Critical Reasoning for Beginners
(完整word)批判性推理入门Critical Reasoning for beginners全笔记
Critical Reasoning for beginnersby Marianne Talbot OxfordLesson 1How to recognize arguments and What is the nature of argumentsArguments are a set of sentences such that one of them (the conclusion) is being said to be true, and the other(s) (the premises) are being offered as reasons for believing the truth of the one.An argument isn't a set of contradictions.Part of the point of an argument is to move us on from where we are to somewhere a bit further.Arguments lead to deeper thoughts. (from where we are to where we want)An Argument:(one or more) Premises Conclusion (Function)[to prove---reasons] [suppose true]relationship among sentencese.g. It's Friday.Marianne always wears jeans on Friday.Therefore Marianne will wear jeans today.Play attention to suppressed premises(隐藏前提).context——all sentences may be argument.implication(实质蕴涵)entailment(逻辑蕴涵)Distinguish arguments from(a) sets of sentences not related as arguments(1) aren't related at alle.g. The sea is salt.Sydney is in Australia.(2) related but not an argumente.g. Towards lunchtime clouds formed and the sky blackened. Then the storm broke.(b) sentences (assertions) 'if...then...'e.g. If it is snowing, the mail will be late.(implication not entailment)An argument is a set of sentences, one of which is being asserted.An assertion is a single sentence (possibly complex) ,that is being expressed in assertive mode.'because' may be causal or rational.reason and causecausal relations(因果关系)and rational relations(推理关系)A andB entailC doesn't mean A and B cause C.e.g. It's Friday. (A)Marianne always wears jeans on Friday. (B)Therefore Marianne will wear jeans today. (C)explanation:(1) causal explanation(因果性解释):e.g. Pawl fell down because he wanted to amuse children.(2) rational explanation(推理性解释):e.g. Pawl fell down because Jelly pushed him.Facts are what makes sentences true or false. They are not true or false, they just exist or don't exist.Only beliefs or sentences that express beliefs are true or false.Belief (e.g. concept)..............the concept 'chair' Language..................................the language 'c-h-a-i-r' Reality.......................................the object 'chair'Arguments can only be good or bad ,they can only be valid or invalid ,they can't be true or false because the only thing that can be true or false is beliefs or the sentences that express beliefs.A good argument is one in which:(1)the conclusion must follow the premises(2)the premises must all be true.The conclusion must be true. (truth preserving)逻辑学并不关心前提正确与否,而只关心前提与结论的关系。
英语口语朗读范文
英语口语朗读范文篇1When it comes to finding a suitable oral English reading sample for beginners, let me introduce you to one that focuses on daily greetings. This wonderful piece has a crystal-clear theme, which is all about the common ways people say hello and give simple responses. It uses straightforward and easy-to-understand vocabulary, like "Hello!", "Hi!", "Good morning!", "How are you?", and the replies like "I'm fine, thank you. And you?", "Pretty good!". The grammar in this sample is absolutely correct without any confusing or complex structures. It's just like a friendly guide leading beginners into the world of English speaking. Isn't it amazing how such a simple yet effective piece can lay a solid foundation for our language learning journey? Just imagine how smoothly we can start communicating with others using these basic greetings. Don't you think it's a great start for beginners to build their confidence in speaking English?篇2When it comes to improving oral English skills, a well-chosen reading sample can be of great help! Let's take a look at a sample about travel experiences.Imagine you are describing a trip to a beautiful beach. You might say, "The beach was simply breathtaking! The golden sand, the clear blue water,and the gentle sea breeze made me feel so relaxed and happy. I traveled there by train, which gave me a chance to enjoy the beautiful scenery along the way. It was such an amazing journey!" Notice the use of descriptive words like "breathtaking" and "gentle", as well as the phrase "along the way".Now, pay attention to the pronunciation and intonation. When expressing excitement, like "The beach was simply breathtaking!", raise your voice and put more emphasis on the key words. For a more relaxed statement, like "I traveled there by train", keep your tone smooth and steady.In conclusion, a good reading sample not only offers useful sentence structures and phrases but also teaches us how to use proper pronunciation and intonation to convey our feelings effectively. So keep practicing with such samples and you'll see remarkable progress in your oral English!篇3Oh my goodness! Let me introduce to you an amazing piece of oral English reading material that will truly touch your heart and soul. Imagine a speech that urges you to chase your wildest dreams without any hesitation. The words are like powerful waves crashing against the shore, filling you with determination and courage. "You have within you the power to achieve anything you set your mind to. Don't let fear hold you back. Reach for the stars and grasp them tightly in your hands!" These sentences are not just mere words; they are a call to action, a shout of encouragement thatmakes your heart race and your spirit soar.Or think about a story that is both fun and educational. It takes you on a journey full of surprises and lessons. "Once upon a time, in a faraway land, there was a little boy who had a big dream. He faced many challenges, but with his perseverance and a heart full of hope, he overcame them all. Isn't this the kind of story that makes you believe in the power of hard work and never giving up?"This wonderful oral English reading material has the magic to inspire, to entertain, and to teach. It is a true gem that deserves your attention and will undoubtedly enhance your language skills and touch your heart. So, dear friends, don't miss out on this amazing opportunity to immerse yourself in the beauty of English through this outstanding piece!篇4Oh, dear friends! Let's take a deep dive into a classic example of an oral English reading text. Consider, for instance, a snippet from a renowned literary masterpiece. The sentences are like pearls strung together in a perfect necklace, each one shining with its unique luster. The words chosen are as precise as an artist's brushstrokes on a canvas, creating vivid images in our minds.Take this line: "The sun dipped below the horizon, painting the sky with strokes of crimson and gold." Isn't it magical? The use of the verb "dipped" gives a sense of swift and graceful movement, while thedescription of the sky being "painted" makes it come alive before our eyes.Or think about a powerful speech by a famous figure. The cadence and rhythm of the language are like a symphony, guiding the emotions of the audience. The repetition of key phrases reinforces the message, and the passionate tone ignites the fire within our hearts.In conclusion, a remarkable oral English reading text is a work of art that combines the beauty of words, the charm of expression, and the depth of meaning. It is a journey that takes us to places we've never been before and leaves us with a lasting impression. How wonderful and inspiring it is!篇5Oh my goodness! Let's take a look at an exemplary oral English reading sample that truly stands out. This sample, focusing on the field of scientific research, is a remarkable illustration of the exquisite application of language, logical reasoning, and knowledge dissemination.It begins with a captivating introduction that immediately grabs the reader's attention. The language employed is not only precise but also rich and diverse. Complex sentence structures are utilized masterfully to convey intricate ideas. For instance, "The recent breakthroughs in quantum physics have opened up new horizons that were once unimaginable, challenging our conventional understanding of the universe!" This sentence showcases the author's proficiency in expressing complex scientific concepts in an accessible manner.The logical reasoning within the text is seamless. It progresses smoothly from one point to the next, building a coherent and compelling argument. Each step is supported by solid evidence and references, leaving no room for ambiguity or confusion.Furthermore, the dissemination of knowledge is highly effective. It takes the latest research findings and presents them in a clear and understandable way. It doesn't just state the facts but also explores their implications and potential applications.In conclusion, this oral English reading sample is a true masterpiece that combines linguistic finesse, logical rigor, and knowledge dissemination. It serves as an excellent model for those striving to enhance their oral English skills and deepen their understanding of various subjects. How wonderful and inspiring it is!。
CR官方解题思路
(FW)GMAT逻辑题官方解题思路Verbal测试中的Critical Reasoning部分,一般译作原因评述题,或者逻辑推理题,我们有时俗称为GMAT 逻辑题。
顾名思义,它考察的就是逻辑判断、评价和推理的能力。
具体来说,它是在考察应试者三个大方面的逻辑能力:1. argument construction (论点构造);2. argument evaluation (论点评价);3. formulating or evaluating a plan of action (阐明或者评价一个行动计划)。
GMAT中的Critical Reasoning一般有14至15道题,题干由一段结论陈述句、一段提问和5项与之相关的原因和假设组成,要求考生在一定时间内从5项原因和假设中选择出最佳的一项。
Critical Reasoning没有任何direction,所以看懂文章是很重要的关键因素。
不过也可以通过加深对出现的各种题型的认识,和一些考试技巧的总结,来提高答题的正确率。
GMAT逻辑的题型多样化特点很鲜明。
很多专家把Critical Reasoning的题型分为四类、五类或者六类。
我在这里就根据提供的官方说明,把它的题型归纳为三类:论点构造题、论点评价题和行动计划类题型。
在具体分析之前,我先阐明一下应对GMAT Critical Reasoning题型的一些总体原则:1. 相关性原则:正确的选项必然与原文有关。
有些看起来好像是明显的错误或非常放荒唐的选项,如果与原文的相关性最明显,就有可能是最佳答案。
2. 逻辑合法性原则:逻辑上,有时即使前提不正确,也可能导出正确的结论。
因此,要先判断结论,再看前提。
3. 傻瓜原则:看到一个结论自然反映出的字面信息,就是此结论成立的必然条件,而不必考虑充分性。
4. 集合论原则:原文与最佳选项之间必然有一个交集,但不要求原文包含或被包含于最佳选项中的信息。
(一)、论点构造题这一方面的问题主要让考生去识别或找到:the basic structure of an argument(论述的基本结构),properly drawn conclusion(正确得到的结论),underlying assumption (隐含的假设),well-supported explanatory hypotheses(有力的解释性假说)以及parallels between structurally similar arguments(结构上相似的论点的类似性)。
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gmat critical reasoning
gmat critical reasoning【原创版】目录1.GMAT 考试介绍2.GMAT critical reasoning 的含义和重要性3.如何提高 GMAT critical reasoning 能力4.练习建议和备考策略正文GMAT(Graduate Management Admission Test)是全球范围内一项重要的商学院入学考试,旨在评估申请者在商务和管理领域的思维能力和学术潜力。
在 GMAT 考试中,critical reasoning(逻辑推理)是一个关键的部分,占据总分 800 分的 30%。
因此,对于希望进入顶级商学院的考生来说,掌握 critical reasoning 技巧至关重要。
那么,如何提高 GMAT critical reasoning 能力呢?首先,了解critical reasoning 的含义和要求。
它主要考察考生在面对各种信息时,能否分析、评估、推理并得出正确结论的能力。
具体来说,这包括识别和理解论证结构、发现和分析论证中的假设、评价论证的合理性和有效性等。
在平时的练习中,可以从这些方面入手,逐步提高自己的逻辑推理能力。
为了更好地应对 GMAT critical reasoning 部分,以下是一些建议和备考策略:1.多做练习题:通过不断练习,熟悉题型和解题思路,提高解题速度和准确率。
可以参考官方指南或者参加培训课程,获取更多模拟题和解题技巧。
2.分析错题:每次做题后,认真分析错误原因,找出自己在逻辑推理方面的不足,并针对性地进行改进。
3.学习逻辑学基本概念:了解一些基本的逻辑学概念,如前提、结论、推理方式等,有助于提高对题目的理解和分析能力。
4.提高阅读速度和理解能力:critical reasoning 部分涉及到大量阅读,因此提高阅读速度和理解能力对解题至关重要。
可以通过阅读英语文章、新闻报道等,提高自己的阅读水平。
5.参加模拟考试:在备考过程中,定期参加模拟考试,检验自己的备考成果,并根据模拟考试的结果,调整备考策略。
VERYCD上目前所有的 哈佛耶鲁等世界名校 网络公开课程视频下载资源
VERYCD上目前已有的一些开放课程(1)麻省理工学院《麻省理工开放课程:微积分重点》(Highlights of Calculus)《麻省理工开放课程:单变量微积分》(Single Variable Calculus)《麻省理工开放课程:多变量微积分》(Multivariable Calculus)《麻省理工开放课程:微分方程》(Differential Equations,Spring,2004)《麻省理工开放课程:线性代数》(Linear Algebra)《麻省理工开放课程:经典力学》(Classical MEchanics)《麻省理工开放课程: 物理学I》(Physics I)《麻省理工开放课程:电磁学》(Electricity & Magnetism)《麻省理工开放课程: 振动与波》(Vibrations and Waves)《麻省理工开放课程:航天系统工程学》(Aircraft Systems Engineering)《麻省理工开放课程:算法导论》(Introduction to Algorithms)《麻省理工开放课程:计算机科学及编程导论》(MIT Introduction to Computer Science and Programming)《麻省理工开放课程:计算机程序设计与解释》(Structure and Interpretation of Computer Programs)《麻省理工开放课程:固态化学导论》(Introduction to Solid State Chemistry)《麻省理工开放课程:生物学》(Biology)《麻省理工开放课程:生物学导论》(Introduction to Biology)《麻省理工开放课程:生物工程学导论》(Introduction to Bioengineering)《麻省理工开放课程:西方世界的爱情哲学》(Philosophy of Love in the Western World)《麻省理工开放课程:哥德尔,埃舍尔,巴赫:一次心灵太空漫游》(Gödel, Escher, Bach: A Mental Space Odyssey)《麻省理工开放课程:建筑设计:地景中的建筑》(Architecture Studio : Building in Landscapes)《麻省理工开放课程:电影哲学》(Philosophy of Film)《麻省理工开放课程:艺术、科学和技术中的情感和想象》(Feeling and Imagination in Art, Science, and Technology)《麻省理工开放课程:心理学导论》(Introduction to Psychology)《麻省理工开放课程:西班牙语学习》(Learn Spanish)(2)斯坦福大学《斯坦福大学开放课程:编程范式》(Programming Paradigms )《斯坦福大学开放课程:抽象编程》(Programming Abstractions)《斯坦福大学开放课程:iPhone开发教程》(Phone Application Programming)《斯坦福大学开放课程:编程模式(C和C++)》(Introduction to Computer Science - Programming Abstractions)《斯坦福大学开放课程:编程方法》(Programming Methodology)《斯坦福大学开放课程:人机交互研讨》(Human-Computer Interaction Seminar)《斯坦福大学开放课程:机器学习》(Engineering Everywhere - Machine Learning)《斯坦福大学开放课程:机器人学》(Introduction to robotics)《斯坦福大学开放课程:傅立叶变换及应用》(The Fourier Transform and Its Applications )《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-宇宙学》(Modern Physics - Cosmology)《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-经典力学》(Modern Physics - Classical Mechanics)《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-统计力学》(Modern Physics - Statistic Mechanics)[《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-量子力学》(Modern Physics - Quantum Mechanics)《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-量子纠缠-part1》(Modern Physics - Quantum Entanglement, Part 1)《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-量子纠缠-part3》(Modern Physics - Quantum Entanglement, Part 3)《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-广义相对论》(Modern Physics - Einstein's Theory)《斯坦福大学开放课程:近现代物理专题课程-狭义相对论》(Modern Physics - Special Relativity)《斯坦福大学开放课程:线性动力系统绪论》(Introduction to Linear Dynamical Systems)《斯坦福大学开放课程:经济学》(Economics)《斯坦福大学开放课程:商业领袖和企业家》(Business Leaders and Entrepreneurs)《斯坦福大学开放课程:法律学》(Law)《斯坦福大学开放课程:达尔文的遗产》(Darwin's Legacy)《斯坦福大学开放课程:人类健康的未来:七个颠覆你思想的演讲》(The Future of Human Health: 7 Very Short Talks That Will Blow Your Mind)《斯坦福大学开放课程:迷你医学课堂:医学、健康及科技前沿》(Mini Med School:Medicine, Human Health, and the Frontiers of Science)《斯坦福大学开放课程:迷你医学课堂:人类健康之动态》(Mini Med School : The Dynamics of Human Health)(3)耶鲁大学《耶鲁大学开放课程:基础物理》(Fundamentals of Physics)《耶鲁大学开放课程:天体物理学之探索和争议》(Frontiers and Controversies in Astrophysics)《耶鲁大学开放课程:新生有机化学》(Freshman Organic Chemistry )《耶鲁大学开放课程:生物医学工程探索》(Frontiers of Biomedical Engineering)《耶鲁大学开放课程:博弈论》(Game Theory)《耶鲁大学开放课程:金融市场》(Financial Markets )《耶鲁大学开放课程:文学理论导论》(Introduction to Theory of Literature )《耶鲁大学开放课程:现代诗歌》(Modern Poetry)《耶鲁大学开放课程:1945年后的美国小说》(The American Novel Since 1945)《耶鲁大学开放课程: 弥尔顿》(Milton)《耶鲁大学开放课程:欧洲文明》(European Civilization )《耶鲁大学开放课程:旧约全书导论》(Introduction to the Old Testament (Hebrew Bible) )《耶鲁大学开放课程:新约及其历史背景》(Introduction to New Testament History and Literature)《耶鲁大学开放课程:1871年后的法国》(France Since 1871)《耶鲁大学开放课程:古希腊历史简介》(Introduction to Ancient Greek History )《耶鲁大学开放课程:美国内战与重建,1845-1877》(The Civil War and Reconstruction Era,1845-1877)《耶鲁大学开放课程:全球人口增长问题》(Global Problems of Population Growth)《耶鲁大学开放课程:进化,生态和行为原理》(Principles of Evolution, Ecology, and Behavior )《耶鲁大学开放课程:哲学:死亡》(Philosophy:Death)《耶鲁大学开放课程:政治哲学导论》(Introduction to Political Philosophy)《耶鲁大学开放课程:有关食物的心理学,生物学和政治学》(The Psychology, Biology and Politics of Food) 《耶鲁大学开放课程:心理学导论》(Introduction to Psychology)《耶鲁大学开放课程:罗马建筑》(Roman Architecture)《耶鲁大学开放课程:聆听音乐》(Listening to Music)(4)哈佛大学《哈佛大学开放课程:哈佛幸福课》(Positive Psychology at Harvard)《哈佛大学开放课程:公正:该如何做是好?》(Justice: What's the Right Thing to Do? )《哈佛大学开放课程:构设动态网站》(Building Dynamic Websites)(5)牛津大学《牛津大学开放课程:尼采的心灵与自然》(Nietzsche on Mind and Nature)《牛津大学开放课程:哲学概论》(General Philosophy)《牛津大学开放课程:哲学入门》(Philosophy for Beginners)《牛津大学开放课程:批判性推理入门》(Critical Reasoning for Beginners)(6)其它名校《普林斯顿大学开放课程:人性》(InnerCore)《普林斯顿大学开放课程:自由意志定理》(The Free Will Theorem)《剑桥大学开放课程:人类学》(Anthropology)《沃顿商学院开放课程:沃顿知识在线》(Knowledge@Wharton)《哥伦比亚大学开放课程:房地产金融学I》(Real Estate Finance I)附录二部分英美名校开放课程网站美国1. 麻省理工学院/index.htm2. 卡内基梅隆大学/openlearning/forstudents/freecourses3. 约翰霍普金斯大学彭博公共卫生学院/4. 斯坦福大学/5. 圣母大学/courselist6. 杜克大学法律中心的公共领域/cspd/lectures7. 哈佛医学院/public/8. 普林斯顿大学/main/index.php9. 耶鲁大学/10. 加州大学伯克利分校英国1. 牛津大学的文字资料馆2. Greshem学院/default.asp3. 格拉斯哥大学/downloads.html4. 萨里大学/Teaching/5. 诺丁汉大学/6. 剑桥大学播客/main/Podcasts.html参考资料:/thread-42142-1-1.html。
2023-2024学年北京市东城区九年级二模考试英语试卷(含解析)
2023-2024学年北京市东城区九年级二模考试英语试卷一、单选题:本大题共12小题,共6分。
1.When my little brother saw the new toy, _______ eyes shone with happiness.A. yourB. theirC. herD. his2.We will go on a school trip ______ three weeks. I can't wait!A. atB. onC. inD. of3.—Tony, did you spend on your new shirt?—Eighty yuan.A. how muchB. how longC. how oftenD. how soon4.—Lucy, _______ you come over to my house and work on our project together?—Yes, I would be happy to.A. mustB. shouldC. couldD. need5.Paul enjoys playing video games, ______ he doesn't spend much time on them.A. butB. soC. orD. for6.Lisa speaks ________ in front of the class than she used to.A. confidentlyB. more confidentlyC. most confidentlyD. the most confidently7.—Mary, what are you doing?—I out my shopping list.A. writeB. am writingC. wroteD. was writing8.—Sam, what do you usually do to help around the house? —I ________ out the rubbish.A. takeB. tookC. have takenD. will take9.My aunt to many places since her twenties.A. travelsB. traveledC. will travelD. has traveled10.While we for the bus, a man asked us how to get to the nearest bank.A. waitB. have waitedC. were waitingD. are waiting11.—Lily, you look tired. What's wrong?—I ________ up by a loud noise last night.A. wakeB. wokeC. am wokenD. was woken12.—Do you know ________ in yesterday's class meeting?—The upcoming fire safety practice.A. what Mr. Li talks aboutB. what Mr. Li talked aboutC. what does Mr. Li talk aboutD. what did Mr. Li talk aboutMy husband and I went to a storytelling event. As the storytellers told wonderful stories, the audience (观众) laughed. Somewhere in the middle of the third story, I suddenly felt a rush of excitement inside me. "I love stories!I want to be a 13 !"Telling stories meant standing on a stage (舞台) in bright lights and talking to strangers. And public speaking was my greatest 14 . I must be out of my mind! I thought to myself. My memory isn't that great. What if I forget my story? I don't want to fail! But this kind of self-talk had no effect on me. I had never feltso 15 before that moment.So when we knew there would be a storytelling workshop, I signed up with my husband. I needed his 16 , as I was too shy to enter a room full of strangers by myself.I decided to tell a story on stage soon after the workshop. I wanted to 17 myself. The main reason for me to do this crazy thing was that I was sixty-six years old, and my memory was getting worse.I didn't like memorizing things, but the opportunity to make people laugh or touch people's hearts with heartwarming stories meant more to me. All I had to do was to 18 my fears and keep going.The first night I was scheduled (安排) to go on stage, my hands were cold and my heart 19 as I walked toward the stage. I felt very nervous. After a month of hard studying, I had imprinted my twenty-minute story into my memory. Once on stage, I fell easily into my story. I got lots of cheers from the audience after I finished telling it.My adventure began. I told stories every month. I also started a story circle for beginners, and we shared stories and the learning process together. After telling stories for a few months, my memory noticeably improved. Allthese 20 in my life came about when I listened to my heart.13.A. reader B. writer C. listener D. storyteller14.A. fear B. curiosity C. excitement D. confusion15.A. proud B. alive C. responsible D. lucky16.A. advice B. trust C. support D. instruction17.A. challenge B. protect C. introduce D. relax18.A. feel B. fight C. hide D. express19.A. ached B. broke C. warmed D. raced20.A. plans B. honors C. changes D. tasksAWhen Chandra went into Books 'n' More, she noticed that there was no one else in the bookstore. The last four or five times she had stopped in here, she had also been the only customer.That night, Chandra told her family about the situation at the bookstore. Her brother Pete said, "The bookstore needs more people. How about starting a book club? People could meet in the store to discuss a book they've all read. If they buy it at the store, they'll receive a discount (折扣).""That's great!" Chandra said excitedly. "How about having some writers come and do a book signing? I even have an idea for the first writer. Mr. Fletcher, my math teacher, writes children's books. I'm sure he would be willing to help. I could put up fliers (传单) about the event at my school."The next day, Chandra shared her thoughts with Mrs. Lee, the bookstore owner. Mrs. Lee seemed unsure at first, but by the time Chandra finished, she was smiling. "I'll try your ideas, but I need some help. Someone will have to lead the book club discussions. Also, I'll need help advertising these events because I've never been good at such things."Chandra promised that she would help. She asked Mr. Fletcher if he would read and sign some of his books at Books 'n' More, and he happily agreed. A date was chosen, and Chandra threw herself into the preparations. She personally invited all her friends, the other teachers, and even the school headmaster.Finally, everything was ready for the big night. Mrs. Lee opened the event. "Before I introduce tonight's writer, I must thank a young lady named Chandra Phillips. This exciting evening was mostly managed by her. If she were a little older, I would have her as my advertising director," said Mrs. Lee. The crowd laughed and clapped (鼓掌). As Mr. Fletcher began to read from his latest book, Mrs. Lee took a seat next to Chandra."Could I really work here someday?" Chandra asked. Mrs. Lee nodded with a smile. Chandra tried to listen to Mr. Fletcher, but her mind swam with even more ways to help Books 'n' More be successful. After all, she had to protect her future job!21.To attract more people to the bookstore, Chandra suggested ________.A. offering customers discountsB. holding a book signing eventC. giving out fliers in the streetsD. advertising the bookstore online22.Which words can best describe Chandra?A. Careful and strict.B. Humorous and outgoing.C. Helpful and creative.D. Strong-minded and patient.23.In Paragraph 6, the crowd's laughter and clapping showed that they ________.A. recognized Chandra's effortsB. enjoyed Mr. Fletcher's readingC. felt happy for Mrs. Lee's successD. were surprised at Chandra's future roleBWhy do people fall for bad information? Scientists are trying to find that out. They are also trying to find out what we can do about it.People on social media sometimes share questionable claims (言论). Maybe they think the claim is surprising or interesting. But how the claim is presented can influence how many people believe it.People are likely to think that video is the most believable, noted S. Shyam Sundar. He works at Pennsylvania State University. Sundar and his team showed fake (假的) news stories to 180 people. One fake story claimed plastic was used to make rice. One version (版本) of the rice story was sent as text only. One version was a sound recording. The third had a video. It showed a man feeding plastic sheets into a machine. The tested people graded the video story as the most believable."Seeing is believing. People are more likely to accept misinformation when they see something in a video," Sundar said. That's especially true with the rise of deepfake technologies, which create fake but visually (视觉上) believable videos.Another big problem with fake news is how easily it gets into our brains. We often find claims believable that go along with the values we hold. Some people are unlikely to question things that fit with what they already believe. Why? Because our values can influence how we process information.So how can we slow the spread of fake news? It might just require getting people to stop and think. Two scientists, Gordon Pennycook and David Rand, worked together on a study. They showed both real news headlines and fake ones to 3,500 people. They tested these people's analytical reasoning (分析推理). People who scored higher on the analytical tests were less likely to mistake fake news headlines as being correct. In other words, lazy thinking helps drive someone's acceptance of fake news.When we recognize something untrue, we should debunk (揭穿) it. Researchers have some tips:· Check the information from trustworthy sources (来源). Look at different sources to see if they agree.· Once you correct misinformation with a true fact, explain why the misinformation is wrong.· Speak up as soon as possible when you see misinformation being shared on social media.Not paying attention can help fake news spread. Fortunately, there's a simple solution — stop shutting off our brains so much. By thinking carefully and sharing real information, we can help everyone stay informed with facts.24.The purpose of Sundar and his team's study is to find out ________.A. what ways can be used to spread newsB. how fake news spreads through different mediaC. what kind of people are likely to believe fake newsD. how the presentation of news influences its believability25.What can we learn from the passage?A. People are likely to believe information that matches their values.B. Debanking bad information depends heavily on technology.C. The brain has a weak ability to recognize misinformation.D. Lazy thinkers often slow down the spread of fake news.26.What is the passage mainly about?A. The causes of fake news and its bad influences.B. The spread of fake news and people's complaints about it.C. The reasons for believing fake news and ways to deal with it.D. The problems caused by fake news and the necessity to recognize it.CWe live in a society that judges our happiness by how much we have achieved and how successful we are. We are often told, "Work hard, become successful, and then you'll be happy." Is it true?Can Success Bring Happiness?Happiness helps you get success; it's not the other way around. Studies show happier people are more likely to be successful, but successful people are predictably not more cheerful. When you are happier, you feel more hopeful, thankful, and strong-minded, which are important for success. As a result, you have a better chance of getting better jobs and even building stronger relationships.Success can cause a short-term increase in happiness, but it cannot guarantee a lasting one. Shortly after achieving success, you return to your usual level of happiness. Moreover, depending on success for happiness often adds pressure, stress and negativity to every part of our lives. In conclusion, chasing (追求) happiness and well-being is better than running after success.△Positive psychology says that happiness is both how good we feel in the present moment and how good we feel when we look at our lived lives. Trying to lead a happy life is not always about refusing our negative emotions or acting as if we feel happy all the time. We all experience difficult periods, and it's natural for us to feel sad, angry, and other negative emotions. Happiness is about being able to embrace (接受) the good times, but it's also about dealing with the unavoidable bad times.Is Happiness Being Satisfied With What You Have?Does the thought of "not having enough" trouble you all the time? Are you always chasing something bigger and better? At the end of the day, that kind of chase can undoubtedly leave anyone empty and tired. And in that process, you are missing out on getting happiness from plenty of things you have right now. Instead of focusing on getting more, you need to focus on all you have in your life at the present moment. When you start sharing what you have, you find your happiness continuously increasing.Sure, you can work hard for success. But success won't necessarily lead to happiness. True happiness is in the climb itself. So, focus on being happy right now. Be proud of where you are in life and who you are. Be happy first, and embrace the journey to success. Then you'll be able to achieve more and perform better in many areas of your life, and you'll also enjoy the journey to your goals.27.The word "guarantee" in Paragraph 3 is closest in meaning to ________.A. influenceB. requireC. promiseD. prevent28.Which of the following would be the best heading for Paragraph 4?A. When Do You Feel Truly Happy?B. What Does Happiness Really Mean to You?C. How Can You Fully Embrace Your Happiness?D. Why Is Refusing Negative Emotions Key to Happiness?29.The writer probably agrees that ________.A. the more you achieve, the happier you will beB. one can't succeed without giving up some happinessC. chasing great achievements is necessary for happinessD. true happiness comes from enjoying the journey to success30.What is the writer's main purpose in writing this passage?A. To help people balance happiness and success.B. To explain why success brings happiness to people.C. To stress the importance of both happiness and success.D. To guide people to value happiness above achieving success.四、任务型阅读-简答:本大题共1小题,共10分。
GMAT 逻辑推理题critical reasoning(课堂PPT)
Critical Reasoning
Draw the Conclusion
Curbing government spending has been demonstrated to raise the value of a country's currency over time. However, many economists no longer recommend this policy. A currency of lesser value causes a country's exports to be more competitive in the international market, encouraging domestic industries and making the economy more attractive to foreign investment. The statements above most strongly support which of the following
inferences?
(A) Limited government spending can also lead to a reduction in the national deficit. (B) Curbing government spending can make a
超出前提讨论范围
country's exports less competitive.
X: The new process should save us time.
Y: we should be able to eliminate two of the five steps in the
英国议会制辩论常用语
——Outline for Beginners
1. Greetings ③ ladies and gentlemen, Mr./Madam Speaker and members of the house
Refutation (except PM and OW) (1)<Transition to refutation part> ① Before moving to my arguments /constructive part, let me refute back to the Government / Opposition side. ② I have … rebuttal(s)/refutation(s) against … the previous speaker(s)/…
4. Presenting your speech outline and team allocation. ① We have … points/arguments to support our proposal/develop. ② The first point is … , the second point is … , and the last point is ... ③ I will (mainly) explain/talk about ... and my partner will (mainly) explain/talk about ...
Explaining points <transition to arguments> Ok/Well, here is/are/come(s) our/my arguments/points/substantive matters/constructive part. ① Sign post (i.e. “sign post”, or simple key phrases that summarize the point.) Our first/second/… point is … ② Summary in one sentence It means that .. / On this point, I will explain that ... ③ Reasoning (explanation on how one situation occurs, focusing on “cause and effect”) Let me explain how this will happen. First, .. Then, ... / Under the status quo, ... After the plan adoption, … As a result… ④ Examples and Illustration For example, ... /Let’s think about the case of ... Ladies and gentlemen, please imagine what (would wing the (government / opposition) “stance” (or “team line”) for the round. We will propose you that … because … Our team line/stance is that … The government/opposition side strongly believes/insists that …
哲学经典-批判性推理入门:论证的特性.pdf
Critical Reasoning for Beginners: week oneMarianne TalbotDepartment for Continuing EducationUniversity of OxfordMichaelmas 2009Today we shall be looking at: (i) the nature of arguments (ii) how to recognise arguments/watch?v=teMlv3ripSMDefinition: ‘Argument’…. a set of sentences such that……. one of them is being said to be true… …. the other(s) are being offered as reasons for believing the truth of theone.An argument:It is Friday, Marianne always wears jeans on Friday so Marianne will be wearing jeans today.Q1: List the sentences that make up this argumentIt is FridayMarianne always wears jeans on Friday Marianne will be wearing jeans todayConclusion: the sentence being said to be truePremises: the sentence(s) being offered as reason(s) for believing the oneAn argument:It is Friday, Marianne always wears jeans on Friday so Marianne will be wearing jeans today.Q2: Identify the conclusion of the argumentQ3: Identify the premises of the argumentAn argument:It is Friday, Marianne always wears jeans on Friday so Marianne will be wearing jeans today.The conclusion is in redThe premises are in greenIt is important to distinguish arguments from sets of sentencesSets of sentences that are not arguments might:a) have no relation at all between them;b) have between them a relation other thanthat characterising an argumentA set of sentences that isn’t an argument:The sea is saltMelbourne is in AustraliaBut note how easy it is to make it an argument…..The sea is saltTherefore Melbourne is in AustraliaArguing is something we do with sentencesThere are often words that suggest a set of sentences is an argument:Since, therefore……Can you think of any more?It is also important to distinguish arguments from assertionsAn argument is a set of sentences, one of which is being asserted;An assertion is a single sentence (possibly complex) that is being expressed in assertoric mode.Which of the following sentences are (or could be) assertions:1. The room is hot2. Is the room hot?3. Turn the heat up!Beware: some assertions look very like arguments:If it is snowing the mail will be late How do we know that this is not an argument?Assertions are either true or false……but arguments are neither true nor false… …arguments are either good or bad……a good argument is one in which:(a) the conclusion follows from the premises;(b) the premises are all true.Note:as logicians we are less interested in the truth of the premises of an argument… …than we are in the relation of ‘following from’Next week we shall be looking at the many different sorts of argument there are, and learning how to distinguish them from each other。
实用英语写作orientation
English Writing I
Input Intake output
Input Intake output
写作是发展认识能力和思维能力的重要手段 读书使人丰富,交谈使人敏捷,书写使人正 确 ------Francis Bacon 好的想法不是从真空中产生的,而是出自思 考。懂得了这一点,你就能知道什么是写作 艺术。写作这一个过程------一个逐步展开的 过程,始于探索,至于发现。只有经过思考、 质疑、深思和将思想条理化才能实现写作。 --------- R.B.Donald
Orientation
Goals and Objectives of the Course Academic Professional Practical Independent Creative Active Patient
Teaching Methodology
Project –based teaching Process –based shman, we took part in a traditional contest of the university – “Dormitory Beautifying Contest”. In the week of preparation, we draped our windows with curtains, dressed our desks with tablecloth. We decorated our room with flowers, doors pictures, let alone give it a thorough clean. ( When we were freshman, we took part in an annual campus event-The most Pleasant Dormitory Competition. For a whole week, we got very busy making preparations for it, draping the windows with new curtains, looking for a presentable tablecloth for the bug table in our room, decorating the room with flowers and the door with a picture, in addition to giving the room a thorough clean.)
学乐器的英语作文
The Joy of Learning a Musical InstrumentIn the realm of personal development and cultural enrichment, learning a musical instrument stands out as a unique and rewarding experience. It is not just about mastering a skill but also about embarking on a journey of self-discovery and appreciation of music's profound impact on our lives.The initial stages of learning a musical instrument can be challenging, especially for beginners. The unfamiliar notes, complex fingerings, and the need for precise timing often test one's patience and perseverance. However, as one progresses, these challenges become opportunities for growth and personal transformation. The gradual acquisition of skills brings a sense of accomplishment and pride, making the effort worthwhile.One of the most significant benefits of learning a musical instrument is the enhancement of cognitive abilities. Playing an instrument requires concentration, coordination, and memory, all of which contribute to the development of one's brain. It has been scientificallyproven that musical training can improve language skills, mathematical abilities, and even spatial reasoning.Moreover, music has a profound emotional impact. It has the power to evoke strong emotions, transport us to different places, and connect us with people across cultures and generations. Learning to play an instrument allows us to express our feelings and emotions through music, making it a powerful tool for self-expression and communication.The social aspect of learning a musical instrument is also noteworthy. Participating in band or orchestral performances provides an opportunity to collaborate with others, share the joy of music, and create meaningful connections. It fosters a sense of community and belonging, enhancing one's social skills and interpersonal relationships.In addition to its cognitive, emotional, and social benefits, learning a musical instrument is also a form of cultural appreciation. Music is a universal language that transcends boundaries and connects people from diverse backgrounds. By learning to play a musical instrument, weare not only enhancing our own skills but also immersing ourselves in the rich cultural heritage of music.Finally, the joy of playing a musical instrument is indescribable. Whether it's a private moment of solace or a public performance that fills the air with music, theability to create and share music brings immense pleasure and fulfillment. It is an experience that enriches our lives, broadens our horizons, and leaves us with lasting memories.In conclusion, learning a musical instrument is a rewarding and enriching experience that benefits us in multiple ways. It enhances our cognitive abilities, emotional well-being, social skills, and cultural understanding. Moreover, it brings joy and fulfillment to our lives, making it a worthwhile pursuit for anyone interested in personal growth and cultural appreciation.**学习乐器的乐趣**在个人成长和文化丰富性的领域中,学习乐器是一种独特且有益的体验。
2024年教师资格考试高中学科知识与教学能力英语试题及解答参考
2024年教师资格考试高中英语学科知识与教学能力复习试题及解答参考一、单项选择题(本大题有30小题,每小题2分,共60分)1、The sentence “The book is so fascinating that it kept me__________for hours.” requires the correct form of the verb “keep.” Which option is correct?A. keptB. keepingC. keepD. kept meAnswer: B. keepingExplanation: The correct form of the verb “keep” in this context is the present participle “keeping,” which is used here to describe the continuous action of being kept engaged with the book. The sentence means that the book was so fascinating that it kept the speaker engaged for hours.2、Which of the following sentence structures is an example of a reported speech?A. “She said, ‘I will finish the project tomorrow.’”B. “She said that she will finish the project tomorrow.”C. “She was saying that she will finish the project tomorrow.”D. “She told me that she will finish the project tomorrow.”Answer: B. “She said that she will finish the project tomorrow.”Explanation: Reported speech involves changing a direct quote into an indirect one. In option B, the original direct quote “I will finish the project tomorrow” is changed to “she said that she will finish the project tomorrow,” which is a correct example of reported speech. Option A is the direct speech, C is a possible past continuous form of reported speech, and D is a different type of indirect speech where the speaker is telling the listener what was said.3、The following sentence is written in passive voice. Which word in the sentence indicates the agent (the person or thing doing the action)?A)is beingB)was beingC)has beenD)had beenAnswer: B) was beingExplanation: The word “was being” indicates the agent in a passive voice sentence. In this structure, the agent is often expressed by an infinitive phrase beginning with “by,” but it can also be understood from context. Without additional information, “was being” suggests that there is an agent involved in the action described by the sentence.4、Choose the sentence that correctly uses the past perfect tense to express an action that was completed before another past action.A)I had finished my homework when the bell rang.B)I finished my homework before I left.C)When I arrived at the party, it had already started.D)I was finishing my homework when I heard the phone ring.Answer: C) When I arrived at the party, it had already started.Explanation: The past perfect tense is used to describe an action that was completed before another past action. In option C, “it had already started” indicates an action that was completed be fore “I arrived,” making it the correct choice. Options A and B use the past perfect tense, but they do not correctly express the sequence of past events as required by the question. Option D uses the past continuous tense to describe an action in progress at a specific past time.5、What is the most appropriate tense to use in the following sentence to describe an event that happened in the past and is still relevant today?A)The students had successfully completed the project.B)The students are completing the project.C)The students will complete the project.D)The students were completing the project.Answer: AExplanation: The correct answer is “had successfully completed” because it indicates an action that was completed in the past (past perfect tense) and is still a relevant event in the present. The other options do not convey this past and ongoing relevance. “Are completing” is present continuous, “will complete” is future simple, and “were completing” is past continuous, none of which fit the context as well as the past perfect tense.6、In the sentence “The novel explores the psychological effects of social isolation,” which part of speech is “explores”?A)VerbB)NounC)AdverbD)AdjectiveAnswer: AExplanation: The word “explores” is a verb because it indicates an action or state that the subject of the sentence (the novel) is performing. It describes what the novel does, which isto explore a particular topic. The other options are nouns, adverbs, and adjectives, which do not fit the function of the word in this sentence.7、The sentence “The students’ enthusiasm for the project was palpable” is an example of using which of the following language feature?A)JargonB)ColloquialismC)SimileD)MetaphorAnswer: C) SimileExplanation: A simile is a figure of speech that compares two different things, typically by using “like” or “as.” In this sentence, “was palpable” compares the students’ enthusiasm to something that can be felt, which is a characteristic of a simile. Jargon is specialized language used in a particular field, colloquialism is informal language, and metaphor is a figure of speechthat directly compares two things without using “like” or “as.”8、In the following sentence, the word “pivotal” is used as an adjective. What is the most likely part of speech it modifies?A)NounB)VerbC)AdverbD)PrepositionAnswer: A) NounExplanation: The word “pivotal” means being a central or turning point. In the sentence, it modifies a noun to describe its importance or central role. For example, “The pivotal role of the teacher in the success of the project cannot be overstated.” Here, “pivotal” is an adjective modifying the noun “role.” Verbs are not modified by adjectives, adverbs modify verbs or adjectives, and prepositions are used to show relationships between nouns.9.What is the most appropriate strategy to use when teaching a new vocabulary word to students who are at the beginning level of English?A)Have students translate the word into their native language.B)Use pictures or realia to illustrate the meaning of the word.C)Ask students to define the word without any context.D)Provide a list of synonyms for the word.Answer: B) Use pictures or realia to illustrate the meaning of the word.Explanation: For beginning level students, using pictures or realia (objects or items) can help them understand the meaning of new vocabulary ina concrete and relatable way. Translating into a native language can lead to translation errors and may not help with understanding the word in an English context. Asking students to define the word without context can be challenging for beginners, and providing a list of synonyms might be too advanced for this level.10.Which of the following activities is most likely to engage students in critical thinking and analysis of a text?A)Repeating the main ideas of the text in their own words.B)Answering comprehension questions about the text.C)Creating a mind map of the text’s structure.D)Discussing the text’s themes and how they relate to current events.Answer: D) Discussing the text’s themes and how they relate to current events.Explanation: Discussing the text’s themes and their relevance to current events encourages students to think critically and analytically. It allows them to make connections between the text and their own world, fostering deeper understanding and engagement. While repeating main ideas, answering comprehension questions, and creating a mind map are valuable activities, they may not necessarily promote the same level of critical thinking and analysis.11.Th e sentence “The book is lying on the table” is an example of which type of sentence structure?A) SimpleB) CompoundC) ComplexD) Compound-complexAnswer: A) SimpleExplanation: A simple sentence consists of a single independent clause with no dependent c lauses. In this case, “The book is lying on the table” contains only one independent clause, making it a simple sentence.12.Which of the following words is an adjective?A) GoB) RunsC) HappinessD) VeryAnswer: C) HappinessExplanation: An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun. “Happiness” describes the noun “happiness,” making it an adjective. The other options are verbs (“Go” and “Runs”) and an adverb (“Very”).13.The following sentence demonstrates the use of a conditional sentence. Which option completes the sentence correctly?A. If I were you, I would take a vacation next week.B. If I was you, I would take a vacation next week.C. If I be you, I would take a vacation next week.D. If I am you, I would take a vacation next week.Answer: AExplanation: The correct option is “If I were you, I would take a vacationnext week.” In conditional sentences, when the condition is hypothetical and not a real possibility, “were” is used instead of “was.” Since “If I were you” implies a hypothetical situation, “were” is the correct past tense form of “be.”14.Which of the following sentence structures is used to express a reason or cause?A. Subject + because + verbB. Subject + so + verbC. Subject + although + verbD. Subject + since + verbAnswer: AExplanation: The correct sentence structure to express a reason or cause is “Subject + because + verb.” This structure is used to introduce a dependent clause that explains the reason for the action in the main clause. The other options (B, C, and D) are used to express a result, contrast, or time, respectively.15.Which of the following is NOT a common approach to teaching vocabulary in high school English?A. Contextual cluesB. Use of flashcardsC. Direct translationD. Collaborative group activitiesAnswer: CExplanation: Direct translation is not typically used as a common approach to teaching vocabulary in high school English. Instead, teachers often rely on contextual clues, flashcards, and collaborative group activities to help students understand and remember new vocabulary. Direct translation can sometimes lead to misunderstandings and may not be effective in a second language learning context.16.What is the main purpose of using authentic materials in the classroom?A. To make the curriculum more interestingB. To provide real-life language use examplesC. To assess students’ language proficiencyD. To ensure that the curriculum is up-to-dateAnswer: BExplanation: The main purpose of using authentic materials in the classroom is to provide real-life language use examples. Authentic materials such as newspapers, magazines, and videos help students connect the language they are learning to the language used in the real world, making it more relatable and practical. While making the curriculum interesting, assessing students’ language proficiency, and ensuring the curriculum is up-to-date are also beneficial aspects of using authentic materials, the primary purpose is to provide real-life examples.17.The following sentence contains a complex sentence. Which one of thefollowing is the main clause?A. The students enjoyed the presentation.B. After the presentation, the students discussed the topic.C. The presentation, which was delivered by the guest speaker, was informative.D. The teacher, who was in charge of the class, was impressed.Answer: DExplanation: The main clause in a complex sentence is the independent clause that can stand alone as a complete sentence. In option D, “The teacher, who was in charge of the class, was impressed.” is an independent clause, making it the main clause. The other options contain dependent clauses that depend on the main clause to be complete sentences.18.In the context of teaching a lesson on Shakespearean sonnets, which of the following is the best approach to engage students in critical analysis?A. Provide a list of key themes and have students identify which sonnet they relate to most.B. Present the sonnets in chronological order and discuss the historical context of each.C. Ask students to read the sonnets aloud and note any words or phrases that seem unfamiliar.D. Divide the class into groups and assign each group a different sonnet to research and present to the class.Answer: DExplanation: Engaging students in critical analysis requires an interactive and collaborative approach. Option D encourages active learning, research skills, and presentation skills. By dividing the class into groups and assigning different sonnets, students are motivated to engage deeply with the text, research its context, and present their findings to their peers, fostering a dynamic and interactive learning environment. The other options, while informative, do not necessarily promote the same level of critical engagement.19.What is the main purpose of using a concordance in language teaching?A. To introduce new vocabulary to studentsB. To provide a comprehensive list of all the words in a textC. To help students identify the context in which a particular word is usedD. To enhance students’ listening skillsAnswer: CExplanation: The main purpose of using a concordance in language teaching is to help students identify the context in which a particular word is used. This tool allows students to see how a word is used in different sentences and understand its connotations and collocations.20.Which of the following teaching strategies is most effective for promoting critical thinking in students?A. Direct instructionB. Guided discoveryC. Cooperative learningD. Repetition and memorizationAnswer: BExplanation: Guided discovery is a teaching strategy that encourages students to explore and discover information on their own with the guidance of the teacher. This approach promotes critical thinking as students engage in the process of inquiry, analysis, and problem-solving.21.What is the main function of a pre-writing activity in English writing?A. To review grammar rulesB. To introduce new vocabularyC. To generate ideas and organize contentD. To assess students’ reading comprehensionAnswer: C. To generate ideas and organize contentExplanation: The main purpose of a pre-writing activity is to help students brainstorm ideas and organize their content before they start writing. This activity can include activities like brainstorming sessions, mind mapping, or free writing, which all aim to assist students in formulating a coherent structure for their writing.22.In the context of English language teaching, which of the following is NOT an effective strategy for promoting oral communication among students?A. Pair work activitiesB. Group discussionsC. Role-playing exercisesD. Providing written instructionsAnswer: D. Providing written instructionsExplanation: While providing written instructions can be an effective method for giving students clear guidelines or directions, it is not specifically an effective strategy for promoting oral communication. Pair work, group discussions, and role-playing exercises, on the other hand, encourage students to interact with each other and practice speaking, which are key components of oral communication.23.What is the main function of the imperative mood in English?A. To express polite requestsB. To express orders or commandsC. To express future actionsD. To express wishesAnswer: BExplanation: The imperative mood is primarily used to express orders, commands, or requests. It is characterized by the absence of the subject (you) and uses the base form of the verb.24.Which of the following phrases is an example of a simile?A. The cat is as black as coal.B. The cat is a creature.C. The cat is sleeping soundly.D. The cat has a sleek coat.Answer: AExplanation: A simile is a figure of speech that uses “like” or “as” to compare two different things. In the example, “as black as coal” compares the color of the cat to the color of coal.25.The following sentence is an example of which grammatical structure?A. Active voiceB. Passive voiceC. Future perfect tenseD. Present perfect continuous tenseAnswer: B. Passive voiceExplanation: T he sentence “The book was written by the student.” is an example of the passive voice. In the passive voice, the focus is on the action rather than the doer of the action.26.Which of the following phrases is used to express a cause and effect relationship?A. In order toB. Because ofC. Instead ofD. Regardless ofAnswer: B. Because ofExplanation: The phrase “because of” is used to express a cause and effectrelationship. For example, “The student was late because of the traffic.” indicates that the traffic caused the student to be late.27.In the following sentences, which one contains an error in the use of “therefore”?A. The weather was cold, therefore we decided to stay indoors.B. He was tired, therefore he decided to take a rest.C. The train was late, therefore they missed their appointment.D. She studied hard, therefore she got a good grade.Answer: DExplanation: The word “therefore” is used to indicate a cause-and-effect relationship. In option D, the sentence suggests that studying hard directly led to getting a good grade, which is not necessarily a cause-and-effect relationship. Therefore, option D contains an error in the use of “therefore.”28.Choose the cor rect word to complete the following sentence: “I was looking for a book about cooking, but I couldn’t find one. __________, I decided to borrow one from the library.”A. ThereforeB. HoweverC. MoreoverD. OtherwiseAnswer: DExplanation: The sentence requ ires a word that means “otherwise” or “inthat case.” Option D, “Otherwise,” fits this context, as it suggests an alternative action that the speaker took because the book was not found. Options A, B, and C do not convey the same meaning and would not be appropriate in this sentence.29.What is the primary purpose of the following sentence in a reading passage: “The novel explores the psychological impact of war on the characters.”A. To summarize the plot of the novel.B. To describe the historical context in which the novel is set.C. To analyze the psychological effects of war on the characters.D. To provide a direct quote from a character.Answer: CExplanation: The primary purpose of the sentence is to analyze the psychological effects of war on the ch aracters, which is an important element of the novel’s content and theme.30.In the following sentence, “The students’ engagement in group discussions improved significantly after the introduction of the new interactive whiteboard,” which part of speech is“improved”?A. VerbB. AdjectiveC. AdverbD. NounAnswer: AExplanation: “Improved” functions as a verb in the sentence, indicating a change or development in the students’ engagement. It is the action that has occurred due to the introduction of the new interactive whiteboard.二、简答题(20分)Question:What are the key principles and strategies for effective vocabulary teaching in secondary English language classrooms? Explain how these principles and strategies can be applied to support diverse learners.Answer:The key principles and strategies for effective vocabulary teaching in secondary English language classrooms include:1.Explicit Vocabulary Instruction: Teachers should provide explicit instruction on vocabulary, which involves defining words, explaining their meaning, and giving examples.2.Contextualization: Vocabulary should be taught within the context of authentic texts and real-life situations, as this helps students understand the meaning and usage of words.3.Multiple Meanings: Encourage students to explore words with multiple meanings, as this expands their vocabulary knowledge and enhances their language skills.4.Differentiated Instruction: Tailor instruction to meet the needs of diverse learners by providing varied resources and activities.5.Vocabulary Building Activities: Engage students in various activities that promote vocabulary learning, such as word games, word puzzles, and collaborative tasks.6.Spaced Repetition: Use spaced repetition to reinforce vocabulary learning over time, as this technique has been shown to improve long-term retention.7.Collaborative Learning: Encourage students to work in groups to share their knowledge and learn from each other, which can help reinforce vocabulary concepts.8.Metacognitive Strategies: Teach students to be aware of their learning processes and strategies, which can improve their overall vocabulary acquisition.Application to Support Diverse Learners:e of Visual Aids: Incorporate visual aids such as pictures, videos, and charts to support students with different learning styles, including those with visual or auditory preferences.nguage Simplification: For students with lower proficiency levels, simplify vocabulary by using synonyms, simpler sentence structures, and context clues.3.Peer-Assisted Learning: Pair students with different proficiency levels to help each other learn vocabulary and support each other in the learning process.4.Scaffolded Tasks: Design tasks with a gradual release of responsibility, providing students with support as they progress and gradually become moreindependent.5.Encourage Risk-Taking: Create a safe and supportive classroom environment that encourages students to experiment with new vocabulary without fear of making mistakes.6.Ongoing Assessment: Use formative assessments to monitor student progress and adjust instruction accordingly, ensuring that all learners are supported in their vocabulary development.By incorporating these principles and strategies, teachers can effectively support diverse learners in secondary English language classrooms and enhance their vocabulary skills.三、教学情境分析题(30分)Question: Teaching Scenario AnalysisScenario:A high school English teacher is planning a lesson on the theme of “Environmental Protection” for a class of 30 students, aged 16-17. The teacher has noticed that the students are quite engaged when discussing environmental issues but tend to struggle with writing essays on this topic. The class has an interactive whiteboard and a computer with internet access.Task:Based on the given scenario, analyze the teaching context and suggest a lesson plan that addresses the students’ needs and incorporates appropriate teachingmethods and techniques.Answer:Teaching Context Analysis:1.Students’ Needs:•Students are interested in environmental issues but struggle with writing essays.•There is a need for a balanced approach that engages students in discussions and provides them with writing skills.2.Classroom Resources:•Interactive whiteboard•Computer with internet accessLesson Plan:Objective:To help students develop their writing skills on the theme of “Environmental Protection” and improve their ability to organize and present their ideas effectively.Materials:•Handouts with essay prompts on environmental issues•Interactive whiteboard•Computer with internet access•ProjectorActivities:1.Introduction (10 minutes):•Start with a brief discussion on environmental issues, asking students to share their views and experiences.•Introduce the theme of the les son, “Environmental Protection.”2.Group Work (20 minutes):•Divide the class into small groups of 5 students.•Provide each group with a handout containing essay prompts on environmental issues.•Instruct the students to discuss the prompts and come up with a group essay on the chosen topic.3.Interactive Whiteboard Activity (15 minutes):•Project the essay prompts on the interactive whiteboard.•Ask each group to present their essay outline on the whiteboard. •Encourage other students to ask questions and provide feedback on the group’s essay outline.4.Writing Workshop (25 minutes):•Provide students with a structured outline for writing an essay on environmental issues.•Explain the steps of essay writing, including introduction, body paragraphs, and conclusion.•Assign each student a specific section to focus on, ensuring that the essay is well-structured.•Allow students to work individually or in pairs to write their essays.5.Peer Review (10 minutes):•Pair students up and ask them to exchange their essays for peer review.•Instruct them to provide constructive feedback on the content, organization, and grammar.6.Conclusion (5 minutes):•Conclude the lesson by discussing the key points of the essay.•Encourage students to reflect on what they have learned about writing essays on environmental issues.Explanation:The lesson plan addresses the students’ needs by incorporating various teaching methods and techniques:•Group Work: Encourages collaboration and active participation.•Interactive Whiteboard: Enhances engagement and visual learning.•Writing Workshop: Provides a structured approach to essay writing.•Peer Review: Fosters critical thinking and constructive feedback.By following this lesson plan, the teacher can help students develop their writing skills and improve their ability to express their ideas effectively on the theme of “Environmental Protection.”四、教学设计题(40分)Teaching Design QuestionQuestion:Design a 45-minute lesson plan for a high school English class focusing on thetopic of “Healthy Lifestyles.” The class consists of 30 students who are in their second year of learning English. The lesson aims to improve students’ speaking and listening skills, as well as their understanding of the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. The classroom has a multimedia projector and a computer.Answer:Lesson Title:Healthy Lifestyles: A Journey to WellnessObjective:By the end of the lesson, students will be able to:1.Understand the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.2.Express their opinions on healthy habits through speaking and listening activities.3.Summarize the key points of a presentation on healthy lifestyles.Materials:•Handouts on healthy habits•Worksheets for group activities•Multimedia projector and computer•Smartboard or whiteboard•TimerTeaching Procedure:1.Introduction (10 minutes)•Start the class by asking students about their daily routines and if theyhave any healthy habits.•Introduce t he topic “Healthy Lifestyles” and explain its importance.•Show a short video clip on the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.•Divide the class into small groups and ask them to discuss the video and share their thoughts.2.Group Activity (15 minutes)•Provide each group with a handout on healthy habits.•Ask students to work in their groups to identify the most effective healthy habits.•Have each group present their findings to the class.•Use the smartboard or whiteboard to record the key points from each group’s presentation.3.Speaking and Listening Activity (15 minutes)•Divide the class into pairs and assign each pair a role: presenter and listener.•Provide students with a worksheet that includes questions about healthy habits.•The presenter will ask the questions, and the listener will respond ina complete sentence.•Monitor the activity and provide feedback and assistance as needed. •After the activity, ask students to share their experiences with the class.4.Conclusion (5 minutes)•Summarize the key points of the lesson, emphasizing the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle.•Ask students to reflect on their own healthy habits and set goals for improvement.•Provide additional resources, such as websites or books, for further reading on healthy lifestyles.Evaluation:•Assess students’ participation in group discussions and presentations.•Evaluate their speaking and listening skills during the speaking and listening activity.•Monitor their understanding of the lesson content through observations and feedback.Explanation:This lesson plan aims to provide students with a comprehensive understanding of the importance of maintaining a healthy lifestyle. By incorporating various activities, such as group discussions, presentations, and speaking and listening exercises, the lesson promotes active learning and encourages students to express their opinions on the topic. The use of multimedia tools, such as the projector and smartboard, enhances the learning experience and engages students in the lesson. The evaluation criteria ensure that students demonstrate their knowledge and skills in understanding and discussing healthy lifestyles.。
学校成立象棋社团招募成员英语作文
学校成立象棋社团招募成员英语作文全文共3篇示例,供读者参考篇1Title: Recruiting Members for the School Chess ClubIntroductionChess is a popular game that requires strategic thinking and critical reasoning skills. In our school, we are excited to announce the establishment of a chess club to provide students with an opportunity to develop their chess skills and engage in friendly competition. We are now looking for new members to join our club and become a part of our growing chess community.Benefits of Joining the Chess ClubJoining the chess club offers numerous benefits for students. Firstly, playing chess improves cognitive skills such as memory, concentration, problem-solving, and decision-making. It also promotes critical thinking, creativity, and strategic planning. Moreover, chess helps to develop patience, discipline, and sportsmanship. By participating in the chess club, students can enhance their academic performance, boost their confidence, and make new friends who share a common interest in chess.Activities of the Chess ClubThe chess club will offer a variety of activities to cater to different skill levels and interests. Beginners can attend chess tutorials and learn the rules and basic strategies of the game. Intermediate players can participate in practice matches, strategy discussions, and tournament preparation sessions. Advanced players can compete in inter-school chess competitions, join chess leagues, and receive personalized coaching to improve their game. The chess club will also organize friendly matches, chess workshops, and social events to foster a sense of community among its members.How to Join the Chess ClubTo join the chess club, students can sign up during the club recruitment period, which will be announced at the beginning of the school year. They can register their interest with the club advisor, who will provide information about club meetings, events, and activities. Students of all skill levels are welcome to join the chess club, as there will be opportunities for beginners to learn and for experienced players to excel. Membership in the chess club is open to all students who are passionate about chess and eager to improve their skills.ConclusionJoining the school chess club is a great way for students to enhance their cognitive abilities, socialize with peers, and enjoy the intellectual challenge of the game. By becoming a member of the chess club, students can develop valuable skills that will benefit them academically, personally, and professionally. We encourage all students who are interested in chess to join our club and embark on a rewarding journey of learning, growth, and friendship. Let's make chess a part of our school community and engage in the timeless pursuit of strategic excellence.篇2Title: School Chess Club Recruiting MembersWith the increasing popularity of chess among students, our school has decided to establish a chess club to promote and develop interest in the game. We are excited to invite all passionate chess players to join and be a part of this new and exciting initiative.Chess is more than just a game; it is a mental exercise that helps improve critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and strategic planning. By joining the chess club, members will have the opportunity to enhance their cognitive abilities and developtheir analytical skills through regular practice and friendly competition.The chess club will provide a platform for students to meet like-minded individuals who share a common interest and passion for the game. It will also create a welcoming and inclusive environment where everyone is encouraged to learn and grow together.To become a member of the chess club, students must have a basic understanding of the rules of chess and be willing to commit to regular training sessions and tournaments. Whether you are a beginner looking to learn the game or an experienced player seeking to improve your skills, the chess club welcomes students of all levels.In addition to honing their chess skills, members of the chess club will have the opportunity to participate in inter-school competitions, attend workshops and seminars led by experienced coaches, and even represent our school in regional and national chess tournaments.Chess is a game of strategy, patience, and perseverance, and by joining the chess club, students will not only improve their chess skills but also develop important life skills that will serve them well in their academic and personal lives.If you are interested in joining the school chess club and becoming a part of this exciting new venture, please contact the club advisor for more information. We look forward to welcoming you to the chess club and embarking on this chess journey together. Let's checkmate our way to success!篇3Title: Recruiting Members for the School Chess ClubIntroductionChess is a game of strategy, skill, and concentration that has been played for centuries. It is a popular sport in many countries and is known to improve critical thinking skills and memory. In our school, we are excited to announce the formation of a Chess Club for students who are interested in learning and playing this challenging game. We believe that by joining the Chess Club, students can improve their problem-solving abilities, enhance their decision-making skills, and enjoy the camaraderie of playing chess with their peers.Recruitment DriveTo recruit members for the School Chess Club, we are organizing a series of events and activities to generate interest and attract students who are keen to join. We will be setting upinformation booths during lunch breaks where students can learn more about the Chess Club and sign up to become members. In addition, we will be hosting a Chess Tournament where students can compete against each other and showcase their skills. We will also be holding workshops and training sessions to teach beginners how to play chess and improve their game.Benefits of Joining the Chess ClubThere are numerous benefits to joining the School Chess Club. Firstly, chess is a great way to sharpen your mind and improve cognitive abilities. By playing chess regularly, students can enhance their problem-solving skills, improve their concentration, and boost their memory. Secondly, joining the Chess Club provides students with an opportunity to socialize and make new friends who share a common interest in chess. It is a great way to meet like-minded individuals and build lasting friendships. Finally, being a part of the Chess Club can also be a fulfilling experience as students can challenge themselves, set goals, and work towards becoming better chess players.ConclusionJoining the School Chess Club is a fantastic opportunity for students to learn and play chess, improve their critical thinkingskills, and make new friends. We encourage all students who are interested in chess to sign up and become members of the Chess Club. Whether you are a beginner or an experienced player, there is something for everyone in the Chess Club. So come and join us as we embark on this exciting chess journey together!。
介绍象棋与国外游戏对比英语作文
介绍象棋与国外游戏对比英语作文英文回答:Chess and foreign games have their own unique characteristics and cultural backgrounds. In terms of gameplay, chess is a strategy board game played between two players on a checkered board. It requires critical thinking, planning, and foresight to outmaneuver the opponent and capture their king. On the other hand, foreign games vary greatly in terms of rules and objectives. For example, in the popular American game Monopoly, players compete to acquire properties and bankrupt their opponents. In the Japanese game Sudoku, players fill in a grid with numbers based on logical reasoning. These games provide different challenges and entertainment value.In terms of popularity, chess has a long history and is widely recognized as a game of intellectual prowess. It is played and enjoyed by people of all ages and backgrounds around the world. Chess tournaments and championships areheld globally, attracting players and enthusiasts from different countries. On the other hand, foreign games have gained popularity in specific regions or countries. For instance, the Japanese game of Go is highly regarded in East Asia, while the American game of basketball is widely played and followed in the United States.When it comes to cultural significance, chess holds a special place in many societies. It is often associated with intelligence, strategy, and discipline. In some countries, chess is even taught in schools as a means to develop critical thinking skills. Foreign games, on the other hand, reflect the cultural values and interests of their respective countries. For example, the German game of "Settlers of Catan" emphasizes resource management and negotiation, reflecting the German culture of efficiency and cooperation.While chess and foreign games have their own merits, they also face certain challenges. Chess, for instance, may be seen as an elitist game due to its complex rules and reputation as a game for intellectuals. It may not appealto everyone and can be intimidating for beginners. Foreign games, on the other hand, may face cultural barriers and language barriers when introduced to new regions. The rules and objectives may need to be adapted or translated to cater to different audiences.In conclusion, chess and foreign games offer different gameplay experiences and cultural perspectives. Chess is a globally recognized game of strategy and intellect, while foreign games reflect the cultural values and interests of their respective countries. Both types of games have their own challenges and appeal to different audiences. It is important to appreciate and explore the diverse world of games to broaden our horizons and foster cultural understanding.中文回答:象棋和国外游戏各具特色和文化背景。
象棋俱乐部的好处英语作文
象棋俱乐部的好处英语作文The Benefits of a Chess Club。
Chess is a strategic board game that has been playedfor centuries. It requires critical thinking, problem-solving skills, and the ability to plan ahead. Chess clubs provide a platform for chess enthusiasts to come together and improve their skills. In this essay, we will explore the benefits of joining a chess club.Firstly, joining a chess club allows individuals to enhance their critical thinking and problem-solving abilities. Chess is a game that requires players to make decisions based on logic and reasoning. By regularly playing chess and participating in club activities, members can sharpen their analytical skills and learn to think strategically. They will develop the ability to assess different situations, evaluate possible moves, and predict the consequences of their actions. These skills can be applied not only in the game of chess but also in variousaspects of life, such as academics and decision-making in general.Secondly, a chess club provides a supportive and encouraging environment for its members. Chess can be a challenging game, especially for beginners. Joining a club allows players to connect with like-minded individuals who share the same passion for the game. Members can learn from experienced players, receive guidance, and exchange ideas. The club can also organize friendly competitions and tournaments, which not only provide opportunities for players to showcase their skills but also foster a sense of camaraderie among the members. The support and encouragement received from fellow players can boost confidence and motivate individuals to improve their game.Furthermore, a chess club offers opportunities for personal growth and development. Chess is not only a game of strategy but also a game of patience and perseverance. It requires players to stay focused and maintain concentration for extended periods. Regularly playing chess can improve one's ability to concentrate, enhance memoryskills, and increase mental agility. Additionally, chess clubs often organize workshops and training sessions conducted by experienced coaches. These sessions provide valuable insights into advanced techniques and strategies, helping players to continuously improve their game. The dedication and discipline required to excel in chess can translate into other areas of life, such as academics or career pursuits.In addition to personal growth, joining a chess club can also foster social skills and promote teamwork. Chess clubs bring together individuals from diverse backgrounds and age groups. Members have the opportunity to interact with people who share a common interest, but may have different playing styles and strategies. This exposure to different perspectives can broaden one's horizons and develop a sense of empathy and understanding. Chess clubs often encourage teamwork through group activities and team competitions. Collaborating with teammates and working towards a common goal can enhance communication skills, teach the importance of cooperation, and instill a sense of sportsmanship.Lastly, chess clubs provide a platform for players to showcase their skills and compete at various levels. Many clubs organize local, national, and even international tournaments, allowing members to test their abilities against players from different regions. Participating in competitions not only adds excitement and motivation to the game but also helps players gauge their progress andidentify areas for improvement. The experience gained from competitive play can be invaluable in building resilience, handling pressure, and learning from both victories and defeats.In conclusion, joining a chess club offers numerous benefits, including the enhancement of critical thinkingand problem-solving skills, the creation of a supportive environment, personal growth and development, the fostering of social skills and teamwork, and the opportunity to compete and showcase one's abilities. Chess clubs provide a platform for individuals to connect with like-minded people, learn from experienced players, and continuously improve their game. Whether one is a beginner or an experiencedplayer, joining a chess club can be a rewarding experience that goes beyond the game itself.。
英语作文这几年的变化
英语作文这几年的变化Title: The Evolution of English Essays in Recent Years.The art of essay writing, particularly in the English language, has undergone significant transformations in recent years. These changes have been influenced by various factors, including technological advancements, globalization, and evolving educational standards. In this article, we delve into the noteworthy alterations inEnglish essay writing and their impact on academic and professional communication.Firstly, the rise of digital platforms and the internet has revolutionized the way we write and consume essays. The ease of access to information has enabled writers toconduct thorough research and include a broader range of perspectives in their essays. This has led to a more comprehensive and nuanced understanding of topics,reflected in the depth and breadth of content. Additionally, online resources have provided templates and examples ofessays, making it easier for beginners to understand and模仿 the structure and tone of academic writing.Moreover, the globalized world has brought about a melting pot of cultures and ideas. English, being a common language of communication, has become a medium for sharing diverse perspectives and experiences. This has influenced essay writing, as writers now aim to engage a more diverse readership with their work. Essays are no longer confined to a single cultural or academic perspective but instead present a mosaic of views, enriching the discussion and broadening the reader's horizons.Another significant change in English essay writing is the increasing emphasis on critical thinking and analytical skills. Modern essays are expected to go beyond mere description or summation of information and instead offer insights and perspectives. Writers are encouraged to analyze complex issues, evaluate evidence, and formulate arguments that are supported by logical reasoning. This shift towards a more analytical and critical approach has made essays more engaging and thought-provoking,challenging readers to think beyond the surface level.Additionally, the format and structure of essays have also undergone changes. Traditional essays often followed a rigid structure, with clear-cut sections for introduction, body, and conclusion. However, recent trends have seen a shift towards more flexible and innovative structures. Writers are now encouraged to experiment with different formats, such as narratives, dialogues, or even poetry, to convey their ideas more effectively. This freedom in structure has allowed writers to express their creativity and uniqueness, making each essay a unique and engaging piece of writing.Lastly, the role of essay writing in education has evolved. It is no longer viewed solely as an assessmenttool but also as a means of fostering critical thinking, communication skills, and independent learning. Essays are used as a platform for students to explore topics deeply, develop their understanding, and refine their writing abilities. Educators also emphasize the importance of revision and feedback in essay writing, encouragingstudents to refine their work and improve their skills over time.In conclusion, the past few years have seen significant changes in English essay writing, influenced by technological advancements, globalization, and evolving educational standards. These changes have led to more comprehensive, diverse, and analytical essays that engage a broader readership. The future of essay writing looks promising, with further innovations and evolution expected to shape the way we communicate and express our ideas in the English language.。
批判性推理基础学习CriticalReasoningforbeginners全记录文本
Critical Reasoning for beginnersby Marianne Talbot OxfordLess on 1 How to recog nize argume nts and Whatis the n ature of argume ntsArguments are a set of senten ces such that one of them (the con clusi on) is being said to be true, and the other(s) (the premises) are being offered as reasons for believ ing the truth of the one.An argume nt isn't a set of con tradicti ons.Part of the point of an argument is to move us on from where we are to somewhere a bit further. Argume nts lead to deeper thoughts. (from where we are to where we want)An Argume nt:(one or more) Premises i Con clusi on (Fun cti on) [to prove---reas ons] [suppose true]relati on ship among senten cese.g. It's Friday.Maria nne always wears jea ns on Friday.Therefore Maria nne will wear jea ns today.Play atte nti on to suppressed premises (隐藏前提)con text ----- all senten ces may be argume nt.implicatio n (实质蕴涵)en tailme nt (逻辑蕴涵)Disti nguish argume nts from(a)sets of senten ces not related as argume nts(1)aren't related at alle.g. The sea is salt.Sydney is in Australia.(2)related but not an argume nte.g. Towards lun chtime clouds formed and the sky blacke ned. The n the storm broke.(b)senten ces (asserti ons) 'if...the n...'e.g. If it is snowing, the mail will be late.(implicatio n not en tailme nt)An argument is a set of sentences, one of which is being asserted.An assert ion is a sin gle sentence (possibly complex) ,that is being expressed in assertive mode.'because' may be causal or rati on al.reas on and causecausal relati ons (因果关系) and rati onal relatio ns (推理关系)A andB en tailC does n't mea n A and B cause C.e.g. It's Friday. (A)Maria nne always wears jea ns on Friday. (B)Therefore Maria nne will wear jea ns today. (C)expla natio n:(1) causal expla nation (因果性解释):e.g. Pawl fell dow n because he wan ted to amuse childre n.⑵ ratio nal expla nation (推理性解释):e.g. Pawl fell dow n because Jelly pushed him.Facts are what makes sentences true or false. They are not true or false, they just exist or don't exist.Only beliefs or sentences that express beliefs are true or false.Belief (e.g. concept) ............ t he con cept 'chair'Language ......................... t he Ian guage 'c-h-a-i-r'Reality .......................... t he object 'chair'Argume nts can only be good or bad ,they can only be valid or in valid ,they can't be true or false because the only thing that can be true or false is beliefs or the senten ces that express beliefs.A good argume nt is one in which:(1)the conclusion must follow the premises(2)the premises must all be true .The conclusion must be true. (truth preserving)逻辑学并不关心前提正确与否,而只关心前提与结论的关系。
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Critical Reasoning for Beginners
Marianne Talbot
Oxford
第一讲
An argument isn't a set of contradictions.
Part of the point of an argument is to move us on from where we are to somewhere a bit further.
Premises 前提
Causation 诱因entailment 蕴含
A and
B entail
C doesnt mean A and B cause C.
Assertorically 主张
Facts are what makes sentences true or false. They are not it true or false,they just exist or don't exist.
Arguments can only be good or bad ,they can only be valid or invalid ,thy can't be true or false because the only thing that can be true or false is beliefs or the sentences that express beliefs.
A good argument is one in which: the conclusion must follow the premises ,and the premises must all be true.
逻辑学并不关心前提正确与否,而只关心前提与结论的关系
Intuition 直觉
第二讲
Argument 的类型
deduction 演绎induction 归纳
Deductive arguments are such that the truth of their premises makes the truth of their conclusion certain.
Inductive arguments are such that the truth of their premises makes the truth of their conclusion more likely either much more likely or slightly more likely.
演绎中,只要premises 为真,结论一定为真,具有certainty 确定性
而归纳中,你得到的是probability, 如果前提为真,结论可能为真
Deduction is an either or thing and induction is a matter of degree
Contents and forms
逻辑学是中立性的,逻辑的形式可以适用于任何的内容
哲学中的一个基本问题是,我们对未来的假设,会不会和过去的经验相一致?Uniformity 一致性,uniformity of nature (David Hume)自然界是否具有一致性?
第三讲
Logic-book-style
训练如何分辨结论与前提
Remove inconsistent terms, cross references
第四讲
休谟认为,All we see are correlation, we never see and get to the causal relationship itself 更进一步认为因果关系实际上根本不存在,只是人的习惯性思维
第五讲
Validity 有效性
Quantum mechanics 量子力学
The definition of validity, an argument is valid if and only if there is no possible situations in which the premises are true and the conclusion false. And what matters is that it's a possible situation not an actual situation and this is the combination of true premises and false conclusion that's ruled out.
第六讲
Fallacy谬论
三种类型,fallacy of relevance相关性谬论,fallacy of vacuity 空白性谬论,fallacy of clarity 清晰性谬论
Circular arguments循环论证,都是valid 有效的
Self-sealing arguments
Fallacy of the heap 堆积谬论,在论证当中包含有界限模糊的词语
Silppery slope fallacy斜坡谬论
Three types of ambiguity :lexical,structural,cross reference。