劳动力市场时必须做出重大的修改和调整。
在供给方面,劳动者“出售”给雇主的劳务与该劳动者不可分离。
除了货币报酬,工人还关注工作的健康和安全性、工作难度、就业稳定性、培训和晋升机会等,这类非货币因素也许与直接收入同样重要。
这样,工人的供给决策要比产品市场的供给概念复杂得多。
(4)收益的广泛性。
无论是个人还是社会,都可以从劳动经济学中得到许多启示和教益。
从劳动经济学得到的信息和分析工具有助于人们做出与劳动力市场有关的决策。
从个人角度看。
大量内容将直接与我们有关,如工作搜寻、失业、歧视、工资、劳动力流动等。
对于企业管理者来说,从对劳动经济学的理解中所得到的知识背景和分析方法,对做出有关雇用、解雇、培训和工人报酬等方面的管理决策也应该是十分有用的。
从社会角度看,了解劳动经济学将使人们成为更有知识、更理智的公民。
2.劳动经济学的研究方法有哪些?首先要明确劳动经济学的基本假设。
劳动经济学的假设主要表现在以下四个方面:(1)资源的相对稀缺性。
如同商品和资本是稀缺的一样,劳动力资源也是有限的。
时间、个人收入和社会资源的稀缺性构成了经济学分析的基本前提。
(2)效用最大化。
由于劳动资源的稀缺性,人类社会进行生产经营活动时,必须研究劳动资源的合理配置和利用。
《劳动经济学》课程教学大纲
《劳动经济学》课程教学大纲一、教学目标:劳动经济学是人力资源管理专业的专业基础课;也是管理科学和物流管理专业的选修课程。
开设劳动经济学课程,目的是让学生把握劳动力市场运作的规律,了解人力资本投资的理论,了解政府对于劳动力市场干预的做法,并懂得劳动关系调节的基本要领,为学生以后从事企业人力资源管理或劳动与社会保障等工作奠定基础。
通过本课程的教学,能够使学生具备下列能力:1、能用劳动经济学原理和知识 用于概念化表达劳动经济领域的问题(支撑毕业要求指标点 1-1);2、能够运用劳动经济学的知识,发现企业劳动力配置出现的方法、效率、技术等问题。
(支撑毕业要求指标点 1-2);3、能运用劳动经济学的方法,降低企业劳动力资源配置成本,并提升管理效率。
(支撑毕业要求指标点 1-4);二、课程目标与毕业要求的对应关系三、教学基本内容第一章导论(支撑课程目标 1)(1)劳动经济学的研究对象要求学生了解劳动经济学的研究对象,研究方法,了解劳动经济学在经济学科体系中的地位。
(2)人力资源开发与经济增长思考题:1、劳动经济学的研究对象是什么?2、如何认识人力资源开发与经济增长的关系?第二章劳动力需求(支撑课程目标 1)(1)劳动力与劳动力需求分析马克思关于劳动力的定义,强调脑力、体力与人本身是不可分离的。
(2)与劳动力相关的一些概念人口;劳动力人口,法定年龄劳动力;劳动力资源;(3)劳动力需求的概念劳动力需求的特征;边际生产力理论是劳动力需求的支持理论;(4)影响劳动力需求的因素:经济增长,GDP就业弹性;经济结构;工资水平;科技进步(5)劳动力需求的弹性劳动力需求弹性是劳动力需求对工资变化的反应程度,讲清五种弹性类型;(6)政府的特殊政策与劳动力需求思考题:1、影响劳动力需求的因素有哪些?2、最低工资制度对劳动力需求的影响。
第三章劳动力供给(支撑课程目标 1)(1)劳动力力供给及其特点劳动力供给涉及工资水平与工作条件、劳动力供给的特点劳动力供给具有整体性、替代性、方向性等特点;(2)影响劳动力供给的因素(3)劳动力参与率;影响劳动力参与率的因素:工资水平;经济周期;个人财富总量;社会福利;文化习俗。
劳动经济学
Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. © 2000
Figure 2.1
Labor Force Status of the U.S. Adult Population, 1994
Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. © 2000
Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. © 2000
N o m in a l a n d R e a l H o u rly E a rn in g s , U S N o n -s u p e rv is o r y W o rk e rs in th e P riv a te S e c to r, 1 9 7 7 -1 9 9 7 1977 A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s (c u rre n t p ric e ) (A ) C P I u s in g 1 9 8 2 -8 4 a s a b a s e (B ) A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s . 1 9 8 2 -1 9 8 4 d o lla rs (u s in g C P I) (C )= (A )/(B )* 1 0 0 A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s . 1 9 9 7 d o lla rs (u s in g C P I) (D )= (A )/[(B )/1 6 0 .5 ] A v e ra g e h o u rly e a rn in g s . 1 9 9 7 d o lla rs (u s in g C P I in fla tio n le s s 1 % p e r y e a r) $ 5 .2 5 6 3 .2 $ 8 .3 1 1987 $ 8 .9 8 11 3 .6 $ 7 .9 0 1997 $ 1 2 .2 6 1 6 0 .5 $ 7 .6 4
劳动经济学 Unit S3
Unit 3
1
• 研究核心:工人的行为
–劳动供给涉及到劳动者对其拥有的既定时间资源的 分配。可以看成是消费者(时间的消费者),在闲 暇(作为商品)和劳动二者之间进行的选择,以满足 自己效用最大化的愿望。
• 劳动参与率和工作时间
–是否工作(参与率),如何工作(家务or外出), 准备工作多长时间的决策(全日制or非全日制) –寻找何种职业和在何地区寻找职业
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3.2 影响劳动供给的因素
• 经济的因素
– 劳动者对工作的偏好 (时间是稀缺的,闲暇和收入能 给自己相同相互替代的效用)以及对工资的刺激反应
(收入效应—劳动者感到富有,而减少劳动供给、替代效应—工资 低,做事没动力,工资高,有动力)
– 经济周期波动(经济环境,劳动需求影响劳动供给)
• 社会制度的因素
• 丧失信心者, • 即这些人目前虽然没有寻找工作,但过去可 能找过工作,并清楚地表示希望“现在”就 有一份工作。 • 多数国家不把他们算为失业,但有些国家将 其纳入失业范围。
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3.1.4 关于劳动力范畴 相关概念的争论
• 求职问题。(怎么样操作化寻找工作?) • 必须采取了一种或多种“积极的”求职方 式,如向雇主提出申请,访问中介机构。 • 有些国家认为单纯的看广告和找广告为求 职方式。 • 另一些国家则认为,要做了实际答复。
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3.3.2 偏好和无差异曲线
• 偏好:
– 代表了消费者对某种商品相对其他商品 的心理愿望强度。从性质上属于主观的 东西,受到个人、种族、社会经济地位、 职业以及个人性格等因素的影响。(统计上
也有规律)
• 无差异曲线:
–指能够给消费者带来相同满足程度或效 用的所有闲暇和收入的组合点的轨迹。
劳动经济学课后习题答案整理
第一章导言1、劳动、劳动力、劳动经济学、劳动关系、人口经济学、人力资源管理如何理解。
劳动:在有些情况下,劳动是指“劳动力”。
而在其他情况下,它可能指劳动过程或一种有目的的工作或活动。
劳动在劳动经济学中的含义更多的是涉及劳动力。
劳动力:传统或者早期的概念是指从事体力劳动为主的“劳工”,即“工人阶级”或产业工人。
马克思理论把劳动力划分为生产部门的劳动者和非生产部门的劳动者。
知识经济时代脑力与体力劳动者的差别已不表现在劳动的本质特征上。
“员工”这一范畴被企业以及各类组织广泛使用。
劳动经济学:劳动经济学是对劳动力资源配置市场经济活动过程中的劳动力需求和供给行为,及其影响因素的分析和研究。
劳动关系:,除吸收劳动经济学的基本理论分析之外,借鉴社会学、法学、组织行为学和政治科学等学科领域成果,成为了一个跨学科训练的领域。
人口经济学:人口经济学研究人口的生产与再生产的经济问题。
自然人口增长的经济规律,特别是人口对物质资源消费的影响是其集中要研究的对象和任务。
它更多地将人作为消费者来看待。
人力资源管理:2、谈谈你对劳动经济学的研究表述的理解。
劳动经济学的研究特点:劳动经济学与普通经济学有所不同,前者将问题的注意力投向了人们工作的范围,后者主要是将人从消费者的角度加以观察和认识的。
对劳动力的需求是一种派生需求,是对产品的需求所派生和导引出的一种需求。
商品市场和资本市场的波动变化将影响劳动力市场。
因此,在研究劳动经济问题时,不能摆脱商品市场和资本市场来孤立进行劳动经济的分析和研究,即所谓不能就劳动来谈劳动,不能就劳动力来谈劳动力。
劳动经济学研究应注意的问题:(1)应加强对劳动力市场的经济学分析。
(2)应结合产品市场和资本市场来研究和处理劳动力市场的问题。
(3)不能脱离一个国家一定时期的劳动力市场上的制度和全球化及网络经济发展的背景。
(4)注意与企业人力资源管理问题相结合。
如运用经济学的工具分析企业内部组织结构变化与企业兼并和收购带来的人力资源问题。
劳动经济学(Borjas
勞動經濟學(Borjas: Chs7 , 12) 期末考(90/1/10)●Open book:任何資料均可參考,就是不能參考其他人的答案。
●題目有三頁,正反兩面。
班級:●請注意時間限制。
(2:10pm-4:00pm) 姓名:●總分: 100分。
學號:●題目卷請連同答案卷一起交回。
I. True (T) or False (F): 是非題, 不必說明。
(計10題,每題4分。
)答案請直接寫在題號前面。
答案若是,請寫上T;若非,請寫F。
1.Time rates are used by firms when it is cheap to monitor the output of workers.2.Workers allocate more effort to the firm when the prize spread between thewinners and losers in the tournament is very high.3.If there are unobserved ability differences in the population, earningsdifferentials across workers do not estimate the returns to schooling.4.If both workers face the same wage-schooling locus, the one with higherdiscount rate will tend to have more years of education.5. A dollar received today does not have the same value as a dollar receivedtomorrow.6.Workers sort themselves into those occupations for which they are best suited.This self-selection implies that we cannot test the hypothesis that workerschoose the schooling level that maximizes the present value of lifetime earnings by comparing the earnings of different workers.7.If education plays only a signaling role, workers with more schooling earn morebecause education increases productivity.8.Some firms might want to pay wages above the competitive wage in order tomotive the workforce to be more productive. However, when doing so, thefirm may lose money.9.The theory of efficiency wage is the solid explanation for inter-industrial wagedifferentials.10. A delayed compensation contract explains the existence of mandatory retirementin the labor market.II.計算題(共兩題,計30分,請寫明計算過程,答案請直接寫在試題下面空白處)1.Suppose that Carl’s wage schooling locus is given by: (Total: 12 points)(1)Derive the marginal rate of return schedule and fill in the blanks in thetable. (9 points)For the rates of return of s=10 and s=13, please show your calculation inthe following: (Y ou don’t have to do this for other years of schooling.)(2)When will Carl quit school if his discount rate is 8 percent? (3 points)2.Mr. Chang (張先生) has just graduated from college. He will live for twomore periods, and he is considering two alternative education-work options.He can start working right away, earning $1000 in period 1, $1100 in period2. He can also go to graduate school and in period 1, spending $300 in thatperiod. After he gets his master degree, he will earn $2500 in period 2.The rate of discount is 10%. (Total: 18 points) 接下頁(1), (2)(1)To maximize his lifetime earnings, what should Mr. Chang do?(10 points)(2) Please calculate the rate of return for Mr. Chang to go to the graduateschool. Is it financially rational for him to get his master degree?(8 points)III.申論題(Essay Questions):請由4題中選2題作答。
劳动经济学3(1)2
劳动经济学是研究市场经济制度中的劳动力市场现象及劳动力市场运行规律的科学。
劳动经济学研究的直接对象是劳动力市场的运行和结果劳动参与率,是经济活动人口(包括就业者和失业者)占劳动年龄人口的比率,是用来衡量人们参与经济活动状况的指标。
职业福利是指企业单位在工资和社会保险之外,以职工为对象而提供的各种福利设施和福利项目的总称工会,或称劳工总会、工人联合会。
工会原意是指基于共同利益而自发组织的社会团体。
这个共同利益团体诸如为同一雇主工作的员工,在某一产业领域的个人。
工会组织成立的主要意图,可以与雇主谈判工资薪水、工作时限和工作条件等等。
集体谈判是指劳方集体性地透过工会,与资方谈判雇佣条件,而资方必须参予,而谈判结果具有法律约束力。
学说界通常把二元经济模型称之为刘易斯-费-拉尼斯模型二元经济模型的基本要点如下:(1)不发达经济是由两个不同性质的经济部门所组成的。
(2) 传统部门中存在着边际生产率低于其生活费用甚至等于零的劳动力。
(3) 现代部门的扩张在其他条件不变的情况下,是以吸收传统部门的剩余劳动力为其特征的。
4) 经济发展的关键阶段就是第二阶段。
刘易斯模型指劳动力的无限供给理论,即在城乡收入存在差异情况下,农村向城市的劳动力供给是无线的前提:农村不存在失业,且失业劳动力愿意到城市去,且农村有剩余劳动力刘易斯认为:(1)发展中国家是二元的经济结构,一个是以现代方法进行生产、以城市为中心的工业部门,一个是以传统方法进行生产、以农村为中心的农业部门;2)现代工业部门的劳动力供给是“无限的”,具有完全的弹性,即城市现代工业部门只要保持一种高于农村工资率的收入水平,就可以从传统农业部门获得源源不断的劳动力。
充分就业是指在某一工资水平之下,所有愿意接受工作的人,都获得了就业机会。
充分就业并不等于全部就业或者完全就业,而是仍然存在一定的失业。
但所有的失业均属于摩擦性的和季节性的,而且失业的间隔期很短。
通常把失业率等于自然失业率时的就业水平称为充分就业。
(完整版)劳动经济学课后习题答案
派生需求:是指对生产要素的需求,意味着它是由对该要素参与生产的产品的需求派生出来的,又称“引致需求”。
对一种生产要素的需求来自(派生自)对另一种产品的需求。
替代效应:劳动使用量从LA降低到LB,资本使用量从KA上升到KB,即企业用资本代替了劳动。
规模效应:由于工资率的提高,企业使用劳动的边际成本将上升,从而导致企业生产更少的数量,产量的下降将会导致使用劳动数量的下降,图中变现为从B点到C点的移动,劳动数量随之下降。
劳动需求的工资弹性:劳动需求的工资弹性是指当工资率变化一个百分率所引起的劳动需求变化的百分率的比值。
公式:ed =-(△L/L)/(△W/W)=-(△L/△W)/(W/L)ed为劳动需求的工资弹性,△L和△W分别是劳动需求数量L和工资率W的变动量补性生产要素:当生产要素A的价格下降,数量增加时,对生产要素B的需求上升,则称生产要素A与生产要素B是互补。
1.替代性生产要素:当生产要素A的价格下降,数量增加时,生产要素B的数量下降,则生产要素A是生产要素B的替代性生产要素。
2.影响劳动需求的因素有哪些3.答:1、技术对劳动需求的影响2、时间长短对劳动需求的影响3、企业目标对劳动需求的影响4、社会制度安排对劳动需求的影响.补充:两种经济体制下企业劳动用工特点4.什么是派生需求定理答:在保持其他条件不变的情况下,下述情况将使得某类劳动需求曲线具有很高的劳动需求的工资弹性。
a)对利用该类劳动要素所生产的最终产品的需求弹性越大b)劳动投入与其他生产要素之间的可替代性越大c)其他生产要素的供给弹性越大d)该类劳动成本占总生产成本的比重越大。
5.试运用劳动需求原理分析最低工资对劳动市场的影响答:最低工资立法的经济学分析背景:最低工资立法是各国政府保护劳动者的一项重要法律,其中心目的是以法律形式来保证工薪劳动者通过劳动所获得的最低工资能够满足其自身及其家庭成员的基本生存需要。
19世纪末,新西兰和澳大利亚最早开始实行最低工资立法。