Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
生化中英对照单词
Chapter 14 Protein Biosynthesis
第十四章 蛋白质的生物合成
Antibiotics 抗生素 Cap-site binding protein 帽子结合蛋白 Chloromycetin 氯霉素 Diphtheria toxin 白喉毒素 Eukaryote 真核生物 Genetic code 遗传密码 Insulin 胰岛素 Interferon 干扰素 Molecular chaperone 分子伴侣 Parathyroid hormone 甲状旁腺激素 Streptomycin 链霉素 Translational initiation complex 翻译起始复合物 Transpeptidase 转肽酶
丝氨酸／苏氨酸蛋白磷酸酶
Chapter 12 DNA Biosynthesis 第十二章 DNA生物合成
Bidirectional replication 双向复制 Endonuclease 内切核酸酶 Exonuclease 外切核酸酶 Gene expression 基因表达 Polymerases 聚合酶类 Primase 引发酶 Primosome 引发体 Proliferating cell nuclear antigen 增殖细胞核抗原 Recombination repairing 重组修复 Replicon 复制子 Reverse transcriptase 逆转录酶 Semiconservative replication 半保留复制 Single stranded DNA binding protein 单链DNA结合蛋白 Telomerase 端粒酶 Telomere 端粒 DNA topoisomerase DNA拓扑异构酶
Chapter 1 Nucleic Acid 第一章 核酸
材料科学与工程_专业英语_Unit_2_Classification_of_Materials译文
Solid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup and atomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are three other groups of important engineering materials—composites, semiconductors, and biomaterials.译文：固体材料被便利的分为三个基本的类型：金属，陶瓷和聚合物。
这个分类是首先基于化学组成和原子结构来分的，大多数材料落在明显的一个类别里面，尽管有许多中间品。
除此之外，有三类其他重要的工程材料－复合材料，半导体材料和生物材料。
Composites consist of combinations of two or more different materials, whereas semiconductors are utilized because of their unusual electrical characteristics; biomaterials are implanted into the human body. A brief explanation of the material types and representative characteristics is offered next.译文：复合材料由两种或者两种以上不同的材料组成，然而半导体由于它们非同寻常的电学性质而得到使用；生物材料被移植进入人类的身体中。
无机材料Introduction + Crystal Imperfections
Bioceramic
NWPU
Composite materials
Carbon-fiber pens
NWPU
Carbon-fiber badminton pad
Aerospace and aeronautical materials
NWPU
4、synthesis processing of inorganic materials
乌尔曼(D.R.Uhlmann) 清华大学新型陶瓷与精细工艺国家重点 实验室 高等教育出版社 (2010-06出版)
NWPU
NWPU
Chapter 1 structural imperfections
结构缺陷
NWPU
introduction
▪ Many properties are markedly depend on small deviations (偏离）
fro荧m光ide材al料str的uc发tur光e o原f m理at：eria荧l; 光材料中的缺陷能够吸收某种 ▪ Ev波en长th的ou光gh,d利efe用cts这a些cco能un量t fo发r f出ew波of长th更e a长tom的s光ite。s, 由the于y u人su们ally
do通有m常些ina将衣te 荧服the光吸pr增收op白灯ert剂光ies添发of加出the到的m洗紫ac涤外ros剂线co中后pic，会sp所发ec以出im在明en夜亮(样总的品会蓝); 里色，光。 ▪ By在b吸ein收g a和ble放to射m过ov程e i的n th短e 暂latt间ice隔, v中ac，anc荧ie光s p材rod料uc的e d分iff子usi快on速
6. Diffusion 扩散
无机非金属材料的概念
无机非金属材料的概念英文回答：Inorganic non-metallic materials are materials that are composed solely of inorganic elements and do not possess the properties of metals. In other words, they do not exhibit electrical conductivity, thermal conductivity, or plasticity. Inorganic non-metallic materials are typically hard, brittle, and have high melting points. Some common examples of inorganic non-metallic materials include glass, ceramics, and salts.Inorganic non-metallic materials are used in a wide variety of applications, including:Construction: Glass, ceramics, and cement are all inorganic non-metallic materials that are used in construction. Glass is used for windows, bottles, and other transparent applications. Ceramics are used for tiles, pottery, and other decorative items. Cement is used to bindtogether other materials, such as sand and gravel, to form concrete.Electronics: Inorganic non-metallic materials are used in a variety of electronic applications, such as semiconductors, insulators, and capacitors. Semiconductors are used in transistors and other electronic devices. Insulators are used to prevent the flow of electricity. Capacitors are used to store electrical energy.Medicine: Inorganic non-metallic materials are used in a variety of medical applications, such as implants, prosthetics, and drug delivery devices. Implants are used to replace damaged or missing body parts. Prosthetics are used to replace limbs or other body parts that have been lost. Drug delivery devices are used to deliver drugs to the body in a controlled manner.中文回答：无机非金属材料是指仅由无机元素组成且不具备金属特性的材料。
无机材料Introduction + Crystal Imperfections
property
A material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Such as mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical
NWPU
2、the four elements of (inorganic) material research
A description of the arrangement of atoms
structure
composition
synthesis
How materials are made from naturally occurring or man-made chemicals
7. Phase transformation 相变
8. Solid state reaction 相反应 9. Sintering 烧结 固
NWPU
6、text and references 教材与参考文献
1 《无机材料科学基础》陆佩文 2
武汉工业大学出版社
《Introduction to ceramics》 W.D.Kingery, H.K.Bowen, D.R.Uhlmann A Wiley-Interscience Publication
are oxides, nitrides, carbides , borides, silicides, sulfide and a
variety of non metal compounds produced by advanced technologies.
The professional English for Inorganic Nonmetallic Materials(无机非金属专业一些专业词汇)
The Professional English for Inorganic Nonmetallic MaterialsA.Translation1.We define ceramics as the art and science of making and using solid articles which have as their essentialcomponent ,and are composed in large part of, inorganic nonmetallic materials.我们把陶瓷学定义为制造和应用由无机非金属材料作为基本组分组成的固体制品的技术和科学。
2.The origination of novel ceramic materials and new methods of manufacture requires us to take afundamental approach to the art and science and a broad view of the field.新颖的陶瓷材料和新的制造方法的出现，要求我们对这种技艺和科学进行基础性的探讨，并且要对相关领域有更广泛的认识。
3.Perhaps even more important than being useful or necessary of themselves are those situations inwhich the feasibility or effectiveness of a large system depends critically on its ceramic components.也许比陶瓷本身的实用性或必要性更为重要的是，一个大的系统是否切实可行或有效，在很大程度上取决于这一系统中所使用的陶瓷组件。
4.This leverage in the importance of ceramic materials has in many cases led to intensive research toward abetter understanding of properties, often out of all proportion to their dollar value.在很多情况下，陶瓷材料所具有的举足轻重的地位导致了对其进行深入的研究，以便更好地了解它的性能。
无机非金属材料英语阅读教程单词
A brasion 磨损，擦伤，刮除accelerate 加快…之速度，变快accelerated period 加速期acoustical 声音的，声学的activator 活化剂，催化剂additive 添加剂admixture 混合，混合物aggregate 聚集，凝结，骨料air-entraining agent 加气剂alkali sulfate 碱硫酸盐alkali 碱，碱性alloy 合金alumina Al2O3 矾土aluminate 铝酸盐ambient 周围的，外界的ammonium sulphate 硫酸铵amorphous 无定形的非结晶的anhydride 无水石膏anhydrite 硬石膏，硫酸铁矿approximately 近似地，大约artificial 人工的，人造的asset财产，资产available 可获得的，可利用的B auxite 矾土，铝矾土，矾土矿beneficiate 富集bind 使凝固binder 粘合剂，粘结剂blended 混合的，融合的blending 掺和，混合brittle 易碎的，脆弱的bulk 体积，主体，凝结，块状burning 煅烧burnt clay 粘性土C alcareous 石灰质的，钙质的calcium 钙calcium aluminate 铝酸钙calcium aluminoferrite 铁铝酸钙calcium carbonate 碳酸钙calcium hydroxide 氢氧化钙calcium oxide 氧化钙calcium silicate 硅酸钙calcium sulphate 硫酸钙calorific 热量的，含热量的capacity 容量，智能，才能capillary 毛状的，毛细作用carbon dioxide 二氧化碳cast iron 铸铁caution 小心cementing property 胶结能力cementitious 似水泥的ceramic 陶瓷chalk 白垩characteristics 特性，特征chemical admixture 化学外加剂chlorine 氯气circumference 周长clay 粘土clinker 水泥熟料，炉渣coal ash 煤灰commensurate 相等的，均匀的comparable 可以比较的comparably 可比较低compatible 协调的，一致的comply 遵守，遵循component 成分，组成物composite 合成的，复合的composition 构造，组成，作品compound 混合物compressive strength 抗压强度concrete 混凝土consecutive 连续的，连贯的consistency 链接，结合，浓度，密度consolidation 巩固；加强constituent 成分，要素constitute 构成，组成consumption 消费，消耗contaminate 沾染，污染conversion 变换，转化convert 使转变，转换coral reef 珊瑚礁corrective 矫正的，改过自新corrosion 腐蚀，侵蚀，受损creep 蠕变，徐变criteria 标准，准则cross section 横截面，横断面crystalline 晶体的，晶体状的cube 立方体curing 养护，湿治cylinder 圆筒D ecade 十年decarbonation 碳酸盐分解deflection 偏斜，偏转，偏差deformation 变形，扭曲变形denote 指示表示density 密度，比重deposit 堆积物，沉淀物designated 指定的，派定的deterioration 消耗，磨损，变坏detestable 可恨的，可厌恶的detrimental 有害的diatomaceous earth 硅藻土dicalcium silicate 硅酸二钙C2Sdiffusion 扩散，弥漫dimension 尺寸，尺度dissolution 分解，分离dissolve 溶解，液化distinguish 区分，辨别distort 歪曲，曲解distribute 分发，分配，散步dolomite 白云石dormant period 潜伏期，静止期dry process 干法ductility 延展性，韧性durability 耐久性，耐用性E lastic 弹性的，可自由伸缩的electrolytic 电解的eliminate 消灭，消除，排除elongation 伸长，延长，伸长率embed 使插入endurance 忍耐energy consumption 能源消耗enhance 增强，增加era 纪元ettringite 钙矾石evolution 开展，发展excess 过度的，额外的excessive 多的，过分的，极端的exothermic 放热的，方能的exotic 吸引人的，异乎寻常的F atigue 疲劳ferrite 铁酸盐ferrosilicon 硅铁，高硅铸铁fertilizer 化肥，肥料fibre 纤维，构造，纤维制品fibrous 纤维制的，纤维状的fineness 细度flash furnace 快速分解炉flexural 挠性的，弯曲的flexure 弯曲，歪度floatation 浮选fluidity 流动性，流质fluidized-bed 流化床，流动层fluorine 氟flux 流动，通量，流量fly ash 粉煤灰，飘尘foreign ion 杂质离子formation 形成，构成fracture surface 断裂面froth 起沫，发泡fuse 熔化fusion 融合，熔化G auge 标准度量，程度gehlenite 钙黄长石generic name 属名glassy 玻璃状的，透明的granulated blast furnace slag：粒化高炉矿渣granulated 颗粒状的grate 炉格；摩擦gravel 砂砾grinding stage 研磨阶段ground 粉磨，粉碎，研磨gypsum 石膏H ammer 捶打hardening 硬化heat curing 热养护hematite 赤铁矿hexagonal 六角形的，六方晶系的high-carbon steel 高碳钢high-limed 高(氧化)钙的homogeneous 同类的，均一的hot exit gas 热废气humidity 湿气，潮湿，湿度hydrate 水合物，氢氧化物hydration 水合，水合作用hydraulic 水力的，水压的I dentical 相等的相同的impact 冲打，碰撞，影响impetus 刺激，动力，原动力impracticable 不能实行的impurity 不纯净物incorporation 结合，合并；掺和indentation 穴孔，压痕induction period 诱导期inferior 次等的劣等的ingredient 组成，成分initial 最初的，开始的，初期的initially 开始地，起初initiate 开始innovation 革新inorganic binder 无机粘结剂insoluble 点燃，发火，着火manufacture 制造intergrind 共同粉磨，互磨interlock 使连接intermediate 中间的intermix 混合，混杂interstitial space 胞间隙，空隙intimately 密切的ion 离子ionic 离子的iron ore 铁矿铁矿石iron oxide 氧化铁L atent 潜在的，潜伏的laterite 红土，红泥limestone 石灰石，石灰岩liquid phase 液相longitudinal 经度的，纵向的loot 抢劫掠夺low-carbon steel 低碳钢M agnesium oxide 氧化镁magnetite 磁铁矿malleable 可锻的，可压制的marl 泥灰岩mechanical 机械的，机械性的member 构件mesh 目，筛，网眼metallurgy 冶金术，冶金学metric ton 公吨microcrystalline 微晶的micrometer 测微计，千分尺microscopical 显微镜的microsilica 硅灰，微硅粉mineral 矿物，矿物质minimum 最少的，最小的mix 混合物mixture 混合物mobility 易变性，灵活性；流动性modulus 模数，模量molar ratio 摩尔比monitor 监视器，监控monolithic 块体的，整体浇注的mortar 灰浆，灰泥，胶泥mullite 莫来石N egligible 可以忽略的nodule 结节，小结nonferrous metals 有色金属nonferrous 非铁的non-reactive不起反应的惰性的nonrenewable 不能再生的noticeable 明显的，重要的O btainable 可以获得的offset 弥补，抵消opening 筛孔optimize 使最优化oxide 氧化物oyster 牡蛎P acking 堆积，填料，密封parameter 限制因素；界限partial 部分的particle 颗粒penetration 渗入，进入performance tests 性能测试periclase 氧化锰permeability 渗透，渗透性pertain 属于，适合于pharmacy 制药业phase 状态，阶段，相phosphorous oxide 五氧化二磷plague 瘟疫，祸患plastic 塑胶的plasticity 塑性plasticizer 增塑剂，增韧剂platy 板状的，扁平状的polymer 聚合物，高聚物polymorph 多型，多晶型pore 毛孔，孔隙portion 部分portlandite 氢氧钙石possess 占有，拥有，持有potassium oxide 氧化钾pozzolana 火山灰pozzolanic 凝硬性的，火山灰的precipitation 沉淀，析出preheating 预热pre-induction period 初始水解期prerequisite 首要的，必备的prestress 给…预加应力prominent 著名的，卓越的pronounced 显著的，断然，明确的proportion 比例，均衡pulp 柔软的材料；木浆Q ualify 具有资格，证明资格quantitative 定量的，与量有关的quarry 采石场quench 熄灭，淬火R apture 破裂，断裂ratio 比，比率raw feed 生料喂入reactivity 反应能力，活性refractory 耐火的，耐火材料reinforce 加强，增援，加固reinforcement 增强，加固resilience 弹性，弹力，回弹respectively 分别的，各个的retardation 减速，延缓reverse 相对，相反rheological property 流变性质rheology 流变能力rigidity 坚硬，讲话roam 闲逛，无目的地漫游rod mill 棒磨roller mill 辊磨机，立磨rotary kiln 回转窑rotate 转动S and shale 砂页岩saturation 饱和，饱和度scratching 刮伤，刻，搔semiconductor 半导体sensor 传感器serrated 边上呈锯齿状的serviceability 有用性，适用性setting time 凝结时间setting 凝固shaft kiln 立窑shearing stress 剪应力，切应力significantly 重要地，重大地silica fume 硅粉silica 二氧化硅，硅石simultaneous 同时发生sinter 烧结烧成slag 矿渣，炉渣sludge 污水烂泥slump 混凝土坍落度slurry 泥浆sodium oxide 氧化钠span 跨度，跨距specification 说明，技术规范，规格spherical 球的，球形的stationary 固定的，静止的steam-curing 蒸汽养护steelwork 钢铁架stiffness 刚变，刚性，稳定度strength development 强度增进stringent 严厉的，严格的strut 支柱柱子subsequent 后来的，并发的substandard 标准以下的，不合规格的substantial 很多的，大量的substantially 实际上，很多地sufficient 足够的，充分的superconductor 超导体superplasticizer 超塑化剂supplementary 增补的，补充的suspension 悬吊，悬浮sustenance 实物，饮料，营养swirl calciner 涡流分解炉T ensile strength 抗拉强度tetracalcium aluminoferrite C4AFthermal 热的，热量的，热学的timber 木料torsion 扭，扭转，扭力，扭矩transition zone 界面过渡层tricalcium aluminate 铝酸三钙tricalcium silicate 硅酸三钙C3Strigger 扳机，引发U ltimately 最后，最终，基本undergo 经历，遭受，忍受undesirable 不符合要求的undesirably 不合要求的不理想uniformity 一致，均匀utilize 利用V ariation 变异，差异，变种vertical kiln 立窑viscosity 粘度，粘滞性Y ield point 屈服点yield 生出，生产；产生。
材料化学
Interstitial Substitution element, compound, content, atomic, Ionic radii, metallic bond, delocalized, nondirectional, unsaturated,
close-packed array, coordination number, conductive, melting
According to the component and structure:
Metallic Materials Inorganic Non-metallic Materials Polymers
1.4.1 Classification of materials
Composites
10
1) Metallic Materials
interaction, inorganic nonmetal materials, polymer, composites, nanomaterials metal Alloy polymer plastic rubber ceramics cement glass
9
1.2 Classification of Materials
5
6
7
8
Chapter 1 Introduction
Important terms and concepts
Materials Chemicals substance structure Property performance synthesis application
macroscopic perspective, atomic-molecular level,
Chapter 7-20110418
preferable to the American aluminum and American
sulfur is preferable to the British sulphur.
IUPAC Rules
• The oxidatin state of the metal atom is specified
can result, the prefixes “mono-”, “di-” are sometimes dropped.
Some examples
Cl2O
ClO ClO2 ClO3 Cl2O7
Dichlorine monoxide
Chlorine monoxide Chlorine dioxide Chlorine trioxide Dichlorine heptaoxide
Fomula CuI
CuI2
English name cuporous iodide
cupric iodide
FeBr2
FeBr3
ferrous bromide
ferric bromide
SnCl2
SnCl4
stannous chloride
stannic chloride
IUPAC Rules
• The International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
Some examples
• • • • • • • sodium chloride magnesium sulfide lithium nitride nickel arsenide silicon carbide sulfur hexafluoride oxygen difuoride
Unit 7 The nomenclature of inorganic substances
不
• •
同 电 荷 数
CuCl : CuCl2 :
copper(Ⅰ copper(Ⅰ) chloride copper(Ⅱ copper(Ⅱ) chloride
• ② 水合物：化合物名称+希腊前缀 （水分子 水合物：化合物名称+
• ④含氢元素的阴离子：以hydrogen 开头+…… 开头+ 含氢元素的阴离子：
• 例如：HCO3-: hydrogen carbonate ion 例如：
⑤ 含氧酸
Acid ion 酸根离子的后缀 -ate 含氧多 -ite 含氧少 -ide 单原子 Acid 相应酸的后缀 -ic -ous -ic
特殊元素: 如卤素） ② 特殊元素:（如卤素）可形成两种以上的含 氧阴离子: 氧阴离子: 氧原子数目最小的用前缀 氧原子数目最小的用前缀hypo-, 后缀-ite， 前缀hypo- 后缀-ite， ClO- : hypochlorite ion hypochlorite 氧原子数目最高的用前缀 - 后缀氧原子数目最高的用前缀per-, 后缀-ate 前缀per ClO4- : perchlorate ion perchlorate
二、Contents
(一)Names of cations（阳离子的命名） 阳离子的命名）
• 1、monatomic cations单原子阳离子: • 元素名词+ion 元素名词+ion
• • • • • 例如： Na+: sodium ion 例如： 2、多种电荷数： 多种电荷数： 元素名词（电荷数Ⅰ ……） ①元素名词（电荷数Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ……）+ion 例如： copper(Ⅱ 例如：Cu2+ : copper(Ⅱ) ion Cu+ : copper(Ⅰ) ion copper(Ⅰ
金属
Cast iron (very common) For the heavy parts of many machines. Low in cost and wears well + 2 to 4 percent carbon ,very brittle and cannot be hammered or formed. 1.White iron 2.Gray iron
A large group steels used when careful heat-treating Used for done. Must be
chisels、hammers、screwdrivers、springs、 tools
high-speed tool steels
hot work tool steels Common kinds of tool steels cold work tool steels special-purpose tool steels
1. the higher the tensile strength 2.the greater the hardness(after heat-treated )
• • • • • • • • • • •
1. Low-carbon steels application:low-strength parts requiring a great deal of forming. 2.Medium-carbon steels application: forgings and other applications where increased strength and a certain amount of ductility are necessary. 3.High-carbon steels application: high-strength parts such as springs, tools, and dies.
材料科学与工程专业英语课文 自己整理的 可以打印 匡少平 王世颖 第二版 化学工业出版社
Unit 1Materials are probably more deep-seated in our culture than most of us realize. Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food production— virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one degree or another by materials. Historically, the development and advancement of societies have been intimately tied to the members’ ability to produce and manipulate materials to fill their needs. In fact, early civilizations have been designated by the level of their materials development (Stone Age, Bronze Age, Iron Age).1The earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on. With time they discovered techniques for producing materials that had properties superior to those of the natural ones; these new materials included pottery and various metals. Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by heat treatments and by the addition of other substances. At this point, materials utilization was totally a selection process that involved deciding from a given, rather limited set of materials the one best suited for an application by virtue of its characteristics. It was not until relatively recent times that scientists came to understand the relationships between the structural elements of materials and their properties. This knowledge, acquired over approximately the past 100 years, has empowered them to fashion, to a large degree, the characteristics of materials. Thus, tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.The development of many technologies that make our existence so comfortable has been intimately associated with the accessibility of suitable materials. An advancement in the understanding of a material type is often the forerunner to the stepwise progression of a technology. For example, automobiles would not have been possible without the availability of inexpensive steel or some other comparable substitute. In our contemporary era, sophisticated electronic devices rely on components that are made from what are called semiconducting materials.MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERINGSometimes it is useful to subdivide the discipline of materials science and engineering into materials science and materials engineering sub disciplines. Strictly speaking, “materials science” involves investigating the relationships that exist between the structures and properties of materials. In contrast, “materials engineering” is, on the basis of these structure–property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a material to produce a predetermined set of properties.2 From a functional perspective, the role of a materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new materials, whereas a materials engineer is called upon to create new products or systems using existing materials, and/or to develop techniques for processing materials. Most graduates in materials programs are trained to be both materials scientists and materials engineers.“Structure” is at this point a nebulous term that des erves some explanation. In brief, the structure of a materialusually relates to the arrangement of its internal components. Subatomic structure involves electrons within the individual atoms and interactions with their nuclei. On an atomic level, structure encompasses the organization of atoms or molecules relative to one another. The next larger structural realm, which contains large groups of atoms that are normally agglomerated together, is termed “microscopic,” meaning that which is subject to direct o bservation using some type of microscope. Finally, structural elements that may be viewed with the naked eye are termed “macroscopic.”The notion of “property” deserves elaboration. While in service use, all materials are exposed to external stimuli that evoke some type of response. For example, a specimen subjected to forces will experience deformation, or a polished metal surface will reflect light. A property is a material trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of response to a specific imposed stimulus. Generally, definitions of properties are made independent of material shape and size.Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and deteriorative. For each there is a characteristic type of stimulus capable of provoking different responses. Mechanical properties relate deformation to an applied load or force; examples include elastic modulus and strength. For electrical properties, such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the stimulus is an electric field. The thermal behavior of solids can be represented in terms of heat capacity and thermal conductivity. Magnetic properties demonstrate the response of a material to the application of a magnetic field. For optical properties, the stimulus is electromagnetic or light radiation; index of refraction and reflectivity are representative optical properties. Finally, deteriorative characteristics relate to the chemical reactivity of materials. The chapters that follow discuss properties that fall within each of these six classifications.In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are involved in the science and engineering of materials—namely, “processing” a nd “performance. “With regard to the relationships of these four components, the structure of a material will depend on how it is processed. Furthermore, a material’s performance will be a function of its properties. Thus, the interrelationship between processing, structure, properties, and performance is as depicted in the schematic illustration shown in Figure 1.1. Throughout this text we draw attention to the relationships among these four components in terms of the design, production, and utilization of materialsWHY STUDY MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?Why do we study materials? Many an applied scientist or engineer, whether mechanical, civil, chemical, or electrical, will at one time or another be exposed to a design problem involving materials. Examples might include a transmission gear, the superstructure for a building, an oil refinery component, or an integrated circuit chip. Of course, materials scientists and engineers are specialists who are totally involved in the investigation and design of materials.Many times, a materials problem is one of selecting the right material from the many thousands that are available. There are several criteria on which the final decision is normally based. First of all, the in-service conditions must be characterized, for these will dictate the properties required of the material. On only rare occasions does a materialpossess the maximum or ideal combination of properties. Thus, it may be necessary to trade off one characteristic for another. The classic example involves strength and ductility; normally, a material having a high strength will have only a limited ductility. In such cases a reasonable compromise between two or more properties may be necessary.A second selection consideration is any deterioration of material properties that may occur during service operation. For example, significant reductions in mechanical strength may result from exposure to elevated temperatures or corrosive environments. Finally, probably the overriding consideration is that of economics: What will the finished product cost? A material may be found that has the ideal set of properties but is prohibitively expensive. Here again, some compromise is inevitable. The cost of a finished piece also includes any expense incurred during fabrication to produce the desired shape.The more familiar an engineer or scientist is with the various characteristics and structure–property relationships, as well as processing techniques of materials, the more proficient and confident he or she will be to make judicious materials choices based on these criteria.U n i t2CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALSSolid materials have been conveniently grouped into three basic classifications: metals, ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based primarily on chemical makeup anatomic structure, and most materials fall into one distinct grouping or another, although there are some intermediates. In addition, there are the composites, combinations of two or more of the above three basic material classes. Another classification is advanced materials—those used in high-technology applications—viz. semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials, and nanoengineered materials;MetalsMaterials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum, copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.3 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner (as discussed in Chapter 3),and in comparison to the ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense (Figure 1.3).With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff (Figure 1.4)and strong (Figure 1.5), yet are ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to fracture (Figure 1.6), which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications. Metallic materials have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms .Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity (Figure 1.7) and heat, and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some of the metals (viz., Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties.CeramicsCeramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently oxides, nitrides, and carbides. For example, some of the common ceramic materials include aluminum oxide (or alumina, Al2O3), silicon dioxide (or silica, SiO2), silicon carbide (Sic), silicon nitride (Si3N4), and, in addition, what some refer to as the traditional ceramics—those composed of clay minerals (i.e., porcelain), as well as cement, and glass. With regard to mechanical behavior, ceramic materials are relatively stiff and strong—stiffnesses and strengths are comparable to those of the metals (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). In addition, ceramics are typically very hard. On the other hand, they are extremely brittle (lack ductility), and are highly susceptible to fracture (Figure 1.6). These materials are typically insulative to the passage of heat and electricity (i.e., have low electrical conductivities, Figure 1.7), and are more resistant to high temperatures and harsh environments than metals and polymers. With regard to optical characteristics, ceramics may be transparent, translucent, or opaque (Figure1.2), and some of the oxide ceramics (e.g., Fe3O4) exhibit magnetic behavior.PolymersPolymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon, hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (vision, N, and Si). Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures, often chain-like in nature that have a backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon, poly (vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS), and silicone rubber. These materials typically have low densities (Figure 1.3), whereas their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as stiff nor as strong as these other material types (Figures 1.4 and 1.5). However, on the basis of their low densities, many times their stiffness’s and strengths on a per mass basis are comparable to the metals and ceramics. In addition, many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e., plastic), which means they are easily formed into complex shapes. In general, they are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a large number of environments. One major drawback to the polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest temperatures, which, in some instances, limits their use. Furthermore, they have low electrical conductivities (Figure1.7) and are nonmagnetic.CompositesA composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come from the categories discussed above—viz., metals, ceramics, and polymers. The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best characteristics of each of the component materials. A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers. Furthermore, some naturally-occurring materials are also considered to be composites—for example, wood and bone. However, most of those we consider in our discussions are synthetic (or man-made) composites.ADVANCED MATERIALSMaterials that are utilized in high-technology (or high-tech) applications are sometimes termed advanced materials.By high technology we mean a device or product that operates or functions using relatively intricate and sophisticated principles; examples include electronic equipment (camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers, fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military rocketry. These advanced materials are typically traditional materials whose properties have been enhanced, and, also newly developed, high-performance materials. Furthermore, they may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics, polymers), and are normally expensive. Advanced materials include semiconductors, biomaterials, and what we may term “materials of the future” (that is, smart materials and Nan engineered materials) SemiconductorsSemiconductors have electrical properties that are intermediate between the electrical conductors (viz. metals and metal alloys) and insulators (viz. ceramics and polymers)—Figure 1.7. Furthermore, the electrical characteristics of these materials are extremely sensitive to the presence of minute concentrations of impurity atoms, for which the concentrations may be controlled over very small spatial regions. Semiconductors have made possible the advent of integrated circuitry that has totally revolutionized the electronics and computer industries (not to mention our lives) over the past three decades.BiomaterialsBiomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues (i.e., must not cause adverse biological reactions). All of the above materials—metals, ceramics, polymers, composites, and semiconductors—may be used as biomaterials. For example, some of the biomaterials that are utilized in artificial hip replacementsMaterials of the FutureSmart MaterialsSmart (or intelligent) materials are a group of new and state-of-the-art materials now being developed that will have a significant influence on many of our technologies. The adjective “smart” implies that these materials are able to sense changes in their environments and then respond to these changes in predetermined manners—traits that are also found in living organisms. In addition, this “smart” concept is being extended to rather sophisticated systems that consist of both smart and traditional materials. Components of a smart material (or system) include some type of sensor (that detects an input signal), and an actuator (that performs a responsive and adaptive function). Actuators may be called upon to change shape, position, natural frequency, or mechanical characteristics in response to changes in temperature, electric fields, and/or magnetic fields. Four types of materials are commonly used for actuators: shape memory alloys, piezoelectric ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids. Shape memory alloys are metals that, after having been deformed, revert back to their original shapes when temperature is changed (see the Materials of Importance piece following Section 10.9). Piezoelectric ceramics expand and contract in response to an applied electric field (or voltage); conversely, they also generate an electric field when their dimensions are altered (see Section18.25).The behavior of magnetostrictive materials is analogous to that of the piezoelectric, except that they are responsive to magnetic fields. Also, electro rheological and magnetorheological fluids are liquids that experience dramatic changes in viscosity upon the application of electric and magnetic fields, respectively.Materials/devices employed as sensors include optical fibers (Section 21.14), piezoelectric materials (including some polymers), and microelectromechanical devices (MEMS, Section 13.8).For example, one type of smart system is used in helicopters to reduce aerodynamic cockpit noise that is created by the rotating rotor blades. Piezoelectric sensors inserted into the blades monitor blade stresses and deformations; feedback signals from these sensors are fed into a computer-controlled adaptive device, which generates noise-canceling antinomies.Nanoengineered MaterialsUntil very recent times the general procedure utilized by scientists to understand the chemistry and physics of materials has been to begin by studying large and complex structures, and then to investigate the fundamental building blocks of these structures that are smaller and simpler. This approach is sometimes termed “top down “science. However, with the advent of scanning probe microscopes (Section4.10), which permit observation of individual atoms and molecules, it has become possible to manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form new structures and, thus, design new materials that are built from simple atomic-level constituents(i.e., “materials by design”). This ability to carefully arrange atoms provides opportunities to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic, and other properties that are not otherwise possible. We call this the “bottom-up” approach, and the study of the properties of these materials is termed “nanotechnology”; the “nan” prefix denotes that the dimensions of these structural entities are on the order of a nanometer (10_9 m)—as a rule, less than 100 nanometers (equivalent to approximately 500atom diameters).5 One example of a material of this type is the carbon nanotube, discussed in Section 12.4. In the future we will undoubtedly find that increasingly more of our technological advances will utilize these nanengineered materials.Unit 4Physical properties are those that can be observed without changing the identity of the substance. The general properties of matter such as color, density, hardness, are examples of physical properties. Properties that describe how a substance changes into a completely different substance are called chemical properties. Flammability andcorrosion/oxidation resistance are examples of chemical properties.The difference between a physical and chemical property is straightforward until the phase of the material is considered. When a material changes from a solid to a liquid to a vapor it seems like them become a difference substance. However, when a material melts, solidifies, vaporizes, condenses or sublimes, only the state of the substance changes.Consider ice, liquid water, and water vapor, they are all simply H2O. Phase is a physical property of matter and matter can exist in four phases – solid, liquid, gas and plasma.Some of the more important physical and chemical properties from an engineering material standpoint will be discussed in the following sections.•Phase Transformation Temperatures•Density•Specific Gravity•Thermal Conductivity•Linear Coefficient of Thermal Expansion•Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity•Magnetic Permeability•Corrosion ResistancePhase Transformation TemperaturesWhen temperature rises and pressure is held constant, a typical substance changes from solid to liquid and then to vapor. Transitions from solid to liquid, from liquid to vapor, from vapor to solid and visa versa are called phase transformations or transitions. Since some substances have several crystal forms, technically there can also be solid to another solid form phase transformation.Phase transitions from solid to liquid, and from liquid to vapor absorb heat. The phase transition temperature where a solid changes to a liquid is called the melting point. The temperature at which the vapor pressure of a liquid equals 1 atm (101.3 kPa) is called the boiling point. Some materials, such as many polymers, do not go simply from a solid to a liquid with increasing temperature. Instead, at some temperature below the melting point, they start to lose their crystalline structure but the molecules remain linked in chains, which results in a soft and pliable material. The temperature at which a solid, glassy material begins to soften and flow is called the glass transition temperature.DensityMass can be thinly distributed as in a pillow, or tightly packed as in a block of lead. The space the mass occupies is its volume, and the mass per unit of volume is its density.Mass (m) is a fundamental measure of the amount of matter. Weight (w) is a measure of the force exerted by a mass and this force is force is produced by the acceleration of gravity. Therefore, on the surface of the earth, the mass of an object is determined by dividing the weight of an object by 9.8 m/s2 (the acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth). Since we are typically comparing things on the surface of the earth, the weight of an object is commonly used rather than calculating its mass.The density (r) of a material depends on the phase it is in and the temperature. (The density of liquids and gases is very temperature dependent.) Water in the liquid state has a density of 1 g/cm3 = 1000kg/m3 at 4o C. Ice has a density of 0.917 g/cm3 at 0o c, and it should be noted that this decrease in density for the solid phase is unusual. For almost all other substances, the density of the solid phase is greater than that of the liquid phase. Water vapor (vapor saturated air) has a density of 0.051 g/cm3.Some common units used for expressing density are grams/cubic centimeter, kilograms/cubic meter, grams/milliliter, grams/liter, pounds for cubic inch and pounds per cubic foot; but it should be obvious that any unit of mass per any unit of volume can be used.Substance Density(g/cm3)Air 0.0013Gasoline 0.7Wood 0.85Water (ice) 0.92Water (liquid) 1.0Aluminum 2.7Steel 7.8Silver 10.5Lead 11.3Mercury 13.5Gold 19.3Specific GravitySpecific gravity is the ratio of density of a substance compared to the density of fresh water at 4°C (39° F). At this temperature the density of water is at its greatest value and equal 1 g/mL. Since specific gravity is a ratio, so it has no units. An object will float in water if its density is less than the density of water and sink if its density is greater that that ofwater. Similarly, an object with specific gravity less than 1 will float and those with a specific gravity greater than one will sink. Specific gravity values for a few common substances are: Au, 19.3; mercury, 13.6; alcohol, 0.7893; benzene, 0.8786. Note that since water has a density of 1 g/cm3, the specific gravity is the same as the density of the material measured in g/cm3.Magnetic PermeabilityMagnetic permeability or simply permeability is the ease with which a material can be magnetized. It is a constant of proportionality that exists between magnetic induction and magnetic field intensity. This constant is equal to approximately 1.257 x 10-6 Henry per meter (H/m) in free space (a vacuum). In other materials it can be much different, often substantially greater than the free-space value, which is symbolized µ0.Materials that cause the lines of flux to move farther apart, resulting in a decrease in magnetic flux density compared with a vacuum, are called diamagnetic. Materials that concentrate magnetic flux by a factor of more than one but less than or equal to ten are called paramagnetic; materials that concentrate the flux by a factor of more than ten are called ferromagnetic. The permeability factors of some substances change with rising or falling temperature, or with the intensity of the applied magnetic field.In engineering applications, permeability is often expressed in relative, rather than in absolute, terms. If µ o represents the permeability of free space (that is, 4p X10-7H/m or 1.257 x 10-6 H/m) and µ represents the permeability of the substance in question (also specified in henrys per meter), then the relative permeability, µr, is given by:µr = µ / µ0For non-ferrous metals such as copper, brass, aluminum etc., the permeability is the same as that of "free space", i.e. the relative permeability is one. For ferrous metals however the value of µ r may be several hundred. Certain ferromagnetic materials, especially powdered or laminated iron, steel, or nickel alloys, have µr that can range up to about 1,000,000. Diamagnetic materials have µr less than one, but no known substance has relative permeability much less than one. In addition, permeability can vary greatly within a metal part due to localized stresses, heating effects, etc.When a paramagnetic or ferromagnetic core is inserted into a coil, the inductance is multiplied by µr compared with the inductance of the same coil with an air core. This effect is useful in the design of transformers and eddy current probes.Unit 5The mechanical properties of a material are those properties that involve a reaction to an applied load. The mechanical properties of metals determine the range of usefulness of a material and establish the service life that can be expected. Mechanical properties are also used to help classify and identify material. The most common properties considered are strength, ductility, hardness, impact resistance, and fracture toughness.Most structural materials are anisotropic, which means that their material properties vary with orientation. The variation in properties can be due to directionality in the microstructure (texture) from forming or cold working operation, the controlled alignment of fiber reinforcement and a variety of other causes. Mechanical properties are generally specific to product form such as sheet, plate, extrusion, casting, forging, and etc. Additionally, it is common to see mechanical property listed by the directional grain structure of the material. In products such as sheet and plate, the rolling direction is called the longitudinal direction, the width of the product is called the transverse direction, and the thickness is called the short transverse direction. The grain orientations in standard wrought forms of metallic products are shown the image.The mechanical properties of a material are not constants and often change as a function of temperature, rate of loading, and other conditions. For example, temperatures below room temperature generally cause an increase in strength properties of metallic alloys; while ductility, fracture toughness, and elongation usually decrease. Temperatures above room temperature usually cause a decrease in the strength properties of metallic alloys. Ductility may increase or decrease with increasing temperature depending on the same variablesIt should also be noted that there is often significant variability in the values obtained when measuring mechanical properties. Seemingly identical test specimen from the same lot of material will often produce considerable different results. Therefore, multiple tests are commonly conducted to determine mechanical properties and values reported can be an average value or calculated statistical minimum value. Also, a range of values are sometimes reported in order to show variability.LoadingThe application of a force to an object is known as loading. Materials can be subjected to many different loading scenarios and a material’s performance is dependant on the loading conditions. There are five fundamental loadin g conditions; tension, compression, bending, shear, and torsion. Tension is the type of loading in which the two sections of material on either side of a plane tend to be pulled apart or elongated. Compression is the reverse of tensile loading and involves pressing the material together. Loading by bending involves applying a load in a manner that causes a material。
inorganic Chemistry化学专业英语
Solution
homogeneous（均相的） heterogeneous（非均相的） concentration（浓度） activity (活度) number of moles
6. Solution
Solution
solvent（溶剂） solute（溶质） dilute solution（稀溶液） concentrated solution unsaturated solution saturated solution supersaturated solution
Atomic Structure
principal quantum number angular momentum quantum number magnetic quantum number spin quantum number energy level sublevel degenerate (能量简并)
5. Fundamental theories
Fundamental theories
Classical Lewis Theory Valence Bond Theory Molecular Orbital Theory Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion Theory (VSEPR Theory)（价层电子对互斥理论）
Inorganic Chemistry 无机化学
Significant Terms (Glossary) Nomenclature of Compounds
Periodic table
Do You Know?
As, arsenic was discovered in about 1250
chapter7
CHAPTER
7 SEPARATION
GAS-PHASE AND NON-TRADITIONAL APPLICATIONS
In contrast to liquid-phase applications reviewed in Chapter 6, the current sales volume and application varieties of inorganic membranes in the gas-phase separation market are still quite limited. Their commercial usage in the gas- and vapor-phase environments is far from being a significant presence. Even the first largest gas-phase separation application, gas diffusion for uranium enrichment, discussed in Chapter 2 no longer requires any major production efforts. However, technological developments in the gas-phase applications are accelerating at an ever increasing rate as is evident in the voluminous literature in this field. As will become obvious, the technology of inorganic membranes for gas separation is still at its early stage. It is, therefore, inevitable that most of the discussions in this chapter focus on the potentials, rather than proven utilization, of inorganic membranes. As science and technology of this field is evolving, it is virtually impossible to draw definitive conclusions at this point. Some discussions, therefore, may appear to be speculative because of this nature of the technology development. First to be examined in this chapter are the uses of some inorganic membranes, particularly of the ceramic types, to remove particulates from gases or vapors. Some of these are commercially practiced. Next, separation of gas components in gaseous mixtures will be considered. This is a relatively new frontier except for isotope separation and, to some extent, hydrogen purification. Most of the examples of usage in this area are exploratory and require significant further materials and engineering developments before commercialization. Finally, some unusual uses of inorganic membranes for gas and vapor phases are discussed. These include their utilization in facilitated transport and gas and chemical sensors. Here again, technological gaps need to be closed prior to commercialization in most cases.7.1.1 Clean Rom Appfications
无机非金属材料专业英语课件
04
The application of inorganic non-metallic materials
Concrete
mechanical property
03
Preparation methods of inorganic non-metallic materials
Sintering is a powder metallurgy process in which powders are compacted and then heated to form a solid mass. It is commonly used to produce ceramics and some types of glass.
However, CVD can require high temperatures and may use toxic or expensive precursors.
CVD is commonly used to produce coatings and thin films of inorganic materials, such as diamond, silicon carbide, and titanium dioxide.
Concrete is a widely used inorganic non-metallic material in architecture. It is strong, durable, and can be molded into various shapes, making it ideal for constructing buildings, bridges, and other structures. Concrete also provides good insulation and soundproofing, and is relatively inexpensive compared to other building materials.
Inorganicnon-metallicmaterials（无机非金属材料）
Inorganic non-metallic materials（无机非金属材料）Silicon.(1) existing form;Silicon ranks second in the earth's crust, second only to silicon, and is a pro oxygen element, which in nature exists in all its common compounds, silicon and silicatesOxygen.compound formSilicon dioxide(2) atomic structureThe number of nuclear charges of silicon is located in the third periodic group of the periodic table of elementsIt is not easy to lose electrons in the reaction, it is not easy to get the electronic, mainly forming quadrivalence compounds.FourteenVI A(3) physical propertyThere are two kinds of silicon crystals and one is crystal siliconA lustrous, brittle, solid structure similar to that of melting point, hardness, and brittleness, and is a good material(4) chemical propertiesUnder normal temperature, the chemical properties of silicon are inert, and it is difficult to react with other substances except F2, hydrofluoric acid and strong alkali. The chemical equation for the reaction of silicon with NaOH isAmorphousdark grayThere is metalThere is metalhighlargeSemiconductorSi2NaOHH2O===Na2SiO32H2 increases.When heating, the reaction between silicon and nonmetal elements such as O2 and Cl2. The chemical equation of reaction between silicon and O2 is(5) industrial lawIndustrial coke is reduced to SiO2 in the electric furnace to obtain coarse silicon containing a small amount of impuritiesAfter purification of crude silicon, high purity silicon can be obtained(6) main usesSilicon can be used to make transistors, integrated circuits, solar cells, silicon rectifiers, etc., in addition, the use of silicon alloy more widely, can be used as transformers, iron core, acid resistant equipment2. silica(1) form of existence;The natural forms of SiO2 are crystalline and amorphous, collectivelyThe main ingredients are SiO2.(2) structureThe basic structural units of the a.SiO2 crystal, shown below, are tetrahedral structuresSilica, quartz, crystalIn the B. crystal, each Si atom has an oxygen atom around it, each oxygen atom has an Si atom, and the chemical formula is no SiO2 molecule in the crystal42SiO2(3) physical propertyColorless transparent crystalgreatgreatVery highInsoluble(4) chemical properties(5) main usesThe skeleton of the A. information superhighway -;B. quartz crucible, quartz glass, quartz clock and so on;An important component of the C. electronics industry, opticalinstruments;D. craft jewelryLight-guide fiber3. silicic acid (H2SiO3)(1) physical propertyThe white solid(2) chemical propertiesWeak acid: acidity is the ratio of carbonic acid to the chemical equation of NaOH solutionInstability: the heat is easy to dehydrate, and the chemical equation isInsoluble in waterweakH2SiO32NaOH===Na2SiO32H2OH2SiO3SiO2H2O(3) makingalkalinity2NaClH2SiO3 downWhite precipitateredSummary: H2SiO3 is made by reacting soluble silicate with other acids. For example, the ionic equation that reacts with a small amount of CO2 to Na2SiO3 solution is(4) use: "silica gel" can be used as catalyst carrierDesiccant4. silicate(1) conceptA composite of compounds that constitute the main constituent of the earth's crust(2) the simplest silicateNa2SiO3: soluble in water, commonly known as water solution, is the preparation of silica gel and wood fire retardant raw materialsSilicon, oxygen, and metalswater glass(3) representation of compositionThe composition is usually expressed in the form of silica and metallic oxides, which indicate the order of oxides of active metals, oxides of active metals, silica dioxide and water:Sodium silicate (Na2SiO3);Plain glass (Na2CaSi6O14)Na2O SiO2Na2O, CaO, 6SiO2(4) the use of silicateSoil fertility - soil colloids are generally negatively charged and can adsorb NH, K +Silicate products - inorganic non-metallic materials such as ceramics, glass and cementSilicate products have stable properties, high compressive strength, high hardness and high melting point. Most of them are difficult to dissolve in water5. inorganic non-metallic materialsCommon silicate products - ceramics, glass, and cement - are the most widely used inorganic non-metallic materials(1) ceramicsThe main ingredients are(2) ordinary glass;The main ingredients are, andClaySodalimestonequartz(3) cementThe main ingredients are(4) silicon containing material with special function Emery (chemical formula is SiC)Silicon steelSilicone rubberMolecular sievesClayLimestone(5) new inorganic non-metallic materials;Besides the advantages of the traditional inorganicnon-metallic materials, the new inorganic non-metallic materials also have some special structures and special functions, such as high temperature structural ceramics, bioceramics and piezoelectric ceramics1. in the water and the concentrated nitric acid hydrofluoric acid and potassium hydroxide solution in aqua regia, and silica chemical reaction (a)A.,B. IIC.,D.Analysis: silica is an acid oxide, and can react with alkali solution, not with nitric acid, hydrochloric acid and other acid reaction, but can react with hydrofluoric acid; silica insoluble in water, nor react with waterAnswer: C2. at room temperature silica is a hard solid, while carbon dioxide is a gasA. silicon is less nonmetallic than carbonB. silicon has certain non-metallic properties, while carbon is typical of non metalsC. the chemical bond between silicon and oxygen in silicon dioxide and the chemical bonds of carbon and oxygen in carbon dioxide are differentD. silicon dioxide is an atomic crystal, and carbon dioxide is a molecular crystalAnalysis: the existence of compounds at ambient temperature depends on their melting and boiling points. The melting point and boiling point of SiO2 and CO2 are different, mainly due to the difference in crystal types between the twoAnswer: D3., the manufacture of solar cells requires high-purity silicon, industrial production of high-purity silicon is usually achieved by the following reactions:In the narrative of the above two reactions, the error is ()A. two reactions are replacement reactionsB. reaction is endothermic reactionC. two reactions are reversible reactionsD. two reactions are redox reactionsAnalysis: (1) the reaction is reverse; exothermic reaction is inevitable; endothermic reaction is inevitable; the condition is different; it can not be called reversible reactionAnswer: CComparison of 1. carbon and siliconComparison of 2.CO2 and SiO2[example 1] for group IV group A elements, the following statement is incorrect ()In A.SiO2 and CO2, covalent bonds are between Si and O, between C and OThe outermost electrons of B.C, Si and Ge are 4, and the outer electron number is 8Both C.CO2 and SiO2 are acidic oxides and react with calcium oxide under certain conditionsThe main elements are the valence of D. and 4 + 2I need to carefully analyze the key features of a fourth A elements CO2, SiO2 atomic structure and solve the problems, and then based on the structure determines the nature of analysis, but also pay attention to the common points of CO2, SiO2 and the nature of the differences.The outermost electron number of C is 2, Ge the number of valence electrons is 18, so B is not correct.CO2 and SiO2 are covalent compounds, acidic oxide, so A and C correctly. The main valence IV A group elements as + 4 valence and valence of 2, D is correct.Answer: B1. the following is true about carbon and siliconA. and its oxides can react with NaOH solutionB. its simple substance can react with O2 when it is heatedC. its oxides are soluble in water and produce the corresponding acidD., carbon and silicon, two elements, two kinds of simple substanceAnalysis: CO with NaOH solution reaction; SiO2 can not dissolve in water, does not generate the corresponding acid; diamond, graphite and other carbon allotropes, silicon crystal silicon and amorphous silicon, so there are a variety of elements.Answer: B2. the following statement is incorrectBoth A.SiO2 and CO2 are acidic oxides and can react with NaOH solutionsB.SiO2 does not react with any acidC.SiO2 and CO2 can react with CaO under certain conditionsD.SiO2 is insoluble in water, while CO2 reacts with water to form H2CO3Resolution: SiO2 is an acid oxide, but reacts with HF solution to form SiF4 and H2O.Answer: B1. silicic acid and its saltsThey can be shrunk intermolecular complex form. Therefore, the silicate species, complex composition. Their composition, often in the form of oxides, such as potassium micaK2H4Al6Si6O24 can be written as K2O - 3Al2O3 - 6SiO2 - 2H2O.(1) order of oxides: reactive metal oxides - more active metal oxides - silica - water(2) the principle of the distribution of oxide coefficients: the configuration coefficient of the elements in the outer element and the other elements under the conservation principle of the number of atoms before and after the configurationNote: the oxides are separated by ".". The coefficient configuration shall be divided into integral numbers2. silicate products[examples 2] silicon elements and their compounds have a wide range of applications. Please answer the following questions:(1) the preparation of silicon semiconductor material must first obtain high purity silicon. Three (SiHCl3) reduction is the main method for the preparation of high-purity silicon at present. The production process is as follows:Write the chemical reaction equation______________________________________. for preparation of high-purity silicon by pure SiHCl3The whole preparation process must be strictly controlled in anhydrous water.SiHCl3 reaction to produce H2SiO3, HCl and other substances, write the chemical reaction equation________________________ trim; H2 SiHCl3 reduction process if mixed with O2, the possible consequences are____________________.(2) the silicon material is correct to say that ________ (fill).A. silicon carbide is chemically stable and can be used in the production of high temperature resistant cementB. silicon nitride has high hardness and high melting point. It can be used to make high temperature ceramics and bearingsC. high purity silica can be used to produce high performance communication materials - optical fibersD. ordinary glass is made of soda ash, limestone and quartz sand, and has a high melting pointE. hydrochloric acid can react with silicon, so hydrochloric acid is used as polishing liquid to polish monocrystalline silicon(3) sodium silicate aqueous solution commonly known as water glass. Take a small amount of sodium silicate aqueous solution in a test tube, by the dropwise addition of saturated ammonium chloride solution, oscillation. Write the experiment phenomenon and explain __________________________________I answer the questions to understand the principle of each step for producing high purity silicon in the process, at the same time to pay attention to the application of redox reaction, hydrolysis of salts and other knowledge, but also the application of silicon material and memorizing common silicate industry.Analysis: (1) SiHCl3 and H2 react with 1357K to generate Si and HCl, and then write the corresponding formulaThe violent reaction of SiHCl3 and water to produce H2SiO3, HCl and other substances, they change valence analysis,And the valence of Cl did not change, so the other elements that the valence of H will decrease, which is another matter for H2.H2 SiHCl3 reduction process if mixed with O2, may cause an explosion at the same time, O2 may be the oxidation of SiHCl3.(2) silicon carbide and silicon nitride as atomic crystal, A, B; SiO2 can be used for the manufacture of optical fiber, C; glass is a glass material, no fixed melting point. Hydrochloric acid could not react with the silicon, and HCl above 573K temperature can react with silicon, so D and E is not correct.(3) Na2SiO3 and NH4Cl hydrolysis promote each other, resulting in H2SiO3 precipitation and NH3.The SiHCl33H2O===H2SiO3: 3HCl = = + H2 oxygen and hydrogen mixture, may cause an explosion; oxygen may oxidize SiHCl3(2) BC(3) the phenomenon is that white flocculent precipitate is produced in the test tube, and stimulating gas is generatedInterpretation: both Na2SiO3 and NH4Cl can hydrolyze, and the two promote each other, Na2SiO3 hydrolysis generates H2SiO3, and NH4Cl hydrolysis produces NH3(1) the complex silicate is recast into an oxide form:KAlSi3O8__________________________________.Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4_________________.(2) the reason of this reaction can occur is ______.Analysis: (1) according to the principle of silicate recast oxides can be obtained:KAlSi3O6, K2O, Al2O3, 6SiO2II. Al2Si2O5 (OH) 4 - Al2O3 2H2O 2SiO2(2) the principle of the reaction is to prepare weak acids from stronger acidsAnswer: (1) K2O, Al2O3, 6SiO2Al2O3, 2SiO2, 2H2O(2) because weak acid is stronger than silicic acid, weak acid can be prepared by stronger acidMethods: Portland in whatever form, its composition and composition is fixed, the nature is the same; Portland expressed in the form of oxides, must follow the same principle. The valence force weak "is an important law, can be used to explain the causes of metathesis reaction and redox reaction response.It is known that SiO2, SO2 and CO2 are acidic oxides, and their chemical properties are similar. The chemical properties of Mg and Na are similarMg and SO2 experiments using the device shown above, where A is the device for the generation of SO2(1) select the appropriate ________. reagent preparation of SO2 (in number)10% H2SO4 solution 80% H2SO4 solutionNa2SO3 solid, CaSO4 solid(2) write the main reaction mechanism in B chemical formula ________________.The solution of NaOH device in the C is _________________.(3) please draw the device for preparing the SO2 in the drawing and indicate the name of the main instrument. The fixed instrument is omitted(4) what do you think is the shortage of this device?__________________.II. A research study group of "research laboratory Si", they are based on the textbook, access to information obtained the following information for reference: the industry at high temperature by C reduction can be made of SiO2 Si Mg can be ignited under the condition of the reaction with SiO2 and thin metal silicide H2SO4 SiH4 and the Si reaction of sulfate and SiO2 are not with dilute H2SO4 reaction. SiH4 spontaneous combustion in the air.They are documented in the research report:"...... Select the suitable substance to react adequately under suitable conditions, then dissolve the solid product with enough dilute sulfuric acid, then filter, wash, dry, and finally weigh...... When a solid product is dissolved in dilute sulfuric acid, adetonation sound and a spark are found, and the yield is only about 63% of the expected value"(5) the group of chemical formula Si laboratory "is________________________.(6) do you estimate "with dilute sulfuric acid dissolved solid product, that causes detonation and spark" is_______________________________.Answer: (1) 2(3) as shown(4) no drying device is connected between A and B; the C device is not communicated with the atmosphere; a stainless steel sheet is not inserted below the magnesium; the magnesium reacts with the glass tube; an anti dumping device is not designed1. (2009 Sichuan science college entrance examination) the development of new materials is one of the direction of development of modern science and technology. Materials related to the following statement is true ()A. silicon nitride ceramic is a new inorganic non-metallic materialB.C60 belongs to atomic crystals and is used in the manufacture of nanomaterialsC. cellulose acetate belongs to natural macromolecule materialD. monocrystalline silicon is commonly used in manufacturing optical fibersResolution: B term, C60 belongs to molecular crystal; C term, cellulose acetate is not a natural polymer material; D term, silica is commonly used in the manufacture of optical fibersAnswer: A2. experiment with 4 kinds of solutions, and the error of "operation" and "phenomenon" in the following table is corresponding to "solution"Analysis: the CO2 is passed into the C6H5ONa solution, because it is generated` cloudy, when higher than 65 DEG C, phenol soluble in water, so the solution becomes clear, A; Na2SiO3 solution to pass into the CO2 will generate H2SiO3 white precipitate when CO2 is excessive, precipitation does not disappear, B error; Ca (ClO) 2CO2H2O===CaCO3 down 2HClO, so generating CaCO3 precipitation, solution turbidity, HClO will fade fuchsin oxidation, C;D chemical reaction: Ca (OH) 2 + CO2===CaCO3 + CaCO3 + H2O: H2O + CO2===Ca (HCO3) 2, Ca (HCO3) 2 + 2NaOH===CaCO3 + Na2CO3 +: 2H2O, so D is correct. Only B with B.Answer: BThreeKnown as "crystal town" reputation of Jiangsu Donghai County is rich in the crystal, existing in the National Geological Museum of the crystal king from Donghai County. The crystal is relatively pure quartz crystal transparent, main component is the SiO2. quartz quartz narrative is not correct ()A. quartz is not necessarily a transparent crystal, it can be used as an ornamentB. quartz can be used to make glass or cementC. quartz crystal has the highest hardness and can be made from emeryD. quartz can be used to make high-purity silicon and also to make optical fibersAnalysis: if quartz contains impurities, they are not transparent crystals, so they can not be used to make optical instruments. The hardness of quartz is not the highest, so C is not correctAnswer: C4. if the 4.2g silicon and sodium 9.2g are put into the right amount of water, the volume of hydrogen (standard condition) can be collectedA.22.4LB.11.2LC.5.6LD.2.8L2Na2H2O===2NaOHH2 hav'e 2mol 2mol 1mol。
化学必修二无机非金属材料笔记
化学必修二无机非金属材料笔记English Answer：Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials.1. Introduction.Inorganic non-metallic materials are a class of materials that do not contain carbon in their molecular structure. They are typically composed of elements such as oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and silicon. These materials possess unique properties that make them suitable for a wide range of applications in various industries.2. Types of Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials.Oxides: Compounds consisting of oxygen and another element. Examples: SiO2 (silicon dioxide), Al2O3 (aluminium oxide).Hydroxides: Compounds containing hydrogen, oxygen, and another element. Examples: NaOH (sodium hydroxide), Fe(OH)3 (iron hydroxide).Acids: Compounds that release hydrogen ions (H+) when dissolved in water. Examples: HCl (hydrochloric acid),H2SO4 (sulfuric acid).Salts: Compounds formed when an acid and a base react. Examples: NaCl (sodium chloride), CaCO3 (calcium carbonate).Silicates: A group of minerals that contain siliconand oxygen. Examples: quartz, asbestos.3. Properties of Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials.High melting points: Due to strong intermolecular forces.Low electrical conductivity: Lack of free electrons.Chemically resistant: Do not react easily with othersubstances.Hard and brittle: Rigid and fracture easily.Low thermal conductivity: Poor heat conductors.4. Applications of Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials.Glass: Made from SiO2, used in windows, containers, and optical instruments.Ceramics: Made from clay minerals, used in pottery, tiles, and construction materials.Refractories: Used to line furnaces and kilns due to their high melting points.Fertilizers: Compounds such as NH3 (ammonia) and HNO3 (nitric acid) are used to enhance plant growth.Medicines: Compounds such as Aspirin and Ibuprofen are used to alleviate pain and inflammation.中文回答：无机非金属材料。
inorganic chemistry
inorganic chemistryInorganic Chemistry: Exploring the Fascinating World of Non-Organic CompoundsIntroduction:Inorganic chemistry is a branch of chemistry that focuses on the study of non-organic compounds, which include minerals, metals, and nonmetals. Unlike organic chemistry, which primarily deals with carbon-based compounds, inorganic chemistry examines the properties, behavior, and applications of elements and compounds that do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.Historical Background:The roots of inorganic chemistry can be traced back to ancient civilizations, where the alchemists performed various experiments to transform and transmute metals into gold. However, it was not until the 17th century when modern inorganic chemistry began to emerge as a distinct field. Renowned scientists such as Robert Boyle, Carl Wilhelm Scheele, and Antoine Lavoisier contributed significantly to theunderstanding of inorganic compounds, their properties, and their reactions.Characteristics of Inorganic Compounds:Inorganic compounds have several distinct characteristics that differentiate them from organic compounds. Unlike organic compounds, inorganic compounds do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds. Additionally, inorganic compounds are often classified into different categories based on their properties, such as acids, bases, salts, and coordination compounds. These compounds exhibit a wide range of physical and chemical properties, making them invaluable for various applications in industry, medicine, and technology.Applications of Inorganic Chemistry:Inorganic chemistry plays a vital role in several fields and industries. One of the most well-known applications is in the field of materials science. Inorganic compounds are used to create advanced materials with unique properties, such as superconductors, catalysts, and semiconductors. These materials find applications in electronics, energy production, and environmental remediation.Inorganic chemistry also has significant implications in medicine. Many inorganic compounds are used as pharmaceutical agents, particularly in cancer treatment. For example, platinum-based compounds, such as cisplatin, are widely used in chemotherapy to suppress the growth of cancer cells. Furthermore, inorganic compounds are also used in diagnostic imaging techniques, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and positron emission tomography (PET).Other areas where inorganic chemistry finds applications include environmental science, agriculture, and nanotechnology. In environmental science, understanding the behavior and reactivity of inorganic compounds is crucial in analyzing and mitigating pollution. In agriculture, inorganic fertilizers play a crucial role in providing essential nutrients to crops. In nanotechnology, inorganic nanoparticles are utilized in various applications, including drug delivery systems, biosensors, and environmental monitoring.Inorganic Chemistry Research Areas:Inorganic chemistry encompasses a vast range of research areas, each with its own unique challenges and opportunities.Some of the prominent research areas include coordination chemistry, organometallic chemistry, solid-state chemistry, and bioinorganic chemistry.Coordination chemistry focuses on the study of complex compounds formed by the interaction of a metal ion with ligands. These compounds have diverse structures and properties, which make them useful in catalysis, sensors, and magnetic materials.Organometallic chemistry explores the interactions between metal atoms and carbon-based compounds. This field has led to the development of important catalysts used in the synthesis of pharmaceuticals, plastics, and fine chemicals.Solid-state chemistry deals with the study of compounds and materials in their solid-state form. This area of research investigates the physical and chemical properties of materials, including their electrical conductivity, magnetism, and thermal properties.Bioinorganic chemistry investigates the role of inorganic elements in biological systems. It seeks to understand the interactions between metal ions and biomolecules, as well asthe role of metals in enzymatic catalysis, oxygen transport, and electron transfer processes.Conclusion:Inorganic chemistry is a fascinating field that explores the properties and behavior of non-organic compounds. Its broad applications in various industries and research areas make it an essential branch of modern chemistry. From materials science to medicine, inorganic chemistry has paved the way for countless breakthroughs and continues to contribute to the advancement of scientific knowledge and technological innovation.。
无机非金属材料英语作文
无机非金属材料英语作文Inorganic Non-Metallic Materials。
Inorganic non-metallic materials refer to materialsthat do not contain carbon-hydrogen bonds and are not metals. They are widely used in various fields, such as construction, electronics, transportation, and energy.One of the most commonly used inorganic non-metallic materials is cement. Cement is a powder made of limestone, clay, and other materials. When mixed with water, it forms a paste that hardens over time, becoming a strong and durable building material. Cement is used in the construction of buildings, bridges, roads, and other infrastructure.Another important inorganic non-metallic material is glass. Glass is made by melting silica, soda ash, and lime at high temperatures. It is a transparent and hard material that is used in the production of windows, mirrors, lenses,and other optical devices. Glass is also used in the packaging of food and beverages.Ceramics are another type of inorganic non-metallic material. Ceramics are made by heating clay and other materials at high temperatures. They are hard, brittle, and resistant to heat and wear. Ceramics are used in the production of tiles, dishes, and other household items. They are also used in the aerospace and automotive industries.Fiberglass is a composite material made of glass fibers and resin. It is a lightweight and strong material that is used in the production of boats, cars, and aircraft. Fiberglass is also used in the construction of buildings and in the insulation of pipes and tanks.In conclusion, inorganic non-metallic materials play a crucial role in our daily lives. They are essential for the construction of buildings and infrastructure, the production of electronics and transportation, and thegeneration of energy. As technology advances, the demand for these materials will only continue to grow.。
无机材料学报英文版
无机材料学报英文版 Inorganic Materials JournalIntroductionInorganic materials play a crucial role in various scientific and technological applications. With their unique physical and chemical properties, these materials have found applications in diverse fields such as electronics, energy storage, catalysis, and medicine. The Inorganic Materials Journal aims to contribute to the advancement of research and development in this field by publishing high-quality research articles.Materials Synthesis and CharacterizationThe synthesis of inorganic materials involves various methods such as sol-gel, hydrothermal, chemical vapor deposition, and solid-state reactions. Each method offers specific advantages and is chosen based on the desired properties and applications of the material. The Inorganic Materials Journal publishes articles that highlight innovative synthesis approaches and the characterization of materials using techniques such as X-ray diffraction, electron microscopy, and spectroscopy.Electronic and Magnetic MaterialsIn the field of electronics, inorganic materials are widely used for their excellent electrical conductivity, semiconducting behavior, and magnetic properties. The journal focuses on the research and development of advanced electronic materials such as semiconductors, superconductors, and transparent conductive oxides. These materials enable the fabrication of high-performance electronic devices, including transistors, diodes, and sensors.Energy MaterialsInorganic materials play a crucial role in addressing the global energy challenge. The journal invites contributions on research related to energy storage and conversion, including batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells. These materials offer high energy density, long cycle life, and efficient energy conversion, thereby facilitating the development of sustainable energy solutions.Catalysis and Environmental ApplicationsThe catalytic properties of inorganic materials have a significant impact on chemical synthesis, environmental remediation, and pollution control. The Inorganic Materials Journal publishes articles on the design and synthesis of innovative catalysts, their characterization, and their applications in various fields. These materials help in enhancing reaction rates, improving selectivity, and reducing environmental pollution.Biomedical MaterialsIn recent years, there has been growing interest in the development of inorganic materials for biomedical applications. These materials have been extensively studied for their biocompatibility, controlled drug release, and tissue engineering properties. The journal welcomes articles on the synthesis and characterization of inorganic materials for applications such as drug delivery systems, implant materials, and bioimaging agents.ConclusionThe Inorganic Materials Journal serves as a platform for researchers and scientists working in the field of inorganic materials to share their latest research findings and advancements. By facilitating the dissemination of knowledge and promoting interdisciplinary collaborations, the journal contributes to the development of innovative inorganic materials and their applications in various fields.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
4CaCO3 + Al2O3 + Fe2O3 CaO SiO2 + 2CaO
1300－ 1400 ℃
3CaO SiO2 （硅酸三钙）
所得熟料经碾磨成细粉，加少量石膏，用以调节水 泥的水硬化时间，即得水泥成品。
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 14
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
16
凝结、硬化过程
3CaO· 2 nH2O ══ 2CaO·SiO2· SiO (n-1)H2O Ca(OH)2
2CaO· 2 mH2O ══ 2CaO·SiO2· 2O SiO mH 3CaO· 2O3 6H2O ══ 3CaO·Al2O3· 2O Al 6H 4CaO· 2O3· 2O3 7H2O ══ Al Fe 3CaO· 2O3· 2O CaO· 2O3· 2O3· 2O Al 6H Al Fe H
6
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
新型（特种）无机非金属材料
品种 绝缘材料 铁电和压电材料 磁性材料 导体陶瓷 半导体陶瓷 光学材料 高温结构陶瓷 超硬材料 人工晶体 生物陶瓷 无机复合材料 品种示例 氧化铝、氧化铍、滑石、镁橄榄石质陶瓷、石英玻璃 和微晶玻璃等 钛酸钡系、锆钛酸铅系材料等 锰—锌、镍—锌、锰—镁、锂—锰等铁氧体、磁记录 和磁泡材料等 钠、锂、氧离子的快离子导体和碳化硅等 钛酸钡、氧化锌、氧化锡、氧化钒、氧化锆等过滤金 属元素氧化物系材料等 钇铝石榴石激光材料，氧化铝、氧化钇透明材料和石 英系或多组分玻璃的光导纤维等 高温氧化物、碳化物、氮化物及硼化物等难熔化合物 碳化钛、人造金刚石和立方氮化硼等 铝酸锂、钽酸锂、砷化镓、氟金云母等 长石质齿材、氧化铝、磷酸盐骨材和酶的载体材料等 陶瓷基、金属基、碳素基的复合材料
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
2
学习目的
• 结合前面所学内容，理解无机非金属材料结构 与性能特点； • 了解常用无机非金属材料的合成和工艺。 • 了解各种新型无机非金属材料的特殊性能、作 用原理、结构及用途。
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 29
连续平板玻璃生产设备
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 30
7.2.2.2 玻璃分类
• 氧化物玻璃
– – – – 石英玻璃 硅酸盐玻璃 钠钙玻璃 氟化物玻璃
• 非氧化物玻璃
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 22
7.2.2.1 玻璃的制造
1) 硅酸盐形成阶段
2) 玻璃形成阶段 3) 玻璃液澄清阶段
4) 玻璃液的均化阶段 5) 玻璃液冷却阶段
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 23
硅酸盐水泥
• 熟料比例对水泥性质的影响
–提高C3S的含量,可得到高强硅酸盐水泥 –提高C3S和C3A的含量,即可制得快硬硅酸盐 水泥 –降低C3S和C3A的含量,提高C2S的含量可得低 热或中热硅酸盐水泥.
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
13
硅酸盐水泥生产
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 20
Na2O的加入对SiO2网络的影响
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 21
方石英
Na2O加入SiO2 中，因形成低 共熔混合物而 使其熔融温度 显著降低
鳞石英
SiO2-Na2O相图
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
17
7.2.2 玻璃
玻璃——熔体冷却后呈坚硬无定 形状态的无机物
玻璃瓶
建筑玻璃 艺术玻璃
18
玻璃工艺烛台
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
普通玻璃的化学结构
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
32
43 55
Si3N4
SiC
Si-N
Si-C
1.14
0.65
28
10
72
90
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
9
7.2 水泥与玻璃
7.2.1 水泥（cement）
——一种水硬性胶凝材料，通过水化过程发生凝 结和硬化，硬化后甚至在水中也可保持强度和稳 定性。
19
玻璃中的组分构成：
1. 形成体：能够独立形成网络的氧化物
–SiO2，B2O3，GeO2
2. 中间体：不能独立形成网络的氧化物，但能 够与形成体共同形成网络
–Al2O3，V2O5，SeO2
3. 改性剂：不仅不能形成网络，随着添加量的 增大还会逐渐破坏网络，最终导致体系结晶。 一般为碱金属与碱土金属的氧化物 –Na2O，K2O，CaO，MgO，BaO等。
– – – – 硅酸三钙（3CaO· 2），C3S SiO 硅酸二钙（2CaO· 2），C2S SiO 铝酸三钙（3CaO· 2O3），C3A Al 铁铝酸四钙（4CaO· 2O3· 2O3），C4AF Al Fe
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
12
Process3
熔体中还有条纹，温度不均匀
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 26
4) 玻璃液的均化阶段 保持较高温度
——通过扩散、对流、搅拌作用，消除条纹、成分 不均匀和热不均匀性
Process4 & 5
5) 玻璃液冷却阶段 冷却降温200～300 C， 达到成型所要求粘度
• • • • •
硅酸盐水泥 铝酸盐类水泥 硫铝酸盐水泥 氟铝酸盐水泥 铁铝酸盐水泥
按矿物 组成 分类
10
Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
11
硅酸盐水泥
• 熟料成分：
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
4
7.1 无机非金属材料的分类及特点
• 无机非金属材料——以氧化物、碳化物、 氮化物、硼化物、硫系化合物（包括硫 化物、硒化物及碲化物）和硅酸盐、钛 酸盐、铝酸盐、磷酸盐等含氧酸盐为主 要组成的无机材料。
传统（普通）无机非金属材料 新型（特种）无机非金属材料
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 5
传统（普通）无机非金属材料
品种 水泥等胶凝材料 陶 瓷 耐火材料 玻 璃 搪 瓷 铸 石 研磨材料 多孔材料 碳素材料 非金属矿 品种示例 硅酸盐水泥、铝酸盐水泥、石灰、石膏等 粘土质、长石质、滑石质和骨灰质陶瓷等 硅质、硅酸铝质、高铝质、镁质、铬镁质等 硅酸盐 钢片、铸铁、铝和铜胎等 辉绿岩、玄武岩、铸石等 氧化锆、氧化铝、碳化硅等 硅藻土、蛭石、沸石、多孔硅酸盐和硅酸铝等 石墨、焦炭和各种碳素制品等 粘土、石棉、石膏、云母、大理石、水晶和金刚 石等
• 离子键与共价键混合
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 8
部分陶瓷化合物化学键混合特征
陶瓷化合物 结合原子 电负性差 离子键比例 (%) 共价键比例 (%)
MgO
Al2O3 SiO2
Mg-O
Al-O Si-O
2.13
1.83 1.54
68
57 45
1) 硅酸盐形成阶段
温度800～1000C
在固相或液相反应中形成易熔的中 间体，如： Na2Ca(CO3)2 (Na2O)0.5~2〃(CaO)1~2〃(SiO2)3
Process1
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
24
2) 玻璃形成阶段
温度 1200～1250 C 低共熔混合物熔化 硅酸盐和剩余石英砂粒的互熔
小型，间歇式生产, 生产周期24小时
间歇式池窑
单元式熔窑
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
玻璃成型工艺：（a）压制，（b）压吹，（c）拉纤
(a) pressing, (b) press and blow process, (c) drawing of fibers.
Chapter 7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials
无机非金属材料
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 1
本章内容
7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 无机非金属材料的分类和特点 水泥与玻璃 陶瓷 半导体材料 超导材料
Process2
熔体中有大量气泡、条纹 CO2, O2, SO2, NO2等
Chapter7 Non-metallic Inorganic Materials 25
3) 玻璃液澄清阶段
温度 1400～1500 C
——除气泡 加入澄清剂，如Na2SO4，放出SO3并带出气泡 其它澄清剂： NaNO3/KNO3+As2O5——适于高温熔体1400～1500C NaNO3/KNO3+Sb2O3——适于低温熔体1300～1400C